175:, they were looking to create a distinctively Canadian artistic identity. Heavily influenced by Surrealist manifestos and poetry, their work was largely stream-of-consciousness inspired, believing this to be a truer means of communicating subconscious emotions and sensory experiences; they wanted to be liberated from intention, reason, and any kind of structure, in order to communicate a universal human experience without bias. This resulted in increasingly crude or intuitive methods such as applying paint with palette knives and fingers and painting blindfolded, their efforts contradicting their claims of working without intention.
33:
159:. This ultimately led to a kind of martyrdom but was initially devastating. Borduas was dismissed from his position at the Ăcole du meuble and, unable to find work, left Quebec permanently in 1953. Although the group dispersed soon after the manifesto was published, the movement continues to have influence, and may be considered a forerunner of the
122:
also. Though it began as a visual arts group, it also spread to other forms of expression, such as drama, poetry and dance. The title "les
Automatistes" came from journalist TancrĂšde Marcil Jr., in a review of their second exhibit in Montreal (February 15 to March 1, 1947), which appeared in
114:, the show featured gouaches that illustrated the artist's experimentation with non-figurative painting. Initially, les Automatistes exhibited in makeshift venues, since no commercial gallery was willing to show the work of all the members. However, the group was soon being exhibited in
146:, an important document in the cultural history of Quebec and a declaration of artistic independence and the need for expressive freedom. The decision to write the manifesto was partly influenced by Jean Paul Riopelle, who had recently signed the Surrealist manifesto
154:
was published in a first edition of four hundred copies, which went on sale at the
Librairie Tranquille in Montreal on August 9, 1948. The manifesto's denunciation of the Catholic Church's authority was particularly scandalous and resulted in the group's
170:
painters in France, the
Automatistes favoured a fluid, painterly technique over the comparatively reserved, hard-edge abstraction so popular in the U.S. and Eastern Europe at the time. Much like a nonobjective
36:
Exhibition of the
Automatistes, 1947 Claude Gauvreau, Julienne Gauvreau, Pierre Gauvreau, Marcel Barbeau, Madeleine Arbour, Paul-Ămile Borduas, Madeleine Lalonde, Bruno Cormier and Jean-Paul Mousseau
334:
351:
1639:
315:
1682:
1249:
1254:
110:
The movement may have begun with an exhibition
Borduas gave in Montreal in 1942. Held at the Ermitage, an exhibition hall owned by the
1702:
1456:
1307:
251:
1687:
1385:
1365:
426:
1629:
1345:
1697:
1203:
399:
385:
367:
283:
1549:
1340:
1082:
185:
1707:
1624:
1355:
1350:
1426:
1375:
1148:
345:
291:
992:
17:
1062:
589:
1604:
1599:
1441:
1380:
804:
128:
1692:
1667:
1446:
1416:
1300:
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1330:
1274:
469:
1594:
1436:
1370:
1158:
1143:
419:
172:
111:
754:
1535:
241:
957:
1269:
1138:
827:
1293:
1239:
1224:
1168:
1012:
907:
892:
832:
64:
44:
135:
104:
56:
1570:
1513:
1219:
1173:
539:
709:
8:
1677:
1672:
1577:
1107:
544:
412:
167:
1482:
664:
584:
574:
509:
156:
92:
80:
1042:
1032:
699:
579:
1614:
1411:
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1077:
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32:
1027:
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324:
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100:
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927:
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759:
739:
714:
689:
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377:
68:
897:
882:
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1037:
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947:
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847:
794:
674:
659:
634:
594:
529:
484:
340:
183:
In 1954, the
Automatistes were the subject of the NFB/CBC documentary series
119:
96:
88:
72:
1017:
809:
1645:
1508:
1431:
1316:
1198:
1193:
1112:
1092:
1052:
937:
932:
917:
837:
669:
534:
504:
464:
201:
143:
1022:
977:
942:
694:
519:
1461:
774:
764:
619:
609:
569:
474:
449:
1128:
1487:
1163:
1002:
684:
435:
360:
Total
Refusal (Refus Global): the manifesto of the Montréal Automatists
60:
912:
629:
564:
139:
362:, translated by Ray Ellenwood. Holstein, Ont: Exile Editions, 2009.
734:
454:
48:
59:. Les Automatistes were so called because they were influenced by
719:
55:, Canada. The movement was founded in the early 1940s by painter
1457:
Professional Native Indian
Artists Inc. (Indian Group of Seven)
1285:
52:
335:
CBC Digital
Archives â Le Refus global: Revolution in the Arts
1390:
784:
404:
374:
Egregore : a history of the Montréal automatist movement
115:
1264:
284:"On the Spot: The NFB in the early days of television"
392:
1640:Governor General's Awards in Visual and Media Arts
266:
1659:
1301:
420:
394:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2009.
1308:
1294:
1255:London International Surrealist Exhibition
427:
413:
1346:Canadian Artists' Representation (CARFAC)
1615:Canadian pavilion at the Venice Biennale
1386:Women's Art Association of Canada (WAAC)
1250:Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme
271:. Vancouver, BC: D&M Publishers Inc.
267:Nasgaard, Roald; Ellenwood, Ray (2009).
31:
14:
1683:Canadian artist groups and collectives
1660:
355:Article on Borduas and Le Refus global
281:
239:
235:
233:
231:
229:
227:
1289:
408:
275:
1630:Artistic development of Tom Thomson
243:Paul-Ămile Borduas: Life & Work
224:
24:
25:
1719:
1204:The Surrealist Group in Stockholm
309:
282:Ohayon, Albert (April 14, 2010).
246:. Toronto: Art Canada Institute.
1550:Canadian Review of Music and Art
1341:Arts and Letters Club of Toronto
1315:
1625:Pedimental sculptures in Canada
1351:Canadian Conference of the Arts
1703:1940s establishments in Quebec
1427:Federation of Canadian Artists
1376:Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
434:
260:
240:Gagnon, François-Marc (2014).
13:
1:
1149:Bureau of Surrealist Research
346:National Film Board of Canada
292:National Film Board of Canada
217:
1356:Emma Lake Artist's Workshops
325:The Automatists and the Book
7:
1688:Canadian surrealist artists
1600:Canadian artist-run centres
1442:Jewish Painters of Montreal
1381:Sculptors Society of Canada
195:
10:
1724:
1447:Ontario Society of Artists
1417:Canadian Group of Painters
269:The Automatiste Revolution
1620:Contemporary Canadian art
1587:
1527:
1501:
1470:
1422:Eastern Group of Painters
1399:
1331:Aesthetic Research Centre
1323:
1275:Paranoiac-critical method
1212:
1121:
818:
442:
150:during a visit to Paris.
47:artistic dissidents from
1698:History of art in Canada
1371:Maritime Art Association
1159:Chicago Surrealist Group
1144:British Surrealist Group
178:
327:by Michel Brisebois on
189:in an episode entitled
138:published a collective
1708:Canadian art movements
1270:Abstract expressionism
1139:Birmingham Surrealists
828:Maxime Moses Alexandre
805:Radojica ĆœivanoviÄ Noe
470:Jacques-André Boiffard
129:Université de Montréal
37:
1240:Surrealist techniques
1225:Surrealist automatism
1169:Fighting Cock Society
908:Roger Gilbert-Lecomte
893:Vratislav Effenberger
833:Guillaume Apollinaire
131:'s student journal).
35:
1514:NSCAD conceptual art
1220:Surrealist Manifesto
1174:The Firesign Theatre
958:Comte de Lautréamont
1605:Canadian art awards
1108:Marianne Van Hirtum
1083:Simon Watson Taylor
545:Christian Dotremont
191:Artist in Montreal.
112:CollÚge de Montréal
67:. Members included
1483:London Regionalism
585:Alberto Giacometti
575:Gordon Onslow Ford
510:Leonora Carrington
341:Artist in Montreal
331:as a printed book.
157:public humiliation
148:Rupture inaugurale
105:Françoise Sullivan
93:Jean-Paul Mousseau
81:Jean-Paul Riopelle
63:and its theory of
57:Paul-Ămile Borduas
38:
27:Canadian art group
1693:Surrealist groups
1668:Culture of Quebec
1655:
1654:
1610:Canadian painters
1412:Canadian Art Club
1407:Beaver Hall Group
1283:
1282:
1260:Women surrealists
1230:Surrealist cinema
1078:Philippe Soupault
710:BenjamĂn Palencia
390:Nasgaard, Roald.
253:978-1-4871-0014-8
125:Le Quartier Latin
16:(Redirected from
1715:
1595:Canadian artists
1493:Vancouver School
1478:Les Automatistes
1310:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1235:Surrealist music
1154:Chicago Imagists
1134:Les Automatistes
1073:Louis Scutenaire
1013:VĂtÄzslav Nezval
853:Georges Bataille
770:Dorothea Tanning
755:JindĆich Ć tyrskĂœ
730:Aminollah Rezaei
625:Jacqueline Lamba
615:Gerome Kamrowski
560:Curt Echtermeyer
515:Ithell Colquhoun
429:
422:
415:
406:
405:
372:Ellenwood, Ray.
303:
302:
300:
298:
279:
273:
272:
264:
258:
257:
237:
168:Lyrical Abstract
161:Quiet Revolution
43:were a group of
41:Les Automatistes
21:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1583:
1523:
1519:Woodlands style
1497:
1466:
1452:Painters Eleven
1395:
1361:Heliconian Club
1319:
1314:
1284:
1279:
1208:
1117:
1048:Raymond Queneau
1043:Jacques Prévert
1033:Rastko PetroviÄ
993:Robert Melville
973:Georges Limbour
953:Philip Lamantia
858:Monny de Boully
820:
814:
800:James F. Walker
790:Albert Valentin
780:Kristians Tonny
750:Martin Stejskal
725:Toni del Renzio
705:Wolfgang Paalen
700:MĂ©ret Oppenheim
680:E. L. T. Mesens
645:Georges Malkine
580:Esteban Francés
540:Ăscar DomĂnguez
495:Jacques Brunius
490:Emmy Bridgwater
438:
433:
329:Le Refus global
318:Le Refus global
312:
307:
306:
296:
294:
280:
276:
265:
261:
254:
238:
225:
220:
212:Painters Eleven
207:Les Plasticiens
198:
181:
101:Marcelle Ferron
85:Pierre Gauvreau
77:Claude Gauvreau
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1721:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1635:Canada Council
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1543:Canadian Forum
1539:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:Group of Seven
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
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1373:
1368:
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1353:
1348:
1343:
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1325:
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1305:
1298:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1245:Surreal humour
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
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1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:Georges Sadoul
1065:
1060:
1058:Pierre Reverdy
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:Benjamin PĂ©ret
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:Pierre Naville
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
963:Marcel Lecomte
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
928:Georges Hugnet
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
903:Renée Gauthier
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
868:Roger Caillois
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
843:Antonin Artaud
840:
835:
830:
824:
822:
816:
815:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
760:Maurice Tabard
757:
752:
747:
742:
740:Kurt Seligmann
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
715:Roland Penrose
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
690:Desmond Morris
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
605:Valentine Hugo
602:
600:Jacques HĂ©rold
597:
592:
590:Julio GonzĂĄlez
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
555:Marcel Duhamel
552:
550:Marcel Duchamp
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
480:Victor Brauner
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
446:
444:
440:
439:
432:
431:
424:
417:
409:
403:
402:
388:
378:Exile Editions
370:
357:
349:
337:
332:
322:
311:
310:External links
308:
305:
304:
274:
259:
252:
222:
221:
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209:
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197:
194:
180:
177:
173:Group of Seven
69:Marcel Barbeau
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1568:
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1561:
1559:
1558:
1557:FILE Megazine
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1359:
1357:
1354:
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1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:Art Metropole
1334:
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1326:
1324:Organizations
1322:
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1200:
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1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:La MandrĂĄgora
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
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1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
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1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Jacques Vaché
1101:
1099:
1098:Tristan Tzara
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:André Thirion
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
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1064:
1061:
1059:
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1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:Francis Ponge
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
983:Joyce Mansour
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
968:Michel Leiris
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:Jacques Lacan
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
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921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
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906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
888:Robert Desnos
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
873:Nicolas Calas
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
848:Jacques Baron
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
823:
817:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
795:Remedios Varo
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
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766:
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761:
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756:
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748:
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736:
733:
731:
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721:
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716:
713:
711:
708:
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703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
675:John Melville
673:
671:
668:
666:
665:MikulĂĄĆĄ Medek
663:
661:
660:Roberto Matta
658:
656:
653:
651:
650:Marcel Mariën
648:
646:
643:
641:
640:René Magritte
638:
636:
635:Conroy Maddox
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
595:Jane Graverol
593:
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588:
586:
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576:
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566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
530:Jean Dallaire
528:
526:
525:Salvador DalĂ
523:
521:
518:
516:
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1063:Marko RistiÄ
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938:Nelly Kaplan
933:Alfred Jarry
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918:Julien Gracq
863:André Breton
838:Louis Aragon
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610:Frida Kahlo
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475:Bill Brandt
450:Eileen Agar
376:. Toronto:
348:documentary
321:(in French)
186:On the Spot
142:called the
1678:Modern art
1673:Quebec art
1662:Categories
1488:Plasticien
1366:Intermedia
1184:Grup d'Elx
1164:Dau al Set
1018:Paul Nougé
1003:Max Morise
998:René Ménil
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436:Surrealism
218:References
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65:automatism
61:Surrealism
1571:Parachute
1471:Movements
1179:The Goons
1023:Paul PÄun
978:LĂ©o Malet
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140:manifesto
134:In 1948,
45:Québécois
1578:Vanguard
1129:Acéphale
735:Kay Sage
455:Jean Arp
380:, 1992.
316:Text of
196:See also
120:New York
49:Montreal
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720:Man Ray
443:Artists
344:a 1954
136:Borduas
1502:Styles
1122:Groups
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288:NFB.ca
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1528:Media
1391:Vtape
785:Toyen
179:Media
127:(the
116:Paris
1564:Fuse
1265:Dada
396:ISBN
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299:2010
248:ISBN
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