2195:
276:
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93:
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461:
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181:) with spike underneath to fit it on a ship's rail or the edge of a stockade. For land use they are commonly placed on corners of a fort or stockade, so they could cover alternately two different walls. Often, they have dolphins (metal lugs on top to lift the cannon) but they may be purely ornamental, as they can be picked up without hoisting it with ropes. Compared to European falconet with its history dating back to the 1500s, lela was shorter in range and lighter in weight but excels in ornamentation and design.
736:
185:
764:
722:
17:
750:
2183:
1572:
399:
Setelah datang ke Melaka, maka bertemu, ditembaknya dengan meriam. Maka segala orang Melaka pun hairan, terkejut mendengar bunyi meriam itu. Katanya, "Bunyi apa ini, seperti guruh ini?". Maka meriam itu pun datanglah mengenai orang Melaka, ada yang putus lehernya, ada yang putus tangannya, ada yang
815:
Maka kata
Laksamana, "Adapun hamba sekalian datang ini dititahkan oleh Sultan Melaka membawa surat dan bingkisan tanda berkasih-kasihan antara Sultan Melaka dan duli Sultan Rum, serta hendak membeli bedil dan meriam yang besar-besar. Adalah kekurangan sedikit bedil yang besar-besar di dalam negeri
403:
After (the
Portuguese) coming to Malacca, then met (each other), they shot (the city) with cannon. So all the people of Malacca were surprised, shocked to hear the sound of the cannon. They said, "What is this sound, like thunder?". Then the cannon came about the people of Malacca, some lost their
818:
Translation: Then the
Admiral said, "As for our reason for coming here, we were ordered by the Sultan of Melaka to bring a letter and a gift of sympathy between the Sultan of Melaka and the Sultan of Rum, as well as to buy large guns and cannons. There is a shortage of large guns in the state of
383:
Despite having a lot of artillery and firearms, the weapons of
Malacca were mostly and mainly purchased from the Javanese and Gujarati, where the Javanese and Gujarati were the operators of the weapons. In the early 16th century, before the Portuguese arrival, the Malays were a people who lacked
67:
The cannon was named after a heroine of the Malay classic romance story called "Laila Majnun". It seems that the adoption of the word stems from the name given to some particular piece. The customs of naming special cannon was not uncommon in Europe in the early days and also in
Nusantara to the
248:
which is similar to
Chinese cannon. Swivel guns however, only developed in the archipelago because of the close maritime relations of the Nusantara archipelago with the territory of West India after 1460 CE, which brought new types of gunpowder weapons to the archipelago, likely through Arab
253:, which is a breech-loading swivel gun. A new type of cetbang, called the western-style cetbang, was derived from the Turkish prangi. Just like prangi, this cetbang is a breech-loading swivel gun made of bronze or iron, firing single rounds or scattershots (a large number of small bullets).
593:
of copper and zinc), has always been the preferred metal as it is cheaper and easier to work, compared to iron or the other harder alloy, the bronze. However, bronze (alloy of copper and tin) is much stronger and is therefore more popular for use in making weapons. The process used is
646:
686:
702:
622:
of 1899â1902. Rentaka and lela was brought by Malay from
Peninsular and Borneo Malay to Southern Philippine. Bangsamoro have then retained the most of the adopted Malay culture relative to the rest of the Philippines.
658:
404:
necks, some lost their arms, some lost their thighs. The people of
Malacca were even more astonished to see the effect of the gun. They said: "What is this weapon called that is round, yet is sharp enough to kill?"
275:
306:
compared
Malaccan gun founders as being on the same level as those of Germany. However, he did not state what ethnicity the Malaccan gun founder was. Duarte Barbosa stated that the arquebus-maker of Malacca was
311:. The Javanese also manufactured their own cannon in Malacca. Anthony Reid argued that the Javanese handled much of the productive work in Malacca before 1511 and in 17th century Pattani.
571:
The prahus used by Malay pirates are from eight to ten tons burthen, extremely well manned and remarkably fast, particularly with the paddles commonly used. They are generally armed with
260:
weapon. This indicated that the cetbang is the direct predecessor of them. Michael
Charney (2004) pointed out that early Malay swivel guns were breech-loaded. There is a trend toward
674:
652:
Lela with Arabic inscription, which reads "Peace be upon him in the hijri year 1267", referring to the founding year (1850â1851 CE). Length: 164 cm, caliber: 37 mm.
2194:
169:
Lela always had a tube cast in the back, in which a wooden handle or tiller would be fitted. This tiller is used for aiming the gun. Lela has forked pivot mount (called
400:
panggal pahanya. Maka bertambahlah hairannya orang Melaka melihat fi'il bedil itu. Katanya: "Apa namanya senjata yang bulat itu maka dengan tajamnya maka ia membunuh?"
390:, mentioned that in 1509 they do not understand âwhy bullets killedâ, indicating their unfamiliarity with using firearms in battle, if not in ceremony. As recorded in
314:
Wan Mohd Dasuki Wan Hasbullah explained several facts about the existence of gunpowder weapons in Malacca and other Malay states before the arrival of the Portuguese:
579:
are erected, behind which the crew ensconce themselves, fighting with their long guns until their prey is disabled; or till the gong sound the signal for boarding.
119:. They fire1.13â2.5 kg (2.5â5.5 lb) round shot with a range of over 360 m (1,180 ft). Alternatively they can also be loaded with scattershots (
103:(dragon-head lela), from 1667. 172 cm (68 in) long with diameter of 22 cm (8.7 in), 150.6 kg (332 lb) in weight. Captured during the
2310:
449:(cannons) after their first encounter with the Portuguese in 1509 CE, indicating their shortage of firearms and gunpowder weapons. Malaccan expedition to Rum (
2188:
634:
952:
2366:
294:(1511), Albuquerque captured 3,000 out of 8,000 artillery. Among those, 2,000 were made from brass and the rest from iron, in the style of Portuguese
2097:
708:
Bronze muzzle-loading lela, reinforced with 2 pieces of bamboo and fastened with rattan. 144 cm long, 36 mm in caliber. Weight: 70 kg.
3028:
3254:
2305:
2030:
1980:
2025:
1985:
1668:
696:
Amsterdam near Tanjung Pulisan on the northeast coast of Celebes from pirates. 119 cm long, 16 mm caliber. Weight: 30.6 kg.
2005:
1891:
2562:
321:
No evidence showed that guns were ever used by the Malacca Sultanate before the Portuguese attack, even from Malay sources themselves.
2092:
3842:
2994:
1941:
1879:
1753:
1551:
Hachelijke reys-togt van Jacob Jansz de Roy, na Borneo en Atchin, in sijn vlugt van Batavia, derwaards ondernoomen in het jaar 1691
1273:
The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India, translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774 volume 3
1609:
2107:
1931:
1646:
3847:
3837:
3401:
3338:
1513:
3406:
1455:
985:
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on their bows, centre, and stern, of small calibre, but long range. When preparing to attack, strong bulwarks of wood called
1102:
Schlegel, Gustaaf (1902). "On the Invention and Use of Fire-Arms and Gunpowder in China, Prior to the Arrival of European".
127:). Malay cannon usually fired stone balls made from boulders of riverbanks, and to lesser extent were cast metal balls from
1289:
Charney, Michael (2012). Iberians and Southeast Asians at War: the Violent First Encounter at Melaka in 1511 and After. In
3608:
1306:
3832:
143:) of between 19 and 76.2 mm (0.75 and 3.00 in). Some big lela are double barreled and sometimes one or more
1428:
1224:
1197:
1172:
881:
457:, which in reality based on the sending of a series of Acehnese embassies to the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.
208:
is long and heavy gun made from brass, used for the defense of the stockades behind which the Malays usually fight (
1661:
1214:
480:
In 1600 CE, lela cannons are becoming more common in the archipelago. Several renowned foundries of the region are
3249:
1472:
3797:
3766:
2555:
3822:
3802:
3018:
1395:
302:). All of the artillery had its proper complement of carriages which could not be rivalled even by Portugal.
1445:
932:
Gibson-Hill, C. A. (July 1953). "Notes on the old Cannon found in Malaya, and known to be of Dutch origin".
3817:
3807:
2987:
1271:
1589:
Newbold, T.J. (1836). "Note on the States of Perak, Srimenanti, and other States in the Malay Peninsula".
1117:
Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) Vol. 2
543:
or as water castle. Rectangular kotta mara can be equipped with 12 lela, while the kotta mara with corner
1654:
619:
1356:
Artillery Through the Ages: A Short Illustrated History of the Cannon, Emphasizing Types Used in America
3236:
2913:
1610:"L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises"
92:
3353:
2888:
2548:
299:
287:
265:
3812:
3792:
3101:
324:
Based on the majority of cannons reported by the Portuguese, the Malays preferred small artillery.
216:
fortification). They can reach as far as 1000 yards (914 m), and fire 4 pound (1.8 kg) shot.
3771:
3588:
2980:
2521:
1676:
420:
376:(short, fat, and heavy cannon). The Malays also has 1 beautiful large cannon sent by the king of
233:
229:
44:
460:
150:
were cast on top of their barrel for use if the enemy charged before the gun could be reloaded.
3136:
3033:
2289:
1033:
Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca volume 2
816:
Melaka itu. Adapun hamba lihat tanah di atas angin ini terlalu banyak bedil yang besar-besar.â.
144:
1072:
268:
in 1511 CE, both breech-loading and muzzle-loading swivel guns were found and captured by the
3436:
3007:
2928:
453:) to buy cannons never actually happened, it was only mentioned in the fictitious literature
303:
249:
intermediaries. This weapon seems to be cannon and gun of Ottoman tradition, for example the
40:
3081:
3023:
2061:
795:
551:
209:
8:
3489:
3441:
3241:
1251:
564:
is the name given to two lelas or light guns standing on the gun-shield of a heavy gun.
3657:
3304:
3221:
2918:
1632:
1382:
Sejarah Melayu The Malay Annals MS RAFFLES No. 18 Edisi Rumi Baru/New Romanised Edition
741:
497:
427:'s account. Both recorded a similar story, although not as spectacular as described in
55:, fixed gun, or mounted in a gun carriage. It is the equivalent of European falcon and
668:) from Lombok, captured from Lombok in 1894. 128 cm long with 41 mm caliber.
3646:
3551:
3391:
3343:
3274:
3179:
3161:
2972:
2182:
1636:
1494:
1451:
1424:
1220:
1193:
1168:
1047:
981:
877:
680:
Blunderbuss lela, 115 cm long. The diameter of the flared muzzle is 8.4 cm.
450:
433:
346:
291:
269:
204:
Lela also refer to medium to large size Malay cannon. According to Isabella L. Bird,
56:
3667:
3510:
3505:
3451:
3231:
3211:
3131:
3076:
2618:
2251:
1818:
1768:
1624:
1484:
769:
727:
540:
1135:
Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. Volume Two: Expansion and Crisis
3827:
3631:
3583:
3518:
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2770:
2724:
2593:
2439:
2396:
2015:
1886:
1418:
1031:
755:
485:
308:
193:
189:
1010:
The Might of the Miniature Cannon A treasure of Borneo and the Malay Archipelago
68:
recent times. On Malay literature the name is usually coupled with rentaka, as "
3753:
3715:
3294:
3226:
2733:
2688:
2613:
2434:
2371:
2164:
2066:
1975:
1952:
1778:
1728:
1718:
1146:
Averoes, Muhammad (2020). Antara Cerita dan Sejarah: Meriam Cetbang Majapahit.
693:
640:
A 1.5-pounder (0.68 kg) lilla. 176.5 cm long, 5.5 cm in caliber.
489:
438:
412:
386:
372:
355:
261:
1119:. Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. Page 178.
953:"Meriam Lelo di Kampar Meledak Karena Pecah, Seorang Tewas dan 4 lainnya luka"
318:
No evidence showed that guns, cannons, and gunpowder are made in Malay states.
3786:
3743:
3695:
3421:
3314:
3269:
3171:
3126:
3106:
2834:
2749:
2739:
2454:
2444:
2241:
2087:
1965:
1843:
1833:
1808:
1773:
1677:
Indonesian traditional weapons, armors, and premodern gunpowder-based weapons
1576:
1498:
1489:
1291:
Waffen Wissen Wandel: Anpassung und Lernen in transkulturellen Erstkonflikten
1090:
Between 2 Oceans (2nd Edn): A Military History of Singapore from 1275 to 1971
532:
1628:
1307:
The Organization of Production in the Pre-Colonial Southeast Asian Port City
3700:
3675:
3625:
3566:
3538:
3484:
3299:
3189:
3061:
2633:
2482:
2419:
2231:
2226:
2020:
2010:
1990:
1874:
1828:
1813:
1803:
1783:
1743:
1723:
257:
104:
77:
111:
Usually lela are about 100â180 cm (39â71 in) long and made from
3738:
3730:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3386:
3348:
3141:
3096:
3091:
3066:
2786:
2744:
2429:
2424:
2391:
2274:
2246:
1936:
789:
615:
595:
505:
184:
159:
1165:
Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor
819:
Melaka. While I see that the land above the wind has too many big guns."
3641:
3603:
3594:
3479:
3466:
3456:
3416:
3396:
3279:
3216:
3166:
3116:
3086:
2908:
2628:
2411:
2376:
1906:
1758:
1473:"Co-opting the Rival Ca(n)non the Turkish Episode of Hikayat Hang Tuah"
611:
601:
572:
536:
481:
333:
241:
52:
16:
3748:
3720:
3705:
3690:
3685:
3651:
3474:
3446:
3411:
3376:
3366:
3325:
3289:
3156:
3121:
3111:
3056:
2898:
2893:
2868:
2851:
2598:
2588:
2236:
1738:
1253:
A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries
846:
Peperangan dalam Historiografi Johor: Kajian Terhadap Tuhfat Al-Nafis
225:
197:
124:
120:
2693:
3710:
3543:
3381:
3333:
3309:
3151:
3146:
3051:
3043:
2956:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2603:
2540:
2401:
2320:
2149:
2112:
1901:
1713:
521:
517:
362:
1371:, with introduction and notes by A. Bausani, Rome, 1970, page 138.
162:(flared) muzzle which fired slugs or stones. They are also called
3680:
3636:
3613:
3574:
3562:
3426:
3371:
3203:
3184:
3003:
2961:
2951:
2878:
2873:
2844:
2817:
2765:
2703:
2683:
2583:
2386:
2315:
2279:
2269:
2218:
2154:
2144:
2102:
2035:
2000:
1926:
1916:
1896:
1793:
1763:
1733:
1708:
1699:
1575:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
783:
777:
544:
501:
377:
245:
140:
135:") at close quarters, and the case shot were made of stones in a
48:
3619:
3461:
3361:
3284:
3264:
3259:
3199:
2941:
2903:
2840:
2678:
2643:
2638:
2623:
2608:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2449:
2361:
2353:
2261:
2159:
2128:
2040:
1995:
1970:
1911:
1864:
1798:
1788:
1748:
589:
Brunei was known for its foundries in the 19th century. Brass (
509:
465:
250:
136:
116:
21:
567:
Lieutenant T.J. Newbold recorded about the Malay pirate prahu:
2946:
2936:
2812:
2791:
2698:
2673:
2658:
2648:
2381:
2082:
2056:
1956:
1921:
1859:
1838:
1823:
590:
112:
2796:
2708:
1869:
557:
525:
513:
493:
237:
128:
1400:
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
934:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
848:. Kuala Lumpur: Akademi Pengajian Islam Universiti Malaya.
437:
narrates a Malaccan expedition to the country of Rum (the
232:
archipelago can be traced from the late 13th century. The
51:
but longer and had larger bore. Lela can be configured as
2729:
1358:. U.S. Department of the Interior Washington. p. 34.
605:
1536:
De Bandjermasinsche Krijg van 1859-1863 nader toegelicht
1311:
Brides of the Sea: Asian Port Cities in the Colonial Era
1190:
Kearifan Tempatan: Pandainya Melayu Dalam Karya Sastera
279:
A drawing of a floating water castle (kotta mara) from
3002:
978:
Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past
717:
366:
between a six and a ten pounder, probably refers to
328:
The cannons found in Malacca were of various types:
798:, structure on Malay ships used for mounting cannon
2514:
1521:Digital Repository of National Library of Malaysia
584:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 5
264:weapons during colonial times. Nevertheless, when
3784:
3280:Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket
1384:. Academic Art & Printing Services Sdn. Bhd.
1092:. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd.
131:or brass. They used lead and tin slugs (called "
3315:Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket
1137:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
2988:
2556:
1662:
618:were still using rentaka and lela during the
1324:Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy
918:. Singapore: Progressive Publishing Company.
281:Hachelijke reys-togt van Jacob Jansz de Roy.
931:
2995:
2981:
2563:
2549:
1669:
1655:
1420:Portuguese Documents on Malacca: 1509â1511
1212:
1563:
1488:
1470:
1335:
1074:The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither
950:
158:is a type of lela, made from brass, with
1591:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
1533:
1313:(pp. 54â74). University of Hawaii Press.
1249:
1245:
1243:
1096:
980:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
459:
350:(cast bronze swivel gun larger than the
274:
183:
91:
15:
1607:
1588:
1568:. Hongkong: Kelly & Walsh, limited.
1416:
1336:Hasbullah, Wan Mohd Dasuki Wan (2020).
1301:
1299:
1087:
1029:
913:
871:
556:(gunshield) of Malay war and piratical
256:Earliest lela, just like lantaka, were
24:. This specimen has two dolphins and a
3785:
3402:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
3339:Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
3172:San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon
1687:
1548:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1265:
1263:
1158:
1156:
1129:
1127:
1125:
843:
3407:Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
2976:
2544:
2503:
2341:
2206:
1853:Daggers (Belati) & knives (Pisau)
1686:
1650:
1511:
1443:
1285:
1283:
1269:
1240:
1216:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
1187:
1036:. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
84:in several parts of the archipelago.
2570:
2342:
2207:
1393:
1296:
1070:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1007:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
975:
927:
925:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
839:
837:
835:
3242:Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle
1582:
1557:
1514:"Melayu Sudah Lama Ada Senjata Api"
1344:
1260:
1162:
1153:
1140:
1122:
792:, swivel gun with monkey tail shape
13:
2889:Filipino Marine Scout Sniper Rifle
1471:Braginsky, Vladimir (2012-12-08).
1326:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9
1280:
1206:
1048:"Cannons of the Malay Archipelago"
1040:
874:Southeast Asian Warfare, 1300-1900
244:). This resulted in eastern-style
240:in the form of a cannon (Chinese:
14:
3859:
1698:Swords (Pedang) & cutlasses (
1564:Wilkinson, Richard James (1901).
1534:van Rees, Willem Adriaan (1867).
1512:Ahmad, Rasdan (7 December 2014).
1423:. National Archives of Malaysia.
1016:
994:
969:
922:
890:
852:
832:
2193:
2187:
2181:
1570:
1077:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
762:
748:
734:
720:
701:
685:
673:
657:
645:
633:
539:. The kotta mara can be used as
236:brought gunpowder technology to
3843:16th-century military equipment
1601:
1553:. Te Leyden: Pieter van der Aa.
1542:
1527:
1505:
1464:
1444:Schap, Bot Genoot, ed. (2010).
1437:
1410:
1396:"Portuguese History of Malacca"
1387:
1374:
1362:
1329:
1316:
1181:
1109:
1081:
1064:
951:Romadhoni, Anggi (9 May 2018).
808:
384:firearms. The Malay chronicle,
3767:Category:Early modern firearms
3275:Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle
3246:Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle
1276:. London: The Hakluyt Society.
1270:Birch, Walter de Gray (1875).
944:
780:, earlier, 14th century cannon
266:Malacca fell to the Portuguese
87:
1:
3848:17th-century military history
3838:15th-century military history
3232:Cookson M1750 repeating rifle
3212:Belton M1777 repeating musket
1608:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976).
1369:Lettera di Giovanni da Empoli
1030:Newbold, Thomas John (1839).
916:Keris and Other Malay Weapons
825:
286:De Barros mentions that with
3358:Byzantine fire tube (cannon)
2504:
1549:de Roy, Jacob Jansz (1706).
1088:Murfett, Malcolm H. (2011).
1071:Bird, Isabella Lucy (1883).
1008:Teoh, Alex Eng Kean (2005).
940:: 145â174 – via JSTOR.
844:Ismail, Norain B.T. (2012).
62:
7:
3499:Medieval large calibre guns
3147:Nock M1779 seven barrel gun
3117:Huo Qiang lance hand cannon
1340:. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
713:
188:Worn out, heavier lela, at
43:cannon, used widely in the
10:
3864:
3833:Weapons of the Philippines
3237:M1696 French common musket
2914:GA Personal Defense Weapon
1566:A Malay-English dictionary
1380:Kheng, Cheah Boon (1998).
1354:Manucy, Albert C. (1949).
1309:. In Broeze, Frank (Ed.),
1213:Partington, J. R. (1999).
1188:Hamid, Rahimah A. (2015).
626:
354:, 1 to 2-pounder), medium
219:
3762:
3729:
3666:
3580:Byzantine rocket launcher
3560:
3498:
3354:Breech-loading swivel gun
3323:
3198:
3167:Puckle Î1717 revolver gun
3042:
3014:
2927:
2861:
2826:
2805:
2779:
2758:
2717:
2576:
2510:
2499:
2463:
2410:
2352:
2348:
2337:
2298:
2260:
2217:
2213:
2202:
2179:
2137:
2121:
2075:
2049:
1950:
1852:
1697:
1693:
1682:
1597:– via Google Books.
1450:. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa.
1322:Furnivall, J. S. (2010).
872:Charney, Michael (2004).
786:, smaller version of lela
516:in Southern Philippines,
300:breech-loading swivel gun
139:basket. Lela has a bore (
3190:Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon
3137:Meriam kecil hand cannon
3102:Heilongjiang hand cannon
3062:Bedil tumbak hand cannon
107:expedition, August 1858.
72:". It is also called as
47:. They are similar to a
3772:Category:Early firearms
3589:Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet
2929:Associated martial arts
2522:Weapons of pencak silat
1629:10.3406/arasi.1976.1103
1338:Senjata Api Alam Melayu
1250:Crawfurd, John (1856).
1115:Lombard, Denys (1990).
914:Gardner, G. B. (1936).
802:
620:PhilippineâAmerican War
550:Lela is mounted on the
421:Manuel de Faria y Sousa
234:Mongol invasion of Java
20:19th century lela from
3176:Shou Chong hand cannon
3034:History of the firearm
2290:Miniature meriam kecil
1538:. Arnhem: D.A. Thieme.
1417:Pintado, M.J. (1993).
1305:Reid, Anthony (1989).
1163:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004).
1133:Reid, Anthony (1993).
664:Western-styled lilla (
587:
535:fortified raft called
477:
406:
283:
201:
108:
29:
3798:Indonesian inventions
3622:rocket arrow launcher
3616:rocket arrow launcher
3600:Fire crow rocket bomb
3227:Che Dian Chong musket
3112:Huo Chong hand cannon
2806:Pole or spear weapons
2311:Bujang Timpang Berang
2138:Miscellaneous weapons
2076:Pole or spear weapons
1256:. Bradbury and Evans.
569:
547:could mount 16 lela.
531:Lela is also used in
463:
396:
336:, probably refers to
304:Afonso de Albuquerque
278:
187:
166:(frog-mouthed lela).
95:
45:Nusantara archipelago
19:
3823:Culture of Indonesia
3803:Weapons of Indonesia
3609:Hale rocket launcher
3300:Spanish M1752 musket
3180:Tanegashima arquebus
3082:English horse pistol
3024:History of gunpowder
1490:10.37052/ml.25(2)no5
1447:Hikayat Hang Tuah II
1293:. Hamburger Edition.
976:Wade, Geoff (2012).
796:Apilan and kota mara
332:(1/4 to 1/2-pounder
210:apilan and kota mara
3818:Culture of Malaysia
3808:Weapons of Malaysia
3628:(Chinese petroleum)
3519:Dardanelles bombard
3490:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
3442:Obusier de vaisseau
2515:Traditional weapons
957:riau.antaranews.com
228:-based weaponry in
3658:Thunder crash bomb
3305:Springfield musket
3222:Charleville musket
3122:Istinggar arquebus
2937:Arnis/Kali/Eskrima
1955:) & machetes (
1688:Traditional weapon
742:Philippines portal
500:lands of interior
478:
284:
202:
109:
30:
3780:
3779:
3668:Firing mechanisms
3647:Petroleum naphtha
3552:Pumhart von Steyr
3515:Byzantine bombard
3417:Hu Dun Pao cannon
3217:Brown Bess musket
2970:
2969:
2538:
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2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
1457:978-979-069-058-5
1394:Koek, E. (1886).
1150:, 3(2), 89 - 100.
1012:. Asean Heritage.
987:978-981-4311-96-0
692:Lela captured by
455:Hikayat Hang Tuah
445:(guns) and large
434:Epic of Hang Tuah
3855:
3452:Pierrier a boite
3185:Toradar arquebus
3132:Jiaozhi arquebus
3057:Bajozutsu pistol
2997:
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2571:Filipino weapons
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2343:Armor and outfit
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2208:Gunpowder weapon
2204:
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2122:Flexible weapons
1819:Piso Sanalenggam
1769:Langgai Tinggang
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1477:Malay Literature
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1192:. Penerbit USM.
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728:Indonesia portal
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541:floating battery
504:, at Brunei and
360:(long cannon or
164:lela mulut katak
3863:
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3813:Weapons of Java
3793:Naval artillery
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3632:Mysorean rocket
3584:Congreve rocket
3556:
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3008:thermal weapons
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2016:Parang Chandong
1946:
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417:Asia Portuguesa
409:Lendas da India
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194:West Kalimantan
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3029:Historiography
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3004:Early firearms
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2050:Impact weapons
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1483:(2): 229â260.
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562:Sunting apilan
474:sunting apilan
439:Ottoman Empire
429:Sejarah Melayu
425:Sejarah Melayu
413:Gaspar Correia
392:Sejarah Melayu
387:Sejarah Melayu
326:
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262:muzzle-loading
224:The origin of
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28:(swivel yoke).
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3127:Java arquebus
3125:
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3110:
3108:
3107:Howdah pistol
3105:
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2577:Edged weapons
2575:
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2455:Siping-siping
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2445:Karambalangan
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2306:Anak Makassar
2304:
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2248:
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2243:
2242:Java arquebus
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2088:Bambu runcing
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1834:Sikin Panyang
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1577:public domain
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1226:9780801859540
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1199:9789838619332
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1174:9781576077702
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451:Ottoman Turks
448:
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258:breech-loaded
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175:cangkak lela,
172:
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134:
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71:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:is a type of
38:
34:
27:
23:
18:
3701:Muzzleloader
3676:Breechloader
3654:rocket arrow
3626:Meng Huo You
3577:rocket arrow
3567:incendiaries
3539:Grose Bochse
3485:Wankou Chong
3431:
2883:
2634:Dahong palay
2483:Takula tofao
2420:Baju Empurau
2284:
2232:Bedil tombak
2026:Parang Taawu
2021:Parang Latok
1991:Golok Rembau
1986:Golok Ciomas
1875:Keris bahari
1814:Piso Halasan
1804:Parang Nabur
1724:Bara Sangihe
1620:
1616:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1507:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1446:
1439:
1419:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1290:
1272:
1252:
1230:. Retrieved
1215:
1208:
1189:
1183:
1167:. ABC-CLIO.
1164:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1073:
1066:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:
1042:
1032:
1009:
977:
971:
960:. Retrieved
956:
946:
937:
933:
915:
873:
845:
814:
810:
665:
614:(Muslim) of
610:
596:
588:
576:
570:
566:
561:
552:
549:
530:
479:
476:can be seen.
473:
469:
464:Detail of a
454:
446:
442:
432:
428:
424:
416:
408:
407:
398:
397:
391:
385:
382:
371:
367:
361:
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345:
341:
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329:
327:
313:
295:
285:
280:
255:
223:
213:
205:
203:
178:
174:
170:
168:
163:
156:jala rambang
155:
152:Lela rambang
151:
147:meriam kecil
146:
132:
110:
100:
96:
81:
73:
70:lela rentaka
69:
66:
36:
32:
31:
25:
3739:Huolongjing
3731:Literatures
3534:Faule Mette
3529:Faule Grete
3524:Dulle Griet
3387:Ekor lotong
3349:Baton a feu
3250:JĂ€ger rifle
3142:Muff pistol
3097:Hand mortar
3092:Hand cannon
3067:Blunderbuss
2787:Buntot Pagi
2745:Tabak-toyok
2435:Baru Lema'a
2430:Baju Rantai
2425:Baju Lamina
2392:Peurise Awe
2275:Ekor lotong
1937:Tumbok Lada
1623:: 233â268.
1232:12 December
790:Ekor lotong
616:Philippines
597:cire perdue
506:Banjarmasin
498:Minangkabau
160:blunderbuss
97:Meriam naga
88:Description
3787:Categories
3642:Pen Huo Qi
3604:Greek fire
3595:Fire arrow
3480:Xanadu Gun
3467:Swivel gun
3457:Pot de fer
3397:Fauconneau
3087:Fire lance
2909:PVAR rifle
2827:Projectile
2440:Baru Ăröba
2412:Body armor
2377:Klebit Bok
1951:Choppers (
1907:Pisau raut
1759:Krai Silai
1406:: 117â149.
1106:. 3: 1â11.
1104:T'oung Pao
1057:2020-02-19
962:2020-03-23
826:References
612:Bangsamoro
602:terracotta
537:kotta mara
482:Terengganu
423:confirmed
334:swivel gun
270:Portuguese
145:miniature
53:swivel gun
3749:Wubei Zhi
3721:Wheellock
3706:Snaphance
3691:Matchlock
3686:Flintlock
3652:Singijeon
3475:Veuglaire
3471:Tarasnice
3447:Organ gun
3412:Hongyipao
3377:Chongtong
3367:Carronade
3326:artillery
3290:Musketoon
3157:Pepperbox
2899:Model 45A
2894:Floro PDW
2869:Astinggal
2852:Slingshot
2599:Balisword
2589:Balasiong
2237:Istinggar
2006:Kandawulo
1892:Pasatimpo
1739:Dua Lalan
1637:191565174
1499:0128-1186
876:. BRILL.
533:Banjarese
441:) to buy
230:Nusantara
226:gunpowder
198:Indonesia
133:dadu-dadu
125:case shot
121:grapeshot
101:lela naga
63:Etymology
3711:Snaplock
3544:Mons Meg
3392:Falconet
3382:Culverin
3344:Basilisk
3310:Wall gun
3152:Petronel
3052:Arquebus
3044:Firearms
3019:Timeline
2957:Suntukan
2862:Firearms
2850:Saltik (
2780:Flexible
2669:Karambit
2664:Kampilan
2654:Head axe
2619:Batangas
2604:Bangkung
2505:Category
2402:Salawaku
2367:Cakalele
2321:Si Jagur
2150:Kerambit
1902:Peurawot
1714:Amanremu
714:See also
666:draaibas
582:â
545:bastions
522:Sulawesi
518:Makassar
363:culverin
347:falconet
309:Javanese
288:the fall
179:rangking
57:falconet
3681:Doglock
3637:Naphtha
3614:Huo Che
3575:Bo-hiya
3563:rockets
3511:Basilic
3506:Bombard
3427:Lantaka
3372:Cetbang
3204:muskets
2962:Yaw-Yan
2952:Sikaran
2879:Lantaka
2874:Cetbang
2845:Blowgun
2818:Bagakay
2766:Kalasag
2759:Shields
2750:Tungkod
2734:Karay-a
2704:Susuwat
2684:Panabas
2584:Balarao
2387:Kurabit
2316:Ki Amuk
2299:By name
2280:Lantaka
2270:Cetbang
2252:Terakul
2247:Pemuras
2219:Firearm
2155:Salukat
2145:Celurit
2113:Trisula
2103:Lembing
2093:Bessing
2036:Tangkin
2001:Kabeala
1927:Si Euli
1917:Rencong
1897:Palitai
1839:Sundang
1794:Pakayun
1764:Ladieng
1734:Co Jang
1709:Alamang
1700:Klewang
784:Rentaka
778:Cetbang
627:Gallery
608:mould.
577:Apilans
573:swivels
502:Sumatra
378:Calicut
373:bombard
370:), and
352:esmeril
342:lantaka
338:cetbang
330:esmeril
292:Malacca
246:cetbang
242:çźâ"PĂ o"
220:History
190:Sanggau
141:caliber
76:by the
49:lantaka
3828:Cannon
3620:Hwacha
3561:Early
3462:Prangi
3437:Mortar
3362:Cannon
3324:Early
3285:Musket
3265:Jingal
3200:Rifles
3162:Pistol
3077:Dragon
2942:Kuntao
2919:Sumpak
2904:Paltik
2841:Sumpit
2833:Pana (
2797:Latigo
2792:Cadena
2771:Taming
2740:Pingga
2730:Bugsay
2725:Baston
2694:PinutĂ
2689:Parang
2679:Laring
2644:Gayang
2639:Gunong
2624:Bicuco
2614:Barong
2609:Banyal
2478:Paseki
2473:Katapu
2465:Helmet
2450:Kawaca
2362:Baluse
2354:Shield
2262:Cannon
2160:Sumpit
2129:Cambuk
2098:Kawali
2057:Cabang
2041:Wedung
1996:Jimpul
1971:Blakas
1953:Parang
1942:Wamilo
1912:Pisuwe
1887:Kujang
1880:Patrem
1865:Dohong
1799:Pandat
1789:Niabor
1779:Mandau
1754:Jenawi
1749:Hemola
1729:Belida
1719:Balato
1635:
1497:
1454:
1427:
1223:
1196:
1171:
984:
880:
600:using
553:apilan
524:, and
510:Borneo
496:, and
490:Gresik
470:Apilan
466:lanong
447:meriam
431:. The
368:meriam
251:prangi
137:rattan
117:bronze
22:Pahang
2947:Silat
2813:Sibat
2699:Pirah
2674:Lahot
2659:Kalis
2649:Gulok
2382:Kliau
2372:Kanta
2227:Bedil
2165:Tolor
2108:Pantu
2083:Arbir
2067:Indan
1966:Bendo
1957:Golok
1932:Tappi
1922:Sewar
1860:Badik
1844:Surik
1824:Rudus
1809:Penai
1774:Luwuk
1633:S2CID
1613:(PDF)
1517:(PDF)
591:alloy
558:prahu
443:bedil
357:saker
296:Berço
206:lelah
171:cagak
113:brass
105:Jambi
78:Dutch
74:lilla
41:Malay
26:cagak
3565:and
3432:Lela
3334:Abus
3202:and
3006:and
2884:Lela
2709:Utak
2629:Bolo
2285:Lela
2062:Gada
2031:Peda
2011:Kudi
1981:Guma
1976:Buko
1870:Kris
1829:Rugi
1784:Moso
1744:Gari
1495:ISSN
1452:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1234:2014
1221:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1169:ISBN
982:ISBN
878:ISBN
803:Note
604:and
526:Aceh
514:Sulu
494:Java
472:and
415:and
238:java
214:kubu
129:iron
82:lelo
80:and
37:lila
33:Lela
1625:doi
1485:doi
606:wax
520:in
508:in
492:in
484:in
419:by
411:by
344:),
340:or
290:of
177:or
154:or
123:or
115:or
99:or
35:or
3789::
1631:.
1621:32
1619:.
1615:.
1593:.
1519:.
1493:.
1481:25
1479:.
1475:.
1404:17
1402:.
1398:.
1346:^
1298:^
1282:^
1262:^
1242:^
1219:.
1155:^
1124:^
1050:.
1018:^
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