43:
3991:
3587:
3572:
3949:
191:
59:
4010:
4025:
4070:
3715:
3976:
373:
7046:
5917:
254:
3964:
7056:
5927:
3599:
logging operations. Furthermore, rattan grows rapidly, which facilitates quicker replenishment compared to tropical wood species.This economic incentive supports forest maintenance by providing a profitable crop that complements rather than competes with trees. However, the long-term profitability and utility of rattan compared to other alternatives remain subjects of ongoing evaluation and study.
3513:. Processing can also be polluting. The use of toxic chemicals and petrol in the processing of rattan affects soil, air and water resources, and also ultimately people's health. Meanwhile, the conventional method of rattan production is threatening the plant's long-term supply, and the income of workers.
211:
because most mature rattan palms have a vine-like habit, scrambling through and over other vegetation. However, they are different from true woody lianas in several ways. Because rattans are palms, they do not branch and they rarely develop new root structures upon contact of the stem with soil. They
3701:
are added. The wood is then further heated under intense pressure in another oven-like machine, and a phosphate solution is introduced. This process produces almost an exact replica of bone material. The process takes about 10 days. At the time of the announcement the bone was being tested in sheep,
4095:. They were fitted with a variety of iron spearheads and ranged from short throwing versions to heavy thrusting weapons. They were used for hunting, fishing, or warfare (both land and naval warfare). The rattan shafts of war spears are usually elaborately ornamented with carvings and metal inlays.
3598:
In forests where rattan grows, its economic value can play a crucial role in conservation efforts. By offering an alternative source of income, rattan harvesting can deter loggers from engaging in timber logging. Harvesting rattan canes is simpler and requires less sophisticated tools compared to
436:
There are 13 different genera of rattans that include around 600 species. Some of the species in these "rattan genera" have a different habit and do not climb, they are shrubby palms of the forest undergrowth; nevertheless they are close relatives to species that are climbers and they are hence
3815:
in
England and Wales, and are still used for this purpose in schools in Malaysia, Singapore, and several African countries. The usual maximum number of strokes was six, traditionally referred to as getting "Six of the best". Similar canes are used for military punishments in the
3990:
303:. These clusters can produce new stems continually as individual stems die. The impact of harvesting is much greater in solitary species, since the whole plant dies when harvested. An example of a commercially important single-stemmed species is
360:. This means they only flower and fruit once then die. All other rattan species are pleonanthic, being able to flower and fruit continually. Most commercially harvested species are pleonanthic, because hapaxanthic rattans tend to have soft
3772:
material. The remaining "core" of the rattan can be used for various purposes in furniture making. Rattan is a very good material, mainly because it is lightweight, durable, and, to a certain extent, flexible and suitable for outdoor use.
4044:
Most natives or locals from the rattan rich countries employ the aid of this sturdy plant in their home building projects. It is heavily used as a housing material in rural areas. The skin of the plant or wood is primarily used for
4061:, though only a small portion of cane harvested (roughly 3%) is strong, flexible, and durable enough to be made into sticks for polo mallets, and popularity of rattan mallets is waning next the more modern variant, fibrecanes.
4960:"Bone defect filling with a novel rattan-wood based not-sintered hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate material (b.Bone™) after tricortical bone graft harvesting – A consecutive clinical case series of 9 patients"
3860:
the oil from the container up the stem and release fragrance into the air, through an evaporation diffusion process. In contrast, reeds made from bamboo contain nodes that inhibit the passage of essential oils.
42:
3948:
290:
Rattans can also be solitary (single-stemmed), clustering (clump-forming), or both. Solitary rattan species grow into a single stem. Clustering rattan, on the other hand, develop clumps of up to 50 stems via
3869:
Many of the properties of rattan that make it suitable for furniture also make it a popular choice for handicraft and art pieces. Uses include rattan baskets, plant containers, and other decorative works.
4817:
MacKinnon, K. (1998) Sustainable use as a conservation tool in the forests of South-East Asia. Conservation of
Biological Resources (E.J. Milner Gulland & R Mace, eds), pp 174–192. Blackwell Science,
4169:
Dransfield, John (2002). "General introduction to rattan - the biological background to exploitation and the history of rattan research". In
Dransfield, John; Tesoro, Florentino O.; Manokaran, N. (eds.).
3702:
and there had been no signs of rejection. Particles from the sheep's bodies have migrated to the "wood bone" and formed long, continuous bones. The new bone-from-wood programme is being funded by the
166:. Despite increasing attempts in the last 30 years at commercial cultivation, almost all rattan products still come from wild-harvested plants. Rattan supplies are now rapidly threatened due to
4115:
were historically used in ancient, medieval and early modern China and Korea. According to some contemporary sources, they were reasonably effective against both arrows and early firearms.
3768:
Generally, raw rattan is processed into several products to be used as materials in furniture making. From a strand of rattan, the skin is usually peeled off, to be used as rattan
4828:
238:. This also means juvenile rattan palms are rigid enough to remain free-standing, unlike true lianas which always need structural support, even when young. Many rattans also have
3127:
3563:) is also being researched and pioneered in some countries, though it is still a young industry and only constitutes a minority of the rattan resources harvested annually.
1269:
3586:
3571:
3397:
5241:
Krieger, Herbert W. (1926). "The
Collection of Primitive Weapons and Armor of the Philippine Islands in the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution".
3081:
1604:
3745:
like many other kinds of wood, so it is available in many colours, and it can be worked into many styles. Moreover, the inner core can be separated and worked into
3385:
3035:
2638:
2625:
2118:
2079:
1253:
1093:
4009:
4109:. Their durability and weight makes it ideal for training with complex execution of techniques as well as being a choice of weapon, even against bladed objects.
3429:
3324:
3193:
3059:
2768:
2430:
2391:
2268:
Major use of canes for furniture; also for walking-sticks, handles for implements and flooring; leaves, cabbage and roots as medicine; fruits occasionally eaten
1897:
1591:
1061:
3350:
3249:
3152:
3111:
3023:
2959:
2755:
2443:
2339:
2326:
2209:
1988:
1962:
1750:
1659:
1578:
1288:
1141:
309:. Clustering species, on the other hand, have more potential to become sustainable if the rate of harvesting does not exceed the rate of stem replacement via
1552:
861:
The major commercial species of rattan canes as identified for Asia by
Dransfield and Manokaran (1993) and for Africa, by Tuley (1995) and Sunderland (1999) (
3286:
2941:
2929:
2690:
2664:
2560:
2495:
2417:
2313:
2183:
2170:
2144:
2105:
2066:
2053:
2027:
1949:
1832:
1819:
1793:
1776:
1724:
1685:
1565:
1539:
1513:
1357:
981:
5963:
3304:
3298:
3259:
3219:
3158:
3101:
3041:
2965:
2935:
2846:
2781:
2742:
2677:
2651:
2508:
2482:
2456:
2378:
2365:
2352:
2131:
2040:
1975:
1936:
1910:
1806:
1646:
1526:
1461:
1189:
1109:
220:. This means the diameter of the rattan stem is always constant: juvenile rattan palms have the same width as when adult, usually around 2–5 centimetres (
3292:
3239:
3203:
3146:
3029:
3017:
2947:
2898:
2885:
2820:
2573:
2469:
2300:
2287:
2222:
2196:
2092:
1487:
1448:
1409:
1396:
1077:
1045:
965:
1787:
Canes for chair frames, cables for ferry boats, hauling logs and as rigging on small sailboats; split canes for mats, basketry, fish traps, chair seats
3356:
3181:
3011:
2833:
2534:
2274:
1884:
1871:
1737:
1620:
1500:
1370:
1237:
1029:
933:
270:
3718:
3187:
2953:
2794:
2612:
2547:
2261:
2248:
2001:
1891:
Canes for cordage, basketry, noose traps, musical instruments; edible raw cabbage as medicine; spiny leaf-sheaths formerly used to make food graters
1698:
1474:
1422:
1221:
1157:
1013:
997:
885:
429:
in
Central America) in subfamily Ceroxyloideae. They do not have spinose stems and climb by means of their reflexed terminal leaflets. Of these only
5275:
4207:
Campbell, Mason J.; Edwards, Will; Magrach, Ainhoa; Laurance, Susan G.; Alamgir, Mohammed; Porolak, Gabriel; Laurance, William F. (December 2017).
3338:
3175:
2987:
2586:
1763:
1672:
1435:
1383:
917:
3269:
2599:
2157:
1858:
2807:
3524:. Although this can mean increased rattan abundance for economic exploitation, it can also be problematic in long-term conservation efforts.
4266:
7060:
411:). The climbing habit in palms is not restricted to Calamoideae, but has also evolved in three other evolutionary lines—tribes Cocoseae (
4832:
3555:. In addition, the Philippines also imposes an annual allowable cut in an effort to conserve rattan resources. Rattan cultivation (both
162:. Rattan canes are one of the world's most valuable non-timber forest products. Some species of rattan also have edible scaly fruit and
2099:
Entire canes for chair frames, ferry boat cables, hauling logs, sailboat rigging; split canes for basketry, chairs, fish traps, etc.
5956:
5871:
3505:, as harvesters are cutting stems too young and reducing their ability to resprout. Unsustainable harvesting of rattan can lead to
4121:
Rattan can also be used to build a functional sword that delivers a non-lethal but similar impact compared to steel counterparts.
3689:
In early 2010, scientists in Italy announced that rattan wood would be used in a new "wood to bone" process for the production of
4297:"Elevational patterns of species richness and density of rattan palms (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia"
5340:
4920:
4024:
3856:, or merely to scent closets, passageways, and rooms), because each rattan reed contains 20 or more permeable channels that
3516:
Rattans also exhibit rapid population growths in disturbed forest edges due to higher light availability than in the closed-
4908:
5315:
7092:
7049:
5949:
709:, 2Âşed. 2008), and also Dransfield & Manokaran (1993), a great deal of basic introductory information is available.
5079:
892:
Peninsular
Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines and Thailand. Also introduced to China and south Pacific for planting
524:
Tropical Africa, India and Sri Lanka, China, south and east to Fiji, Vanuatu and eastern
Australia (synonyms including
146:
Around 20% of rattan palm species are economically important and are traditionally used in
Southeast Asia in producing
2762:
Canes used as skin peels for weaving chair seats and back; unsplit for furniture; basketry, mats, fish traps, cordage
5285:
5407:
3904:
250:
or twining which can only climb narrower supports. Rattans have been known to grow up to hundreds of metres long.
5006:
3975:
143:
due to their climbing habits, unlike other palm species. A few species also have tree-like or shrub-like habits.
7112:
6473:
5377:
4868:
4751:
Liu, Kunpeng; Mansor, Asyraf; Ruppert, Nadine; Lee, Chow Yang; Azman, Nur Munira; Fadzly, Nik (3 August 2019).
4279:
4184:
4179:. Non-Wood Forest Products 14. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). pp. 23–34.
4295:
Stiegel, Stephanie; Kessler, Michael; Getto, Daniela; Thonhofer, Joachim; Siebert, Stephen F. (August 2011).
3922:
and bamboo, rattan is a common material used for the handles in percussion mallets, especially mallets for
3821:
239:
4701:
3666:, among other things. The resin normally results in a wood with a light peach hue. In the Indian state of
58:
467:
are centered in
Southeast Asia with outliers eastwards and northwards; and three are endemic to Africa:
190:
6860:
5301:
4944:
3812:
3527:
Rattan harvesting from the wild in most rattan-producing countries requires permits. These include the
2281:
Split canes for basketry; entire canes for furniture frames; split cane cores for crude woven products
6155:
443:, distributed in Asia except for one species represented in Africa. From the remaining rattan genera,
246:. The spines also give rattans the ability to climb wide-diameter trees, unlike other vines which use
5972:
5168:
3439:
3373:
3121:
1304:
3606:. Unlike bamboo, rattan stems are not hollow. Most (70%) of the world's rattan population exists in
423:
in Madagascar) in subfamily Arecoideae, and tribe Hyophorbeae (climbing species of the large genus
5280:. Published for the Association for Asian Studies by the University of Arizona Press. p. 80.
3211:
Fruit as source of red resin exuded between scales, used medicinally and as a dye (one source of "
1640:
Excellent small- to medium-diameter canes for binding and weaving in furniture; new shoots edible
268:
A few species of rattans are non-climbing. These range from free-standing tree-like species (like
6580:
6128:
5930:
4664:
4349:
Meicherczyk, R. (1989). "Forest and timber industry of Paraguay and international co-operation".
4069:
1442:
Canes of good quality but quantities insufficient for commercial use; canes for baskets and mats
310:
20:
5333:
The Nature and Culture of Rattan: Reflections on Vanishing Life in the Forests of Southeast Asia
5214:
7006:
6463:
5361:
4118:
It sees also prominent use in battle re-enactments as stand-ins to potentially lethal weapons.
3817:
1344:
27:
4689:
182:, based on their trade origins, as well as numerous other trade names for individual species.
7087:
6951:
6617:
6515:
6098:
4681:
3923:
3896:
3662:; this resin was thought to have medicinal properties in antiquity and was used as a dye for
2716:
2632:
Good medium-diameter cane for furniture, binding, weaving, basketry, etc.; new shoots edible
1125:
5371:
5202:
Since we prefer that no one gets hurt, SCA combatants wear real armor and use rattan swords.
7082:
6687:
6545:
6535:
6520:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6078:
5758:
5720:
5400:
4764:
4385:
4308:
4220:
4000:
3133:
3091:
2235:
1205:
378:
4857:
Rattan: current research issues and prospects for conservation and sustainable development
4173:
Rattan: current research issues and prospects for conservation and sustainable development
1969:
Excellent small-diameter canes for furniture and handicrafts for local and export markets
8:
6330:
6300:
6290:
5733:
5616:
4912:
3912:
3837:
3478:
2977:
4768:
4389:
4312:
4224:
7097:
6627:
6279:
5186:
4984:
4959:
4938:
4795:
4752:
4401:
4243:
4208:
3873:
Due to its durability and resistance to splintering, sections of rattan can be used as
3833:
3737:. When cut into sections, rattan can be used as wood to make furniture. Rattan accepts
3510:
3506:
2729:
1923:
1711:
433:
spp. furnish stems of sufficiently good quality to be used as rattan cane substitutes.
47:
5355:
4209:"Forest edge disturbance increases rattan abundance in tropical rain forest fragments"
3963:
3758:
3677:, and can be eaten raw or roasted. Long stems can be cut to obtain potable water. The
1364:
Excellent large-diameter canes harvested for furniture industry; leaves for thatching
7102:
6662:
6550:
6530:
6274:
6219:
5728:
5697:
5518:
5336:
5281:
5075:
4989:
4926:
4916:
4864:
4800:
4782:
4275:
4248:
4180:
3659:
3212:
3053:
2999:
2971:
2859:
1943:
Small-diameter canes extensively used to make furniture for local and export markets
121:
4442:
3908:
3453:
The name "rattan" is first attested in English in the 1650s. It is derived from the
2580:
Canes for making moderate-quality furniture; walking-sticks, umbrella handles, etc.
7021:
7011:
6996:
6622:
6443:
6259:
6229:
6209:
6165:
6043:
4979:
4971:
4790:
4772:
4612:
Johns, R. & R. Taurereko, 1989a. A preliminary checklist of the collections of
4393:
4316:
4238:
4228:
3857:
3829:
3517:
3502:
3314:
3005:
2404:
1633:
901:
283:
217:
171:
118:
64:
4777:
4633:
Johns, R. & R. Taurereko, 1989b. A guide to the collection and description of
3714:
1930:
Canes for basketry, walking-sticks, furniture frames; split canes for chair seats
1390:
Entire canes for handicrafts, furniture, basketry, etc., local and export markets
6961:
6882:
6647:
6559:
6399:
6241:
6160:
5920:
5743:
5705:
5498:
5393:
4105:
3891:
3690:
3521:
2872:
2684:
Canes for furniture frames; cabbage cooked as a vegetable; fruit sometimes eaten
1845:
1173:
1100:
Endemic to Hainan island, China, but introduced to southern China for cultivation
908:
Endemic to Hainan island, China, but introduced to southern China for cultivation
670:
536:
457:
419:
344:
292:
124:
5651:
5019:
4884:
3602:
Cleaned rattan stems with the leaf sheaths removed are superficially similar to
2489:
Canes of small diameter use for furniture and basketry, local and international
372:
7026:
6992:
6865:
6824:
6592:
6495:
6320:
6264:
6224:
6214:
6204:
6118:
6005:
5980:
5791:
5596:
5451:
4233:
3882:
3703:
3486:
3454:
3416:
3047:
2703:
2521:
1322:
696:
565:
546:
514:
439:
356:
196:
128:
91:
6194:
6177:
5277:
A Documentary Chronicle of Sino-Western Relations, 1644-1820: Translated texts
4975:
4753:"Rattan litter-collecting structures attract nest-building and defending ants"
4525:
Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
4321:
4296:
2151:
Popular large-diameter canes for furniture; split canes for basketry, cordage
7107:
7076:
7001:
6782:
6757:
6702:
6458:
6427:
6254:
6249:
6150:
6093:
5941:
5809:
5781:
5768:
5666:
5581:
5424:
4930:
4786:
4458:
Genera palmarum: a classification of palms based on the work of H.E.Moore Jr.
4112:
3874:
3849:
3782:
3678:
3560:
3229:
2014:
949:
305:
167:
163:
151:
106:
5801:
5260:
5222:(March 2007 revision ed.). Society for Creative Anachronism. March 2007
2333:
Seedlings as potential ornamental; ripe fruit pickled and young shoot eaten
7031:
7016:
6855:
6777:
6667:
6612:
6607:
6575:
6565:
6485:
6468:
6374:
6269:
5866:
5856:
5786:
5561:
5553:
5045:
4993:
4863:. Non-Wood Forest Products 14. UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
4804:
4252:
3982:
3886:
3853:
3786:
3762:
3639:
5132:
4902:
4460:
pp 610. The International Palm Society & the Bailey Hortorium, Kansas.
6966:
6907:
6797:
6792:
6767:
6750:
6740:
6731:
6597:
6448:
6343:
6083:
5776:
5641:
5626:
5566:
5523:
5456:
4855:
4726:
4171:
4079:
4058:
3997:
3954:
3722:
3693:. The process takes small pieces of rattan and places them in a furnace.
3623:
3580:
3556:
3528:
3403:
1276:
654:
638:
606:
574:
485:
479:
469:
451:
425:
338:
332:
275:
110:
77:
6877:
6872:
6829:
6812:
6802:
6772:
6762:
6712:
6602:
6490:
6379:
6199:
6145:
6108:
6063:
6058:
6048:
6022:
5998:
5846:
5841:
5710:
5576:
5543:
5508:
5433:
4405:
4369:
4339:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, p. 22.
3935:
3635:
3591:
3489:) like hollow spines, funnel-shaped leaves, or leaf sheath extensions (
622:
590:
463:
445:
397:
350:
326:
321:
317:
231:
159:
73:
6902:
5748:
5688:
4099:
also makes prominent use of rattan as "arnis sticks", commonly called
1917:
Extensively collected as small-diameter cane, end-uses not documented
1878:
Split canes for basketry, cordage; spiny leaf-sheaths as food graters
1148:
South and Central Kalimantan. Introduced into Malaysia for cultivation
6956:
6807:
6677:
6652:
6540:
6525:
6510:
6505:
6364:
6295:
6285:
6182:
6172:
6103:
6088:
6053:
5861:
5656:
5591:
5114:
4854:
Dransfield, John; Tesoro, Florentino O.; Manokaran, N., eds. (2002).
4684:
In: RATTAN glossary and Compendium glossary with emphasis on Africa.
4667:
In: RATTAN glossary and Compendium glossary with emphasis on Africa.
4441:
Terry C.H. Sunderland and John Dransfield. Species Profiles. Ratans.
3939:
3790:
3734:
3650:
Some rattan fruits are edible, with a sour taste akin to citrus. The
3627:
3607:
3532:
1507:
Slender canes for weaving and binding; seedlings used as ornamentals
863:
413:
383:
262:
253:
243:
103:
5095:
4397:
4085:
Fire-hardened rattan were commonly used as the shafts of Philippine
2255:
Canes used to make mats, for weaving, to bind furniture and cordage
2047:
Poor quality but durable canes for basket frames and walking-sticks
492:
The rattan genera and their distribution (Uhl & Dransfield 1987
6697:
6570:
6555:
6453:
6409:
6394:
6384:
6369:
6359:
6113:
6038:
5829:
5674:
5606:
5370:
4688:
16. FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
3878:
3631:
3615:
3552:
3540:
258:
242:
which act as hooks to aid climbing over other plants, and to deter
201:
5441:
5354:
6939:
6934:
6924:
6897:
6817:
6717:
6682:
6672:
6657:
6414:
6325:
6189:
6068:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5738:
5446:
5150:
4671:
16. FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
4046:
4016:
3931:
3769:
3694:
3619:
3576:
1995:
Young leaves occasionally as cigarette paper; fruits as medicine
403:
247:
213:
99:
5513:
4337:
Rattan Glossary: And Compendium Glossary with Emphasis on Africa
3706:. By 2023, experimental implants into humans were taking place.
2398:
Canes of good quality for tying, binding and making coarse mats
1377:
Excellent quality medium- to large-diameter canes for furniture
1084:
Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo to Palawan
6982:
6944:
6892:
6850:
6845:
6745:
6500:
6404:
6073:
6033:
5893:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5636:
5621:
5611:
5586:
5571:
5466:
4268:
Rattan: A Report of a Workshop held in Singapore, 4-6 June 1979
4135:
4130:
4031:
3806:
3794:
3754:
3746:
3726:
3698:
3674:
3663:
3611:
3603:
3490:
1598:
Canes for tying, cordage, basketry, fish traps and noose traps
391:
300:
296:
235:
147:
136:
114:
34:
4665:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5232E/y5232e07.htm#P5059_100907
4206:
1614:
Canes used for baskets, bags, tying, etc. for home industries
6912:
6787:
6707:
6692:
6639:
6389:
6348:
6140:
6018:
5993:
5898:
5851:
5834:
5753:
5538:
5528:
5503:
5481:
5471:
5416:
4958:
Alt, V.; Walter, N.; Rupp, M.; Begué, T.; Plecko, M. (2023).
4486:
Malayan Forest Records No. 29. Forestry Department. Malaysia.
4096:
4091:
4086:
4074:
3919:
3900:
3742:
3738:
3667:
3655:
3651:
3548:
3536:
2723:
Small-diameter canes for handicrafts, basketry and furniture
1020:
Thailand, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, to the Philippines
817:
Currently (2002) under study at Kew (Baker & Dransfield)
809:
Johns & Taurereko, 1989a, 1989b (preliminary notes only)
632:
Indo-China, Thailand, Burma, Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra
278:
208:
140:
52:
4499:. Sabah Forest Record No. 13. Forestry Department, Malaysia.
4294:
417:
with c. 7–10 species in the New World tropics) and Areceae (
6919:
6887:
6132:
5646:
5631:
5601:
5493:
5488:
5476:
5461:
4690:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5232E/y5232e00.htm#TopOfPage
4588:
A manual of the rattans of the Andaman and Nicobar islands.
4512:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Sarawak Forest Department.
4274:. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. 1980.
3825:
3544:
1982:
Coarse cane for furniture; leaves for thatch; edible fruit
1494:
Leaves for thatch; immature fruits in traditional medicine
361:
155:
132:
131:, though they can also be found in other parts of tropical
4682:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5232E/y5232e04.htm#P31_5904
1546:
Entire canes made into handicrafts, furniture and baskets
1052:
Burma, southern China, to Malaysia and the Andaman Islands
194:
Close-up of the edible scaly fruits and the spiny stem of
6727:
6432:
5988:
5385:
4853:
4469:
Dransfield, J. & Manokaran, N. (eds), 1993. Rattans.
3493:). The rattans in turn, gain protection from herbivores.
3482:
2385:
Canes of good appearance but probably only for local use
712:
Available rattan floras and monographs by region (2002):
437:
included in the same genera. The largest rattan genus is
5316:"A Commonplace Book: Building a Sword for Rattan Combat"
5104:(Includes a photograph of a military caning in progress)
4374:, a New Bornean Rattan Genus (Palmae: Lepidocaryoideae)"
3753:, Viennese Braiding, as it was invented in 18th century
3729:
panels are woven of rattan, while the frame is hardwood.
3725:
style, typical Viennese, around 1780. The seat and back
1865:
Actual use of small- to medium-diameter canes not known
1627:
Young plants as ornamentals; canes for binding or tying
1403:
Small-diameter canes for basketry, fish traps and tying
4452:
4450:
3575:
Wild-harvested rattan canes being treated and dried in
1455:
Probably sold together with other small-diameter canes
5046:"THE RESOURCE, ITS USES AND PRESENT ACTION PROGRAMMES"
3848:
Rattan is the preferred natural material used to wick
4015:
Craftsman weaving a basket made from split rattan in
3889:. Rattan sticks 70 cm (28 inches) long, called
2606:
Excellent quality cane; under cultivation in gardens
1653:
Canes for furniture, handicrafts and home industries
680:
Laos, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra
4447:
3733:
Rattans are extensively used for making baskets and
113:. The greatest diversity of rattan palm species and
5115:"Judicial caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei"
5069:
4750:
1585:Canes inferior but used for local furniture-making
4957:
3811:Thin rattan canes were the standard implement for
2710:Canes for basketry; fruits and young shoots eaten
2034:Edible fruit; canes of inferior quality for tying
2021:Most desirable large-diameter canes for furniture
1679:Canes for binding, weaving, basketry, handicrafts
281:-like species with short subterranean stems (like
4562:Rattans of the Western Ghats: A Taxonomic Manual.
4443:http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y2783e/y2783e05.htm
3622:. The rest of the world's supply comes from the
207:Most rattan palms are classified ecologically as
7074:
4549:Rattan (canes) in India: a monographic revision.
1520:Canes of poor quality, rarely used; fruit eaten
139:. Most rattan palms are ecologically considered
5072:Bamboo and rattan, traditional uses and beliefs
4057:Rattan cane is also used traditionally to make
2346:Canes apparently of good quality for furniture
2216:Canes for walking-sticks, cages, basket frames
2060:Canes occasionally used to make coarse baskets
5971:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
3820:. Heavier canes, also of rattan, are used for
2911:Other traditional uses of rattans by species:
2840:Canes for basketry, furniture and handicrafts
825:Dransfield and Mogea ; more field work needed
664:Himalayas and south China to western Malaysia
5957:
5401:
4484:Manual of the Rattans of the Malay Peninsula.
4361:
2567:Canes split for tying, thatching and cordage
2502:Canes possibly used to make baskets and mats
354:are hapaxanthic; as well as a few species of
4603:Bangladesh Forest Research Institute. Dhaka.
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
2593:Canes sometimes used to make walking-sticks
1004:Borneo and Sumatra. Cultivated in Kalimantan
26:"Ratan" redirects here. For other uses, see
5009:, SciDevNet, by Andrea Rinaldi, 30 Nov 2015
5007:Rattan wood bone implants near human trials
4847:
4348:
4193:
2372:Robust canes of good quality for furniture
2359:Canes occasionally used for walking-sticks
1311:Tropical Africa from Sierra Leone to Angola
1260:Tropical Africa from Sierra Leone to Angola
1116:Sabah, Sarawak, East Kalimantan and Palawan
5964:
5950:
5408:
5394:
5096:"Singapore: Caning in the military forces"
4538:Sri Lanka Forest Department. Batteramulla.
4534:De Zoysa, N. & K. Vivekenandan, 1994.
4437:
4435:
4367:
4342:
4168:
3852:in aroma reed diffusers (commonly used in
1481:Canes for commercial and traditional uses
5273:
4983:
4794:
4776:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4320:
4242:
4232:
4147:
174:. Rattan were also historically known as
4904:The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants
4674:
4590:Kerala Forest Research Institute, India.
4564:Kerala Forest Research Institute, India.
4551:Rattan Information Centre. Kuala Lumpur.
4068:
3957:making rattan furniture, circa 1948
3713:
3585:
3570:
389:Calamoideae includes tree palms such as
371:
316:Rattans display two types of flowering:
252:
189:
57:
41:
5240:
5169:"How To Choose The Best Diffuser Reeds"
5088:
4577:Evergreen Publishers. Bangalore. India.
3749:. A typical braiding pattern is called
3670:, the shoot is also used as vegetable.
2866:Canes locally for basketry and matting
1839:Canes for basketry, chair frames, etc.
1572:Canes for making furniture and baskets
849:Currently (2002) in prep. (Sunderland)
7075:
5267:
5243:United States National Museum Bulletin
4657:
4456:Uhl, N.W. & Dransfield, J., 1987.
4412:
4288:
3864:
3800:
3684:
1852:Canes for police sticks, chair frames
1132:Southern China. Introduced to Malaysia
5945:
5389:
5191:Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc
2307:Canes excellent for furniture frames
1692:Canes for tying, binding and weaving
1257:(Mann & Wendl.) Mann & Wendl.
7055:
5926:
4909:United States Department of the Army
4473:volume 6. Pudoc, Wageningen. pp 137.
3903:and for the striking weapons in the
3485:species. They provide ant shelters (
3381:Roots used as treatment for syphilis
2775:Canes for handicrafts and furniture
2541:Canes for handicrafts; edible fruit
2424:Coarse canes used for broom handles
1228:Indonesia, Sulawesi and the Moluccas
401:(sago palm) and shrub palms such as
364:making them unsuitable for bending.
257:Base of a clustering rattan palm in
4744:
4052:
4039:
3757:and later most prominently used by
2086:Canes for basketry and handicrafts
1956:Canes for basketry and chair seats
1559:Canes for construction and weaving
600:Indo-China and Burma to New Guinea
407:(salak) (Uhl & Dransfield 1987
13:
5325:
5119:World Corporal Punishment Research
5100:World Corporal Punishment Research
4523:The rattans of Brunei Darussalam.
3171:Palm heart in traditional medicine
3142:Fruit used in traditional medicine
2554:Canes used for basketry and tying
2008:Canes split for tying and binding
1351:Canes for bridge cables, basketry
833:Currently (2002) in prep. (Evans)
761:de Zoysa & Vivekanandan, 1994
230:–2 inches) in diameter, with long
14:
7124:
5347:
4652:The palms and cycads of Thailand.
3681:can also be eaten raw or cooked.
3590:Worker harvesting rattan from an
3420:sp. (undescribed sp. from Bali);
7054:
7045:
7044:
5925:
5916:
5915:
4831:. WWF. July 2010. Archived from
4023:
4008:
3989:
3974:
3962:
3947:
3905:Society for Creative Anachronism
3781:Traditionally, the women of the
3610:, distributed among the islands
2892:Canes locally for basket frames
2879:Canes for weaving and furniture
2528:Canes for basketry, chair seats
1904:Canes locally for basket frames
1770:Canes for basketry, chair seats
324:. All the species of the genera
5335:. University of Hawai'i Press.
5308:
5294:
5253:
5234:
5207:
5179:
5161:
5143:
5125:
5107:
5063:
5038:
5012:
5000:
4951:
4895:
4877:
4821:
4811:
4719:
4694:
4663:Rattan Glossary. Appendix III.
4644:
4627:
4606:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4554:
4541:
4528:
4515:
4502:
4489:
4476:
4463:
3709:
3496:
2515:Canes used locally for binding
1429:Ornamental use of young plants
1164:Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra
956:Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra
924:Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra
98:), is the name for roughly 600
5378:New International Encyclopedia
4757:Plant Signaling & Behavior
4351:Plant Research and Development
4329:
4259:
3645:
3477:Many rattan species also form
3393:Leaf sheath used as toothbrush
1826:Canes for furniture, basketry
705:In Uhl & Dransfield (1987
185:
1:
5151:"FAQS: Questions: Question 2"
5133:"FAQS: Questions: Question 3"
4778:10.1080/15592324.2019.1621245
4706:Oxford Learner's Dictionaries
4301:Biodiversity and Conservation
4141:
3822:judicial corporal punishments
3654:of some rattans exudes a red
3412:Leaf sheath/petiole as grater
2671:Canes for basketry and tying
2645:Canes for basketry and tying
2291:Teysm. & Binnend. ex Miq.
2164:Canes for basketry and tying
2073:Canes for basketry and tying
1308:(P. Beauv.) Mann & Wendl.
1244:Peninsula Malaysia and Borneo
5331:Siebert, Stephen F. (2012).
5070:Piper, Jaqueline M. (1995).
3501:Rattans are threatened with
3448:
3128:Plectocompiopsis geminiflora
2827:Canes locally for furniture
2749:Canes for tying and binding
1718:Canes for tying and weaving
940:Widespread in Southeast Asia
7:
5074:. Oxford University Press.
4829:"WWF Rattan Switch project"
4575:The rattans of South India.
4335:Johnson, Dennis V. (2004):
4124:
4064:
4003:rattan for furniture-making
3776:
3509:, affecting overall forest
3469:, "to trim" or "to pare").
3461:. Probably ultimately from
2905:Canes for furniture frames
790:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
367:
216:, and thus, do not exhibit
16:Material (vegetable source)
10:
7129:
7093:Non-timber forest products
5973:Non-timber forest products
5415:
4601:The rattans of Bangladesh.
4234:10.1038/s41598-017-06590-5
3813:school corporal punishment
3804:
3673:The stem tips are rich in
3472:
3369:Leaves chewed as vermifuge
3346:Leaflet as cigarette paper
2125:Entire canes for basketry
1270:Eremospatha haullevilleana
578:(Mann & Wendl.) Wendl.
32:
25:
18:
7040:
6975:
6838:
6726:
6638:
6423:
6339:
6240:
6127:
6014:
5979:
5911:
5800:
5767:
5719:
5696:
5687:
5665:
5552:
5432:
5423:
5020:"Turning wood into bones"
4976:10.1016/j.tcr.2023.100805
4654:Allen Press. Kansas. USA.
4368:Dransfield, John (1980).
4322:10.1007/s10531-011-0070-8
3594:forest in the Philippines
3440:Laccosperma secundiflorum
3374:Laccosperma secundiflorum
3122:Laccosperma secundiflorum
3065:Daemonorops melanochaetes
2772:Bedd. ex Becc. & Hook
2463:Canes for basketry, etc.
2294:Canes for walking-sticks
1416:Canes for walking-sticks
1305:Laccosperma secundiflorum
1196:Sulawesi and the Moluccas
610:(Mann & Wendl.) Drude
4686:NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS
4669:NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS
4637:(Palmae) from Papuasia.
4620:from the Papuan region.
4482:Dransfield, J., 1979. A
3843:
3398:Eremospatha wendlandiana
3225:Daemonorops didymophylla
3164:Daemonorops didymophylla
2876:S.J. Pei & S.Y. Chen
2814:Split canes for cordage
1780:(Becc.) Baja-Lapis var.
1468:Canes for broom handles
33:Not to be confused with
4573:Lakshmana, A.C., 1993.
4508:Dransfield, J., 1992a.
3566:
3425:Rachis for fishing pole
3255:Daemonorops micracantha
3117:Daemonorops sparsiflora
3097:Daemonorops periacantha
3087:Daemonorops longispatha
3082:Calamus longibracteatus
3077:Daemonorops schmidtiana
2983:Calospatha scortechinii
1605:Calamus dimorphacanthus
1556:G. Mann & H. Wendl.
1295:Cameroon to Congo Basin
376:Free-standing juvenile
311:vegetative reproduction
109:belonging to subfamily
21:Rattan (disambiguation)
6987:(Iberian agroforestry)
6225:Pacific mountain onion
5362:Encyclopedia Americana
4943:: CS1 maint: others (
4639:Rattan Research Report
4622:Rattan Research Report
4536:Rattans of Sri Lanka.
4521:Dransfield, J., 1998.
4510:The Rattans of Sarawak
4495:Dransfield, J., 1984.
4089:collectively known as
4082:
3877:, crooks for high-end
3818:Singapore Armed Forces
3730:
3595:
3583:
3386:Eremospatha macrocarpa
3073:Daemonorops margaritae
3036:Calamus simplicifolius
2658:Canes for handicrafts
2639:Calamus siphonospathus
2626:Calamus simplicifolius
2411:Canes for handicrafts
2242:Canes for handicrafts
2119:Calamus microsphaerion
2080:Calamus melanorhynchus
1744:Canes for handicrafts
1666:Canes of good quality
1345:Calamus acanthospathus
1254:Eremospatha macrocarpa
1094:Calamus simplicifolius
648:Humid tropical Africa
616:Humid tropical Africa
584:Humid tropical Africa
386:
265:
204:
80:
55:
28:Ratan (disambiguation)
7113:Palm trees in culture
7007:Indian forest produce
6478:Hydnocarpus wightiana
4072:
3897:Filipino martial arts
3717:
3589:
3574:
3430:Calamus melanochaetes
3325:Calamus melanochaetes
3310:Daemonorops calicarpa
3265:Daemonorops propinqua
3194:Calamus melanochaetes
3107:Daemonorops scapigera
3060:Calamus melanochaetes
2769:Calamus travancoricus
2717:Calamus tetradactylus
2431:Calamus pseudorivalis
2392:Calamus pogonacanthus
1898:Calamus koordersianus
1592:Calamus diepenhorstii
1338:Notes of utilization
1126:Calamus tetradactylus
1062:Calamus pogonacanthus
774:India (Western Ghats)
375:
256:
193:
61:
45:
6250:Bare-toothed russula
5318:. 11 September 2007.
4915:. 2009. p. 83.
4497:The rattans of Sabah
3797:around their waist.
3362:Daemonorops leptopus
3351:Calamus longispathus
3320:Daemonorops elongata
3282:Leaves for thatching
3250:Calamus micracanthus
3245:Daemonorops maculata
3153:Calamus longispathus
3134:Calamus jenkinsianus
3112:Calamus sparsiflorus
3092:Calamus periacanthus
3024:Calamus paspalanthus
2960:Calamus paspalanthus
2853:Canes for furniture
2801:Canes for furniture
2788:Canes for furniture
2756:Calamus trachycoleus
2736:Canes for furniture
2697:Canes for furniture
2476:Canes for furniture
2444:Calamus pseudotenuis
2437:Canes for furniture
2340:Calamus pedicellatus
2327:Calamus paspalanthus
2236:Calamus nambariensis
2210:Calamus myriacanthus
2190:Canes for furniture
2177:Canes for furniture
1989:Calamus longispathus
1963:Calamus leptostachys
1757:Canes for furniture
1751:Calamus grandifolius
1705:Canes for furniture
1660:Calamus erioacanthus
1579:Calamus didymocarpus
1289:Laccosperma robustum
1206:Calamus jenkinsianus
1142:Calamus trachycoleus
879:Conservation status
496:, Dransfield 1992):
379:Plectocomia elongata
150:furniture, baskets,
19:For other uses, see
6861:musical instruments
6119:Woodland strawberry
5173:Reed Diffuser Guide
4964:Trauma Case Reports
4913:Skyhorse Publishing
4769:2019PlSiB..1421245L
4390:1980KewBu..34..529D
4313:2011BiCon..20.1987S
4225:2017NatSR...7.6071C
3924:keyboard percussion
3865:Handicraft and arts
3801:Corporal punishment
3685:Medicinal potential
3481:relationships with
3435:Daemonorops grandis
3330:Daemonorops grandis
3287:Calamus andamanicus
3199:Daemonorops grandis
2978:Calamus calospathus
2942:Calamus manillensis
2930:Calamus conirostris
2691:Calamus symphysipus
2665:Calamus spinifolius
2619:Canes for basketry
2561:Calamus scabridulus
2496:Calamus rhomboideus
2450:Canes for basketry
2418:Calamus polystachys
2395:Becc. ex H. Winkler
2314:Calamus pandanosmus
2229:Canes for basketry
2226:Fernandez & Dey
2184:Calamus multinervis
2171:Calamus moseleyanus
2145:Calamus mindorensis
2112:Canes for basketry
2106:Calamus microcarpus
2067:Calamus megaphyllus
2054:Calamus mattanensis
2028:Calamus manillensis
1950:Calamus leptospadix
1833:Calamus huegelianus
1820:Calamus hookerianus
1794:Calamus heteroideus
1777:Calamus halconensis
1767:(Buch-Ham) ex Mart.
1725:Calamus gonospermus
1686:Calamus flabellatus
1566:Calamus densiflorus
1540:Calamus cumingianus
1514:Calamus conirostris
1358:Calamus andamanicus
982:Calamus mindorensis
867:not treated here):
726:Peninsular Malaysia
5274:Lo-shu Fu (1966).
5263:. 16 January 2015.
5216:Marshals' Handbook
5187:"What is the SCA?"
5175:. 14 January 2012.
4599:Alam, M.K., 1990.
4586:Renuka, C., 1995.
4560:Renuka, C., 1992.
4547:Basu, S.K., 1992.
4213:Scientific Reports
4083:
3901:Arnis/Eskrima/Kali
3731:
3596:
3584:
3511:ecosystem services
3507:forest degradation
3305:Calamus calicarpus
3299:Calamus longisetus
3260:Calamus propinquus
3220:Calamus gracilipes
3159:Calamus gracilipes
3102:Calamus scapigerus
3042:Calamus subinermis
2966:Calamus subinermis
2936:Calamus longisetus
2847:Calamus vidalianus
2782:Calamus trispermus
2743:Calamus tomentosus
2730:Calamus thwaitesii
2681:H. Wendl. ex Becc.
2678:Calamus subinermis
2652:Calamus solitarius
2509:Calamus rhytidomus
2483:Calamus reyesianus
2457:Calamus pseudoulur
2379:Calamus pilosellus
2366:Calamus peregrinus
2353:Calamus perakensis
2278:Thwaites ex Trimen
2132:Calamus minahassae
2041:Calamus marginatus
1976:Calamus longisetus
1937:Calamus leiocaulis
1924:Calamus latifolius
1911:Calamus laevigatus
1813:Canes for weaving
1807:Calamus hispidulus
1800:Canes for cordage
1712:Calamus gibbsianus
1647:Calamus elmerianus
1527:Calamus convallium
1462:Calamus burckianus
1292:(Burr.) J. Dransf.
1190:Calamus zollingeri
1110:Calamus subinermis
1033:Thwaites ex Trimen
745:Dransfield, 1992a
387:
266:
205:
117:are in the closed-
81:
56:
48:Calamus thwaitesii
7070:
7069:
5939:
5938:
5907:
5906:
5683:
5682:
5341:978-0-8248-3536-1
5261:"Why use Rattan?"
4922:978-1-60239-692-0
4680:Rattan Glossary.
4650:Hodel, D., 1998.
3996:Craftsman in the
3981:A rattan ball of
3446:
3445:
3334:Daemonorops manii
3293:Calamus castaneus
3275:Daemonorops rubra
3240:Calamus maculatus
3235:Daemonorops draco
3204:Korthalsia rigida
3147:Calamus castaneus
3069:Daemonorops fissa
3054:Calamus viminalis
3030:Calamus siamensis
3018:Calamus muricatus
3000:Calamus deerratus
2972:Calamus viminalis
2948:Calamus merrillii
2909:
2908:
2899:Calamus ollingeri
2886:Calamus warburgii
2860:Calamus viminalis
2821:Calamus unifarius
2574:Calamus scipionum
2470:Calamus ramulosus
2301:Calamus palustris
2288:Calamus oxleyanus
2223:Calamus nagbettai
2197:Calamus muricatus
2138:Canes as cordage
2093:Calamus merrillii
2031:(Mart.) H. Wendl.
1553:Calamus deërratus
1488:Calamus castaneus
1449:Calamus boniensis
1410:Calamus bacularis
1397:Calamus axillaris
1318:
1317:
1078:Calamus scipionum
1046:Calamus palustris
1036:Western Sri Lanka
966:Calamus merrillii
853:
852:
753:Dransfield, 1998
737:Dransfield, 1984
729:Dransfield, 1979
703:
702:
505:Number of species
7120:
7058:
7057:
7048:
7047:
7022:Resin extraction
7012:Mushroom hunting
6988:
6734: / etc.
6588:
6481:
6316:Saffron milk cap
6306:Parasol mushroom
6146:Fiddlehead ferns
5966:
5959:
5952:
5943:
5942:
5929:
5928:
5919:
5918:
5694:
5693:
5430:
5429:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5374:
5366:
5358:
5320:
5319:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5221:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5197:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5111:
5105:
5103:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5026:. 8 January 2010
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4942:
4934:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4889:Encyclopedia.com
4881:
4875:
4874:
4862:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4835:on 3 August 2010
4825:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4780:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4698:
4692:
4678:
4672:
4661:
4655:
4648:
4642:
4631:
4625:
4610:
4604:
4597:
4591:
4584:
4578:
4571:
4565:
4558:
4552:
4545:
4539:
4532:
4526:
4519:
4513:
4506:
4500:
4493:
4487:
4480:
4474:
4467:
4461:
4454:
4445:
4439:
4410:
4409:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4346:
4340:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4307:(9): 1987–2005.
4292:
4286:
4285:
4273:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4236:
4204:
4191:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4078:spears from the
4053:Sports equipment
4040:Shelter material
4027:
4012:
3993:
3978:
3966:
3951:
3785:ethnic group of
3522:tropical forests
3503:overexploitation
3357:Calamus leptopus
3315:Calamus oblongus
3182:Calamus javensis
3012:Calamus javensis
3006:Calamus egregius
2995:Palm heart eaten
2914:
2913:
2834:Calamus usitatus
2535:Calamus rudentum
2405:Calamus poilanei
2275:Calamus ovoideus
1885:Calamus javensis
1872:Calamus insignis
1738:Calamus gracilis
1634:Calamus egregius
1621:Calamus discolor
1501:Calamus ciliaris
1371:Calamus aruensis
1329:
1328:
1238:Calamus crinitus
1065:Becc. ex Winkler
1030:Calamus ovoideus
934:Calamus javensis
902:Calamus egregius
870:
869:
806:Papua New Guinea
785:Lakshmana, 1993
715:
714:
499:
498:
284:Calamus pygmaeus
271:Calamus dumetosa
229:
228:
224:
218:secondary growth
172:overexploitation
125:tropical forests
65:Calamus oblongus
51:in southwestern
7128:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7036:
6986:
6971:
6962:Vegetable ivory
6834:
6722:
6634:
6582:
6475:
6437:
6419:
6353:
6335:
6301:Oyster mushroom
6291:Meadow mushroom
6236:
6220:Twincrest onion
6123:
6027:
6010:
5981:Animal products
5975:
5970:
5940:
5935:
5903:
5796:
5763:
5715:
5706:Artificial silk
5679:
5661:
5548:
5419:
5414:
5369:
5353:
5350:
5328:
5326:Further reading
5323:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5288:
5272:
5268:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5195:
5193:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5121:. January 2019.
5113:
5112:
5108:
5102:. January 2019.
5094:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5005:
5001:
4956:
4952:
4936:
4935:
4923:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4838:
4836:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4812:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4679:
4675:
4662:
4658:
4649:
4645:
4632:
4628:
4611:
4607:
4598:
4594:
4585:
4581:
4572:
4568:
4559:
4555:
4546:
4542:
4533:
4529:
4520:
4516:
4507:
4503:
4494:
4490:
4481:
4477:
4468:
4464:
4455:
4448:
4440:
4413:
4398:10.2307/4109828
4366:
4362:
4347:
4343:
4334:
4330:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4205:
4194:
4187:
4176:
4167:
4148:
4144:
4127:
4067:
4055:
4042:
4035:
4034:made of rattan.
4028:
4019:
4013:
4004:
3994:
3985:
3979:
3970:
3967:
3958:
3952:
3913:armoured combat
3867:
3846:
3809:
3803:
3779:
3751:Wiener Geflecht
3719:Wiener Geflecht
3712:
3691:artificial bone
3687:
3648:
3569:
3499:
3475:
3451:
3188:Calamus ornatus
2954:Calamus ornatus
2873:Calamus wailong
2795:Calamus tumidus
2655:T. Evans et al.
2613:Calamus simplex
2548:Calamus ruvidus
2262:Calamus ornatus
2249:Calamus optimus
2002:Calamus luridus
1846:Calamus inermis
1782:dimorphacanthus
1699:Calamus gamblei
1610:dimorphacanthus
1475:Calamus caesius
1423:Calamus bicolor
1326:species canes:
1314:Not threatened
1263:Not threatened
1222:Calamus validus
1174:Calamus wailong
1158:Calamus tumidus
1151:Not threatened
1113:(eddl. ex Becc.
1014:Calamus ornatus
998:Calamus optimus
943:Not threatened
927:Not threatened
886:Calamus caesius
766:India (general)
707:Genera Palmarum
671:Plectocomiopsis
642:(Wendl.) Wendl.
494:Genera Palmarum
475:Ancistrophyllum
458:Plectocomiopsis
420:Dypsis scandens
409:Genera Palmarum
370:
345:Plectocomiopsis
226:
222:
221:
188:
86:, also spelled
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7126:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7052:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7029:
7027:Rubber tapping
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6993:Forest farming
6990:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6848:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6629:Vateria indica
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:Shorea robusta
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6277:
6275:Honey mushroom
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6158:
6156:Mahuwa flowers
6153:
6148:
6143:
6137:
6135:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5946:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5725:
5723:
5721:Semi-synthetic
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5671:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5413:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5372:"Rattan"
5367:
5356:"Rattan"
5349:
5348:External links
5346:
5345:
5344:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5307:
5293:
5286:
5266:
5252:
5233:
5206:
5178:
5160:
5142:
5124:
5106:
5087:
5081:978-0195889987
5080:
5062:
5037:
5011:
4999:
4950:
4921:
4894:
4876:
4869:
4846:
4820:
4810:
4763:(8): 1621245.
4743:
4718:
4693:
4673:
4656:
4643:
4626:
4605:
4592:
4579:
4566:
4553:
4540:
4527:
4514:
4501:
4488:
4475:
4462:
4446:
4411:
4384:(3): 529–536.
4360:
4341:
4328:
4287:
4280:
4258:
4192:
4185:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4113:Rattan shields
4066:
4063:
4054:
4051:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4007:
4005:
3995:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3969:A rattan chair
3968:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3946:
3895:, are used in
3866:
3863:
3850:essential oils
3845:
3842:
3802:
3799:
3778:
3775:
3711:
3708:
3704:European Union
3686:
3683:
3660:dragon's blood
3647:
3644:
3568:
3565:
3498:
3495:
3487:myrmecodomatia
3474:
3471:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3339:Calamus ingens
3283:
3279:
3278:
3216:
3213:dragon's blood
3208:
3207:
3176:Calamus exilis
3172:
3168:
3167:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3048:Calamus tenuis
2996:
2992:
2991:
2988:Calamus ingens
2926:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2704:Calamus tenuis
2699:
2698:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2587:Calamus sedens
2582:
2581:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2522:Calamus rotang
2517:
2516:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:Becc. ex Heyne
2335:
2334:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2203:Cabbage eaten
2201:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:Becc. ex Heyne
1958:
1957:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:Becc. ex Heyne
1932:
1931:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:Becc. ex Heyne
1854:
1853:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1764:Calamus guruba
1759:
1758:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1673:Calamus exilis
1668:
1667:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:Warb. ex Becc.
1574:
1573:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:Becc. ex Heyne
1444:
1443:
1440:
1436:Calamus blumei
1431:
1430:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1384:Calamus arugda
1379:
1378:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:to East Africa
1274:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:Southern China
1210:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:Southern China
1178:
1177:Pei & Chen
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
993:
992:
989:
986:
977:
976:
973:
970:
961:
960:
957:
954:
945:
944:
941:
938:
929:
928:
925:
922:
918:Calamus exilis
913:
912:
909:
906:
897:
896:
893:
890:
881:
880:
877:
874:
851:
850:
847:
843:
842:
839:
835:
834:
831:
827:
826:
823:
819:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
795:
794:
791:
787:
786:
783:
779:
778:
775:
771:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
747:
746:
743:
739:
738:
735:
731:
730:
727:
723:
722:
719:
701:
700:
692:
689:
682:
681:
678:
675:
666:
665:
662:
659:
650:
649:
646:
643:
634:
633:
630:
627:
618:
617:
614:
611:
602:
601:
598:
595:
586:
585:
582:
579:
570:
569:
561:
558:
551:
550:
542:
539:
530:
529:
522:
519:
510:
509:
506:
503:
369:
366:
197:Calamus rotang
187:
184:
154:, woven mats,
129:Southeast Asia
107:climbing palms
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7125:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7063:
7062:
7053:
7051:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7002:Honey hunting
7000:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6758:Coconut sugar
6756:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6332:
6331:Yellow knight
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6321:Slippery jack
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6151:Heart of palm
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6129:Edible plants
6126:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6094:Juniper berry
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5955:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5932:
5924:
5922:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5406:
5404:
5399:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5380:
5379:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5357:
5352:
5351:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5317:
5311:
5303:
5297:
5289:
5287:9780816501519
5283:
5279:
5278:
5270:
5262:
5256:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5138:
5137:The Diffusery
5134:
5128:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5008:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4946:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4872:
4866:
4859:
4858:
4850:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4653:
4647:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4602:
4596:
4589:
4583:
4576:
4570:
4563:
4557:
4550:
4544:
4537:
4531:
4524:
4518:
4511:
4505:
4498:
4492:
4485:
4479:
4472:
4466:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4332:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4277:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4182:
4175:
4174:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4146:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4062:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4033:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3899:, especially
3898:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3564:
3562:
3561:intercropping
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3270:Calamus ruber
3266:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3230:Calamus draco
3226:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:Product / Use
2916:
2915:
2912:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:Calamus semoi
2597:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:Calamus mitis
2155:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:Calamus manan
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:Calamus inops
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1731:Edible fruit
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
994:
990:
987:
984:
983:
979:
978:
974:
971:
968:
967:
963:
962:
958:
955:
952:
951:
950:Calamus manan
947:
946:
942:
939:
936:
935:
931:
930:
926:
923:
920:
919:
915:
914:
910:
907:
904:
903:
899:
898:
894:
891:
888:
887:
883:
882:
878:
875:
872:
871:
868:
866:
865:
859:
857:
856:Uses by taxon
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
820:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
796:
793:Renuka, 1995
792:
789:
788:
784:
782:India (south)
781:
780:
777:Renuka, 1992
776:
773:
772:
768:
765:
764:
760:
757:
756:
752:
749:
748:
744:
741:
740:
736:
733:
732:
728:
725:
724:
720:
717:
716:
713:
710:
708:
699:
698:
693:
690:
687:
684:
683:
679:
676:
673:
672:
668:
667:
663:
660:
657:
656:
652:
651:
647:
644:
641:
640:
636:
635:
631:
628:
625:
624:
620:
619:
615:
612:
609:
608:
604:
603:
599:
596:
593:
592:
588:
587:
583:
580:
577:
576:
572:
571:
568:
567:
562:
559:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
543:
540:
538:
535:
532:
531:
527:
523:
520:
517:
516:
512:
511:
508:Distribution
507:
504:
501:
500:
497:
495:
490:
488:
487:
482:
481:
476:
472:
471:
466:
465:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
447:
442:
441:
434:
432:
428:
427:
422:
421:
416:
415:
410:
406:
405:
400:
399:
395:(raphia) and
394:
393:
385:
381:
380:
374:
365:
363:
359:
358:
353:
352:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:
329:
328:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
307:
306:Calamus manan
302:
298:
295:, similar to
294:
288:
286:
285:
280:
277:
273:
272:
264:
260:
255:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
219:
215:
210:
203:
199:
198:
192:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:deforestation
165:
164:heart of palm
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:
60:
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
36:
29:
22:
7088:Fiber plants
7059:
7032:Wildcrafting
7017:Naval stores
6995: /
6983:
6952:Tendu leaves
6929:
6908:Natural dyes
6778:Gutta-percha
6730: /
6668:Frankincense
6628:
6584:
6541:Mango butter
6486:Cocoa butter
6477:
6474:Chaulmoogra
6444:Allanblackia
6375:Black pepper
6260:Birch bolete
6210:Canada onion
6195:Wild ginseng
6190:Saw palmetto
6131: /
6021: /
5867:Polyethylene
5533:
5376:
5360:
5332:
5310:
5296:
5276:
5269:
5255:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5224:. Retrieved
5215:
5209:
5201:
5194:. Retrieved
5190:
5181:
5172:
5163:
5154:
5145:
5136:
5127:
5118:
5109:
5099:
5090:
5071:
5065:
5053:. Retrieved
5049:
5040:
5028:. Retrieved
5023:
5014:
5002:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4911:. New York:
4903:
4897:
4888:
4879:
4856:
4849:
4837:. Retrieved
4833:the original
4823:
4813:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4734:. Retrieved
4730:
4721:
4709:. Retrieved
4705:
4696:
4685:
4676:
4668:
4659:
4651:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4600:
4595:
4587:
4582:
4574:
4569:
4561:
4556:
4548:
4543:
4535:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4509:
4504:
4496:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4470:
4465:
4457:
4381:
4378:Kew Bulletin
4377:
4371:
4363:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4336:
4331:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4267:
4261:
4216:
4212:
4172:
4120:
4117:
4111:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4084:
4073:
4059:polo mallets
4056:
4043:
4001:heat bending
3983:Sepak takraw
3927:
3917:
3909:full-contact
3890:
3887:martial arts
3872:
3868:
3854:aromatherapy
3847:
3810:
3793:wore rattan
3787:Seram Island
3780:
3767:
3763:No. 14 chair
3750:
3732:
3710:Rattan chair
3688:
3672:
3649:
3640:Assam, India
3601:
3597:
3526:
3515:
3500:
3497:Conservation
3476:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3415:
3402:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2910:
2897:
2884:
2871:
2858:
2845:
2832:
2819:
2808:Calamus ulur
2806:
2793:
2780:
2767:
2754:
2741:
2728:
2715:
2702:
2689:
2676:
2663:
2650:
2637:
2624:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2572:
2559:
2546:
2533:
2520:
2507:
2494:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2403:
2390:
2377:
2364:
2351:
2338:
2325:
2312:
2299:
2286:
2273:
2260:
2247:
2234:
2221:
2208:
2195:
2182:
2169:
2156:
2143:
2130:
2117:
2104:
2091:
2078:
2065:
2052:
2039:
2026:
2013:
2000:
1987:
1974:
1961:
1948:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1896:
1883:
1870:
1857:
1844:
1831:
1818:
1805:
1792:
1781:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1697:
1684:
1671:
1658:
1645:
1632:
1619:
1609:
1603:
1590:
1577:
1564:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1473:
1460:
1447:
1434:
1421:
1408:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1343:
1333:
1321:
1319:
1303:
1287:
1268:
1252:
1241:(Blume) Miq.
1236:
1220:
1204:
1188:
1172:
1156:
1140:
1124:
1108:
1092:
1076:
1060:
1044:
1028:
1012:
996:
980:
964:
948:
932:
916:
900:
884:
876:Distribution
862:
860:
855:
854:
841:Hodel, 1998
711:
706:
704:
695:
685:
669:
653:
637:
621:
605:
589:
573:
564:
554:
545:
533:
525:
513:
493:
491:
484:
478:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
435:
430:
424:
418:
412:
408:
402:
396:
390:
388:
377:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
315:
304:
289:
282:
269:
267:
234:between the
206:
195:
180:Malacca cane
179:
175:
158:, and other
145:
95:
87:
83:
82:
72:in a forest
69:
63:
46:
39:
7083:Calamoideae
6967:Willow bark
6798:Maple syrup
6793:Maple sugar
6768:Fruit syrup
6751:chewing gum
6741:Birch syrup
6598:Shea butter
6270:Chanterelle
6215:Crow garlic
6205:Bear garlic
6200:Wild onions
6178:filé powder
6099:Lingonberry
6084:Huckleberry
5698:Regenerated
5642:Spider silk
5050:www.fao.org
4618:Daemonorops
4219:(1): 6071.
4080:Philippines
3998:Philippines
3955:Indonesians
3918:Along with
3723:Josephinism
3646:Food source
3624:Philippines
3581:Philippines
3557:monoculture
3529:Philippines
3520:old-growth
3479:mutualistic
3404:Oncocalamus
2925:Fruit eaten
2044:(Bl.) Mart.
1608:Becc. var.
1332:Species of
1277:Congo Basin
1039:Threatened
988:Philippines
975:Threatened
972:Philippines
959:Threatened
801:Alam, 1990
769:Basu, 1992
694:Synonym of
655:Plectocomia
639:Oncocalamus
607:Laccosperma
575:Eremospatha
563:Synonym of
555:Ceratolobus
544:Synonym of
526:Daemonorops
486:Oncocalamus
480:Eremospatha
470:Laccosperma
452:Plectocomia
426:Chamaedorea
339:Plectocomia
333:Laccosperma
276:acaulescent
186:Description
176:Manila cane
160:handicrafts
111:Calamoideae
78:Philippines
7077:Categories
6878:Birch beer
6873:Birch bark
6830:Spruce gum
6813:akpeteshie
6803:Palm sugar
6773:Gum arabic
6763:Date sugar
6713:Turpentine
6593:Sandalwood
6496:Eucalyptus
6491:Eucalyptol
6380:Brazil nut
6255:Bay bolete
6109:Strawberry
6064:Cocoa bean
6059:Breadfruit
6049:Blackberry
6023:tree fruit
5847:Modacrylic
5842:Microfiber
5759:Triacetate
5711:Milk fiber
5577:Camel hair
5509:Lotus silk
4870:9251046913
4731:Etymonline
4372:Retispatha
4281:0889362513
4186:9251046913
4142:References
3936:vibraphone
3805:See also:
3761:for their
3727:wickerwork
3679:palm heart
3636:Bangladesh
3592:old-growth
2590:J. Dransf.
1849:T. Anders.
1530:J. Dransf.
814:Irian Jaya
798:Bangladesh
721:Reference
688:J. Dransf.
686:Retispatha
623:Myrialepis
591:Korthalsia
534:Calospatha
464:Myrialepis
446:Korthalsia
398:Metroxylon
351:Myrialepis
327:Korthalsia
322:pleonanthy
318:hapaxanthy
244:herbivores
232:internodes
148:wickerwork
122:old-growth
74:understory
7098:Arecaceae
6997:gardening
6957:Thatching
6808:Palm wine
6653:Birch tar
6581:Sal-seed
6506:Japan wax
6459:Candlenut
6400:Malva nut
6365:Areca nut
6286:Matsutake
6242:Mushrooms
6183:root beer
6173:Sassafras
6161:Sago palm
6104:Raspberry
6089:Jackfruit
6054:Blueberry
6006:Wild game
5862:Polyester
5734:Diacetate
5689:Synthetic
5592:Chiengora
4939:cite book
4931:277203364
4787:1559-2324
3940:xylophone
3879:umbrellas
3838:Singapore
3791:Indonesia
3735:furniture
3628:Sri Lanka
3608:Indonesia
3533:Sri Lanka
3449:Etymology
2889:K. Schum.
2824:H. Wendl.
1320:Utilized
1225:W.J.Baker
864:Desmoncus
822:Indonesia
758:Sri Lanka
431:Desmoncus
414:Desmoncus
384:Indonesia
263:Indonesia
104:Old World
62:Juvenile
7103:Spanking
7050:Category
6866:textiles
6698:Pine tar
6663:Creosote
6613:Tea-tree
6608:Tea-seed
6576:Pongamia
6566:Phulwara
6551:Nagkesar
6546:Murumuru
6521:Kpangnan
6469:Carnauba
6410:Pine nut
6395:Hazelnut
6385:Cinnamon
6370:Bay leaf
6360:Allspice
6282:(reishi)
6114:Tamarind
6079:Gambooge
6039:Bilberry
5921:Category
5830:Technora
5792:Metallic
5675:Asbestos
5617:Pashmina
5582:Cashmere
5226:16 March
5055:24 April
5024:BBC News
4994:36851907
4885:"Rattan"
4805:31132922
4727:"rattan"
4702:"rattan"
4357:: 25–37.
4253:28729670
4125:See also
4065:Weaponry
3834:Malaysia
3777:Clothing
3632:Malaysia
3616:Sulawesi
3553:Cameroon
3541:Malaysia
2920:Species
1273:de Wild.
1247:Unknown
1231:Unknown
1215:Unknown
1199:Unknown
1183:Unknown
1167:Unknown
1135:Unknown
1119:Unknown
1103:Unknown
1087:Unknown
1081:Loureiro
1071:Unknown
1055:Unknown
1049:Griffith
1023:Unknown
1007:Unknown
991:Unknown
921:Griffith
911:Unknown
895:Unknown
838:Thailand
368:Taxonomy
259:Sulawesi
248:tendrils
214:monocots
202:Thailand
7061:Commons
6976:Related
6940:Tanbark
6935:Shellac
6925:Quinine
6898:Gambier
6818:ogogoro
6718:Varnish
6683:Lacquer
6673:Gamboge
6658:Camphor
6648:Benzoin
6558: (
6464:Capuacu
6449:Babassu
6415:Vanilla
6326:Truffle
6311:Red cap
6280:Lingzhi
6069:Coconut
6044:Binukaw
6019:Berries
5931:Commons
5889:Vinylon
5884:Vectran
5879:Spandex
5810:Acrylic
5802:Polymer
5769:Mineral
5749:Piñatex
5739:Lyocell
5729:Acetate
5667:Mineral
5597:Guanaco
5447:Bagasse
5425:Natural
5381:. 1905.
5365:. 1920.
5196:14 July
5155:Avotion
4985:9958041
4839:16 July
4818:Oxford.
4796:6619969
4765:Bibcode
4635:Calamus
4624:1989/2.
4614:Calamus
4406:4109828
4386:Bibcode
4309:Bibcode
4244:5519600
4221:Bibcode
4047:weaving
4017:Nigeria
3942:, etc.
3932:marimba
3795:girdles
3770:weaving
3721:Chair,
3695:Calcium
3664:violins
3658:called
3620:Sumbawa
3577:Palawan
3491:ochreae
3473:Ecology
3417:Calamus
3328:(syns.
3063:(syns.
1334:Calamus
1323:Calamus
1161:Furtado
873:Species
742:Sarawak
697:Calamus
566:Calamus
547:Calamus
515:Calamus
440:Calamus
404:Salacca
357:Calamus
301:bananas
293:suckers
225:⁄
156:cordage
100:species
76:in the
68:subsp.
6984:Dehesa
6945:tannin
6930:Rattan
6893:Forage
6856:edible
6851:Bamboo
6846:Amadou
6825:Rubber
6746:Chicle
6688:Mastic
6640:Resins
6623:Ucuuba
6618:Tucuma
6603:Tamanu
6560:kernel
6531:Mafura
6501:Illipe
6454:Bacuri
6405:Nutmeg
6349:spices
6074:Durian
6034:Banana
5894:Vinyon
5872:UHMWPE
5857:Olefin
5825:Kevlar
5820:Twaron
5815:Aramid
5787:Basalt
5782:Carbon
5652:Vicuña
5637:Tendon
5627:Rabbit
5622:Qiviut
5612:Mohair
5587:Catgut
5572:Byssus
5567:Angora
5562:Alpaca
5554:Animal
5534:Rattan
5524:Raffia
5467:Cotton
5452:Bamboo
5417:Fibers
5339:
5302:"Blog"
5284:
5078:
5030:22 May
4992:
4982:
4929:
4919:
4867:
4803:
4793:
4785:
4736:21 May
4711:21 May
4641:1989/3
4471:PROSEA
4404:
4278:
4251:
4241:
4183:
4136:Sennit
4131:Amakan
4106:baston
4101:yantok
4087:spears
4032:basket
3892:baston
3883:staves
3836:, and
3830:Brunei
3807:Caning
3783:Wemale
3759:Thonet
3755:Vienna
3747:wicker
3743:stains
3739:paints
3699:carbon
3675:starch
3618:, and
3612:Borneo
3604:bamboo
3551:, and
3518:canopy
3465:(from
3463:rautan
3433:(syn.
3360:(syn.
3318:(syn.
3308:(syn.
3273:(syn.
3263:(syn.
3253:(syn.
3243:(syn.
3233:(syn.
3223:(syn.
3197:(syn.
3162:(syn.
3115:(syn.
3105:(syn.
3095:(syn.
3085:(syn.
2981:(syn.
2863:Willd.
2408:Conrad
2320:Canes
2304:Griff.
1979:Griff.
1953:Griff.
1676:Griff.
1533:Canes
1348:Griff.
1209:Griff.
1068:Borneo
846:Africa
750:Brunei
718:Region
521:c. 480
473:(syn.
461:, and
392:Raffia
348:, and
297:bamboo
240:spines
236:leaves
209:lianas
141:lianas
137:Africa
119:canopy
115:genera
90:(from
84:Rattan
70:mollis
35:Roatan
6913:henna
6888:Ferns
6839:Other
6788:Latex
6708:Rosin
6703:Pitch
6693:Myrrh
6678:Kauri
6536:Mahua
6526:Kusum
6516:Kombo
6511:Kokum
6433:waxes
6390:Clove
6296:Morel
6230:Ramps
6166:queen
6141:Betel
6133:roots
5994:Honey
5899:Zylon
5852:Nylon
5835:Nomex
5777:Glass
5754:Rayon
5744:Modal
5607:Llama
5539:Sisal
5529:Ramie
5504:Kenaf
5499:Kapok
5482:Linen
5472:Fique
5457:BashĹŤ
5442:Abacá
5434:Plant
5220:(PDF)
4861:(PDF)
4402:JSTOR
4272:(PDF)
4177:(PDF)
4097:Arnis
4092:sibat
4075:Sibat
3920:birch
3881:, or
3875:canes
3844:Wicks
3668:Assam
3656:resin
3652:fruit
3549:Ghana
3537:India
3459:rotan
3457:name
3455:Malay
3131:(and
2902:Becc.
2850:Becc.
2837:Becc.
2811:Becc.
2798:Furt.
2785:Becc.
2759:Becc.
2746:Becc.
2733:Becc.
2720:Hance
2707:Roxb.
2694:Becc.
2668:Becc.
2642:Mart.
2616:Becc.
2603:Becc.
2577:Lour.
2564:Becc.
2551:Becc.
2538:Lour.
2525:Linn.
2512:Becc.
2486:Becc.
2473:Becc.
2460:Becc.
2447:Becc.
2434:Becc.
2421:Becc.
2382:Becc.
2369:Furt.
2356:Becc.
2330:Becc.
2317:Furt.
2252:Becc.
2239:Becc.
2213:Becc.
2200:Becc.
2187:Becc.
2174:Becc.
2161:Becc.
2148:Becc.
2135:Becc.
2122:Becc.
2109:Becc.
2096:Becc.
2083:Becc.
2070:Becc.
2057:Becc.
2005:Becc.
1992:Ridl.
1927:Roxb.
1914:Mart.
1901:Becc.
1875:Becc.
1836:Mart.
1823:Becc.
1810:Becc.
1784:Becc.
1754:Becc.
1741:Roxb.
1728:Becc.
1715:Becc.
1702:Becc.
1689:Becc.
1663:Becc.
1650:Becc.
1637:Burr.
1624:Becc.
1569:Becc.
1543:Becc.
1517:Becc.
1491:Becc.
1465:Becc.
1439:Becc.
1426:Becc.
1413:Becc.
1400:Becc.
1387:Becc.
1374:Becc.
1193:Becc.
1145:Becc.
1129:Hance
1001:Becc.
985:Becc.
969:Becc.
905:Burr.
734:Sabah
674:Becc.
661:c. 16
658:Mart.
626:Becc.
597:c. 26
537:Becc.
502:Genus
362:piths
279:shrub
274:) to
152:canes
96:rotan
92:Malay
88:ratan
53:India
7108:Wood
6920:Peat
6903:Moss
6883:Cork
6783:Kino
6571:Pilu
6556:Palm
6344:Nuts
5999:pine
5989:Furs
5647:Wool
5632:Silk
5602:Hair
5544:Wood
5519:Pine
5514:Piña
5494:Jute
5489:Hemp
5477:Flax
5462:Coir
5337:ISBN
5282:ISBN
5228:2010
5198:2012
5076:ISBN
5057:2020
5032:2010
4990:PMID
4945:link
4927:OCLC
4917:ISBN
4865:ISBN
4841:2010
4801:PMID
4783:ISSN
4738:2021
4713:2021
4616:and
4276:ISBN
4249:PMID
4181:ISBN
3928:e.g.
3885:for
3858:wick
3826:Aceh
3765:.
3741:and
3697:and
3638:and
3567:Uses
3559:and
3545:Laos
3467:raut
3407:sp.
2018:Miq.
1595:Miq.
1361:Kurz
953:Miq.
830:Laos
677:c. 5
483:and
320:and
299:and
212:are
170:and
135:and
133:Asia
6732:gum
6728:Sap
6428:Oil
6265:Cep
5657:Yak
5247:137
4980:PMC
4972:doi
4791:PMC
4773:doi
4394:doi
4317:doi
4239:PMC
4229:doi
4103:or
3915:".
3907:'s
3824:in
3642:.
3483:ant
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1797:Bl.
1504:Bl.
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1097:Wei
1017:Bl.
937:Bl.
889:Bl.
594:Bl.
557:Bl.
477:),
382:in
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200:in
178:or
127:of
102:of
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4937:{{
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