Brass - Knowledge

54: 2424: 245: 2569: 2110: 40: 410: 317: 2294: 568: 478: 834: 2272:. The fabric of these crucibles is porous, probably designed to prevent a buildup of pressure, and many have small holes in the lids which may be designed to release pressure or to add additional zinc minerals near the end of the process. Dioscorides mentioned that zinc minerals were used for both the working and finishing of brass, perhaps suggesting secondary additions. 443:"Red brasses", a family of alloys with high copper proportion and generally less than 15% zinc, are more resistant to zinc loss. One of the metals called "red brass" is 85% copper, 5% tin, 5% lead, and 5% zinc. Copper alloy C23000, which is also known as "red brass", contains 84–86% copper, 0.05% each iron and lead, with the balance being zinc. 229:, as it exhibits greater resistance to corrosion. Brass is not as hard as bronze and so is not suitable for most weapons and tools. Nor is it suitable for marine uses, because the zinc reacts with minerals in salt water, leaving porous copper behind; marine brass, with added tin, avoids this, as does bronze. 2049:

and it is possible that some copper-zinc alloys were accidental and perhaps not even distinguished from copper. However the large number of copper-zinc alloys now known suggests that at least some were deliberately manufactured and many have zinc contents of more than 12% wt which would have resulted

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in the form of globules as it cools from casting. The pattern the globules form on the surface of the brass increases the available lead surface area which, in turn, affects the degree of leaching. In addition, cutting operations can smear the lead globules over the surface. These effects can lead to

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because of the absence of a corrosive environment within the mixture. However, if brass is placed in contact with a more noble metal such as silver or gold in such an environment, the brass will corrode galvanically; conversely, if brass is in contact with a less-noble metal such as zinc or iron, the

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limits by an average factor of 19, assuming handling twice a day. In April 2001 manufacturers agreed to reduce lead content to 1.5%, or face a requirement to warn consumers about lead content. Keys plated with other metals are not affected by the settlement, and may continue to use brass alloys with

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The term copper alloy should be searched for full retrievals on objects made of bronze or brass. This is because bronze and brass have at times been used interchangeably in the old documentation, and copper alloy is the Broad Term of both. In addition, the public may refer to certain collections by

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cementation in a domed furnace at around 900–950 °C and lasting up to 10 hours. The European brass industry continued to flourish into the post medieval period buoyed by innovations such as the 16th century introduction of water powered hammers for the production of wares such as pots. By 1559

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described a variety of cementation brass making techniques and came closer to understanding the true nature of the process noting that copper became heavier as it changed to brass and that it became more golden as additional calamine was added. Zinc metal was also becoming more commonplace. By 1513

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in Germany. These large crucibles were capable of producing c.20 kg of brass. There are traces of slag and pieces of metal on the interior. Their irregular composition suggests that this was a lower temperature, not entirely liquid, process. The crucible lids had small holes which were blocked

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The keywork of most modern woodwinds, including wooden-bodied instruments, is also usually made of an alloy such as nickel silver. Such alloys are stiffer and more durable than the brass used to construct the instrument bodies, but still workable with simple hand tools—a boon to quick repairs. The

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from cold forming of the cases during manufacture, together with chemical attack from traces of ammonia in the atmosphere. The cartridges were stored in stables and the ammonia concentration rose during the hot summer months, thus initiating brittle cracks. The problem was resolved by

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Designed for use in marine service owing to its corrosion resistance, hardness and toughness. A characteristic application is to the protection of ships' bottoms, but more modern methods of cathodic protection have rendered its use less common. Its appearance resembles that of gold.

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or "the English process". This local zinc was used in speltering and allowed greater control over the zinc content of brass and the production of high-zinc copper alloys which would have been difficult or impossible to produce using cementation, for use in expensive objects such as

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feature a hybrid construction, with long, straight sections of wood, and curved joints, neck, and/or bell of metal. The use of metal also avoids the risks of exposing wooden instruments to changes in temperature or humidity, which can cause sudden cracking. Even though the

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A large number of independent studies confirm this antimicrobial effect, even against antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as MRSA and VRSA. The mechanisms of antimicrobial action by copper and its alloys, including brass, are a subject of intense and ongoing investigation.

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alloys as well as Cu-Zn-Sn alloys with high proportions (typically 40%+) of tin and/or zinc, as well as predominantly zinc casting alloys with copper additives. These have virtually no yellow colouring at all, and instead have a much more silvery appearance.

954:, with zinc atoms in the centre of the cubes, and is harder and stronger than α. Alpha-beta brasses are usually worked hot. The higher proportion of zinc means these brasses are brighter than alpha brasses. At 45% of zinc the alloy has the highest strength. 2040:

The compositions of these early "brass" objects are highly variable and most have zinc contents of between 5% and 15% wt which is lower than in brass produced by cementation. These may be "natural alloys" manufactured by smelting zinc rich copper ores in

88:, in proportions which can be varied to achieve different colours and mechanical, electrical, acoustic and chemical properties, but copper typically has the larger proportion, generally 66% copper and 34% zinc. In use since prehistoric times, it is a 4277:

The Coin Collector's Manual: Comprising an Historical and Critical Account of the Origin and Progress of Coinage, from the Earliest Period to the Fall of the Roman Empire; with Some Account of the Coinages of Modern Europe, More Especially of Great

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Brass made during the early Roman period seems to have varied between 20% and 28% wt zinc. The high content of zinc in coinage and brass objects declined after the first century AD and it has been suggested that this reflects zinc loss during

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are classified as woodwind instruments, they are normally made of brass for similar reasons, and because their wide, conical bores and thin-walled bodies are more easily and efficiently made by forming sheet metal than by machining wood.

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An alloy of copper, zinc, and silicon which has an incredibly high tensile strength and is corrosion resistant. Doehler Die Casting Co. of Toledo, Ohio were known for the production of Brastil. It was notably tested in 1932 on an

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and thus an interruption in the production of new brass. However it is now thought this was probably a deliberate change in composition and overall the use of brass increases over this period making up around 40% of all

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of zinc in copper. It is close in properties to copper, tough, strong, and somewhat difficult to machine. Best formability is with 32% of zinc. Corrosion-resistant red brasses, with 15% of zinc or less, belong here.

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Beware of through hull fittings and tailpipes, or any other component in the assembly, made of TONVAL. This is basically brass and totally unsuitable for use below the waterline due to its tendency to dezincify and

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Brass was produced by the cementation process where copper and zinc ore are heated together until zinc vapor is produced which reacts with the copper. There is good archaeological evidence for this process and

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In October 1999, the California State Attorney General sued 13 key manufacturers and distributors over lead content. In laboratory tests, state researchers found the average brass key, new or old, exceeded the

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were made of brass. However other alloys such as low tin bronze were also used and they vary depending on local cultural attitudes, the purpose of the metal and access to zinc, especially between the

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Beta brasses can only be worked hot, and are harder, stronger, and suitable for casting. The high zinc-low copper content means these are some of the brightest and least-golden of the common brasses.

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had recognized that calamine was "nothing else but unmeltable zinc" and that zinc was a "half ripe metal". However some earlier high zinc, low iron brasses such as the 1530 Wightman brass memorial

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systems. This brass alloy must be produced with great care, with special attention placed on a balanced composition and proper production temperatures and parameters to avoid long-term failures.

2780:. By the mid-to-late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for 2408:, ranging from 22.5% in the base to 5.76% in the pan below the candle. The proportions of this mixture may suggest that the candlestick was made from a hoard of old coins, probably Late Roman. 2412:

is a term for medieval alloys of uncertain and often variable composition often covering decorative borders and similar objects cut from sheet metal, whether of brass or bronze. Especially in

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of brass per year. After several false starts during the 16th and 17th centuries the brass industry was also established in England taking advantage of abundant supplies of cheap copper

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are also made from brass, especially inertia blocks on tremolo systems for its tonal properties, and for string nuts and saddles for both tonal properties and its low friction.

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An example of DZR brass is the C352 brass, with about 30% zinc, 61–63% copper, 1.7–2.8% lead, and 0.02–0.15% arsenic. The lead and arsenic significantly suppress the zinc loss.

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saw important changes to both the theory and practice of brassmaking in Europe. By the 15th century there is evidence for the renewed use of lidded cementation crucibles at

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de Ruette, M. (1995) "From Contrefei and Speauter to Zinc: The development of the understanding of the nature of zinc and brass in Post Medieval Europe" in Hook, D. R. and

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ingots recovered from a 2,600-year-old shipwreck off Sicily found them to be an alloy made with 75–80% copper, 15–20% zinc and small percentages of nickel, lead and iron.

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seem to describe variants of a higher temperature liquid process which took place in open-topped crucibles. Islamic cementation seems to have used zinc oxide known as

450:, from the family of red brasses. Gunmetal alloys contain roughly 88% copper, 8–10% tin, and 2–4% zinc. Lead can be added for ease of machining or for bearing alloys. 162:. Brasses with higher copper content are softer and more golden in colour; conversely those with less copper and thus more zinc are harder and more silvery in colour. 3006: 425:

resistant) brasses, are used where there is a large corrosion risk and where normal brasses do not meet the requirements. Applications with high water temperatures,

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and gently roasted before being added to the surface of the molten metal. A temporary lid was added at this point presumably to minimize the escape of zinc vapor.

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In Europe a similar liquid process in open-topped crucibles took place which was probably less efficient than the Roman process and the use of the term tutty by

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makes many references to "brass" to translate "nechosheth" (bronze or copper) from Hebrew to English. The earliest brasses may have been natural alloys made by

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Rehren, T. and Martinon Torres, M. (2008) "Naturam ars imitate: European brassmaking between craft and science". In Martinon-Torres, M. and Rehren, T. (eds.).

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Montero-Ruis, I. and Perea, A. (2007). "Brasses in the early metallurgy of the Iberian Peninsula". In La Niece, S., Hook, D., and Craddock, P. T. (eds.).

4360: 2524:, then again melted with calamine. It has been suggested that this second melting may have taken place at a lower temperature to allow more zinc to be 1706:

Invented in the early 18th century by Christopher Pinchbeck. Resembles gold to a point where people can buy the metal as budget gold "effect" jewelry.

146:. It has also been widely used to make sculpture and utensils because of its low melting point, high workability (both with hand tools and with modern 4656: 4391:

Craddock, P. T. (1978). "The Composition of Copper Alloys used by the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Civilisations: 3 The Origins and Early Use of Brass".

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of brass (900 to 940 °C; 1,650 to 1,720 °F, depending on composition) and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to

3721: 2616:, both also British Museum, are better described as brass, though of variable compositions. Work in brass or bronze continued to be important in 2489:, probably zinc oxide, onto the surface of molten copper produced tutiya vapor which then reacted with the metal. The 13th century Iranian writer 2165:

produced "droplets of false silver", probably metallic zinc, which could be used to turn copper into oreichalkos. In the 1st century BC the Greek

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and eastern Mediterranean where deliberate production of brass from metallic copper and zinc ores had been introduced. The 4th century BC writer

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Alpha brasses are malleable, can be worked cold, and are used in pressing, forging, or similar applications. They contain only one phase, with

131:. Historically, the distinction between the two alloys has been less consistent and clear, and increasingly museums use the more general term " 3412: 2784:-resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid-19th century. 2060:

tablets mention the exploitation of the "copper of the mountains" and this may refer to "natural" brass. "Oreikhalkon" (mountain copper), the

2486: 4008: 689:, are sometimes made of metal because of limited supplies of the dense, fine-grained tropical hardwoods traditionally preferred for smaller 5014: 5257:

Craddock, P. T. and Eckstein, K (2003). "Production of Brass in Antiquity by Direct Reduction". In Craddock, P. T. and Lang, J. (eds.).

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Gilmore, G. R. and Metcalf, D. M. (1980). "The alloy of the Northumbrian coinage in the mid-ninth century". In Metcalf, D. and Oddy, W.

1812:, which is composed of 14–16% zinc, a minimum 0.05% iron and minimum 0.07% lead content, and the remainder copper. It may also refer to 4439: 282:

that are extruded into the desired form and size. The general softness of brass means that it can often be machined without the use of

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Also in California, lead-free materials must be used for "each component that comes into contact with the wetted surface of pipes and

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Craddock, P. T. and Eckstein, K (2003) "Production of Brass in Antiquity by Direct Reduction" in Craddock, P. T. and Lang, J. (eds.)

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Rehren, T (1999) "The same... but different: A juxtaposition of Roman and Medieval brass making in Europe" in Young, S. M. M. (ed.)

4868:. Proceedings of the 31st International Symposium on Archaeometry. BAR International Series. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 342–349. 3855: 3154: 3069:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, Technical Preservation Services. 1980. p. 119. 301:) to be formed on the surface that is thin, transparent, and self-healing. Tin has a similar effect and finds its use especially in 5279:

Martinon Torres, M.; Rehren, T. (2002). "Agricola and Zwickau: theory and practice of Renaissance brass production in SE Germany".

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and fixtures". On 1 January 2010, the maximum amount of lead in "lead-free brass" in California was reduced from 4% to 0.25% lead.

3280: 3099: 2482: 4708: 4168: 488: 340:, and certain acids. This often happens when the copper reacts with sulfur to form a brown and eventually black surface layer of 267:. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard and soft brasses. The 5250:

Bayley, J. (1990). "The Production of Brass in Antiquity with Particular Reference to Roman Britain". In Craddock, P. T. (ed.).

3936: 3382: 4275: 4258: 4248: 4071: 3903: 3809: 3436:"Antimicrobial copper displaces stainless steel, germs for medical applications: Alloys have natural germ-killing properties" 2965: 3954: 927:. With their high proportion of copper, these brasses have a more golden hue than others. The alpha phase is a substitution 278:, ferrous scrap can be separated from it by passing the scrap near a powerful magnet. Brass scrap is melted and recast into 5572: 3603: 3013: 1243:

Defined by California Assembly Bill AB 1953 contains "not more than 0.25 percent lead content". Prior upper limit was 4%.

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Craddock, P. T., La Niece, S. C., and Hook, D. (1990). "Brass in the Medieval Islamic World". In Craddock, P. T. (ed.),

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may indicate a degree of state involvement in the industry, and brass even seems to have been deliberately boycotted by

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of both brass instruments and, less commonly, woodwind instruments are often made of brass among other metals as well.

313:. The addition of as little as 1% iron to a brass alloy will result in an alloy with a noticeable magnetic attraction. 4563:

Craddock, P. T., Burnett, A., and Preston, K. (1980). "Hellenistic copper-based coinage and the origins of brass". In

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Aluminium makes brass stronger and more corrosion-resistant. Aluminium also causes a highly beneficial hard layer of

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However, the cementation process was not abandoned, and as late as the early 19th century there are descriptions of

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Also called CW617N or CZ122 or OT58. It is not recommended for sea water use, being susceptible to dezincification.

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may have contributed to the increasing popularity of brass in the east and by the 6th–7th centuries AD over 90% of

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Day, J. (1990). "Brass and Zinc in Europe from the Middle Ages until the 19th century". In Craddock, P. T. (ed.).

518: 453:"Naval brass", for use in seawater, contains 40% zinc but also 1% tin. The tin addition suppresses zinc leaching. 244: 4607: 3038: 2748: 1381:

Softest type of brass commonly available. Gilding metal is typically used for ammunition bullet "jackets"; e.g.,

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Thornton, C. P. and Ehlers, C. B. (2003) "Early Brass in the ancient Near East", in IAMS Newsletter 23 pp. 27–36

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world. Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favor of

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which, if regularly exposed to slightly acidic water such as urban rainwater, can then oxidize in air to form a

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then topped up with copper and charcoal before being melted, stirred then filled again. The final product was

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Zinc for Coin and Brass: Bureaucrats, Merchants, Artisans, and Mining Laborers in Qing China, ca. 1680s–1830s

525: 4641: 3085:. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 1996. p. 7. EPA/600/R-96/103. 1926:, its true nature as a copper-zinc alloy was not understood until the post-medieval period because the zinc 809:

properties of brass have been observed for centuries, particularly in marine environments where it prevents

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During the later part of first millennium BC the use of brass spread across a wide geographical area from

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Santo, C. E.; Lam, E. W.; Elowsky, C. G.; Quaranta, D.; Domaille, D. W.; Chang, C. J.; Grass, G. (2010).

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of the copper helping it react and zinc contents of up to 33% wt were reported using this new technique.

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Little is known about the production of brass during the centuries immediately after the collapse of the

1520: 461: 352:. Depending on how the patina layer was formed, it may protect the underlying brass from further damage. 4314: 3885: 2268:

suggesting that zinc minerals were heated to produce zinc vapor which reacted with metallic copper in a

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like vessels but all have elevated levels of zinc on the interior and are lidded. They show no signs of

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early copper-zinc alloys are now known in small numbers from a number of 3rd millennium BC sites in the

1808:, and an alloy which is considered both a brass and a bronze. Red brass is also an alternative name for 418: 3357: 1731: 532: 206: 4462: 3980: 773:(or beat "through" the shallot in the case of a "free" reed). Although not part of the brass section, 603:, have been used for the same reasons, but brass is the most economical choice. Collectively known as 5783: 2613: 2568: 1617: 846: 3219: 1958:, and variations on this method continued until the mid-19th century. It was eventually replaced by 982:

There are also Ag-Zn and Au-Zn gamma brasses, Ag 30–50%, Au 41%. The gamma phase is a cubic-lattice

5619: 5441: 3624:"Contribution of copper ion resistance to survival of Escherichia coli on metallic copper surfaces" 3511:"Copper surfaces in the ICU reduced the relative risk of acquiring an infection while hospitalized" 3409: 2416:, analysis of some objects shows very different compositions from different ends of a large piece. 1613: 1382: 514: 6250: 5343: 5319: 4005: 2856: 2552:

dating to around the 13th century confirm Theophilus' account, as they are open-topped, although

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A type of alpha brass. Due to its yellow colour, it is used as an imitation of gold. Also called

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applications (naval brasses). Combinations of iron, aluminium, silicon, and manganese make brass

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Brass has long been a popular material for its bright gold-like appearance and is still used for

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of the reed family, brass strips (called tongues) are used as the reeds, which beat against the

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Eremin, Katherine; Graham-Campbell, James; Wilthew, Paul (2002). Biro, K.T; Eremin, K. (eds.).

2761: 2642: 2525: 2389: 2046: 1171: 983: 950:, these are suited for hot working. They contain both α and β' phases; the β'-phase is ordered 878: 686: 264: 252: 31: 4116: 3799: 3064: 2185:

used to heat either zinc ore or copper and explaining that it can then be used to make brass.

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period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the

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Day, J. (1991). "Copper, Zinc and Brass Production". In Day, J. and Tylecote, R. F. (eds.).

5176: 4608:"Roman Military Copper Alloy Artefacts from Israel: Questions of Organisation and Ethnicity" 1145:

Aluminium improves corrosion resistance. It is used for heat exchanger and condenser tubes.

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Trade and Discovery: The Scientific Study of Artefacts from Post Medieval Europe and Beyond

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could create a film to bind it to the metal. German brass making crucibles are known from

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The cementation process continued to be used but literary sources from both Europe and the

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Espίrito Santo, Christopher; Taudte, Nadine; Nies, Dietrich H.; and Grass, Gregor (2007).

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brass casting, though also often described as bronze. The metal of the early 12th-century

92:: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within the same crystal structure. 8: 5982: 4564: 3082:

Stagnation Time, Composition, pH, and Orthophosphate Effects on Metal Leaching from Brass

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with copper to make brass, a process known as speltering, and by 1657 the German chemist

1624:, plus the centre part of the two euro coin. Formerly used for the round one pound coin. 869: 762: 682: 236:

not be struck, such as in fittings and tools used near flammable or explosive materials.

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instead of zinc. Both bronze and brass may include small proportions of a range of other

4696: 3760: 3183:, Fact Sheet, Department of Toxic Substances Control, State of California, February 2009 3115: 2850: 2073:

meaning "golden copper" which became the standard term for brass. In the 4th century BC

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discs from Soest may have served as loose lids which may have been used to reduce zinc

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in Iran. It could then be used for brass making or medicinal purposes. In 10th century

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and at a number of sites in Britain. They vary in size from tiny acorn sized to large

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Day, J. (1988). "The Bristol Brass Industry: Furnaces and their associated remains".

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is unusual even by medieval standards in being a mixture of copper, zinc, tin, lead,

2354: 2006: 1689: 1621: 924: 644: 457: 226: 214: 4642:"Keeping up with the Roman Romanisation and Copper Alloys in First Revolt Palestine" 1337:

The proportions used make the material harder and suitable for valves and bearings.

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Next to the brass instruments, the most notable use of brass in music is in various

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Michel, James H.; Moran, Wilton; Michels, Harold; Estelle, Adam A. (20 June 2011).

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described how preheated crucibles were one sixth filled with powdered calamine and

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These are too brittle for general use. The term may also refer to certain types of

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consist of long, relatively narrow tubing, often folded or coiled for compactness;

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in the east. This seems to have been encouraged by exports and influence from the

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may be constructed of brass or other metals, and indeed most modern student-model

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Materials and design: the art and science of material selection in product design

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in the 13th century suggests influence from Islamic technology. The 12th century

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or substances containing or releasing ammonia. The problem is sometimes known as

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News & Alerts – California Dept. of Justice – Office of the Attorney General

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News & Alerts – California Dept. of Justice – Office of the Attorney General

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properties of brass, have made it the usual metal of choice for construction of

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Brass is still commonly used in applications where corrosion resistance and low

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in the final stages. Triangular crucibles were then used to melt the brass for

2605: 2593: 2541: 2385: 2350: 2314: 2130: 1955: 1844: 928: 499: 381: 341: 275: 248: 5416: 4493: 6311: 6271: 6201: 6160: 5828: 5582: 5567: 5516: 4463:"Unusual Metal Recovered from Ancient Greek Shipwreck – Archaeology Magazine" 3898:

Woldman’s Engineering Alloys, 9th Edition 1936, American Society for Metals,

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copper, produced by pouring molten metal into cold water. This increased the

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Heat exchangers, plumbing requiring excellent corrosion resistance in water.

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Archaeology, History and Science: Integrating Approaches to Ancient Material

6296: 6291: 6286: 6238: 6191: 6021: 5967: 5753: 5634: 5594: 5486: 5177:"Scientific examination of zinc-distillation remains from Warmley, Bristol" 4841: 4704: 3768: 3706: 3657: 3488: 2752: 2741: 2624:, where the metal was regarded as a more valuable material than in Europe. 2597: 2467: 2432: 2364:

These places would remain important centres of brass making throughout the

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By the first century BC brass was available in sufficient supply to use as

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Naval brass with added lead for machinability. Also known as 485, or C485.

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Light golden colour, very ductile; used for flexible metal hoses and metal

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Bradley, A. J.; Thewlis, J. (1 October 1926). "The Structure of γ-Brass".

2919: 2528:. Albertus Magnus noted that the "power" of both calamine and tutty could 2349:

and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of

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communities in Palestine because of its association with Roman authority.

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significant lead leaching from brasses of comparatively low lead content.

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than the other constituents of the brass, it tends to migrate towards the

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in Germany were exploited for cementation brass making from around 1550.

2678: 2633: 2581: 2557: 2413: 2365: 2346: 2338: 2217: 2216:. The uniform use of brass for coinage and military equipment across the 2166: 2146: 2069: 1813: 1739: 1629: 1528: 751: 667: 640: 274:

Today, almost 90% of all brass alloys are recycled. Because brass is not

221:. The composition of brass makes it a favorable substitute for copper in 143: 139: 4480:

Craddock, P. T.; Cowell, M.; Stead, I. (2004). "Britain's first brass".

3066:

Metals in America's Historic Buildings: Uses and Preservation Treatments

2641:

with clay plugs near the end of the process presumably to maximize zinc

2608:

and other Western collections, and the large portrait heads such as the

2451:

rather than zinc ores for brass-making, resulting in a metal with lower

6067: 6012: 5887: 5800: 5758: 5660: 5609: 5546: 5521: 5396: 2737: 2549: 2490: 2475: 2474:

or iron bars, archaeological examples of which have been identified at

2459: 2428: 2417: 2212: 2178: 2150: 2098: 2014: 1986: 1962:, the direct alloying of copper and zinc metal which was introduced to 1923: 1657: 865: 810: 774: 636: 624: 430: 271:

of brass is 8.4 to 8.73 g/cm (0.303 to 0.315 lb/cu in).

186: 116: 5768: 4866:

Analysis of Copper alloy artefacts from Pagan Norse Graves in Scotland

2420:

were typically made in brass in both the European and Islamic worlds.

2337:

and other mixed alloys but by about 1000 brass artefacts are found in

1969:

Brass has sometimes historically been referred to as "yellow copper".

1567:

Similar to admiralty brass. Also known as Tobin bronze, 464, or C464.

1224:

as it was cheaper than steel at the time as a cost-effective measure.

6213: 6206: 6077: 6072: 6052: 5977: 5902: 5896: 5877: 5773: 5714: 5629: 5526: 5461: 5436: 5426: 5356: 5335: 4733:

Bachmann, H. (1976). "Crucibles from a Roman Settlement in Germany".

4678:"Small Size, Large Scale Roman Brass Production in Germania Inferior" 4303:"The Emergence and Development of Brass Smelting Techniques in China" 4029:"C23000 Copper Alloys (Red Brass, C230) Material Property Data Sheet" 3552: 2793: 2781: 2617: 2529: 2330: 2293: 2277: 2206: 2122: 2057: 1978: 1510: 1270: 1165: 770: 766: 758: 703: 678: 632: 592: 584: 580: 576: 422: 376:

is often added in concentrations of about 2%. Since lead has a lower

325: 124: 120: 47: 3455: 3140:

Mateel Environmental Justice Foundation v. Ilco Unican Corp., et al.

1316:

Dezincification resistant brass with a small percentage of arsenic.

477: 6281: 6255: 6181: 6108: 6047: 6037: 6032: 5992: 5932: 5922: 5882: 5864: 5853: 5848: 5763: 5719: 5604: 5599: 5536: 5476: 5466: 5431: 5406: 5381: 5376: 5095: 5093: 4828:

Ponting, M. (1999). "East Meets West in Post-Classical Bet'shan'".

4328: 4326: 4324: 2585: 2545: 2537: 2517: 2456: 2397: 2342: 2334: 2229: 2197: 1998: 1939: 1805: 1390: 814: 747: 690: 648: 608: 567: 447: 426: 404: 329: 302: 194: 166: 2045:

conditions. Many have similar tin contents to contemporary bronze

1019:

Other phases than α, β and γ are ε, a hexagonal intermetallic CuZn

6276: 6186: 6098: 6007: 5972: 5957: 5942: 5927: 5917: 5790: 5724: 5675: 5614: 5471: 5446: 5411: 2936:

brass – casting, 8400–8700... brass – rolled and drawn, 8430–8730

2777: 2769: 2733: 2721: 2701: 2646: 2637: 2589: 2560:, and have slag on the interior resulting from a liquid process. 2553: 2521: 2509: 2401: 2381: 2326: 2257: 2245: 2193: 2170: 2054: 1959: 1676:

Determined from 39 ingots recovered from an ancient shipwreck in

1488: 1161: 850: 838: 694: 663: 616: 337: 333: 268: 170: 128: 108: 58: 5090: 4321: 1930:

which reacted with copper to make brass was not recognized as a

259:

Brass is more malleable than bronze or zinc. The relatively low

232:

Brass is often used in situations in which it is important that

6176: 6082: 6042: 6017: 5952: 5937: 5833: 5818: 5813: 5729: 5680: 5670: 5386: 5351: 5024:

on the British Museum collection database. Accessed 26 May 2014

2920:"Mass, Weight, Density or Specific Gravity of Different Metals" 2713: 2670: 2498: 2409: 2405: 2393: 2369: 2265: 2253: 2237: 2221: 2174: 2162: 2154: 2090: 2026: 1963: 1822: 1681: 1514: 1273:

properties. Used for ammunition cases, plumbing, and hardware.

743: 735: 727: 620: 596: 434: 364:

less noble metal will corrode and the brass will be protected.

345: 190: 96: 81: 4909:

Noel Stratford, pp. 232, 245, in Zarnecki, George and others;

4307:

Bulletin of the Metals Museum of the Japan Institute of Metals

4006:

National Pollutant Inventory – Copper and compounds fact sheet

3194:"Corrosion-Resistant (DZR or CR) Brass For Harsh Environments" 1334:

1–3% iron with the balance consisting of various other metals.

6155: 6145: 6135: 6118: 6113: 6103: 6062: 5892: 5872: 5740: 5481: 5456: 5401: 2765: 2685: 2666: 2533: 2479: 2455:

impurities. A number of Islamic writers and the 13th century

2448: 2322: 2142: 2134: 2093:

ore deposits which had been exhausted by the 1st century AD.

2074: 2065: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2022: 1931: 1927: 1804:

Both an American term for the copper-zinc-tin alloy known as

1441: 1437: 862: 670: 659: 359:, the resulting brass alloy does not experience internalized 202: 174: 147: 77: 5304: 4863: 4787:

Dungworth, D (1996). "Caley's 'Zinc Decline' reconsidered".

4554:

Craddock and Eckstein 2003, pp. 222–224. Bayley 1990, p. 10.

4104:... Red brass typically has 5 percent to 10 percent zinc ... 3723:

Copper and Bronze in Art: Corrosion, Colorants, Conservation

2037:

from the 1st century AD, long after bronze was widely used.

833: 784: 6027: 6002: 5997: 5947: 5709: 2725: 2471: 2452: 2261: 2249: 2189: 2138: 2114: 2018: 1990: 1677: 1464: 739: 731: 612: 600: 373: 306: 178: 112: 85: 3004: 19:"Arsenical brass" redirects here. Not to be confused with 3433: 3174:

Requirements for Low Lead Plumbing Products in California

2684:

Eventually it was discovered that metallic zinc could be

1943: 100: 5237:

Day 1991, pp. 192–93, Craddock and Eckstein 2003, p. 228

3571:"355 Copper Alloys Now Approved by EPA as Antimicrobial" 2696:

from England may have been made by alloying copper with

2232:

used to produce brass by cementation have been found on

1862:

Used as an alternative for investment cast steel parts.

5078:

Martinon Torres and Rehren 2008, 181–82, de Ruette 1995

3670: 2947: 2704:

similar to those found in some zinc ingots from China.

2627: 1523:

coins. Other manganese brass alloy compositions exist.

5174: 4023: 4021: 3358:"Here's Why Alloys Can Change the Properties of Brass" 2345:, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in 5278: 3007:"Pub 117 The Brasses – Properties & Applications" 1839:

Often used in jewelry applications. Many variations.

3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 2987: 2751:

patented a technique for the first industrial scale

495: 355:

Although copper and zinc have a large difference in

4479: 4460: 4175:in La Niece, S. Hook, D. and Craddock, P.T. (eds.) 4166:"Of brass and bronze in prehistoric southwest Asia" 4018: 3673:"Bacterial Killing by Dry Metallic Copper Surfaces" 2064:translation of this term, was later adapted to the 1359:Also called 360 or C360 brass. High machinability. 4055: 3150: 3148: 2949: 2897:Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety 2736:brass maker Nehemiah Champion patented the use of 460:requires brasses with more than 15% zinc, used in 5196: 5194: 5125: 5123: 3908: 3456:Noyce, J. O.; Michels, H.; Keevil, C. W. (2006). 3405: 3403: 2588:castings of West Africa, mostly from what is now 2313:. Disruption in the trade of tin for bronze from 1408:E.g. British Admiralty gunmetal. Has variations. 881:the cases, and storing the cartridges elsewhere. 647:", many in variously sized families, such as the 6309: 3410:"EPA registers copper-containing alloy products" 3164:. Info.sen.ca.gov. Retrieved on 9 December 2011. 2378:baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège 2372:. Brass objects are still collectively known as 2304:baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège 777:are also sometimes made of brass. Some parts on 405:Corrosion-resistant brass for harsh environments 4571:. British Museum Occasional Papers 18 pp. 53–64 4390: 3797: 3145: 2384:(before 1117) is an outstanding masterpiece of 2285:used in the Roman world by the 4th century AD. 1922:Although forms of brass have been in use since 813:. Depending upon the type and concentration of 579:and workability, relatively good resistance to 413:Brass sampling cock with stainless steel handle 5191: 5120: 4516:Metals and mines: Studies in archaeometallurgy 4432:"Atlantis' Legendary Metal Found in Shipwreck" 4203:. London: British Museum Occasional Papers 109 4177:Metals and mines: Studies in archaeometallurgy 3746: 3601:"Doorknobs: A Source of Nosocomial Infection?" 3400: 2600:. Though normally described as "bronzes", the 817:and the medium they are in, brass kills these 5320: 4773: 4771: 4752: 4750: 4748: 3957:. Kormax Engineering Supplies. Archived from 3856:"70/30 Arsinical Brass Alloy 259, UNS-C26130" 2169:seems to have recognized a link between zinc 1023:, and η, a solid solution of copper in zinc. 666:are made of some variety of brass, usually a 467: 421:or DR) brasses, sometimes referred to as CR ( 5259:Mining and Metal Production Through the Ages 5005:Rehren and Martinon Torres 2008, pp. 173–175 4996:Rehren and Martinon Torres 2008, pp. 176–178 4786: 4735:Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 4732: 4300: 4237:Rehren and Martinon Torres 2008, pp. 170–175 4226:Mining and Metal Production Through the Ages 3886:"Doehler-Jarvis Company Collection, MSS-202" 3039:"Is Brass Magnetic? What Is Magnetic Brass?" 504:introducing citations to additional sources 5042:Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, pp. 105–06 5033:Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, pp. 95–111 4827: 4756:Rehren and Martinon Torres 2008, pp. 170–71 4639: 4605: 4220: 4218: 4015:. Npi.gov.au. Retrieved on 9 December 2011. 2880:' most of which are actually made of brass. 2532:and described how the addition of powdered 2081:as rare and nearly as valuable as gold and 1972: 693:. For the same reason, some low clarinets, 675:nickel silver (also known as German silver) 607:, or simply 'the brass', these include the 5327: 5313: 4768: 4745: 2620:and other West African traditions such as 2576:", actually of "heavily leaded zinc-brass" 821:within a few minutes to hours of contact. 433:) play a role. DZR-brass is used in water 4273: 4086: 3791: 3696: 3647: 3536: 3526: 2493:describes a more complex process whereby 791:Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces 785:Germicidal and antimicrobial applications 4215: 4089:"Plumbing problems may continue to grow" 2567: 2422: 2292: 2204:of 23 BC it was also used to make Roman 2108: 1463:An alpha-beta brass with an addition of 832: 566: 494:Relevant discussion may be found on the 408: 315: 243: 52: 38: 5209: 5069:Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, p. 100 5060:Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, p. 104 5051:Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, p. 103 4913:, 1984, Arts Council of Great Britain, 4587:. New York; American Numismatic Society 4381:Rehren and Martinon Torres 2008, p. 169 4155:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 9 December 2011. 3508: 2981: 2716:alone was capable of producing 300,000 2652:16th-century technical writers such as 2612:of "heavily leaded zinc-brass" and the 2540:dating to the 10th century AD and from 1297:. Cheap and standard for cold working. 857:after it was first discovered in brass 681:, especially low clarinets such as the 372:To enhance the machinability of brass, 286:, though there are exceptions to this. 6310: 5175:Dungworth, D. & White, H. (2007). 4929:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, pp. 224–25 4675: 4671: 4669: 4579: 4577: 4461:Jessica E. Saraceni (7 January 2015). 4080: 3947: 3850: 3848: 3826:"Aluminum Brass Arsenical, UNS C68700" 3677:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3628:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2855:. The Industrial Press. 1921. p. 2669:from India and China were arriving in 429:present or deviating water qualities ( 5308: 5243: 4585:Orichalcum and Related Ancient Alloys 4527:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, pp. 216–7 4053: 3987:from the original on 28 November 2022 3719: 3553:"TouchSurfaces Clinical Trials: Home" 3451: 3449: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3155:AB 1953 Assembly Bill – Bill Analysis 3089: 1905:An American term for 33% zinc brass. 394:a higher percentage of lead content. 4662:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4246: 4228:. London: British Museum, pp. 226–27 4062:. McGraw–Hill Professional. p. 2628:Renaissance and post-medieval Europe 2009:and from 2nd millennium BC sites in 1062:Abyssinian gold (Commercial bronze ) 471: 5273:The Industrial Revolution in Metals 5203: 5168: 5117:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, 226–27. 4857: 4780: 4726: 4666: 4633: 4599: 4574: 4557: 4508: 4384: 4212:Cruden's Complete Concordance p. 55 4121:. Adlard Coles. 2011. p. 125. 3845: 3593: 3563: 3545: 3261:from the original on 9 October 2022 3136:People v. Ilco Unican Corp., et al. 2580:Some of the most famous objects in 2157:, describes how heating earth from 2029:. Isolated examples of copper-zinc 1816:(Cu 85.0, Zn 5.0, Pb 5.0, Sn 5.0). 1519:Used as cladding for United States 754:" are also commonly made of brass. 464:, to be dezincification-resistant. 13: 5275:. London: The Institute of Metals. 5156:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, p. 227 4821: 4777:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, p. 224 4536:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, p. 217 4294: 3981:"C48500 Naval Brass "High Leaded"" 3798:Joseph R. Davis (1 January 2001). 3664: 3615: 3502: 3446: 3422: 2948:M. F. Ashby; Kara Johnson (2002). 2917: 2462:describe how this was obtained by 2404:with an unusually large amount of 2288: 1954:process, the product of which was 1612:The outer ring of the bi-metallic 828: 797:Antimicrobial properties of copper 14: 6344: 5300: 4911:English Romanesque Art, 1066–1200 4830:Journal of Archaeological Science 4685:Journal of Archaeological Science 4569:Scientific Studies in Numismatics 4393:Journal of Archaeological Science 4332:Craddock and Eckstein 2003 p. 217 4247:Chen, Hailian (3 December 2018). 2956:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 2893:"Hand Tools – Non-sparking tools" 2876:their popular name, such as 'The 2673:and pellets of zinc condensed in 872:. The problem was caused by high 765:, also often made from brass. In 571:A collection of brass instruments 5231: 5222: 5212:Journal of Historical Metallurgy 5159: 5150: 5141: 5132: 5111: 5102: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5036: 5027: 5008: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4978:Oxford: Archaeopress pp. 252–257 4968: 4959: 4950: 4179:London: Archetype Publications. 4118:Surveying Yachts and Small Craft 3955:"464 Naval Brass (Tobin Bronze)" 3866:from the original on 8 June 2023 3804:. ASM International. p. 7. 3749:Proceedings of the Royal Society 3355: 3005:Copper Development Association. 2991:Newnes Engineer's Reference Book 2926:. United Kingdom: SImetric.co.uk 2050:in a distinctive golden colour. 1673:Trace amounts of nickel and iron 487:relies largely or entirely on a 476: 399:pipe fittings, plumbing fittings 5099:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, 228 4987:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, 226 4947:Craddock et al. 1990, pp. 73–76 4941: 4932: 4923: 4903: 4894: 4885: 4872: 4848: 4818:. London: British Museum, p. 73 4808: 4799: 4759: 4590: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4521: 4518:. London: Archetype, pp. 136–40 4473: 4454: 4424: 4411: 4375: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4285: 4267: 4240: 4231: 4206: 4189: 4158: 4139: 4109: 4047: 3999: 3973: 3929: 3892: 3878: 3818: 3775: 3740: 3713: 3375: 3349: 3323: 3298: 3273: 3237: 3212: 3186: 3167: 3128: 3109: 3073: 3057: 3031: 1385:bullets. Almost red in colour. 1026: 583:, and traditionally attributed 367: 99:, a copper alloy that contains 4274:Humphreys, Henry Noel (1897). 4087:Jeff Pope (23 February 2009). 3941:Copper Development Association 3577:. 28 June 2011. Archived from 3462:in the healthcare environment" 3134:San Francisco Superior Court, 2998: 2941: 2911: 2885: 2863: 2843: 2827: 2815: 2104: 1: 5334: 4627:10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00086 4438:. 10 May 2017. Archived from 3469:Journal of Hospital Infection 3335:National Bronze Manufacturing 2994:. George Newnes. p. 594. 2988:Frederick James Camm (1949). 1782:Sometimes called "red brass" 1758:Sometimes called "red brass" 1648:Used in 10, 20, and 50 cents 1572:Naval brass, high lead (C485) 328:in the presence of moisture, 239: 209:. It is used extensively for 61:with an eagle. Attributed to 5266:2000 Years of Zinc and Brass 5252:2000 Years of Zinc and Brass 4816:2000 Years of Zinc and Brass 4405:10.1016/0305-4403(78)90015-8 2809: 2181:) was found on the walls of 2117:in brass with copper inlay, 1787:Red brass, Rose brass (C230) 1730:, the alloy was named after 1467:for improved machinability. 837:Cracking in brass caused by 801:Copper alloys in aquaculture 462:piping and plumbing fittings 207:electrical plugs and sockets 7: 4965:Craddock et al. 1990, p. 76 4956:Craddock et al. 1990, p. 75 2871:"copper alloy (Scope note)" 2852:Bearings and bearing metals 2787: 1546:Used as a lining on boats. 1342:Free machining brass (C360) 1193:Arsenic 0.2-0.6, Iron ≤0.05 417:Dezincification-resistant ( 154:machines), durability, and 10: 6351: 4291:Thornton 2007, pp. 189–201 3937:"The Presidential Dollars" 3528:10.1186/1753-6561-5-S6-O53 3481:10.1016/j.jhin.2005.12.008 2757:distillation per descencum 2755:of metallic zinc known as 2053:By the 8th–7th century BC 1915: 1911: 1732:Prince Rupert of the Rhine 1229:California lead-free brass 794: 788: 736:orchestral (tubular) bells 468:Use in musical instruments 255:brass (400× magnification) 29: 18: 6264: 6226: 6169: 6091: 5862: 5799: 5738: 5700: 5693: 5653: 5555: 5509: 5502: 5342: 5268:. London: British Museum. 5261:. London: British Museum. 5254:. London: British Museum. 5020:20 September 2016 at the 4880:Metallurgy in Numismatics 4494:10.1017/S000358150004587X 4171:24 September 2015 at the 3599:Kuhn, Phyllis J. (1983). 3160:25 September 2009 at the 2824:30(3): 6–9, May–July 2004 2614:Bronze Head of Queen Idia 2563: 2200:, and after the Augustan 2173:and brass describing how 1042: 1039: 1037:Proportion by weight (%) 1036: 1033: 897: 895:Proportion by weight (%) 894: 891: 847:stress corrosion cracking 599:and its alloys, and even 446:Another such material is 391:California Proposition 65 4938:Craddock et al. 1990, 78 3801:Copper and Copper Alloys 3720:Scott, David A. (2002). 3606:16 February 2012 at the 3252:Metal Alloys Corporation 2592:, produced first by the 2485:described how spreading 1973:Early copper-zinc alloys 884: 868:during the 1920s in the 845:Brass is susceptible to 16:Alloy of copper and zinc 5829:Nickel silver (alpacca) 4313:: 87–98. Archived from 4164:Thornton, C. P. (2007) 3557:coppertouchsurfaces.org 3310:Encyclopædia Britannica 3306:"Gunmetal | metallurgy" 3102:26 October 2008 at the 2747:In 1738 Nehemiah's son 1918:Art in bronze and brass 1620:sterling coins and the 4842:10.1006/jasc.1998.0373 4705:10.1006/jasc.1999.0402 4365:oxforddictionaries.com 3983:. Aviva Metals. 2023. 3783:A Dictionary of Alloys 3781:Simons, E. N. (1970). 3769:10.1098/rspa.1926.0134 3726:. Getty Publications. 3331:"What is Naval Brass?" 3179:2 October 2009 at the 2762:scientific instruments 2700:and include traces of 2577: 2436: 2390:Gloucester Candlestick 2306: 2126: 1248:Cartridge brass (C260) 1101:in many environments. 984:intermetallic compound 842: 724:percussion instruments 572: 414: 321: 256: 169:are required, such as 70: 50: 32:Brass (disambiguation) 6328:History of metallurgy 6170:Other natural objects 5281:Historical Metallurgy 5228:Day 1991, pp. 186–189 5181:Historical Metallurgy 5165:Day 1991, pp. 179–181 5138:Day 1991, pp. 135–144 5108:de Ruette 1995, 198–9 4900:Day 1990, pp. 124–133 4891:Day 1990, pp. 123–150 4583:Caley, E. R. (1964). 4301:Zhou Weirong (2001). 4151:8 August 2007 at the 4054:Ammen, C. W. (2000). 3923:"Brass Product Guide" 3860:Austral Wright Metals 3460:Staphylococcus aureus 3440:Tube and Pipe Journal 3415:29 April 2015 at the 3281:"Red Brass/Gunmetals" 2804:List of copper alloys 2730:reverberatory furnace 2571: 2426: 2296: 2112: 1983:Eastern Mediterranean 1966:in the 16th century. 1916:Further information: 1728:Prince Rupert's metal 1216:Copper, Silicon, Zinc 836: 742:are normally made of 570: 412: 319: 247: 67:Limburg (Netherlands) 56: 42: 5645:Wire wrapped jewelry 5625:Repoussé and chasing 4805:Craddock 1978, p. 14 4789:Numismatic Chronicle 4640:Ponting, M. (2002). 4606:Ponting, M. (2002). 4011:2 March 2008 at the 3689:10.1128/AEM.01599-10 3640:10.1128/AEM.01938-07 3509:Schmidt, MG (2011). 2924:Density of Materials 2840:, Edition 24, p. 501 2822:Engineering Designer 2712:the Germany city of 2610:Bronze Head from Ife 2604:, now mostly in the 2574:Bronze Head from Ife 2302:on the 12th-century 2270:solid state reaction 2113:7th-century Persian 1995:United Arab Emirates 500:improve this article 357:electrical potential 320:Binary phase diagram 160:thermal conductivity 95:Brass is similar to 90:substitutional alloy 30:For other uses, see 6187:Ebonite (vulcanite) 5295:. Left Coast Press. 5087:de Ruette 1995, 198 4976:Metals in antiquity 4714:on 10 December 2004 4697:1999JArSc..26.1083R 4482:Antiquaries Journal 4317:on 25 January 2012. 3761:1926RSPSA.112..678B 3611:Diagnostic Medicine 3498:on 17 January 2012. 3098:. 12 October 1999. 2466:from zinc ores and 2368:period, especially 1810:copper alloy C23000 1764:copper alloy C23000 1179:Arsenical brass 259 870:British Indian Army 763:free reed aerophone 589:musical instruments 211:musical instruments 5532:Jewellery designer 5244:General references 4854:Bayley 1990, p. 22 4676:Rehren, T (1999). 4596:Bayley 1990, p. 21 4419:Historia Naturalis 4371:on 9 January 2015. 3787:Cornell University 3575:Appliance Magazine 3122:2008-10-26 at the 3043:Scrap Metal Junkie 3019:on 30 October 2012 2873:. British Museum. 2834:Machinery Handbook 2578: 2437: 2435:, Germany, c. 1250 2307: 2127: 2119:Walters Art Museum 2095:X-ray fluorescence 1779:minimum 0.05% iron 1551:Naval brass (C464) 952:body-centred cubic 937:Alpha-beta brasses 922:face-centred cubic 849:, especially from 843: 643:, and many other " 573: 415: 361:galvanic corrosion 322: 257: 71: 51: 44:Islamic Golden Age 6305: 6304: 6222: 6221: 6092:Organic gemstones 5689: 5688: 4836:(10): 1311–1321. 4545:Bayley 1990, p. 9 4350:Bayley 1990, p. 8 4260:978-90-04-38304-3 4197:Gaimster, D. R. M 4073:978-0-07-134246-9 3961:on 17 August 2020 3904:978-0-87170-691-1 3811:978-0-87170-726-0 3138:(No. 307102) and 3118:. 27 April 2001. 2967:978-0-7506-5554-5 2899:. 1 December 2017 2355:the Low Countries 2299:Baptism of Christ 1942:zinc-rich copper 1909: 1908: 1383:full metal jacket 1017: 1016: 925:crystal structure 874:residual stresses 605:brass instruments 565: 564: 550: 458:NSF International 6340: 5749:Britannia silver 5698: 5697: 5507: 5506: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5306: 5305: 5288: 5238: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5207: 5201: 5200:Day 1991, p. 183 5198: 5189: 5188: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5148: 5147:Day 1990, p. 138 5145: 5139: 5136: 5130: 5129:Day 1990, p. 131 5127: 5118: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5100: 5097: 5088: 5085: 5079: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5025: 5012: 5006: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4921: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4825: 4819: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4766: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4743: 4742: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4713: 4707:. Archived from 4691:(8): 1083–1087. 4682: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4646: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4612: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4581: 4572: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4519: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4428: 4422: 4417:Pliny the Elder 4415: 4409: 4408: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4367:. Archived from 4357: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4319: 4318: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4229: 4222: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4193: 4187: 4162: 4156: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4099: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4061: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4035:on 30 March 2010 4031:. Archived from 4025: 4016: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3919: 3906: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3795: 3789: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3755:(762): 678–692. 3744: 3738: 3737: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3700: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3651: 3619: 3613: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3530: 3521:(Suppl 6): O53. 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3491:. Archived from 3466: 3453: 3444: 3443: 3431: 3420: 3407: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3260: 3249: 3245:"Specifications" 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3190: 3184: 3171: 3165: 3152: 3143: 3132: 3126: 3113: 3107: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3045:. 1 January 2020 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3018: 3012:. Archived from 3011: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2955: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2847: 2841: 2838:Industrial Press 2831: 2825: 2819: 2749:William Champion 2622:Akan goldweights 2357:, areas rich in 2236:sites including 1936:King James Bible 1879: 1821:Rich low brass, 1432:and is used for 1430:tensile strength 1263: 1170:Used for boiler 1031: 1030: 889: 888: 779:electric guitars 738:(large "church" 656:wind instruments 560: 557: 551: 549: 508: 480: 472: 382:grain boundaries 350:copper carbonate 25:arsenical copper 21:arsenical bronze 6350: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6260: 6218: 6207:Spondylus shell 6165: 6087: 5858: 5844:Stainless steel 5795: 5779:Sterling silver 5739:Precious metal 5734: 5702:Precious metals 5685: 5649: 5551: 5498: 5338: 5333: 5303: 5298: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5022:Wayback Machine 5013: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4877: 4873: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4826: 4822: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4746: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4659: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4582: 4575: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4513: 4509: 4478: 4474: 4467:archaeology.org 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4412: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4322: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4223: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4194: 4190: 4173:Wayback Machine 4163: 4159: 4153:Wayback Machine 4144: 4140: 4129: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4097: 4095: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4019: 4013:Wayback Machine 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3921: 3920: 3909: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3854: 3853: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3780: 3776: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3718: 3714: 3669: 3665: 3620: 3616: 3608:Wayback Machine 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3581:on 18 July 2011 3569: 3568: 3564: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3515:BMC Proceedings 3507: 3503: 3495: 3464: 3454: 3447: 3432: 3423: 3417:Wayback Machine 3408: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3356:Bell, Terence. 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3224:Ocean Footprint 3218: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3181:Wayback Machine 3172: 3168: 3162:Wayback Machine 3153: 3146: 3133: 3129: 3124:Wayback Machine 3114: 3110: 3104:Wayback Machine 3094: 3090: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2946: 2942: 2929: 2927: 2918:Walker, Roger. 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2790: 2774:costume jewelry 2630: 2566: 2506:Albertus Magnus 2497:was mixed with 2376:in French. The 2353:in Germany and 2321:artefacts from 2291: 2289:Medieval period 2202:currency reform 2137:in the west to 2107: 2097:analysis of 39 1975: 1920: 1914: 1877: 1496:Manganese brass 1261: 1150:Arsenical brass 1129:Aluminium brass 1081:Admiralty brass 1029: 1022: 993: 989: 887: 855:season cracking 831: 829:Season cracking 803: 793: 787: 726:, most notably 591:whose acoustic 561: 555: 552: 509: 507: 493: 481: 470: 407: 370: 300: 296: 291:aluminium oxide 242: 227:fashion jewelry 223:costume jewelry 63:Aert van Tricht 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6348: 6347: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6268:Related topics 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5640:Wire sculpture 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5513: 5511: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5332: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5309: 5302: 5301:External links 5299: 5297: 5296: 5289: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5230: 5221: 5202: 5190: 5167: 5158: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5119: 5110: 5101: 5089: 5080: 5071: 5062: 5053: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5015:"The Ife Head" 5007: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4967: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4902: 4893: 4884: 4871: 4856: 4847: 4820: 4807: 4798: 4779: 4767: 4758: 4744: 4725: 4665: 4632: 4621:(4): 555–571. 4598: 4589: 4573: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4507: 4472: 4453: 4442:on 17 May 2016 4423: 4410: 4383: 4374: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4320: 4293: 4284: 4266: 4259: 4239: 4230: 4214: 4205: 4188: 4157: 4146:Print Layout 1 4138: 4127: 4108: 4079: 4072: 4046: 4017: 3998: 3972: 3946: 3928: 3907: 3891: 3877: 3844: 3817: 3810: 3790: 3774: 3739: 3732: 3712: 3683:(3): 794–802. 3663: 3614: 3592: 3562: 3544: 3501: 3475:(3): 289–297. 3445: 3421: 3399: 3374: 3348: 3322: 3297: 3272: 3236: 3211: 3185: 3166: 3144: 3127: 3108: 3088: 3072: 3056: 3030: 2997: 2980: 2966: 2940: 2910: 2884: 2862: 2842: 2826: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2690:Johann Glauber 2665:metallic zinc 2629: 2626: 2606:British Museum 2594:Kingdom of Ife 2572:12th century " 2565: 2562: 2351:calamine brass 2315:Western Europe 2290: 2287: 2125:, Maryland, US 2106: 2103: 2089:had come from 2085:describes how 1974: 1971: 1956:calamine brass 1913: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1845:Silicon tombac 1841: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1818: 1817: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1711:Prince's metal 1708: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543:Traces of iron 1541: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1265: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1238:< 0.25 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1006: 1003: 1000: 996: 995: 991: 987: 980: 977: 974: 970: 969: 966: 963: 960: 956: 955: 948:duplex brasses 944: 941: 938: 934: 933: 929:solid solution 918: 915: 912: 908: 907: 904: 900: 899: 896: 893: 886: 883: 830: 827: 819:microorganisms 789:Main article: 786: 783: 699:contrabassoons 563: 562: 498:. Please help 484: 482: 475: 469: 466: 406: 403: 369: 366: 348:of green-blue 342:copper sulfide 311:tear-resistant 298: 294: 251:of rolled and 249:Microstructure 241: 238: 199:hose couplings 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6346: 6345: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6323:Copper alloys 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6272:Body piercing 6270: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6161:Tortoiseshell 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5517:Bench jeweler 5515: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5325: 5323: 5318: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5234: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5197: 5195: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5162: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5126: 5124: 5114: 5105: 5096: 5094: 5084: 5075: 5066: 5057: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5011: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4977: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4944: 4935: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4867: 4860: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4811: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4774: 4772: 4762: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4593: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4517: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4420: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4288: 4280: 4279: 4270: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4243: 4234: 4227: 4221: 4219: 4209: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4185:1-904982-19-0 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4128:9781408114032 4124: 4120: 4119: 4112: 4105: 4094: 4093:Las Vegas Sun 4090: 4083: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4050: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4002: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3943:. April 2007. 3942: 3938: 3932: 3924: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3887: 3881: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3821: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3733:9780892366385 3729: 3725: 3724: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3634:(4): 977–86. 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3461: 3452: 3450: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3337:. 17 May 2013 3336: 3332: 3326: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3240: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3200:. 24 May 2016 3199: 3195: 3189: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3084: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3067: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3015: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2944: 2937: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2881: 2879: 2878:Benin Bronzes 2872: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2799:Brass rubbing 2797: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2677:flues at the 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602:Benin Bronzes 2599: 2596:and then the 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2570: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441:Islamic world 2434: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2286: 2284: 2283:copper alloys 2279: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062:Ancient Greek 2059: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2033:are known in 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011:western India 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1776:minimum 0.07% 1775: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1622:one euro coin 1619: 1615: 1611: 1609:4–5.5% nickel 1608: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1521:golden dollar 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1365:Gilding metal 1363: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1164:; frequently 1163: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1097:Tin inhibits 1096: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1032: 1024: 1011: 1010:nickel silver 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 997: 985: 981: 978: 975: 973:Gamma brasses 972: 971: 967: 964: 961: 958: 957: 953: 949: 945: 942: 939: 936: 935: 930: 926: 923: 919: 916: 913: 911:Alpha brasses 910: 909: 905: 902: 901: 890: 882: 880: 875: 871: 867: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 840: 835: 826: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 802: 798: 792: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 718: 712: 709: 708:sarrusophones 705: 700: 696: 692: 688: 687:subcontrabass 684: 680: 676: 672: 669: 665: 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 629:baritone horn 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 569: 559: 548: 545: 541: 538: 534: 531: 527: 524: 520: 517: – 516: 512: 511:Find sources: 505: 501: 497: 491: 490: 489:single source 485:This section 483: 479: 474: 473: 465: 463: 459: 454: 451: 449: 444: 441: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 411: 402: 400: 395: 392: 386: 383: 379: 378:melting point 375: 365: 362: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 318: 314: 312: 308: 304: 292: 287: 285: 284:cutting fluid 281: 277: 276:ferromagnetic 272: 270: 266: 262: 261:melting point 254: 250: 246: 237: 235: 230: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 68: 64: 60: 55: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 26: 22: 6297:Wearable art 6292:Phaleristics 6287:Metalworking 6192:Gutta-percha 5968:Lapis lazuli 5808: 5754:Colored gold 5635:Stonesetting 5292: 5287:(2): 95–111. 5284: 5280: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5251: 5233: 5224: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5113: 5104: 5083: 5074: 5065: 5056: 5047: 5038: 5029: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4975: 4970: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4925: 4910: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4879: 4874: 4865: 4859: 4850: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4815: 4810: 4801: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4761: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4716:. Retrieved 4709:the original 4688: 4684: 4652: 4648: 4635: 4618: 4615:Archaeometry 4614: 4601: 4592: 4584: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4515: 4510: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4466: 4456: 4444:. Retrieved 4440:the original 4435: 4426: 4418: 4413: 4399:: 1–16 (8). 4396: 4392: 4386: 4377: 4369:the original 4364: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4315:the original 4310: 4306: 4296: 4287: 4276: 4269: 4249: 4242: 4233: 4225: 4208: 4200: 4191: 4176: 4160: 4141: 4134:disintegrate 4132: 4117: 4111: 4103: 4096:. Retrieved 4092: 4082: 4058:Metalcasting 4057: 4049: 4037:. Retrieved 4033:the original 4001: 3989:. Retrieved 3975: 3963:. Retrieved 3959:the original 3949: 3940: 3931: 3894: 3880: 3868:. Retrieved 3859: 3835:. Retrieved 3829: 3820: 3800: 3793: 3782: 3777: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3722: 3715: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3610: 3595: 3583:. Retrieved 3579:the original 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3493:the original 3472: 3468: 3459: 3439: 3390:. Retrieved 3386: 3377: 3365:. 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Retrieved 2896: 2887: 2874: 2865: 2851: 2845: 2836:, New York, 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2756: 2753:distillation 2746: 2742:surface area 2706: 2697: 2683: 2651: 2631: 2598:Benin Empire 2579: 2503: 2494: 2444: 2438: 2433:Lower Saxony 2373: 2363: 2339:Scandinavian 2319:copper alloy 2311:Roman Empire 2308: 2297: 2274: 2234:Roman period 2226: 2211: 2205: 2187: 2153:, quoted by 2128: 2086: 2078: 2068: 2052: 2039: 2003:Turkmenistan 1976: 1968: 1921: 1890:Yellow brass 1867:Tonval brass 1809: 1763: 1727: 1595:Nickel brass 1449:Leaded brass 1294: 1293:Also called 1278:Common brass 1271:cold working 1222:M1911 pistol 1142:2% aluminium 1106:Aich's alloy 1099:loss of zinc 1027:Brass alloys 1018: 1005:> 50 1002:< 50 959:Beta brasses 947: 946:Also called 917:< 35 914:> 65 844: 823: 807:bactericidal 804: 756: 752:jingle bells 721: 713: 653: 577:malleability 574: 556:January 2021 553: 543: 536: 529: 522: 510: 486: 455: 452: 445: 442: 439: 416: 396: 387: 371: 368:Lead content 354: 323: 288: 273: 258: 231: 164: 140:drawer pulls 137: 133:copper alloy 94: 73: 72: 36: 6333:Zinc alloys 6234:Art jewelry 6058:Tiger's eye 5963:Labradorite 5913:Chrysocolla 5908:Chrysoberyl 5824:Mokume-gane 5801:Base metals 5573:centrifugal 5542:Silversmith 5417:Ferronnière 5367:Belt buckle 5362:Belly chain 4882:1 pp. 83–98 4765:Bayley 1990 4565:Oddy, W. A. 2724:in the new 2709:solid-state 2679:Rammelsberg 2654:Biringuccio 2634:Renaissance 2582:African art 2558:evaporation 2487:al-iglimiya 2464:sublimation 2418:Aquamaniles 2414:Tibetan art 2366:Middle Ages 2347:Northumbria 2218:Roman world 2167:Dioscorides 2147:Middle East 2105:Roman world 2087:aurichalcum 2070:aurichalcum 2025:, Iraq and 1952:cementation 1814:ounce metal 1740:ounce metal 1645:5% aluminum 1630:Nordic gold 1529:Muntz metal 1458:> 0 1428:Has a high 1321:Delta metal 1295:rivet brass 1034:Alloy name 999:White brass 775:snare drums 767:organ pipes 717:mouthpieces 673:similar to 668:cupronickel 641:French horn 324:Brass will 6312:Categories 6068:Tourmaline 6013:Prasiolite 5888:Aventurine 5759:Crown gold 5661:Draw plate 5610:Metal clay 5547:Watchmaker 5537:Lapidarist 5522:Clockmaker 5397:Collar pin 5392:Chatelaine 4919:0728703866 4795:: 228–234. 4741:(1): 34–5. 4488:: 339–46. 3991:18 October 3965:4 December 3870:18 October 3837:18 October 3419:, May 2008 3387:Copper.org 3367:28 January 3285:Copper.org 3049:19 January 2738:granulated 2732:. In 1723 2643:absorption 2550:Westphalia 2514:Theophilus 2491:al-Kashani 2483:al-Hamdani 2460:Marco Polo 2429:aquamanile 2386:Romanesque 2380:in modern 2374:dinanderie 2341:graves in 2179:zinc oxide 2151:Theopompus 2099:orichalcum 2079:orichalkos 2015:Uzbekistan 1960:speltering 1924:prehistory 1859:4% silicon 1694:89% or 93% 1658:Orichalcum 1650:euro coins 1413:High brass 1356:0.35% iron 1120:1.74% iron 866:ammunition 859:cartridges 811:biofouling 795:See also: 704:saxophones 683:contrabass 637:tenor horn 625:flugelhorn 593:resonators 526:newspapers 431:soft water 240:Properties 187:ammunition 156:electrical 117:phosphorus 107:including 69:, c. 1500. 6214:Toadstone 6151:Operculum 6078:Variscite 6073:Turquoise 6053:Tanzanite 5988:Moonstone 5983:Marcasite 5978:Malachite 5903:Carnelian 5878:Amazonite 5865:gemstones 5839:Pinchbeck 5784:Argentium 5774:Shibuichi 5715:Palladium 5694:Materials 5630:Soldering 5620:Polishing 5595:Engraving 5590:Enameling 5556:Processes 5527:Goldsmith 5462:Tie chain 5437:Neck ring 5427:Lapel pin 5336:Jewellery 4502:163717910 4446:9 January 4253:. BRILL. 4039:26 August 3585:23 August 3362:ThoughtCo 3265:6 January 2930:9 January 2810:Citations 2794:Brass bed 2782:corrosion 2618:Benin art 2530:evaporate 2468:condensed 2335:gunmetals 2331:Byzantine 2278:recycling 2264:or metal 2230:crucibles 2213:sestertii 2123:Baltimore 2058:cuneiform 2047:artefacts 1979:West Asia 1946:. By the 1697:11% or 7% 1690:Pinchbeck 1618:two pound 1614:one pound 1511:manganese 1472:Low brass 1302:DZR brass 1172:fireboxes 1166:aluminium 879:annealing 861:used for 815:pathogens 759:harmonica 748:handbells 746:). 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