1236:
20:
111:(hence the name Galatia for the region). Deiotarus levied an army and trained it with Roman help; the army, in 48 BC, was composed of 12,000 infantrymen and 2,000 horsemen. Cicero writes that the army was divided into thirty cohortes, which were roughly equivalent to three Roman legions of the time. This army supported the Romans in their wars against king
432:
gained support from a number of scholars interpreting the aqueduct reparation inscription made c.133-134 as mentioning Legio XXII Deiotariana. If indeed connected with the legion, the inscription sets the last known location to Judean province during the Bar Kokhba revolt and making the war the most
162:. A papyrus recovered from Egypt, dated 8 BC, mentions two soldiers of the legion. Between these two dates, the Galatian army was incorporated as a legion into the Roman army. M.H.D. Parker argues that the date of its incorporation could be narrowed further as between 16 BC and 8 BC; since
248:
After these actions, the Nubian front remained calm for a long time, so the legions could be employed otherwise. The legionaries were used not only as soldiers, but also as workers, as some of them were sent to the granite mines of
1270:
428:. According to Peter Schafer's 2003 book "The disappearance of the Legio XXII Deiotariana in connection with the Bar Kokhba Revolt is uncertain and not generally accepted as fact." Evidence from
1285:
1265:
433:
plausible explanation to the legion's disappearance. According to Isaac and Roll , the fact the inscription was apparently deliberately erased was an intentional
1280:
192:. These two legions had the role of garrisoning the Egyptian province from threats both within and without, given the multi-ethnic nature of Alexandria.
174:
219:). The campaign came quickly to a halt (25 BC) because of the heavy losses in the troops (Romans, Hebrews and Nabateans), due to hunger and epidemics.
437:
because of Legio XXII's defeat. However, according to Negev , the inscription may be attributed to either Legio
Ferrata or Legio Deiotariana.
781:
413:
was not included. Whether the legion was disbanded on administrative grounds or was destroyed during conflict remains uncertain.
870:
253:. Other legionaries were sent in the deepest south of the Egyptian province and scratched their names on the stones of the
1275:
270:
823:
802:
744:
709:
686:
663:
638:
613:
588:
563:
534:
509:
484:
1260:
777:
719:
725:
930:
123:
965:
863:
387:", Flavius Vespasianus senior returned to Italy to conquer the imperial throne after Nero's death and
920:
900:
384:
1205:
970:
112:
1225:
1000:
520:
495:
376:
356:
293:
1255:
1175:
391:'s rebellion. The Twenty-second sided with Flavius Vespasianus, who eventually became emperor.
375:
of 1,000 legionaries of the XXII, and 15,000 soldiers from the
Eastern allies, and started the
334:
330:
301:
127:
1220:
1040:
1015:
856:
739:
116:
1165:
549:
282:
134:, the surviving soldiers of Deiotarus’s army formed a single legion, which marched besides
816:
The Bar Kokhba War
Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome
8:
1170:
1150:
1050:
1010:
910:
281:, allied to the Romans. After gaining Armenia in 60 and losing it in 62, the Romans sent
186:
182:
131:
47:
1200:
1115:
1075:
1035:
955:
316:
201:
155:
1180:
1155:
1130:
1125:
1105:
1090:
1060:
1030:
1020:
1005:
995:
980:
950:
935:
905:
895:
819:
798:
434:
429:
421:
323:
309:
254:
139:
51:
1160:
1145:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1045:
1025:
990:
975:
960:
945:
940:
890:
470:
425:
245:, which was sacked in 22 BC. It is highly probable that XXII fought in these wars.
1210:
1065:
1055:
985:
925:
409:
is from the year 119. In 145, when a list of all existing legions was made, XXII
274:
250:
234:
167:
163:
1135:
143:
96:
1249:
1070:
915:
196:
135:
879:
545:
211:
159:
158:
in 25 BC, Deiotarus' successor, the
Galatian kingdom was absorbed into the
84:
43:
237:, obtained reinforcements, and after blocking the Nubians, marched up the
1190:
700:
677:
654:
629:
604:
579:
554:
525:
500:
475:
230:
1185:
372:
226:
178:
104:
28:
1195:
649:
624:
599:
574:
352:
348:
222:
The losses were not recovered, so in 23 BC the
Nubians, led by queen
59:
1140:
289:
55:
32:
19:
278:
223:
88:
63:
24:
848:
1271:
Military units and formations established in the 1st century BC
395:
341:
242:
100:
92:
351:. After the ignominious defeat of the legatus of Syria in 66,
402:, even if this was its unofficial name since Claudian times.
388:
380:
229:, took the initiative and attacked the Romans moving towards
216:
206:
266:
238:
80:
50:, founded ca. 48 BC and disbanded or destroyed during the
344:
103:
in 63 BC, who named him king of all the Celtic tribes of
840:
The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE
1286:
Military units and factions of the Bar Kokhba revolt
1266:
1st-century BC establishments in the Roman
Republic
383:(better known as Titus) in 70. In fact in 69, the "
27:, showing the Legio XXII Deiotariana, stationed at
205:(praefectus of Egypt), led a campaign against the
795:Legions and veterans: Roman army papers 1971–2000
333:to a compromise peace in 63, whereby his brother
23:Map of the Roman empire in AD 125, under emperor
1247:
337:would become king of Armenia as a Roman client.
79:The legion was levied by Deiotarus, king of the
864:
718:All members are found in inscriptions from
379:in 69, which would be completed by his son
1281:130s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
871:
857:
115:, and contributed to Roman victory in the
42:("Deiotarus' Twenty-Second Legion") was a
18:
170:, the legion received the number XXII.
138:during his victorious campaign against
74:
1248:
852:
834:
832:
398:, the legion was officially known as
149:
440:
420:suffered serious losses during the
416:It is generally proposed that XXII
277:, which had invaded the kingdom of
107:, which were collectively known as
13:
829:
173:The Twenty-second was assigned to
95:. Deiotarus became an ally of the
14:
1297:
878:
69:
35:province, from 8 BC to ca. 123 AD
1234:
405:The last certain record of XXII
260:
745:History of the Romans in Arabia
304:. Corbulo, with the legions XV
233:. The new praefectus of Egypt,
808:
787:
770:
757:
1:
347:killed the Roman garrison in
142:, and fought with him in the
750:
571:Tiberius Claudius Telesinus
7:
931:Legio I Macriana liberatrix
733:
671:Marcus Pontius Saburianus
10:
1302:
966:Legio II Flavia Constantia
596:Gaius Ramnius Cypronianus
273:(55–63) against the
1232:
921:Legio I Isaura Sagittaria
901:Legio I Flavia Constantia
886:
385:year of the four emperors
359:in 67 with the legions V
241:to the Nubian capital of
66:. Its emblem is unknown.
1206:Legio XX Valeria Victrix
971:Legio II Flavia Virtutis
542:Lucius Decrius Longinus
517:Lucius Baebius Iuncinus
113:Mithridates VI of Pontus
31:(Alexandria, Egypt), in
1226:Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix
1001:Legio II Traiana Fortis
793:L. J. F. Keppie (2000)
521:Tribunus angusticlavius
496:Tribunus angusticlavius
1276:First Jewish–Roman War
1216:Legio XXII Deiotariana
1176:Legio XVI Flavia Firma
797:Franz Steiner Verlag,
694:Titus Gavidius Primus
381:T. Flavius Vespasianus
353:T. Flavius Vespasianus
331:Vologases I of Parthia
269:, the Romans fought a
128:Pharnaces II of Pontus
54:of 132–136. Its
40:Legio XXII Deiotariana
36:
1261:40s BC establishments
1221:Legio XXII Primigenia
1041:Legio IV Flavia Felix
1016:Legio III Diocletiana
814:Peter Schäfer (2003)
740:List of Roman legions
492:Julius Mithridaticus
117:Third Mithridatic War
22:
1166:Legio XV Apollinaris
550:Praefectus castrorum
294:Cn. Domitius Corbulo
209:and another to find
75:Origin of the legion
1171:Legio XV Primigenia
1151:Legio XII Fulminata
1051:Legio IV Macedonica
1011:Legio III Cyrenaica
911:Legio I Illyricorum
446:
62:, a Celtic king of
48:Imperial Roman army
1201:Legio XX Siciliana
1116:Legio VIII Augusta
1076:Legio V Macedonica
1036:Legio III Parthica
956:Legio II Armeniaca
842:. p. 200-201.
646:Valerius Fadianus
621:Caesellius Fuscus
445:
377:siege of Jerusalem
202:praefectus Aegypti
150:Early history (BC)
37:
1243:
1242:
1181:Legio XVI Gallica
1156:Legio XIII Gemina
1131:Legio X Fretensis
1126:Legio X Equestris
1106:Legio VII Claudia
1091:Legio VI Herculia
1061:Legio IV Scythica
1031:Legio III Italica
1021:Legio III Gallica
1006:Legio III Augusta
996:Legio II Parthica
981:Legio II Herculia
951:Legio II Adiutrix
936:Legio I Maximiana
906:Legio I Germanica
896:Legio I Armeniaca
767:(1957), pp. 88-90
765:The Roman Legions
716:
715:
435:damnatio memoriae
430:Caesarea Maritima
329:and XXII, forced
255:Colossi of Memnon
52:Bar Kokhba revolt
1293:
1238:
1237:
1161:Legio XIV Gemina
1146:Legio XI Claudia
1121:Legio IX Hispana
1111:Legio VII Gemina
1101:Legio VI Victrix
1096:Legio VI Hispana
1086:Legio VI Ferrata
1081:Legio V Parthica
1046:Legio IV Italica
1026:Legio III Isaura
991:Legio II Italica
976:Legio II Gallica
961:Legio II Augusta
946:Legio I Parthica
941:Legio I Minervia
891:Legio I Adiutrix
873:
866:
859:
850:
849:
843:
836:
827:
812:
806:
805:pp. 228–229
791:
785:
774:
768:
761:
471:Legatus legionis
447:
444:
441:Attested members
426:Simon bar Kokhba
422:Jewish rebellion
185:) together with
154:On the death of
1301:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1211:Legio XXI Rapax
1066:Legio V Alaudae
1056:Legio IV Martia
986:Legio II Isaura
926:Legio I Italica
882:
877:
847:
846:
838:Mor, M. (2016)
837:
830:
813:
809:
792:
788:
784:= ILS 2288
775:
771:
762:
758:
753:
736:
609:30 BC - AD 200
443:
275:Parthian Empire
263:
251:Mons Claudianus
235:Gaius Petronius
207:Nubian kingdoms
164:Caesar Augustus
152:
87:, who lived in
77:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:Legio X Gemina
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
884:
883:
876:
875:
868:
861:
853:
845:
844:
828:
807:
786:
769:
755:
754:
752:
749:
748:
747:
742:
735:
732:
714:
713:
706:
703:
698:
695:
691:
690:
683:
680:
675:
672:
668:
667:
660:
657:
652:
647:
643:
642:
635:
632:
627:
622:
618:
617:
614:AE 1989, 00758
610:
607:
602:
597:
593:
592:
585:
582:
577:
572:
568:
567:
564:AE 1913, 00215
560:
557:
552:
543:
539:
538:
531:
528:
523:
518:
514:
513:
506:
503:
498:
493:
489:
488:
481:
478:
473:
468:
464:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
442:
439:
262:
259:
151:
148:
144:Battle of Zela
97:Roman Republic
76:
73:
71:
70:Legion history
68:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1298:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Roman legions
1254:
1253:
1251:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:Legio V Iovia
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:Legio I Iovia
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
885:
881:
880:Roman legions
874:
869:
867:
862:
860:
855:
854:
851:
841:
835:
833:
825:
824:3-16-148076-7
821:
818:Mohr Siebeck
817:
811:
804:
803:3-515-07744-8
800:
796:
790:
783:
780:
779:
773:
766:
760:
756:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
731:
729:
728:
723:
722:
712:
711:
710:CIL 03, 06602
707:
704:
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
687:CIL 03, 06598
684:
681:
679:
676:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
664:CIL 03, 06602
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
639:CIL 03, 06598
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
589:CIL 06, 03583
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
547:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
535:CIL 10, 06976
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
510:CIL 03, 00060
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
485:CIL 14, 02962
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
466:
465:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
448:
438:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
327:
321:
320:
314:
313:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
280:
276:
272:
268:
261:Later history
258:
256:
252:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
220:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
197:Aelius Gallus
193:
191:
190:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
147:
145:
141:
137:
136:Julius Caesar
133:
129:
126:against king
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:tribe of the
82:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
34:
30:
26:
21:
1215:
839:
815:
810:
794:
789:
776:
772:
764:
759:
726:
720:
717:
708:
685:
662:
637:
612:
587:
562:
546:Primus pilus
533:
508:
483:
417:
415:
410:
406:
404:
399:
393:
368:
364:
360:
339:
325:
318:
311:
305:
297:
284:
264:
247:
221:
212:Arabia Felix
210:
200:
194:
188:
172:
166:had already
160:Roman Empire
153:
124:heavy defeat
121:
108:
85:Tolistobogii
78:
39:
38:
16:Roman legion
1191:Legio XVIII
826:p. 118
559:AD 101-140
418:Deiotariana
411:Deiotariana
407:Deiotariana
400:Deiotariana
369:Apollinaris
355:entered in
306:Apollinaris
285:Apollinaris
231:Elephantine
99:'s general
58:comes from
1250:Categories
1186:Legio XVII
584:AD 51-100
373:vexillatio
361:Macedonica
319:Macedonica
227:Amanirenas
195:In 26 BC,
179:Alexandria
168:21 legions
105:Asia minor
29:Alexandria
1196:Legio XIX
751:Footnotes
650:Centurion
625:Centurion
600:Centurion
575:Centurion
530:AD 69-79
480:47-25 BC
456:Province
365:Fretensis
349:Jerusalem
335:Tiridates
326:Fretensis
189:Cyrenaica
175:Nicopolis
146:(47 BC).
132:Nicopolis
109:Galatians
91:, modern
60:Deiotarus
1141:Legio XI
782:VI, 3492
763:Parker,
734:See also
701:Aegyptus
678:Aegyptus
655:Aegyptus
630:Aegyptus
605:Aegyptus
580:Aegyptus
555:Aegyptus
526:Aegyptus
501:Aegyptus
476:Aegyptus
290:Pannonia
271:campaign
183:Aegyptus
122:After a
56:cognomen
33:Aegyptus
462:Source
459:Dating
340:In 66,
312:Gallica
298:legatus
279:Armenia
224:Candace
156:Amyntas
89:Galatia
64:Galatia
46:of the
25:Hadrian
822:
801:
697:Pedes
674:Pedes
467:Rufus
396:Trajan
394:Under
371:, one
357:Iudaea
342:Zealot
265:Under
243:Napata
177:(next
140:Pontus
101:Pompey
93:Turkey
81:Celtic
44:legion
453:Rank
450:Name
389:Galba
367:, XV
302:Syria
288:from
217:Yemen
181:, in
130:near
820:ISBN
799:ISBN
724:and
548:and
363:, X
345:Jews
310:III
267:Nero
239:Nile
187:III
778:CIL
721:CIL
424:of
300:of
292:to
283:XV
1252::
831:^
730:.
727:AE
705:?
682:?
659:?
634:?
505:?
324:X
322:,
317:V
315:,
308:,
296:,
257:.
199:,
119:.
872:e
865:t
858:v
215:(
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