721:, for example, openly condemned the superficial intellectualism of Western civilization. In associating "reason" with the shortcomings of "civilization" and "the West", Lebensphilosophie spurred many German thinkers to reject intellection in favour of the irrational forces of blood and life. In the words of Herbert Schnädelbach, at this point "philosophy of life tendentiously abolished the traditional difference between nature and culture and thus facilitated the success of the general biologism in the theory of culture, which culminated in National Socialist racism."
22:
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218:, the 'teaching of life' or 'science of life'—a name that seemed to support the broader philosophical outlook long held by most biologists of the time. In his book Lebovic traces the transformation of the post-Nietzschean
178:
and the theoretical focus prominent in much of post-Kantian philosophy. While often rejected by academic philosophers, it had strong repercussions in the arts.
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with the tight relation between a "corpus of life-concepts" and what the German education system came to see, during the 1920s, as the proper
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1940:
713:("philosophy of life"), began to take on aspects of a political ideology in the years immediately preceding World War I. The work of
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can be identified with a critical stress on norms and conventions. The
Israeli-American historian Nitzan Lebovic identified
609:
Lebovic, Nitzan (2006). "The Beauty and Terror of
Lebensphilosophie: Ludwig Klages, Walter Benjamin, and Alfred Baeumler".
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Klages was the principal representative in psychology of the vitalist movement that swept
Germany from 1895 to 1915.
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as a whole, which can only be understood from within. The movement can be regarded as a rejection of
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can only be apprehended by life itself, and from within itself. Drawing on the critiques of
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Universal
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The
Philosophy of Life and Death: Ludwig Klages and the Rise of a Nazi Biopolitics
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German philosophical movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
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in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which had developed out of
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Gaiger, Jason (1998). "Lebensphilosophie". In Craig, Edward (ed.).
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movement bore indirect relation to the subjectivist philosophy of
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Klages was a leader in the German vitalist movement (1895–1915),
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abstract philosophy or scientific reductionism of positivism.
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emerged in 19th-century
Germany as a reaction to the rise of
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William James and other essays on the philosophy of life
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A Parting of the Ways: Carnap, Cassirer, and
Heidegger
136:in this sense is instead understood as part of a
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617:(1). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 23–39.
709:In Germany the corresponding school , known as
86:Its central theme was that an understanding of
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775:Philosophy of Life in Contemporary Society
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235:This philosophy pays special attention to
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588:(152). Oxford University Press: 513–520.
401:, an antecedent intellectual movement to
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440:, notable for her distinction between
419:People indirectly associated with the
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83:as the foremost focus of philosophy.
56:
2909:Philosophical schools and traditions
510:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
667:Life as an Aesthetic Idea of Music.
224:from the radical aesthetics of the
13:
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580:by Ludwig Klages; W. H. Johnson".
576:Sprott, W. J. H. (1929). "Review:
81:meaning, value and purpose of life
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455:, notable for his conception of
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1:
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793:Journal of Philosophy of Life
768:Reconsidering Meaning in Life
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431:, notable for his studies of
144:and life-denying principles.
128:, though its relationship to
58:[ˈleːbm̩s.filozoˌfiː]
2349:Ordinary language philosophy
840:
594:10.1093/mind/XXXVIII.152.513
543:"Klages, Ludwig (1872–1956)"
152:Inspired by the critique of
7:
2399:Contemporary utilitarianism
2314:Internalism and externalism
736:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
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202:Twentieth-century forms of
195:, which lent importance to
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875:Philosophy of information
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247:List of notable theorists
232:" rhetoric and politics.
108:existential phenomenology
67:German-speaking countries
25:Clockwise from top left:
692:"Continental philosophy"
578:The Science of Character
457:ancient Greek philosophy
126:German vitalist movement
104:Husserlian phenomenology
2354:Postanalytic philosophy
2295:Experimental philosophy
697:Encyclopædia Britannica
532:Encyclopædia Britannica
197:immediacy of experience
2487:Social constructionism
1499:Hellenistic philosophy
915:Theoretical philosophy
890:Philosophy of religion
880:Philosophy of language
758:Existential philosophy
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2870:Philosophy portal
2389:Scientific skepticism
2369:Reformed epistemology
895:Philosophy of science
623:10.1353/scr.2006.0009
24:
2290:Critical rationalism
1997:Edo neo-Confucianism
1841:Acintya bheda abheda
1820:Renaissance humanism
1531:School of the Sextii
905:Practical philosophy
900:Political philosophy
611:South Central Review
433:immediate experience
279:José Ortega y Gasset
140:distinction between
1861:Nimbarka Sampradaya
1772:Korean Confucianism
1519:Academic Skepticism
656:, Open Court, 2013.
228:Circle to Nazi or "
166:Friedrich Nietzsche
158:Arthur Schopenhauer
130:biological vitalism
2482:Post-structuralism
2384:Scientific realism
2339:Quinean naturalism
2319:Logical positivism
2275:Analytical Marxism
1494:Peripatetic school
1406:Chinese naturalism
933:Aesthetic response
860:Applied philosophy
471:, notable for his
448:vita contemplativa
399:German Romanticism
338:Ferdinand Fellmann
333:Existential crisis
289:Ferdinand Fellmann
71:German Romanticism
63:philosophy of life
43:
2914:German philosophy
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2166:Transcendentalism
2126:Neo-scholasticism
1972:Classical Realism
1949:
1948:
1721:
1720:
1536:Neopythagoreanism
1293:
1292:
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910:Social philosophy
787:Academic journals
711:Lebensphilosophie
675:978-3-7024-7621-2
534:. 19 March 2024.
421:Lebensphilosophie
404:Lebensphilosophie
393:Lebensphilosophie
368:Søren Kierkegaard
294:Florian Znaniecki
264:Jakob von Uexküll
221:Lebensphilosophie
211:Lebensphilosophie
205:Lebensphilosophie
184:Lebensphilosophie
171:Lebensphilosophie
162:Søren Kierkegaard
132:is questionable.
113:Lebensphilosophie
106:and Heideggerian
76:Lebensphilosophie
48:Lebensphilosophie
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2300:Falsificationism
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2280:Communitarianism
2253:
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1960:
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1526:Middle Platonism
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943:Institutionalism
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2462:New Historicism
2427:Critical theory
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2409:Wittgensteinian
2305:Foundationalism
2238:
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2156:Social contract
2012:Foundationalism
1945:
1927:
1911:Illuminationism
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1871:Vishishtadvaita
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1479:Eretrian school
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469:Giorgio Agamben
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388:German Idealism
373:Meaning of life
358:Human situation
348:German Idealism
318:Wilhelm Dilthey
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254:Wilhelm Dilthey
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2523:Postcritique
2513:Kyoto School
2472:Posthumanism
2452:Hermeneutics
2307: /
2248:Contemporary
2224:Newtonianism
2187:Cartesianism
2146:Reductionism
1982:Conservatism
1977:Collectivism
1915:
1643:Sarvāstivadā
1621:Anekantavada
1546:Neoplatonism
1514:Epicureanism
1447:Pythagoreans
1386:Confucianism
1352:Contemporary
1342:Early modern
1246:Anti-realism
1200:Universalism
1157:Subjectivism
953:Epistemology
773:
766:
762:Paul Tillich
757:
753:Josiah Royce
748:
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715:Hans Driesch
710:
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701:. Retrieved
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550:. Retrieved
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531:
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513:. Routledge.
508:
478:
472:
460:
453:Pierre Hadot
447:
441:
420:
413:Lebensreform
353:Pierre Hadot
269:Hans Driesch
259:Georg Simmel
236:
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230:biopolitical
215:
201:
180:
151:
125:
96:Schopenhauer
92:epistemology
85:
45:
44:
35:Schopenhauer
18:
2518:Objectivism
2457:Neo-Marxism
2419:Continental
2329:Meta-ethics
2309:Coherentism
2214:Hegelianism
2151:Rationalism
2111:Natural law
2091:Materialism
2017:Historicism
1987:Determinism
1878:Navya-Nyāya
1653:Sautrāntika
1648:Pudgalavada
1584:Vaisheshika
1437:Presocratic
1337:Renaissance
1276:Physicalism
1261:Materialism
1167:Normativity
1152:Objectivism
1137:Emergentism
1127:Behaviorism
1076:Metaphysics
1042:Determinism
981:Rationalism
483:distinction
443:vita activa
216:Lebenskunde
154:rationalism
122:materialist
118:mechanistic
94:offered by
61:; meaning '
2898:Categories
2817:Amerindian
2724:Australian
2663:Vietnamese
2643:Indonesian
2192:Kantianism
2141:Positivism
2131:Pragmatism
2106:Naturalism
2086:Liberalism
2064:Subjective
2002:Empiricism
1906:Avicennism
1851:Bhedabheda
1735:East Asian
1658:Madhyamaka
1638:Abhidharma
1504:Pyrrhonism
1271:Nominalism
1266:Naturalism
1195:Skepticism
1185:Relativism
1175:Absolutism
1104:Naturalism
1014:Deontology
986:Skepticism
971:Naturalism
961:Empiricism
925:Aesthetics
829:Philosophy
488:References
363:Hans Jonas
284:Hans Jonas
176:positivism
138:biocentric
2696:Pakistani
2658:Taiwanese
2605:Ethiopian
2578:By region
2564:By region
2379:Scientism
2374:Systemics
2234:Spinozism
2161:Socialism
2096:Modernism
2059:Objective
1967:Anarchism
1901:Averroism
1790:Christian
1742:Neotaoism
1713:Zurvanism
1703:Mithraism
1698:Mazdakism
1469:Cyrenaics
1396:Logicians
1029:Free will
991:Solipsism
938:Formalism
703:April 24,
631:170637814
328:Existence
308:Absurdity
100:Nietzsche
39:Nietzsche
2882:Category
2837:Yugoslav
2827:Romanian
2734:Scottish
2719:American
2648:Japanese
2628:Buddhist
2610:Africana
2600:Egyptian
2442:Feminist
2364:Rawlsian
2359:Quietism
2257:Analytic
2209:Krausism
2116:Nihilism
2081:Kokugaku
2044:Absolute
2039:Idealism
2027:Humanism
1815:Occamism
1782:European
1727:Medieval
1673:Yogacara
1633:Buddhist
1626:Syādvāda
1509:Stoicism
1474:Cynicism
1462:Sophists
1457:Atomists
1452:Eleatics
1391:Legalism
1332:Medieval
1256:Idealism
1210:Ontology
1190:Nihilism
1094:Idealism
852:Branches
841:Branches
423:movement
383:Vitalism
301:See also
189:vitalism
148:Overview
134:Vitality
2832:Russian
2801:Spanish
2796:Slovene
2786:Maltese
2781:Italian
2761:Finland
2729:British
2711:Western
2701:Turkish
2686:Islamic
2681:Iranian
2633:Chinese
2620:Eastern
2587:African
2534:more...
2219:Marxism
2049:British
1992:Dualism
1888:Islamic
1846:Advaita
1836:Vedanta
1810:Scotism
1805:Thomism
1747:Tiantai
1690:Persian
1678:Tibetan
1668:Śūnyatā
1609:Cārvāka
1599:Ājīvika
1594:Mīmāṃsā
1574:Samkhya
1489:Academy
1442:Ionians
1416:Yangism
1373:Chinese
1364:Ancient
1327:Western
1322:Ancient
1281:Realism
1238:Reality
1228:Process
1109:Realism
1089:Dualism
1084:Atomism
966:Fideism
602:2250002
323:Essence
241:Kantian
54:German:
31:Dilthey
27:Bergson
2791:Polish
2771:German
2766:French
2751:Danish
2741:Canada
2691:Jewish
2653:Korean
2638:Indian
2180:People
2101:Monism
2054:German
2022:Holism
1955:Modern
1933:Jewish
1856:Dvaita
1829:Indian
1752:Huayan
1604:Ajñana
1561:Indian
1426:Greco-
1411:Taoism
1401:Mohism
1347:Modern
1314:By era
1303:By era
1218:Action
1099:Monism
1019:Virtue
1001:Ethics
673:
629:
600:
164:, and
2822:Aztec
2776:Greek
2756:Dutch
2746:Czech
2595:Bantu
2032:Anti-
1579:Nyaya
1569:Hindu
1429:Roman
1223:Event
865:Logic
627:S2CID
598:JSTOR
459:as a
1923:Sufi
1757:Chan
1616:Jain
1589:Yoga
1119:Mind
1059:Hard
1047:Hard
717:and
705:2011
671:ISBN
582:Mind
554:2020
480:bios
462:bios
446:and
237:life
181:The
120:and
98:and
88:life
37:and
2197:Neo
1762:Zen
619:doi
590:doi
474:zoe
2900::
760:,
751:,
707:.
694:.
690:.
652:,
642:^
625:.
615:23
613:.
596:.
586:38
545:.
530:.
495:^
199:.
168:,
160:,
110:.
73:.
33:,
29:,
821:e
814:t
807:v
677:.
633:.
621::
604:.
592::
477:–
52:(
41:.
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