Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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and may delegate its authorities as it deems appropriate to such officers, employees, or other representatives of LLNS/LLNL. The executive committee may also retain auditors, attorneys, or other professionals as necessary. For the most part the executive committee has appointed senior managers at LLNL as the primary officers of LLNS. As a practical matter most operational decisions are delegated to the president of LLNS, who is also the laboratory director. The positions of president laboratory director and deputy laboratory director are filled by joint action of the chair and vice chair of the executive committee, with the University of California nominating the president and laboratory director and Bechtel nominating the deputy laboratory director.

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Soviet Union in 1991 and the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. LLNL staff have been heavily involved in the cooperative nonproliferation programs with Russia to secure at-risk weapons materials and assist former weapons workers in developing peaceful applications and self-sustaining job opportunities for their expertise and technologies. In the mid-1990s, Lab scientists began efforts to devise improved biodetection capabilities, leading to miniaturized and autonomous instruments that can detect biothreat agents in a few minutes instead of the days to weeks previously required for DNA analysis.

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material at five sites by 2012, with significantly reduced square footage at those sites by 2017. The federally mandated project intends to improve security and reduce security costs, and is part of NNSA's overall effort to transform the Cold War era "nuclear weapons" enterprise into a 21st-century "nuclear security" enterprise. The original date to remove all high-security nuclear material from LLNL, based on equipment capability and capacity, was 2014. NNSA and LLNL developed a timeline to remove this material as early as possible, accelerating the target completion date to 2012.

4614: 218: 3472: 1672:(B&W) or the Washington Division of URS Corporation (URS), who is nominated jointly by B&W and URS each year, and who must be approved and appointed by Bechtel. The executive committee has a seventh governor who is appointed by Battelle; they are non-voting and advisory to the executive committee. The remaining board positions are known as independent governors (also referred to as outside governors), and are selected from among individuals, preferably of national stature, and can not be employees or officers of the partner companies. 430:(the magnetic-fusion program), Project Whitney (the weapons-design program), diagnostic weapon experiments (both for the Los Alamos and Livermore laboratories), and a basic physics program. York and the new lab embraced the Lawrence "big science" approach, tackling challenging projects with physicists, chemists, engineers, and computational scientists working together in multidisciplinary teams. Lawrence died in August 1958 and shortly after, the university's board of regents named both laboratories for him, as the 1725: 499: 1293:

computers set the precedent for LLNL's history of acquiring and exploiting the fastest and most capable supercomputers in the world. A succession of increasingly powerful and fast computers have been used at the Lab over the years in support of the stockpile stewardship mission. LLNL researchers also use supercomputers to answer questions about subjects such as materials science simulations, climate change, reactions to natural disasters, and other physical phenomena.

1668:(LLNS) board of governors, a group of key scientific, academic, national security and business leaders from the LLNS partner companies that jointly own and control LLNS. The LLNS board of governors has a total of 16 positions, with six of these governors constituting an executive committee. All decisions of the board are made by the governors on the executive committee. The other governors are advisory to the executive committee and do not have voting rights. 1337:/California campus and LLNL to create an open, unclassified research and development space called the Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC). The motivation for the LVOC stems from current and future national security challenges that require increased coupling to the private sector to understand threats and deploy solutions in areas such as high performance computing, energy and environmental security, cyber security, economic security, and non-proliferation. 511: 855: 488: 49: 661:. Alloys of plutonium are even more complex; multiple phases can be present in a sample at any given time. Experiments are being conducted at LLNL and elsewhere to measure the structural, electrical and chemical properties of plutonium and its alloys and to determine how these materials change over time. Such measurements will enable scientists to better model and predict plutonium's long-term behavior in the aging stockpile. 225: 1341:

partnerships with U.S. government agencies, industry and academia. Ultimately, the LVOC will consist of an approximately 110-acre parcel along the eastern edge of the Livermore Laboratory and Sandia sites, and will house additional conference space, collaboration facilities and a visitor's center to support educational and research activities.

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employees only for "reasonable cause." The five plaintiffs also have pending age discrimination claims against LLNS, which will be heard by a different jury in a separate trial. There are 125 co-plaintiffs awaiting trial on similar claims against LLNS. The May 2008 layoff was the first layoff at the laboratory in nearly 40 years.

669:(NNSA) presented its preferred alternative for the transformation of the nation's nuclear weapons complex. Under this plan, LLNL would be a center of excellence for nuclear design and engineering, a center of excellence for high explosive research and development, and a science magnet in high-energy-density (i.e., laser) 1695:, America's largest radio network, who also currently serves on the board of regents of the University of California. The vice chairman is J. Scott Ogilvie, president of Bechtel Systems & Infrastructure, Inc., who also serves on the board of directors of Bechtel Group, Inc. (BGI) and on the BGI Audit Committee. 1238:: This 192-beam, stadium-size laser system is used to compress fusion targets to conditions required for thermonuclear burn. Experiments at NIF study physical processes at conditions that exist only in the interior of stars and in exploding nuclear weapons (see National Ignition Facility and photon science). 1683:

Within the board of governors, authority resides in the executive committee to exercise all rights, powers, and authorities of LLNS, excepting only certain decisions that are reserved to the parent companies. The LLNS executive committee is free to appoint officers or other managers of LLNS and LLNL,

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On March 14, 2011, the City of Livermore officially expanded the city's boundaries to annex LLNL and move it within the city limits. The unanimous vote by the Livermore city council expanded Livermore's southeastern boundaries to cover 15 land parcels covering 1,057 acres (4.28 km) that comprise

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The University of California is entitled to appoint three governors to the executive committee, including the chair. Bechtel is also entitled to appoint three governors to the executive committee, including the vice chair. One of the Bechtel governors must be a representative of Babcock & Wilcox

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The Lab's work in global security aims to reduce and mitigate the dangers posed by the spread or use of weapons of mass destruction and by threats to energy and environmental security. Livermore has been working on global security and homeland security for decades, predating both the collapse of the

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With no new designs of nuclear weapons, the warheads in the U.S. stockpile must continue to function far past their original expected lifetimes. As components and materials age, problems can arise. Stockpile Life Extension Programs can extend system lifetimes, but they also can introduce performance

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LLNS managers and employees who work at LLNL, up to and including the president and laboratory director, are generally referred to as laboratory employees. All laboratory employees report directly or indirectly to the LLNS president. While most of the work performed by LLNL is funded by the federal

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and ion-beam analytical tools used in basic research and technology development, addressing a spectrum of scientific needs important to the Laboratory, the university community, and the nation. CAMS is the world's most versatile and productive accelerator mass spectrometry facility, performing more

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Program (SSP) was defined that emphasized the development and application of greatly improved technical capabilities to assess the safety, security, and reliability of existing nuclear warheads without the use of nuclear testing. Confidence in the performance of weapons, without nuclear testing, is

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Today, Livermore researchers address a spectrum of threats – radiological/nuclear, chemical, biological, explosives, and cyber. They combine physical and life sciences, engineering, computations, and analysis to develop technologies that solve real-world problems. Activities are grouped into five

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uncertainties and require maintenance of outdated technologies and materials. Because there is concern that it will become increasingly difficult to maintain high confidence in the current warheads for the long term, the Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration initiated the

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Historically, the Berkeley and Livermore laboratories have had very close relationships on research projects, business operations, and staff. The Livermore Lab was established initially as a branch of the Berkeley laboratory. The Livermore lab was not officially severed administratively from the

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protesters were arrested in a nonviolent demonstration. More recently, there has been an annual protest against nuclear weapons research at Lawrence Livermore. In August 2003, 1,000 people protested at Livermore Labs against "new-generation nuclear warheads". In the 2007 protest, 64 people were

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The LLNS takeover of the laboratory has been controversial. In May 2013, an Alameda County jury awarded over $ 2.7 million to five former laboratory employees who were among 430 employees LLNS laid off during 2008. The jury found that LLNS breached a contractual obligation to terminate the

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Throughout its history, LLNL has been a leader in computers and scientific computing. Even before the Livermore Lab opened its doors, E.O. Lawrence and Edward Teller recognized the importance of computing and the potential of computational simulation. Their purchase of one of the first UNIVAC

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On September 30, 2009, the NNSA announced that about two thirds of the special nuclear material (e.g., plutonium) at LLNL requiring the highest level of security protection had been removed from LLNL. The move was part of NNSA's efforts initiated in October 2006 to consolidate special nuclear

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The LVOC is modeled after research and development campuses found at major industrial research parks and other U.S. Department of Energy laboratories with campus-like security, a set of business and operating rules devised to enhance and accelerate international scientific collaboration and

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and systems, focusing on creating highly complex physics models, visualization codes, and other unique applications tailored to specific research requirements. LLNL-developed software projects optimize the operation and management of the computer systems, including operating systems such as

641:(RRW) Program. RRW designs could reduce uncertainties, ease maintenance demands, and enhance safety and security. In March 2007, the LLNL design was chosen for the Reliable Replacement Warhead. Since that time, Congress has not allocated funding for any further development of the RRW. 418:

above the UC campus, including one of the first experiments in the magnetic approach to confined thermonuclear reactions (i.e. fusion). About half an hour southeast of Berkeley, the Livermore site provided much greater security for classified projects than an urban university campus.

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The LLNL director is appointed by the board of governors of Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) and reports to the board. The laboratory director also serves as the president of LLNS. Over the course of its history, the following scientists have served as LLNL director:

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The Livermore Action Group organized many mass protests, from 1981 to 1984, against nuclear weapons which were being produced by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Peace activists Ken Nightingale and Eldred Schneider were involved. On June 22, 1982, more than 1,300

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The University of California-appointed chair has tie-breaking authority over most decisions of the executive committee. The board of governors is the ultimate governing body of LLNS and is charged with overseeing the affairs of LLNS in its operations and management of LLNL.

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The LLNL director is supported by a senior executive team consisting of the deputy director, the deputy director for science and technology, principal associate directors, and other senior executives who manage areas/functions directly reporting to the laboratory director.

1232:: NARAC is a national support and resource center for planning, real-time assessment, emergency response, and detailed studies of incidents involving a wide variety of hazards, including nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, and natural atmospheric emissions. 358:. It also operates a 7,000 acres (28 km) remote experimental test site known as Site 300, situated about 15 miles (24 km) southeast of the main lab site. LLNL has an annual budget of about $ 2.7 billion and a staff of nearly 9,000 employees. 1140:

On July 17, 2009 LLNL announced that the Laboratory had received eight R&D 100 Awards – more than it had ever received in the annual competition. The previous LLNL record of seven awards was reached five times – in 1987, 1988, 1997, 1998 and 2006.

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effort through the design of nuclear weapons to meet military requirements and, since the mid-1980s, through the stockpile stewardship program, by which the safety and reliability of the enduring stockpile is ensured without underground nuclear

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Also known as the "Oscars of invention", the awards are given each year for the development of cutting-edge scientific and engineering technologies with commercial potential. The awards raise LLNL's total number of awards since 1978 to 129.

462:(LLNS) assumed management of LLNL from the University of California, which had exclusively managed and operated the Laboratory since its inception 55 years before. The laboratory was honored in 2012 by having the synthetic chemical element 1256:

Livermore Computing Complex: One of the world’s most dominant high performance computing centers, the Livermore Computing Complex comprises several buildings that house many HPC systems that hold top-ranking positions on the

1218:: research, development and testing, material characterization, and performance and safety tests. HEAF activities support the Laboratory's Energetic Materials Center, a national resource for research and development of 5614: 664:

The Lab's plutonium research is conducted in a specially designed facility called the SuperBlock, with emphasis on safety and security. Work with highly enriched uranium is also conducted there. In March 2008, the

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On July 27, 2021, the Society of Professionals, Scientists, and Engineers – University of Professional & Technical Employees Local 11, CWA Local 9119, went on a three-day strike over unfair labor practices.

1167:(NIF) became the first fusion reactor to achieve breakeven on December 5, 2022, with an experiment producing 3.15 megajoules of energy from a 2.05 megajoule input of laser light for an energy gain of about 1.5. 730:

LLNL supports capabilities in a broad range of scientific and technical disciplines, applying current capabilities to existing programs and developing new science and technologies to meet future national needs.

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through the application of advanced science, engineering, and technology. The laboratory also applies its special expertise and multidisciplinary capabilities towards preventing the proliferation and use of

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Titan Laser: Titan is a combined nanosecond-long pulse and ultrashort-pulse (subpicosecond) laser, with hundreds of joules of energy in each beam. This petawatt-class laser is used for a range of high-

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LLNL is a premier high performance computing organization with world-leading capabilities in computer science, software engineering, data science, modeling and simulation, information technology, and

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LLNL is a research and development institution for science and technology applied to national security. Its principal responsibility is ensuring the safety, security and reliability of the

351:, bolstering homeland security, and solving other nationally important problems, including energy and environmental needs, scientific research and outreach, and economic competitiveness. 2033: 5938: 3586: 5983: 628:, the United States began a moratorium on nuclear testing and development of new nuclear weapon designs. To sustain existing warheads for the indefinite future, a science-based 4952: 1680:

government, laboratory employees are paid by LLNS, which is responsible for all aspects of their employment, including providing health care benefits and retirement programs.

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were unsuccessful. The lab persevered and its subsequent designs proved increasingly successful. In 1957, the Livermore Lab was selected to develop the warhead for the Navy's

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to learn how plutonium performs as it ages and how it behaves under high pressure (e.g., with the impact of high explosives). Plutonium has seven temperature-dependent solid

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In the area of energy and environmental science, Livermore's emphasis is on carbon and climate, energy, water and the environment, and the national nuclear waste repository.

5968: 3900: 709:: Developing and demonstrating new concepts and capabilities to help the Department of Defense prevent and deter harm to the nation, its citizens and its military forces. 2277: 5958: 5943: 1008:

Development of technologies and systems for detecting nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, and explosive threats to prevent and mitigate WMD proliferation and

143: 4110: 1266: 697:. Preventing the spread of materials, technology, and expertise related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and detecting WMD proliferation activities worldwide. 5092: 1270: 872: 4927: 4862: 3414:

The Stockpile Stewardship and Management Program: Maintaining Confidence in the Safety and Reliability of the Enduring U.S. Nuclear Weapon Stockpile (Report).

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High Explosives Applications Facility and Energetic Materials Center: At HEAF, teams of scientists, engineers, and technicians address nearly all aspects of

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The lab was originally established as the University of California Radiation Laboratory, Livermore Branch in 1952 in response to the detonation of the

3173: 715:: Working at the intersection of science, technology, and analysis to provide insight into the threats to national security posed by foreign entities. 217: 4730: 4275: 3423:

de Vore, Lauren, ed. (1992). Preparing for the 21st Century: 40 Years of Excellence (Report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. UCRL-AR-108618.

919: 250: 721:: Furnishing scientific understanding and technological expertise to devise energy and environmental solutions at global, regional and local scales. 5077: 4063: 4043: 3893: 891: 292: 280: 3070: 1057:

and the development of rapid PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology that lies at the heart of today's most advanced DNA detection instruments.

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The LLNL chemistry, materials, and life science research focuses on chemical engineering, nuclear chemistry, materials science, and biology and

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the LLNL site. The site was formerly an unincorporated area of Alameda County. The LLNL campus continues to be owned by the federal government.

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Enhance the two laboratories' national security missions by substantially increasing engagement with the private sector and academic community.

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Design, construction, and operation of a series of ever larger, more powerful, and more capable laser systems, culminating in the 192-beam

4640: 4469: 4331: 3886: 703:: Anticipating, innovating and delivering technological solutions to prevent and mitigate devastating high-leverage attacks on U.S. soil. 905: 633:

maintained through an ongoing process of stockpile surveillance, assessment and certification, and refurbishment or weapon replacement.

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Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: LLNL's Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS) develops and applies a wide range of

1080: 414:. It was already home to several University of California Radiation Laboratory projects that were too large for its location in the 5196: 5065: 4395: 4143: 4008: 3951: 3941: 3497:

Serving the Nation for Fifty Years: 1952–2002 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [LLNL], Fifty Years of Accomplishments

2395: 1368: 887: 666: 3453: 3304: 2890: 788:, nondestructive characterization, modeling and simulation, systems and decision science, and sensors, imaging and communications. 530:. This warhead required numerous innovations to fit a nuclear warhead into the relatively small confines of the missile nosecone. 4633: 4628: 4598: 4593: 4484: 4309: 4170: 3201:

An Introductory Guide to UC's Ties to LANS LLC and LLNS LLC and their Management of the Weapons Labs at Los Alamos and Livermore

2080: 5993: 5567: 5489: 5151: 5035: 4892: 4526: 3862: 1262: 673:. In addition, most of its special nuclear material would be removed and consolidated at a more central, yet-to-be-named site. 5499: 4668: 4573: 4326: 4282: 4155: 3346: 3277: 2960: 1749: 602: 439: 376: 5998: 5963: 5813: 5589: 5504: 5201: 5146: 5099: 5082: 4603: 4500: 4452: 4372: 4294: 4212: 3496: 2804: 2392:"NNSA Ships Additional Special Nuclear Material from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as Part of Deinventory Project" 1759: 343: 2843: 1269:, supporting both classified and unclassified national security programs. In 2023, LLNL modernized the complex with 379:. The lab at Livermore was intended to spur innovation and provide competition to the nuclear weapon design laboratory at 5933: 5694: 5136: 5070: 4999: 4937: 4872: 4735: 4588: 4583: 4343: 4338: 4202: 2200: 1495: 1396: 3484: 1812: 617:(LGM-118 Peacekeeper/MX ICBM; 1982). The W87 and the B83 are the only LLNL designs still in the U.S. nuclear stockpile. 5635: 5549: 5524: 5087: 5004: 4867: 4857: 4558: 4432: 4355: 3909: 3377: 1364: 284: 262: 5978: 5539: 5028: 4847: 4842: 4519: 4207: 4100: 4095: 4090: 3964: 3932: 3404: 2987: 2941: 1354:

Ensure a quality future workforce by expanding opportunities for open engagement of the broader scientific community.

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is designated as Site 100, Lawrence Livermore National Lab as Site 200, and LLNL's remote test location as Site 300.

3224: 912: 5801: 5181: 4807: 4792: 4725: 4578: 4568: 4197: 3151: 2123:(DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, archived from 1884: 2345: 5327: 4957: 4772: 4563: 4217: 4085: 3434: 1384: 1016: 951:

Over its 60-year history, Lawrence Livermore has made many scientific and technological achievements, including:

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Superblock: This unique high-security facility houses modern equipment for research and engineering testing of

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Three other directorates are each headed by a principal associate director who reports to the LLNL director:

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The laboratory is organized into four principal directorates, each headed by a principal associate director:

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Invention of new healthcare technologies, including a microelectrode array for construction of an artificial

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to develop novel technologies for the detection, identification, and characterization of harmful biological

5973: 5760: 5643: 5509: 5474: 5156: 4360: 3852: 3761: 3177: 2339:"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Fact Sheet for NNSA Complex Transformation – Preferred Alternative" 1692: 1534: 1334: 638: 5594: 5839: 5834: 5620: 5584: 4474: 4348: 4123: 3921: 3847: 3609: 2038: 1744: 1280: 1160: 1027: 991: 979: 751: 407: 348: 312: 1155:

In December, 2022 scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory announced, in a breakthrough for

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For Fiscal Year 2009 LLNL spent $ 1.497 billion on research and laboratory operations activities:

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and the design and application of computers that can carry out quintillions of operations per second.

518:, a nuclear weapon whose warhead was developed by LLNL that is still in the US nuclear stockpile today 5953: 5882: 5849: 5459: 5297: 5191: 4812: 4457: 4314: 4304: 4236: 3766: 3415: 3102: 2100:

Jacobson, Todd (May 17, 2013). "Five Former Livermore Workers Receive $ 2.7 Million in Layoff Case".

1665: 2377: 6003: 5186: 4542: 4128: 4069: 4053: 3756: 3741: 3614: 3530: 1392: 1177: 296: 2778: 2738: 2709: 2680: 2651: 2622: 2596: 2556: 2527: 2498: 2469: 2443: 2410: 2310: 1979: 1317:. LLNL also initiated and continues leading the development of ZFS on Linux, the official port of 799:

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has worked out several energy technologies in the field of

522:

From its inception, Livermore focused on new weapon design concepts; as a result, its first three

5529: 4365: 4180: 3667: 3662: 3309: 2282: 2085: 1302: 865: 3022: 1934: 5907: 5625: 5236: 4699: 4287: 4185: 4138: 3672: 1054: 288: 5557: 3251: 39: 5806: 5710: 5663: 5607: 5362: 5020: 4897: 4160: 4038: 3857: 3305:"Nuclear Protest Blooms Again at Lab: 1,000 in Livermore Demonstrate Against New Buster Bomb" 2364: 2226: 1372: 785: 747: 629: 574: 562: 554: 355: 254: 133: 3389: 2149: 1064:(NARAC), which provides real-time, multi-scale (global, regional, local, urban) modeling of 5750: 5724: 5579: 5562: 5241: 5161: 4902: 3129: 2175: 1528: 1095: 1076: 971: 812: 804: 550: 100: 3253:

Political protest and cultural revolution: Nonviolent direct action in the 1970s and 1980s

2816:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 2, 17. UCRL-CONF-226717. Archived from 8: 5844: 5791: 5206: 4882: 4464: 3564: 1709:

arrested. More than 80 people were arrested in March 2008 while protesting at the gates.

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work comes from the DOE/NNSA Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, as well as the

5859: 5734: 5658: 5648: 5382: 5262: 5141: 3471: 3176:(Press release). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. March 27, 2014. Archived from 2054: 1305:(Tri-Laboratory Operating System Stack), software build and installation tools such as 1148:

On October 12, 2016, LLNL released the results of computerized modeling of Mars's moon

1065: 1002: 956: 276:. It later became autonomous in 1971 and was designated a national laboratory in 1981. 3560:

Annotated bibliography for Livermore from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

5854: 5653: 5494: 5479: 5412: 5211: 5176: 4442: 4410: 4165: 4026: 3928: 3878: 3781: 3746: 3652: 3400: 3373: 3257: 2866:"Scientists set to make a bang in nuclear fusion 'breakthrough'date=October 12, 2016" 1552: 1388: 1380: 1133: 1088: 832: 827:

processing technologies worked out by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are

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The American lab: an insider's history of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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Nuclear Implosions: The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System

1395:. In addition, LLNL conducts work-for-others research and development for various 438:

Berkeley lab until 1971. To this day, in official planning documents and records,

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Licensed to Kill? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant

3503: 2817: 5887: 5770: 5407: 5287: 5282: 5267: 5216: 3776: 1276: 1215: 1192: 1152:, finding that it has a connection with keeping the Earth safe from asteroids. 1020: 975: 792: 769: 415: 392: 5922: 5377: 5357: 5332: 5292: 5221: 3842: 3826: 3720: 3700: 3488: 3228: 2204: 2062: 1516: 1489: 1436:

Nuclear Weapon Deterrent (Safety/Security/Reliability) – $ 227.2 million

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The laboratory is located on a 1 sq. mi.(2.6 km) site at the eastern edge of

327: 258: 158: 145: 137: 1837: 1784: 5417: 5402: 5392: 5387: 5347: 5342: 5302: 5272: 4511: 4437: 4400: 3715: 2203:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. February 13, 2008. Archived from 1705: 1510: 1483: 1249:

expertise is developed, nurtured, and applied. Research on highly enriched

1223: 1156: 1046: 816: 621: 542: 523: 498: 423: 411: 269: 2991: 1956: 1785:"Master Government List of Federally Funded R&D Centers | NCSES | NSF" 5372: 5367: 5337: 5322: 5317: 5226: 4917: 4832: 3725: 3705: 3695: 2942:"Scientists Achieve Nuclear Fusion Breakthrough With Blast of 192 Lasers" 1196: 1188: 1110: 1031: 463: 320: 265:

and administered privately by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC.

261:. Originally established in 1952, the laboratory now is sponsored by the 5679: 2777:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 20–22. Archived from 2595:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 12–19. Archived from 2442:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 11–17. Archived from 2251: 1567:

The director's office is organized into these functional areas/offices:

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Stay at the forefront of the science, technology and engineering fields.

1049:, including major contributions to the complete sequencing of the human 426:, age 32, to run Livermore. Under York, the Lab had four main programs: 5397: 5166: 3937: 3867: 3657: 3647: 3105:(Press release). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. April 12, 2011 2034:"Uncertain Legal Future: $ 2.7 Million Awarded To Former Lab Employees" 1664:

The LLNL director reports to the Lawrence Livermore National Security,

1114: 1069: 879: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 755: 384: 120: 1375:

and advanced scientific computing programs. Funding to support LLNL's

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entered service. These were used in missiles ranging in size from the

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Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978

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Lawrence Livermore National Security, a Limited Liability Corporation

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missile, a type of missile still in the US nuclear stockpile today

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LLNL has a long history of developing high performance computing

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physics experiments, including the science of fast ignition for

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Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, & Energy Response

3969: 1885:"Livermorium and Flerovium join the periodic table of elements" 1415:, a number of California State agencies, and private industry. 1125: 1050: 777: 373:

University of California Radiation Laboratory, Livermore Branch

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Nuclear Rites: A Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War

3256:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 125–133. 2806:

Comparison of the acceptability of various oil shale processes

1310: 224: 3771: 3751: 3521: 2278:"Bush Administration Picks Lawrence Livermore Warhead Design" 2117:

United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992

1755:

List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California

1322: 1314: 1030:(MACHOs), a suspected but previously undetected component of 841:

extraction technology) and LLNL radiofrequency technologies.

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and operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (a

59: 2681:"Leveraging Science and Technology in the National Interest" 1258: 4405: 3227:. Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. Archived from 2961:"We have 'ignition': Fusion breakthrough draws energy gain" 1866: 1400: 649:

LLNL conducts research into the properties and behavior of

3594: 3044: 2803:

Burnham, Alan K.; McConaghy, James R. (October 16, 2006).

2748:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 11–16. 2719:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 24–30. 2632:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 11–17. 2537:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 12–18. 2508:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 23–25. 2479:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 18–20. 2320:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 23–25. 1989:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 12–20. 1371:(DOE/NNSA) Office of Defense Programs, which supports its 3796: 3791: 3786: 3546: 3522:

LLNL Industrial Partnerships and Commercialization (IPAC)

3477: 3128:(Press release). University of California. Archived from 2690:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 4–11. 2661:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 4–11. 2420:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 22–25. 1318: 1001:, including the development of novel tools for massively 614: 606: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 570: 566: 545:

surface-to-surface tactical missile to the megaton-class

503: 377:

University of California Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley

334:, then director of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley. 5939:

United States Department of Energy national laboratories

3543:(Union representing UC Scientists and Engineers at LLNL) 3528:

University of California Office of Laboratory Management

3144:"LANL's Knapp to take over as Livermore acting director" 3076:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Archived from 2990:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Archived from 2566:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 8–9. 2344:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Archived from 549:. Over the years, LLNL designed the following warheads: 5608:

Making a Real Killing: Rocky Flats and the Nuclear West

3527: 1439:

Advance Simulation and Computing – $ 221.9 million

1391:, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management, and 553:(Regulus cruise missile; 1955; joint with Los Alamos), 199: 5984:

Buildings and structures in Alameda County, California

5563:

Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon

3908: 3540: 3465: 1959:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. May 28, 2021 1333:

In August 2009, a joint venture was announced between

1328: 2916:"National Ignition Facility achieves fusion ignition" 4019:

Under Secretary of Energy for Science and Innovation

3627:

National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center

3502:(Report). LLNL. 2002. UCRL-AR-148833. Archived from 3278:"1,300 arrested in a California antinuclear protest" 2528:"Identifying the Source of Stolen Nuclear Materials" 1720: 1306: 1203:(viruses, spores, and bacteria) and chemical toxins. 403:, director of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley. 283:, Lawrence Livermore Lab is primarily funded by the 27:

Federal research center in Livermore, California, US

5969:

Nuclear weapons infrastructure of the United States

3331:

Police arrest 64 at California anti-nuclear protest

2499:"Antineutrino Detectors Improve Reactor Safeguards" 768:The LLNL engineering activities include micro- and 3541:Society of Professionals, Scientists and Engineers 3388: 3206:(Report). University of California. Archived from 1627:Integrated Safety Management System Project Office 1128:, a miniature glucose sensor for the treatment of 5959:Research institutes in the San Francisco Bay Area 5944:Federally Funded Research and Development Centers 3347:"Scores arrested during protest at Livermore Lab" 1271:upgrades to its power and water-cooling capacity. 1159:technology, that they have used the technique of 5920: 4064:Assistant Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Energy 4044:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 3103:"George Miller to retire as Laboratory director" 2959:Bush, Evan; Lederman, Josh (December 13, 2022). 2802: 2586:"On the Leading Edge of Atmospheric Predictions" 1980:"A Short History of the Laboratory at Livermore" 1211:than 25,000 AMS measurement operations per year. 281:federally funded research and development center 251:federally funded research and development center 5172:Institute for Energy and Environmental Research 2768:"Climate and Agriculture: Change Begets Change" 1741:—operates the US National Laboratory on the ISS 1574:Contractor Assurance and Continuous Improvement 1468:Environmental Restoration – $ 27.3 million 1448:Basic and Applied Science – $ 86.6 million 494:, a nuclear test conducted by LLNL in the 1960s 4001:Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security 3960:Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 3556:(Legal Defense Fund for UC Retirees from LLNL) 3199:Eklund, Bill; Oakley, John (August 31, 2007). 2739:"Setting a World Driving Record with Hydrogen" 1739:Center for the Advancement of Science in Space 1287: 323:(element 116) was named after the laboratory. 5695: 5036: 4716:Telecommunications and Information Technology 4527: 4389:Energy Department Facilities and Reservations 4049:Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management 3894: 3580: 3428: 3372:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3174:"William H. Goldstein named director of LLNL" 2939: 2844:"Scientists study 'Death Star' to save Earth" 2074: 2072: 1612:National Ignition Facility and Photon Science 4541: 3989:Under Secretary of Energy for Infrastructure 3622:National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center 3198: 2958: 2710:"Knowing the Enemy, Anticipating the Threat" 2055:"Laid Off Lab Workers Awarded $ 2.8 Million" 1545:2013–2014 Bret Knapp, acting director 1445:Department of Defense – $ 125.9 million 1399:sponsors, other federal agencies, including 1263:world’s largest Spectra TFinity tape library 1230:National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center 1062:National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center 422:Lawrence tapped his former graduate student 3547:University of California LLNL Retiree Group 2988:"SLURM: A Highly Scalable Resource Manager" 2150:"Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons" 1867:"LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL SECURITY, LLC" 1309:, and resource management packages such as 1083:which, together with former vice president 395:. The Livermore facility was co-founded by 319:). In 2012, the synthetic chemical element 5702: 5688: 5052:Anti-nuclear movement in the United States 5043: 5029: 4534: 4520: 3901: 3887: 3587: 3573: 3470: 2557:"Mobile Mapping for Radioactive Materials" 2069: 1465:Facility Operations – $ 118.2 million 1462:Safeguards/Security – $ 126.5 million 1195:Laboratory. Researchers apply advances in 1132:, and a compact proton therapy system for 680: 47: 38: 5709: 3386: 2081:"Livermore lab jury awards $ 2.7 million" 2031: 1267:48,000 square feet of machine floor space 1081:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 939:Learn how and when to remove this message 657:. Each possesses a different density and 460:Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC 406:The new laboratory was sited at a former 326:The Livermore facility was co-founded by 190:Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC 5197:Nuclear Information and Resource Service 4009:National Nuclear Security Administration 3970:Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy 3051:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 2496: 2396:National Nuclear Security Administration 2176:"U.S. Nuclear Weapon Enduring Stockpile" 2173: 2147: 2099: 1915:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1387:. LLNL also receives funding from DOE's 1369:National Nuclear Security Administration 1176: 888:"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory" 667:National Nuclear Security Administration 509: 497: 486: 3422: 3418:, Office of Defense Programs. May 1995. 3249: 2650:Heller, Arnie (January–February 2000). 2526:Heller, Arnie (January–February 2007). 2275: 2201:"Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Stewardship" 2102:Nuclear Weapons & Materials Monitor 1659: 1451:Homeland Security – $ 83.9 million 1442:Nonproliferation – $ 152.2 million 1019:(EUVL) for fabricating next-generation 14: 6014:Military research of the United States 6009:Military in the San Francisco Bay Area 5929:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 5921: 5756:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 5568:Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power 5152:Corporate Accountability International 3863:Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment 3596:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 3440:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 3367: 2841: 2765: 2736: 2707: 2668:from the original on October 17, 2020. 2649: 2620: 2583: 2554: 2525: 2486:from the original on October 17, 2020. 2470:"Assessing the Threat of Bioterrorism" 2467: 2430: 2408: 2327:from the original on October 17, 2020. 2308: 2078: 1977: 1937:. American Physical Society. June 2010 1907: 1905: 1817:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 844: 565:(Little John/Terrier missiles; 1956), 243:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 33:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 5683: 5024: 4515: 3882: 3568: 3487:. LLNL. July 14, 2002. Archived from 3302: 2796: 2755:from the original on October 9, 2022. 2726:from the original on October 9, 2022. 2697:from the original on October 9, 2022. 2652:"Simulating Warfare Is No Video Game" 2639:from the original on October 9, 2022. 2573:from the original on October 9, 2022. 2544:from the original on October 9, 2022. 2515:from the original on October 9, 2022. 2052: 1996:from the original on October 9, 2022. 1750:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1163:to achieve a net gain of energy. The 644: 440:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 371:LLNL was established in 1952, as the 64:"Science and technology on a mission" 5814:Livermore Valley Charter Preparatory 5590:Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy 5202:Physicians for Social Responsibility 5147:Committee for Nuclear Responsibility 5083:Nuclear history of the United States 4501:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 2678: 2497:Meissner, Caryn (July–August 2008). 2148:Sublette, Carey (October 14, 2006). 2108: 1807: 1805: 1760:List of US DOE National Laboratories 1639:Strategic Human Resources Management 877:adding citations to reliable sources 848: 5137:Alliance for Nuclear Responsibility 5093:Canceled nuclear reactors in the US 3012: 2940:Kenneth Chang (December 13, 2022). 2623:"Protecting the Nation's Livestock" 2468:Rennie, Gabriele (September 2007). 2433:"Characterizing Virulent Pathogens" 2252:"Stockpile Stewardship at 20 Years" 2174:Sublette, Carey (August 31, 2007). 1902: 1624:Institutional Facilities Management 1458:Site Management/Operations Budget: 1329:Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC) 955:Critical contributions to the U.S. 613:(modern strategic bomb; 1979), and 502:Warheads designed by the LLNL on a 24: 3910:United States Department of Energy 3150:. October 24, 2013. Archived from 3123: 2431:Rennie, Gabriele (November 2009). 2311:"Plutonium Up Close ... Way Close" 1698: 1075:Development of highest resolution 482: 263:United States Department of Energy 25: 6025: 5989:1952 establishments in California 4101:Western Area Power Administration 4096:Southwestern Power Administration 4091:Southeastern Power Administration 3965:Energy Information Administration 3015:"Install ZFS on Debian GNU/Linux" 1802: 1633:Planning and Financial Management 1598:LLNS, LLC Parent Oversight Office 1580:Government and External Relations 1170: 1060:Development and operation of the 725: 719:Energy and environmental security 477: 5182:Musicians United for Safe Energy 5110:Anti-nuclear advocates in the US 4612: 3978: 3303:Walsh, Diana (August 11, 2003). 2842:Verger, Rob (October 12, 2016). 2708:Parker, Ann (July–August 2002). 2276:Lindlaw, Scott (March 2, 2007). 2032:Garberson, Jeff (May 17, 2013). 1723: 1589:Prime Contract Management Office 1363:LLNL's principal sponsor is the 853: 272:'s first atomic bomb during the 223: 216: 4958:Saint Francis Memorial Hospital 4721:Information Technology Research 4086:Bonneville Power Administration 3339: 3324: 3296: 3270: 3243: 3217: 3192: 3166: 3136: 3117: 3095: 3063: 3037: 3006: 2980: 2952: 2933: 2908: 2883: 2858: 2835: 2759: 2730: 2701: 2672: 2643: 2614: 2577: 2548: 2519: 2490: 2461: 2424: 2402: 2384: 2331: 2302: 2269: 2244: 2227:"Stockpile Stewardship Program" 2219: 2193: 2167: 2141: 2104:. ExchangeMonitor Publications. 2093: 2046: 2025: 2000: 1978:Hacker, Bart (September 1998). 1838:"Lawrence Livermore Laboratory" 1621:Facilities & Infrastructure 1609:Weapons and Complex Integration 1583:Independent Audit and Oversight 1558: 1506:1965–1971 Michael M. May 1413:Environmental Protection Agency 1385:Department of Homeland Security 1017:extreme ultraviolet lithography 864:needs additional citations for 317:Texas A&M University System 18:Lawrence Livermore Laboratories 4078:Power Marketing Administration 3397:University of California Press 3126:"Livermore Lab director named" 1971: 1949: 1927: 1877: 1859: 1830: 1777: 1765:Top 100 US Federal Contractors 1577:Environment, Safety and Health 1548:2014–2021 William H. Goldstein 458:) in 1971. On October 1, 2007 375:, an offshoot of the existing 13: 1: 5994:Superfund sites in California 5903:Brushy Peak Regional Preserve 5066:Anti-nuclear groups in the US 3361: 2775:Science and Technology Review 2746:Science and Technology Review 2717:Science and Technology Review 2688:Science and Technology Review 2659:Science and Technology Review 2630:Science and Technology Review 2593:Science and Technology Review 2564:Science and Technology Review 2555:Hansen, Rose (October 2007). 2535:Science and Technology Review 2506:Science and Technology Review 2477:Science and Technology Review 2440:Science and Technology Review 2418:Science and Technology Review 2409:Parker, Ann (November 2007). 2318:Science and Technology Review 2008:"Livermorium | Livermore, CA" 1987:Science and Technology Review 1846:American Institute of Physics 1731:San Francisco Bay Area portal 1687:The current LLNS chairman is 1409:National Institutes of Health 1405:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 988:accelerator mass spectrometry 742:Physics thrust areas include 605:(8-in. artillery gun; 1975), 547:Spartan antiballistic missile 452:Lawrence Livermore Laboratory 432:Lawrence Radiation Laboratory 5761:Sandia National Laboratories 5644:Atomic Ed and the Black Hole 5558:Carbon-Free and Nuclear-Free 5157:Critical Mass Energy Project 3853:Laser Inertial Fusion Energy 3762:Reliable Replacement Warhead 3454:Resources in other libraries 2812:. 26th Oil shale symposium. 2584:Walter, Katie (March 2007). 2411:"Scientists without Borders" 2079:Egelko, Bob (May 13, 2013). 1770: 1655:Physical & Life Sciences 1472: 1454:Energy – $ 22.4 million 1335:Sandia National Laboratories 1028:massive compact halo objects 758:, and nuclear, particle and 639:Reliable Replacement Warhead 7: 5999:Battelle Memorial Institute 5964:Nuclear research institutes 5840:Livermore Municipal Airport 5621:Nuclear Politics in America 5585:The Doomsday Machine (book) 3922:James V. Forrestal Building 3848:Inertial confinement fusion 3610:Mirror Fusion Test Facility 3485:"History of the Laboratory" 2737:Heller, Arnie (June 2007). 2053:Taves, Max (May 10, 2013). 1745:Dielectric wall accelerator 1716: 1358: 1288:Premier computing ecosystem 1281:inertial confinement fusion 1161:inertial confinement fusion 992:inertial confinement fusion 752:high energy density physics 624:in 1991 and the end of the 450:The laboratory was renamed 445: 349:weapons of mass destruction 337: 313:Battelle Memorial Institute 180:1 square mile (2.6 km) 10: 6030: 5934:Laboratories in California 5797:Livermore Valley Joint USD 5766:National Ignition Facility 5100:Nuclear weapons and the US 4983:California Digital Library 4908:East Campus Medical Center 4494:Related Independent Agency 4111:National Laboratory System 3952:Deputy Secretary of Energy 3942:Deputy Secretary of Energy 3632:National Ignition Facility 3429:External links and sources 2766:Parker, Ann (March 2007). 2621:Heller, Arnie (May 2006). 2309:Parker, Ann (March 2001). 2180:The Nuclear Weapon Archive 2154:The Nuclear Weapon Archive 1691:, founder and chairman of 1431:National Ignition Facility 1236:National Ignition Facility 1182:National Ignition Facility 1165:National Ignition Facility 999:high-performance computing 965:National Ignition Facility 577:(submarine rocket; 1959), 557:(Atlas/Titan ICBM; 1959), 537:, many Livermore-designed 366: 361: 5870: 5850:Altamont Corridor Express 5827: 5784: 5743: 5717: 5634: 5548: 5436: 5298:Carrie Barefoot Dickerson 5250: 5192:Nuclear Control Institute 5118: 5058: 4975: 4963:St. Mary's Medical Center 4916: 4893:Medical Center, Hillcrest 4881: 4831: 4791: 4771: 4764: 4744: 4708: 4687: 4661: 4654: 4621: 4610: 4551: 4493: 4388: 4109: 4076: 4062: 4017: 3999: 3987: 3976: 3950: 3916: 3835: 3814: 3734: 3688: 3681: 3640: 3602: 3533:November 9, 2012, at the 3449:Resources in your library 3416:U.S. Department of Energy 3368:Tarter, C. Bruce (2018). 3250:Epstein, Barbara (1993). 3225:"LLNS Board of Governors" 2679:Wilt, Gloria (May 1999). 1586:Office of General Counsel 1426:Research/Science Budget: 1418: 1265:. The complex has nearly 1261:LLNL is also home to the 1079:and contributions to the 967:(NIF), completed in 2009. 813:advanced battery research 620:With the collapse of the 609:(155-mm howitzer; 1978), 601:(Spartan missile; 1968), 573:(155-mm howitzer; 1957), 391:that developed the first 285:U.S. Department of Energy 211: 206: 194: 184: 174: 129: 119: 107: 94: 90:Nuclear and basic science 86: 68: 58: 46: 37: 5979:University of California 5187:Nevada Desert Experience 4731:Quantitative Biosciences 4544:University of California 4070:Office of Nuclear Energy 4054:Office of Nuclear Energy 3757:Micropower impulse radar 3615:Tandem Mirror Experiment 3387:Gusterson, Hugh (1996). 2042:. Livermore, California. 1615:Operations and Business 1592:Quality Assurance Office 1571:Chief Information Office 1393:Office of Nuclear Energy 1026:First-ever detection of 589:(Minuteman ICBM; 1964), 581:(Minuteman ICBM; 1960), 344:nation's nuclear weapons 315:in affiliation with the 297:University of California 5530:White House Peace Vigil 5232:Three Mile Island Alert 5088:Nuclear power in the US 3310:San Francisco Chronicle 2283:San Francisco Chronicle 2086:San Francisco Chronicle 1842:Physics History Network 1253:also is performed here. 1245:and is the place where 1087:, was awarded the 2007 681:Global security program 597:(Lance missile; 1969), 593:(Poseidon SLBM; 1966), 5908:Valley Concert Chorale 5626:We Almost Lost Detroit 5237:Women Strike for Peace 4752:Natural Reserve System 2372:Cite journal requires 1433:– $ 301.1 million 1184: 1094:Co-discoverers of new 1055:Joint Genome Institute 978:technology, including 831:(hot-recycled-solid), 754:, medical physics and 750:, optical science and 585:(Polaris SLBM; 1960), 569:(Polaris SLBM; 1957), 519: 507: 495: 232:Location in California 74:; 72 years ago 72:September 2, 1952 5949:Livermore, California 5711:Livermore, California 5664:Nuclear Tipping Point 5363:Hermann Joseph Muller 4898:Jacobs Medical Center 4039:Office of Electricity 3858:Stockpile stewardship 3552:July 8, 2022, at the 2398:. September 30, 2009. 2207:on September 20, 2008 1595:Security Organization 1373:stockpile stewardship 1180: 1077:global climate models 786:precision engineering 748:high-pressure physics 630:Stockpile Stewardship 513: 501: 490: 255:Livermore, California 134:Livermore, California 5751:Livermore Valley AVA 5725:Cresta Blanca Winery 5580:The Cult of the Atom 5242:Kings Bay Plowshares 5162:Friends of the Earth 3491:on October 12, 2006. 3154:on December 21, 2016 3132:on November 5, 2011. 3083:on December 23, 2016 3071:"2009 Annual Report" 3025:on December 20, 2018 2823:on February 13, 2016 1660:Corporate management 1551:2021–present 1529:Michael R. Anastasio 1365:Department of Energy 984:free-electron lasers 972:particle accelerator 873:improve this article 805:shale oil extraction 5974:Supercomputer sites 5792:Las Positas College 5207:Plowshares movement 5071:California movement 4938:Children's Hospital 4868:Children's Hospital 4646:Student Association 3933:Secretary of Energy 3509:on October 15, 2011 3231:on October 25, 2016 2784:on October 17, 2020 2602:on October 17, 2020 2449:on October 17, 2020 2130:on October 12, 2006 2012:www.livermoreca.gov 1541:Penrose C. Albright 1502:John S. Foster, Jr. 1344:Objectives of LVOC 1096:superheavy elements 1066:hazardous materials 845:Key accomplishments 760:accelerator physics 155: / 53:Aerial view of LLNL 34: 5860:Vasco Road station 5735:Concannon Vineyard 5649:The China Syndrome 5535:Y-12 Weapons Plant 5470:Lawrence Livermore 5383:Eugene Rabinowitch 5263:William J. Bichsel 5142:Clamshell Alliance 5105:Protests in the US 5010:Student newspapers 4674:Lawrence Livermore 3537:(official website) 3524:(official website) 3480:(official website) 3282:The New York Times 3148:Los Alamos Monitor 2946:The New York Times 2351:on August 20, 2008 1630:Nuclear Operations 1397:Defense Department 1325:operating system. 1226:, and propellants. 1185: 1068:released into the 1003:parallel computing 957:nuclear deterrence 737:bio-nanotechnology 645:Plutonium research 561:(B52 bomb; 1957), 520: 508: 496: 287:and it is managed 87:Research type 32: 5916: 5915: 5855:Livermore station 5845:WHEELS bus system 5677: 5676: 5654:Countdown to Zero 5515:Three Mile Island 5480:Naval Base Kitsap 5212:Ploughshares Fund 5177:Mothers for Peace 5078:Great Peace March 5018: 5017: 4971: 4970: 4760: 4759: 4669:Lawrence Berkeley 4509: 4508: 4411:Kansas City Plant 4327:Pacific Northwest 4027:Office of Science 3929:Jennifer Granholm 3876: 3875: 3810: 3809: 3782:Slapper detonator 3747:LLNL RISE process 3653:ASCI Blue Pacific 3435:Library resources 3353:. March 22, 2008. 2394:(Press release). 2290:on March 12, 2007 1553:Kimberly S. Budil 1539:2011–2013 1533:2006–2011 1527:2002–2006 1521:1994–2002 1515:1988–1994 1509:1971–1988 1500:1961–1965 1494:1960–1961 1488:1958–1960 1482:1952–1958 1389:Office of Science 1381:homeland security 1243:nuclear materials 1134:radiation therapy 1089:Nobel Peace Prize 997:Breakthroughs in 949: 948: 941: 923: 809:geothermal energy 801:coal gasification 701:Domestic security 659:crystal structure 466:named after it. 412:World War II 408:naval air station 389:Manhattan Project 309:Amentum (company) 240: 239: 114:Kimberly S. Budil 16:(Redirected from 6021: 5954:Livermore Valley 5898:Centennial Light 5878:Robert Livermore 5819:Hertz Foundation 5704: 5697: 5690: 5681: 5680: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5576: 5485:Nevada Test Site 5428:Victor Weisskopf 5423:Harvey Wasserman 5313:Randall Forsberg 5132:Abalone Alliance 5045: 5038: 5031: 5022: 5021: 4943:Women's Hospital 4920: 4885: 4863:Neuropsychiatric 4835: 4795: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4659: 4658: 4616: 4545: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4416:Nevada Test Site 3982: 3981: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3880: 3879: 3686: 3685: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3566: 3565: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3501: 3492: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3466:Official website 3424: 3419: 3410: 3394: 3383: 3355: 3354: 3343: 3337: 3336:, April 6, 2007. 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3213:on May 28, 2010. 3212: 3205: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3180:on April 5, 2014 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3082: 3075: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3021:. 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Miller 944: 937: 933: 930: 924: 922: 881: 857: 849: 744:condensed matter 695:Nonproliferation 492:Bowline Schooner 428:Project Sherwood 305:BWX Technologies 227: 226: 220: 202: 186:Operating agency 170: 169: 167: 166: 165: 160: 159:37.69°N 121.71°W 156: 153: 152: 151: 148: 82: 80: 75: 51: 42: 35: 31: 21: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6004:Ernest Lawrence 5919: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5893:Livermore Rodeo 5866: 5823: 5780: 5739: 5730:Wente Vineyards 5713: 5708: 5678: 5673: 5630: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5595:Killing Our Own 5572: 5544: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5432: 5353:Arjun Makhijani 5308:Bernard T. Feld 5278:Helen Caldicott 5258:Daniel Berrigan 5246: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5114: 5054: 5049: 5019: 5014: 4967: 4953:Fetal Treatment 4933:Cancer Hospital 4918: 4912: 4883: 4877: 4833: 4827: 4808:Fountain Valley 4793: 4787: 4773: 4756: 4740: 4704: 4683: 4650: 4617: 4608: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4510: 4505: 4489: 4384: 4105: 4072: 4058: 4013: 3995: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3946: 3912: 3907: 3877: 3872: 3831: 3822:Ernest Lawrence 3806: 3730: 3677: 3636: 3598: 3593: 3554:Wayback Machine 3535:Wayback Machine 3512: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3495: 3483: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3413: 3407: 3380: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3351:Oakland Tribune 3345: 3344: 3340: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3284:. June 22, 1982 3276: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3124:Seaver, Lynda. 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2994:on May 27, 2010 2986: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2957: 2953: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2741: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2683: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2654: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2625: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2501: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2472: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2435: 2429: 2425: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2373: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2313: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2098: 2094: 2077: 2070: 2051: 2047: 2039:The Independent 2030: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1701: 1699:Public protests 1662: 1636:Staff Relations 1606:Global Security 1561: 1523:C. Bruce Tarter 1511:Roger E. Batzel 1475: 1421: 1377:global security 1361: 1331: 1290: 1216:high explosives 1173: 1015:Development of 980:magnetic fusion 945: 934: 928: 925: 882: 880: 870: 858: 847: 728: 683: 647: 528:Polaris missile 485: 483:Nuclear weapons 480: 448: 401:Ernest Lawrence 369: 364: 340: 332:Ernest Lawrence 236: 235: 234: 233: 230: 229: 228: 198: 187: 163: 161: 157: 154: 149: 146: 144: 142: 141: 140: 78: 76: 73: 54: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6027: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5888:Mocho Subbasin 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5835:Interstate 580 5831: 5829: 5828:Transportation 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5807:Livermore High 5804: 5794: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5771:The Wine Group 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5684: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5525:Vermont Yankee 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5408:Karen Silkwood 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5288:Norman Cousins 5285: 5283:Barry Commoner 5280: 5275: 5270: 5268:Bruce G. Blair 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5217:Public Citizen 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5167:Greenpeace USA 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5128: 5126: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5025: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4928:Medical Center 4924: 4922: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4839: 4837: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4803:Medical Center 4799: 4797: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4783:Medical Center 4779: 4777: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4634:Student regent 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4485:Yucca Mountain 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4358: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4297: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4251: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4023: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3935: 3925: 3924: 3920:Headquarters: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3641:Supercomputers 3638: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3592: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3544: 3538: 3525: 3519: 3493: 3481: 3475: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3384: 3379:978-1421425313 3378: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3338: 3323: 3295: 3269: 3262: 3242: 3216: 3191: 3165: 3135: 3116: 3094: 3062: 3045:"ZFS on Linux" 3036: 3005: 2979: 2951: 2932: 2907: 2882: 2857: 2834: 2795: 2758: 2729: 2700: 2671: 2642: 2613: 2576: 2547: 2518: 2489: 2460: 2423: 2401: 2383: 2374:|journal= 2330: 2301: 2268: 2243: 2218: 2192: 2166: 2140: 2107: 2092: 2068: 2045: 2024: 1999: 1970: 1957:"Organization" 1948: 1926: 1901: 1876: 1858: 1829: 1801: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1735: 1734: 1718: 1715: 1700: 1697: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1420: 1417: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1330: 1327: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1277:energy density 1273: 1254: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1212: 1204: 1172: 1171:Key facilities 1169: 1138: 1137: 1122: 1092: 1073: 1058: 1035: 1024: 1021:computer chips 1013: 1006: 995: 968: 961: 947: 946: 861: 859: 852: 846: 843: 797: 796: 793:cyber security 789: 770:nanotechnology 766: 763: 740: 727: 726:Other programs 724: 723: 722: 716: 710: 704: 698: 682: 679: 646: 643: 484: 481: 479: 478:Major projects 476: 447: 444: 416:Berkeley Hills 393:atomic weapons 387:, home of the 368: 365: 363: 360: 339: 336: 238: 237: 231: 222: 221: 215: 214: 213: 212: 209: 208: 204: 203: 196: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 172: 171: 164:37.69; -121.71 131: 127: 126: 123: 117: 116: 111: 105: 104: 98: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 70: 66: 65: 62: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6026: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5693: 5691: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5460:Diablo Canyon 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5378:Linus Pauling 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5358:Gregory Minor 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5333:Jackie Hudson 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5293:Frances Crowe 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222:Shad Alliance 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5120:Organizations 5117: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4948:Cancer Center 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903:Cancer Center 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4873:Cancer Center 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4843:Ronald Reagan 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688:Observatories 4686: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4599:Santa Barbara 4597: 4595: 4594:San Francisco 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3843:IBM Blue Gene 3841: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3827:Edward Teller 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3671: 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