144:
and high density plasma is created which has no memory of the laser pulse. So, the criterion for the shortness of a pulse in dense media is as follows: A pulse interacting with a dense matter is considered to be short if during the interaction the threshold for the avalanche ionization is not reached. At the first glance this definition may appear to be too limiting. Fortunately, due to the delicately balanced behavior of the pulses in dense media, the threshold cannot be reached easily. The phenomenon responsible for the balance is the intensity clamping through the onset of
27:
3057:
2706:
123:. As of 2015, recent research on LIBS focuses on compact and (man-)portable systems. Some industrial applications of LIBS include the detection of material mix-ups, analysis of inclusions in steel, analysis of slags in secondary metallurgy, analysis of combustion processes, and high-speed identification of scrap pieces for material-specific recycling tasks. Armed with data analysis techniques, this technique is being extended to pharmaceutical samples.
65:(ARL) researched potential extensions to LIBS technology, which focused on hazardous material detection. Applications investigated at ARL included the standoff detection of explosive residues and other hazardous materials, plastic landmine discrimination, and material characterization of various metal alloys and polymers. Results presented by ARL suggest that LIBS may be able to discriminate between energetic and non-energetic materials.
2718:
143:
and can collide with the nearby molecules and generate new electrons through collisions. If the pulse duration is long, the newly ionized electrons can be accelerated and eventually avalanche or cascade ionization follows. Once the density of the electrons reaches a critical value, breakdown occurs
853:
Recently, LIBS has been investigated as a fast, micro-destructive food analysis tool. It is considered a potential analytical tool for qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis, making it suitable as a PAT (Process
Analytical Technology) or portable tool. Milk, bakery products, tea, vegetable
151:
A potentially important development to LIBS involves the use of a short laser pulse as a spectroscopic source. In this method, a plasma column is created as a result of focusing ultrafast laser pulses in a gas. The self-luminous plasma is far superior in terms of low level of continuum and also
52:
pulse as the excitation source. The laser is focused to form a plasma, which atomizes and excites samples. The formation of the plasma only begins when the focused laser achieves a certain threshold for optical breakdown, which generally depends on the environment and the target material.
854:
oils, water, cereals, flour, potatoes, palm date and different types of meat have been analyzed using LIBS. Few studies have shown its potential as an adulteration detection tool for certain foods. LIBS has also been evaluated as a promising elemental imaging technique in meat.
152:
smaller line broadening. This is attributed to the lower density of the plasma in the case of short laser pulses due to the defocusing effects which limits the intensity of the pulse in the interaction region and thus prevents further multiphoton/tunnel ionization of the gas.
328:
1902:
Amponsah-Manager, K.; Omenetto, N.; Smith, B. W.; Gornushkin, I. B.; Winefordner, J. D. (2005). "Microchip laser ablation of metals: Investigation of the ablation process in view of its application to laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy".
1924:
Lopez-Moreno, C.; Amponsah-Manager, K.; Smith, B. W.; Gornushkin, I. B.; Omenetto, N.; Palanco, S.; Laserna, J. J.; Winefordner, J. D. (2005). "Quantitative analysis of low-alloy steel by microchip laser induced breakdown spectroscopy".
1785:
Noll, Reinhard; Bette, Holger; Brysch, Adriane; Kraushaar, Marc; Mönch, Ingo; Peter, Laszlo; Sturm, Volker (2001). "Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry — applications for production control and quality assurance in the steel industry".
1124:
Noll, Reinhard; Bette, Holger; Brysch, Adriane; Kraushaar, Marc; Mönch, Ingo; Peter, Laszlo; Sturm, Volker (2001). "Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry — applications for production control and quality assurance in the steel industry".
73:
Broadband high-resolution spectrometers were developed in 2000 and commercialized in 2003. Designed for material analysis, the spectrometer allowed the LIBS system to be sensitive to chemical elements in low concentration.
678:
883:). The results highlighted the applicability of LIBS to determine prehistoric seasonality practices as well as biological age and growth at an improved rate and reduced cost than was previously achievable.
844:
173:
1991:
Balzer, Herbert; Hoehne, Manuela; Noll, Reinhard; Sturm, Volker (2006). "New approach to online monitoring of the Al depth profile of the hot-dip galvanised sheet steel using LIBS".
619:
1702:"Annual Growth Patterns and Interspecimen Variability in Mg/Ca Records of Archaeological Ostrea edulis (European Oyster) from the Late Mesolithic Site of Conors Island"
160:
For an optically thin plasma composed of a single, neutral atomic species in local thermal equilibrium (LTE), the density of photons emitted by a transition from level
699:
424:
363:
562:
529:
461:
392:
1740:
Lee, Won-Bae; Wu, Jianyong; Lee, Yong-Ill; Sneddon, Joseph (2004). "Recent
Applications of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometry: A Review of Material Approaches".
732:
500:
2537:
1400:
Talebpour, A.; Abdel-Fattah, M.; Chin, S.L (2000). "Focusing limits of intense ultrafast laser pulses in a high pressure gas: Road to new spectroscopic source".
1002:
752:
588:
1573:"Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for quantification of sodium and potassium in minced beef: a potential technique for detecting beef kidney adulteration"
1285:
Myakalwar, Ashwin Kumar; Sreedhar, S.; Barman, Ishan; Dingari, Narahara Chari; Venugopal Rao, S.; Prem Kiran, P.; Tewari, Surya P.; Manoj Kumar, G. (2011).
93:
Demonstrated the detection and discrimination of geological materials, plastic landmines, explosives, and chemical and biological warfare agent surrogates
2210:
1250:
St-Onge, L.; Kwong, E.; Sabsabi, M.; Vadas, E.B (2002). "Quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical products by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy".
1160:
Sanghapi, Hervé K.; Ayyalasomayajula, Krishna K.; Yueh, Fang Y.; Singh, Jagdish P.; McIntyre, Dustin L.; Jain, Jinesh C.; Nakano, Jinichiro (2016).
2150:
1287:"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy-based investigation and classification of pharmaceutical tablets using multivariate chemometric analysis"
1100:
2428:
2361:
2306:
2275:
2270:
624:
2643:
2461:
2323:
1203:"Sensitivity, stability, and precision of quantitative Ns-LIBS-based fuel-air-ratio measurements for methane-air flames at 1–11 bar"
2592:
2411:
1083:
119:
LIBS is one of several analytical techniques that can be deployed in the field as opposed to pure laboratory techniques e.g. spark
3017:
2532:
2334:
2255:
2235:
2099:
2478:
2456:
2203:
1077:"Detection of Energetic Materials and Explosive Residues With Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: I. Laboratory Measurements"
62:
1036:
Gottfried, Jennifer L.; De Lucia, Frank C. Jr. (2010). "Laser-Induced
Breakdown Spectroscopy: Capabilities and Applications".
759:
2544:
2466:
2167:
1487:
1201:
Hsu, Paul S.; Gragston, Mark; Wu, Yue; Zhang, Zhili; Patnaik, Anil K.; Kiefer, Johannes; Roy, Sukesh; Gord, James R. (2016).
2401:
2296:
2100:"Quantitative molecular analysis with molecular bands emission using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and chemometrics"
1435:
Geints, Yu. E.; Zemlyanov, A. A. (2009). "On the focusing limit of high-power femtosecond laser pulse propagation in air".
1334:
Xu, Shengqi; Sun, Xiaodong; Zeng, Bin; Chu, Wei; Zhao, Jiayu; Liu, Weiwei; Cheng, Ya; Xu, Zhizhan; Chin, See Leang (2012).
1850:
2628:
2380:
2196:
1839:
976:
951:
1512:
2756:
2633:
2451:
1544:
Sezer, Banu; et al. (2018). "Identification of milk fraud using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)".
907:
862:
323:{\displaystyle I_{ij}(\lambda )={\frac {1}{4\pi }}n_{0}A_{ij}{\frac {g_{i}\exp ^{-E_{i}/k_{B}T}}{U(T)}}I(\lambda )}
2069:
Vadillo, José M.; Laserna, J.Javier (2004). "Laser-induced plasma spectrometry: Truly a surface analytical tool".
2648:
2618:
2549:
2483:
1637:"Extensive elemental mapping unlocks Mg/Ca ratios as climate proxy in seasonal records of Mediterranean limpets"
3091:
3081:
2926:
2577:
2368:
2265:
120:
2722:
2375:
2280:
2509:
2356:
2245:
1635:
Hausmann, N.; Prendergast, A. L.; Lemonis, A.; Zech, J.; Roberts, P.; Siozos, P.; Anglos, D. (2019-03-06).
45:
2982:
2665:
2504:
2473:
2406:
1954:
Bette, H; Noll, R (2004). "High speed laser-induced breakdown spectrometry for scanning microanalysis".
87:
Studied the spectral emission of aluminum and aluminum oxides from bulk aluminum in different bath gases
2786:
2655:
2597:
2446:
2318:
2130:
1382:
A. Talebpour et al., Spectroscopy of the Gases
Interactingwith Intense Femtosecond Laser Pulses, 2001,
912:
902:
2681:
2660:
2301:
1003:"Current Status of Standoff LIBS Security Applications at the United States Army Research Laboratory"
2423:
1062:
20:
2554:
2250:
2029:
595:
2956:
2776:
2341:
132:
1604:"Introduction to laser induced breakdown spectroscopy imaging in food: Salt diffusion in meat"
1001:
Munson, Jennifer L. Gottfried Frank C. De Lucia Jr. Andrzej W. Miziolek Chase A. (June 2009).
991:
J. P. Singh and S. N. Thakur, Laser-Induced
Breakdown Spectroscopy, 1st ed.. (Elsevier, 2007).
684:
110:
Standoff LIBS system developed for 100+ m detection and discriminate on of explosive residues.
3086:
2844:
2710:
2582:
2313:
2227:
2144:
1849:
Gornushkin, I.B.; Amponsah-Manager, K.; Smith, B.W.; Omenetto, N.; Winefordner, J.D. (2004).
1049:
399:
338:
26:
2951:
2834:
2822:
2749:
2183:
2078:
2041:
1963:
1862:
1795:
1749:
1648:
1444:
1409:
1347:
1259:
1214:
1173:
1134:
540:
507:
439:
370:
145:
1336:"Simple method of measuring laser peak intensity inside femtosecond laser filament in air"
708:
476:
8:
3002:
2921:
2861:
2781:
2638:
2351:
2260:
892:
880:
2082:
2045:
1967:
1866:
1799:
1753:
1652:
1448:
1413:
1351:
1263:
1218:
1177:
1138:
1076:
2686:
2623:
2602:
2418:
2396:
2329:
2240:
2119:
2057:
2016:
1979:
1942:
1886:
1851:"Microchip Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Preliminary Feasibility Investigation"
1773:
1677:
1636:
1460:
1311:
1286:
966:
917:
858:
737:
573:
565:
1807:
1421:
1271:
1146:
3022:
2896:
2871:
2587:
2514:
2488:
2163:
2008:
1983:
1975:
1894:
1878:
1835:
1829:
1811:
1765:
1723:
1682:
1664:
1493:
1483:
1464:
1365:
1316:
1232:
972:
947:
136:
2123:
2098:
Doucet, François R.; Faustino, Patrick J.; Sabsabi, Mohamad; Lyon, Robbe C. (2008).
2061:
2030:"Steel analysis with laser-induced breakdown spectrometry in the vacuum ultraviolet"
2020:
1946:
1890:
1777:
3032:
2997:
2977:
2946:
2111:
2086:
2049:
2000:
1971:
1934:
1912:
1870:
1803:
1757:
1713:
1672:
1656:
1620:
1615:
1584:
1553:
1524:
1452:
1417:
1355:
1306:
1298:
1267:
1222:
1181:
1142:
1037:
1557:
1302:
3060:
2941:
2931:
2742:
1456:
2131:В.Копачевский, В.Шпектор, Д.Клемято, В.Бойков, М.Кривошеева, Л.Боброва. (2008).
3037:
3027:
2987:
2936:
2854:
2807:
2791:
2132:
1660:
1529:
897:
140:
84:
Tested a field-portable LIBS system for the detection of lead in soil and paint
2090:
2004:
1186:
1161:
3075:
2992:
2972:
2913:
2839:
2053:
1874:
1815:
1769:
1727:
1668:
1497:
872:
867:
3012:
2881:
2876:
2817:
2219:
2012:
1923:
1882:
1686:
1369:
1320:
1236:
1101:"U.S. Army Researchers Explore Laser Detection Techniques | Quality Digest"
922:
1761:
969:
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS): fundamentals and applications
3042:
2903:
2886:
2866:
1513:"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for food analysis: A review"
1360:
1335:
1227:
1202:
2891:
1901:
1848:
1588:
1041:
876:
1603:
1572:
148:
process during the propagation of strong laser pulses in dense media.
3007:
2849:
2829:
2812:
2115:
1938:
1916:
967:
Schechter, Israel; Miziolek, Andrzej W.; Vincenzo
Palleschi (2006).
941:
2160:
Laser-Induced
Breakdown Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications
2133:"Количественный анализ состава тарных стекол анализатором LEA S500"
1480:
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: fundamentals and applications
1830:
Andrzej W. Miziolek; Vincenzo
Palleschi; Israel Schechter (2006).
1718:
1701:
1159:
673:{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }I(\lambda )d\lambda =1}
2188:
1700:
Hausmann, Niklas; Robson, Harry K.; Hunt, Chris (2019-09-30).
1634:
1284:
1162:"Analysis of slags using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy"
2765:
49:
77:
ARL LIBS applications studied from 2000 to 2010 included:
2734:
2097:
1399:
97:
ARL LIBS prototypes studied during this period included:
1784:
1249:
1123:
839:{\displaystyle U(T)=\sum _{j}g_{j}\exp ^{-E_{j}/k_{B}T}}
734:
is the statistical occupation fraction of every level
1990:
762:
740:
711:
687:
627:
598:
576:
543:
510:
479:
442:
402:
373:
341:
176:
1510:
394:
is the number of neutral atoms in the plasma (in m)
365:
is the emission rate density of photons (in m sr s)
1699:
1200:
838:
746:
726:
693:
672:
613:
582:
556:
523:
494:
455:
418:
386:
357:
322:
1035:
19:"Libs" redirects here. For the abbreviation, see
3073:
1511:Markiewicz-Keszycka, Maria; et al. (2017).
960:
944:Handbook of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
935:
865:employed LIBS for studying 12 European oysters (
126:
81:Tested for detection of Halon alternative agents
2071:Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy
1788:Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy
1739:
1434:
1252:Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy
1166:Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy
1127:Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy
942:Radziemski, Leon J.; Cremers, David A. (2006).
2068:
2027:
2750:
2204:
971:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
139:the electron is being accelerated by inverse
2276:Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules
2149:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1595:
1333:
426:is the transition probability between level
2757:
2743:
2271:Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy
2211:
2197:
1278:
2644:Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
2324:Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization
2104:Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry
1953:
1927:Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry
1905:Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry
1717:
1676:
1619:
1564:
1528:
1477:
1359:
1310:
1226:
1185:
848:
90:Performed kinetic modeling of LIBS plumes
33:– Courtesy of US Army Research Laboratory
2412:Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
1834:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1504:
25:
3018:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator
2028:Sturm, V.; Peter, L.; Noll, R. (2000).
1517:Trends in Food Science & Technology
531:is the energy level of the upper level
3074:
1993:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
1000:
2738:
2192:
1956:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
1601:
1570:
1543:
1482:. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
463:is the degeneracy of the upper level
114:
56:
2717:
2157:
1832:Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
1031:
1029:
1027:
502:is the partition function (unitless)
38:Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
16:Type of atomic emission spectroscopy
13:
1823:
1089:from the original on May 10, 2020.
641:
636:
14:
3103:
2629:Deep-level transient spectroscopy
2381:Saturated absorption spectroscopy
2177:
1602:Dixit, Yash; et al. (2018).
1571:Dixit, Yash; et al. (2017).
1024:
155:
3056:
3055:
2716:
2705:
2704:
2634:Dual-polarization interferometry
2218:
908:List of surface analysis methods
863:Liverpool John Moores University
2649:Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
2624:Circular dichroism spectroscopy
2619:Acoustic resonance spectroscopy
1693:
1628:
1537:
1471:
1437:The European Physical Journal D
1428:
1393:
1376:
1327:
1243:
1194:
879:shell midden at Conors Island (
2927:Amplified spontaneous emission
2578:Fourier-transform spectroscopy
2266:Vibrational circular dichroism
1621:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.08.010
1153:
1117:
1093:
1069:
994:
985:
772:
766:
721:
715:
655:
649:
621:is the line profile such that
608:
602:
489:
483:
317:
311:
302:
296:
196:
190:
48:which uses a highly energetic
1:
2376:Cavity ring-down spectroscopy
2281:Thermal infrared spectroscopy
1808:10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00214-2
1558:10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.12.005
1422:10.1016/s0030-4018(00)00903-2
1303:10.1016/j.talanta.2011.09.040
1272:10.1016/s0584-8547(02)00062-9
1147:10.1016/s0584-8547(01)00214-2
928:
754:of the atomic species :
127:LIBS using short laser pulses
63:U.S. Army Research Laboratory
2510:Inelastic neutron scattering
1742:Applied Spectroscopy Reviews
857:In 2019, researchers of the
46:atomic emission spectroscopy
7:
2983:Chirped pulse amplification
2571:Data collection, processing
2447:Photoelectron/photoemission
1608:Journal of Food Engineering
1546:International Dairy Journal
1009:. Spectroscopy-06-01-2009.
886:
614:{\displaystyle I(\lambda )}
68:
10:
3108:
2787:List of laser applications
2764:
2656:Photoacoustic spectroscopy
2598:Time-resolved spectroscopy
1976:10.1088/0022-3727/37/8/018
1661:10.1038/s41598-019-39959-9
1530:10.1016/j.tifs.2017.05.005
1457:10.1140/epjd/e2009-00260-0
913:Photoacoustic spectroscopy
903:Laser-induced fluorescence
31:Schematic of a LIBS system
18:
3051:
2965:
2912:
2800:
2772:
2700:
2682:Astronomical spectroscopy
2674:
2661:Photothermal spectroscopy
2611:
2570:
2563:
2525:
2497:
2439:
2389:
2289:
2226:
2091:10.1016/j.sab.2003.11.006
2005:10.1007/s00216-006-0347-z
1187:10.1016/j.sab.2015.10.009
701:is the wavelength (in nm)
590:is the temperature (in K)
2139:(in Russian) (1): 38–40.
2054:10.1366/0003702001951183
1875:10.1366/0003702041389427
1478:Reinhard., Noll (2012).
946:. New York: John Wiley.
694:{\displaystyle \lambda }
107:Man-portable LIBS device
2666:Pump–probe spectroscopy
2555:Ferromagnetic resonance
2347:Laser-induced breakdown
2158:Noll, Reinhard (2012).
705:The partition function
61:From 2000 to 2010, the
2777:List of laser articles
2362:Glow-discharge optical
2342:Raman optical activity
2256:Rotational–vibrational
1057:Cite journal requires
875:, 1758) from the Late
849:LIBS for food analysis
840:
748:
728:
695:
674:
615:
584:
558:
525:
496:
457:
420:
419:{\displaystyle A_{ij}}
388:
359:
358:{\displaystyle I_{ij}}
324:
104:Commercial LIBS system
34:
3092:Emission spectroscopy
3082:Scientific techniques
2583:Hyperspectral imaging
1762:10.1081/ASR-120028868
1402:Optics Communications
1105:www.qualitydigest.com
841:
749:
729:
696:
675:
616:
585:
559:
557:{\displaystyle k_{B}}
526:
524:{\displaystyle E_{i}}
497:
458:
456:{\displaystyle g_{i}}
421:
389:
387:{\displaystyle n_{0}}
360:
325:
101:Laboratory LIBS setup
29:
2952:Population inversion
2335:Coherent anti-Stokes
2290:UV–Vis–NIR "Optical"
2162:. Berlin: Springer.
2034:Applied Spectroscopy
1855:Applied Spectroscopy
1361:10.1364/oe.20.000299
1228:10.1364/ao.55.008042
760:
738:
727:{\displaystyle U(T)}
709:
685:
625:
596:
574:
541:
508:
495:{\displaystyle U(T)}
477:
440:
400:
371:
339:
174:
3003:Laser beam profiler
2922:Active laser medium
2862:Free-electron laser
2782:List of laser types
2639:Hadron spectroscopy
2429:Conversion electron
2390:X-ray and Gamma ray
2297:Ultraviolet–visible
2083:2004AcSpe..59..147V
2046:2000ApSpe..54.1275S
1968:2004JPhD...37.1281B
1867:2004ApSpe..58..762G
1800:2001AcSpe..56..637N
1754:2004ApSRv..39...27L
1653:2019NatSR...9.3698H
1449:2009EPJD...55..745G
1414:2000OptCo.183..479T
1352:2012OExpr..20..299X
1264:2002AcSpe..57.1131S
1219:2016ApOpt..55.8042H
1178:2016AcSpe.115...40S
1139:2001AcSpe..56..637N
893:Atomic spectroscopy
881:Republic of Ireland
645:
2687:Force spectroscopy
2612:Measured phenomena
2603:Video spectroscopy
2307:Cold vapour atomic
2184:NIST LIBS Database
1641:Scientific Reports
1589:10.1039/C7AY00757D
1577:Analytical Methods
1042:10.21236/ada528756
918:Raman spectroscopy
859:University of York
836:
787:
744:
724:
691:
670:
628:
611:
580:
566:Boltzmann constant
554:
521:
492:
453:
416:
384:
355:
320:
115:2010s developments
57:2000s developments
35:
3069:
3068:
3023:Optical amplifier
2872:Solid-state laser
2732:
2731:
2696:
2695:
2588:Spectrophotometry
2515:Neutron spin echo
2489:Beta spectroscopy
2402:Energy-dispersive
2169:978-3-642-20667-2
1583:(22): 3314–3322.
1489:978-3-642-20667-2
1213:(28): 8042–8048.
778:
747:{\displaystyle k}
583:{\displaystyle T}
306:
215:
137:tunnel ionization
3099:
3059:
3058:
3033:Optical isolator
2998:Injection seeder
2978:Beam homogenizer
2957:Ultrashort pulse
2947:Lasing threshold
2759:
2752:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2720:
2719:
2708:
2707:
2568:
2567:
2479:phenomenological
2228:Vibrational (IR)
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2173:
2154:
2148:
2140:
2127:
2116:10.1039/b714219f
2094:
2065:
2040:(9): 1275–1278.
2024:
1987:
1950:
1939:10.1039/B419173K
1920:
1917:10.1039/B419109A
1898:
1893:. Archived from
1845:
1819:
1781:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1408:(5–6): 479–484.
1397:
1391:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1258:(7): 1131–1140.
1247:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1033:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
998:
992:
989:
983:
982:
964:
958:
957:
939:
845:
843:
842:
837:
835:
834:
830:
829:
820:
815:
814:
797:
796:
786:
753:
751:
750:
745:
733:
731:
730:
725:
700:
698:
697:
692:
679:
677:
676:
671:
644:
639:
620:
618:
617:
612:
589:
587:
586:
581:
563:
561:
560:
555:
553:
552:
530:
528:
527:
522:
520:
519:
501:
499:
498:
493:
462:
460:
459:
454:
452:
451:
425:
423:
422:
417:
415:
414:
393:
391:
390:
385:
383:
382:
364:
362:
361:
356:
354:
353:
329:
327:
326:
321:
307:
305:
291:
290:
289:
285:
284:
275:
270:
269:
252:
251:
241:
239:
238:
226:
225:
216:
214:
203:
189:
188:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3047:
2961:
2942:Laser linewidth
2932:Continuous wave
2908:
2801:Types of lasers
2796:
2768:
2763:
2733:
2728:
2692:
2670:
2607:
2559:
2521:
2493:
2435:
2385:
2285:
2246:Resonance Raman
2222:
2217:
2180:
2170:
2142:
2141:
1842:
1826:
1824:Further reading
1736:
1735:
1706:Open Quaternary
1698:
1694:
1633:
1629:
1600:
1596:
1569:
1565:
1542:
1538:
1509:
1505:
1490:
1476:
1472:
1433:
1429:
1398:
1394:
1381:
1377:
1332:
1328:
1283:
1279:
1248:
1244:
1199:
1195:
1158:
1154:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1058:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1014:
999:
995:
990:
986:
979:
965:
961:
954:
940:
936:
931:
889:
851:
825:
821:
816:
810:
806:
802:
798:
792:
788:
782:
761:
758:
757:
739:
736:
735:
710:
707:
706:
686:
683:
682:
640:
632:
626:
623:
622:
597:
594:
593:
575:
572:
571:
548:
544:
542:
539:
538:
515:
511:
509:
506:
505:
478:
475:
474:
447:
443:
441:
438:
437:
407:
403:
401:
398:
397:
378:
374:
372:
369:
368:
346:
342:
340:
337:
336:
292:
280:
276:
271:
265:
261:
257:
253:
247:
243:
242:
240:
231:
227:
221:
217:
207:
202:
181:
177:
175:
172:
171:
158:
129:
117:
71:
59:
44:) is a type of
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3038:Output coupler
3035:
3030:
3028:Optical cavity
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:Gain-switching
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2937:Laser ablation
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2835:Carbon dioxide
2827:
2826:
2825:
2823:Liquid-crystal
2820:
2810:
2808:Chemical laser
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2792:Laser acronyms
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2462:Angle-resolved
2459:
2454:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2178:External links
2176:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2155:
2128:
2095:
2066:
2025:
1988:
1951:
1921:
1899:
1897:on 2013-04-15.
1861:(7): 762–769.
1846:
1840:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1794:(6): 637–649.
1782:
1734:
1733:
1692:
1627:
1594:
1563:
1536:
1503:
1488:
1470:
1443:(3): 745–754.
1427:
1392:
1375:
1346:(1): 299–307.
1340:Optics Express
1326:
1277:
1242:
1207:Applied Optics
1193:
1152:
1133:(6): 637–649.
1116:
1092:
1068:
1059:|journal=
1023:
993:
984:
977:
959:
952:
933:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
898:Laser ablation
895:
888:
885:
850:
847:
833:
828:
824:
819:
813:
809:
805:
801:
795:
791:
785:
781:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
743:
723:
720:
717:
714:
703:
702:
690:
680:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
643:
638:
635:
631:
610:
607:
604:
601:
591:
579:
569:
551:
547:
536:
518:
514:
503:
491:
488:
485:
482:
472:
450:
446:
435:
413:
410:
406:
395:
381:
377:
366:
352:
349:
345:
319:
316:
313:
310:
304:
301:
298:
295:
288:
283:
279:
274:
268:
264:
260:
256:
250:
246:
237:
234:
230:
224:
220:
213:
210:
206:
201:
198:
195:
192:
187:
184:
180:
157:
156:Line intensity
154:
141:Bremsstrahlung
128:
125:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
70:
67:
58:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3104:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3062:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Gaussian beam
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Beam expander
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2914:Laser physics
2911:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2725:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Near-infrared
2317:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:(2): 225–33.
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1841:0-521-85274-9
1837:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1719:10.5334/oq.59
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1385:
1384:Laser Physics
1379:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
988:
980:
978:0-521-85274-9
974:
970:
963:
955:
953:0-470-09299-8
949:
945:
938:
934:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:
868:Ostrea edulis
864:
860:
855:
846:
831:
826:
822:
817:
811:
807:
803:
799:
793:
789:
783:
779:
775:
769:
763:
755:
741:
718:
712:
688:
681:
667:
664:
661:
658:
652:
646:
633:
629:
605:
599:
592:
577:
570:
567:
549:
545:
537:
534:
516:
512:
504:
486:
480:
473:
470:
466:
448:
444:
436:
433:
429:
411:
408:
404:
396:
379:
375:
367:
350:
347:
343:
335:
334:
333:
332:where :
330:
314:
308:
299:
293:
286:
281:
277:
272:
266:
262:
258:
254:
248:
244:
235:
232:
228:
222:
218:
211:
208:
204:
199:
193:
185:
182:
178:
169:
167:
163:
153:
149:
147:
146:filamentation
142:
138:
134:
124:
122:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
98:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
66:
64:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
28:
22:
3087:Spectroscopy
3013:Mode locking
2966:Laser optics
2721:
2709:
2689:(a misnomer)
2675:Applications
2593:Time-stretch
2484:paramagnetic
2346:
2302:Fluorescence
2220:Spectroscopy
2159:
2145:cite journal
2136:
2107:
2103:
2074:
2070:
2037:
2033:
1996:
1992:
1959:
1955:
1930:
1926:
1908:
1904:
1895:the original
1858:
1854:
1831:
1791:
1787:
1748:(1): 27–97.
1745:
1741:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1479:
1473:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:
1095:
1071:
1050:cite journal
1015:. Retrieved
1010:
1007:Spectroscopy
1006:
996:
987:
968:
962:
943:
937:
923:Spectroscopy
866:
856:
852:
756:
704:
532:
468:
464:
431:
427:
331:
170:
165:
161:
159:
150:
130:
118:
96:
76:
72:
60:
41:
37:
36:
30:
3043:Q-switching
2904:X-ray laser
2897:Ti-sapphire
2867:Laser diode
2845:Helium–neon
2261:Vibrational
1962:(8): 1281.
1647:(1): 3698.
1614:: 120–124.
861:and of the
133:multiphoton
3076:Categories
2467:Two-photon
2369:absorption
2251:Rotational
2110:(5): 694.
2077:(2): 147.
1933:(6): 552.
1911:(6): 544.
1110:2018-08-27
1017:2018-08-27
929:References
877:Mesolithic
430:and level
131:Following
3008:M squared
2830:Gas laser
2813:Dye laser
2545:Terahertz
2526:Radiowave
2424:Mössbauer
1984:250750854
1816:0584-8547
1770:0570-4928
1728:2055-298X
1669:2045-2322
1523:: 80–93.
1498:773812336
1465:121616255
1297:: 53–59.
1172:: 40–45.
804:−
780:∑
689:λ
662:λ
653:λ
642:∞
637:∞
634:−
630:∫
606:λ
568:(in eV/K)
315:λ
259:−
212:π
194:λ
164:to level
3061:Category
2855:Nitrogen
2711:Category
2440:Electron
2407:Emission
2357:emission
2314:Vibronic
2137:Фотоника
2124:97020157
2062:32765892
2021:42607960
2013:16570144
1947:39938942
1891:41416641
1883:15282039
1778:98545359
1712:(1): 9.
1687:30842602
1370:22274353
1321:22099648
1237:27828047
1084:Archived
887:See also
873:Linnaeus
69:Research
2840:Excimer
2723:Commons
2550:ESR/EPR
2498:Nucleon
2326:(REMPI)
2079:Bibcode
2042:Bibcode
1964:Bibcode
1863:Bibcode
1796:Bibcode
1750:Bibcode
1678:6403426
1649:Bibcode
1552:: 1–7.
1445:Bibcode
1410:Bibcode
1348:Bibcode
1312:3418677
1291:Talanta
1260:Bibcode
1215:Bibcode
1174:Bibcode
1135:Bibcode
564:is the
535:(in eV)
21:Liberal
2882:Nd:YAG
2877:Er:YAG
2818:Bubble
2766:Lasers
2564:Others
2352:Atomic
2166:
2122:
2060:
2019:
2011:
1982:
1945:
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1814:
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1667:
1496:
1486:
1463:
1368:
1319:
1309:
1235:
975:
950:
434:(in s)
2887:Raman
2505:Alpha
2474:Auger
2452:X-ray
2419:Gamma
2397:X-ray
2330:Raman
2241:Raman
2236:FT-IR
2120:S2CID
2058:S2CID
2017:S2CID
1980:S2CID
1943:S2CID
1887:S2CID
1774:S2CID
1461:S2CID
1390:68–76
1087:(PDF)
1080:(PDF)
50:laser
2892:Ruby
2164:ISBN
2151:link
2009:PMID
1879:PMID
1836:ISBN
1812:ISSN
1766:ISSN
1724:ISSN
1683:PMID
1665:ISSN
1494:OCLC
1484:ISBN
1366:PMID
1317:PMID
1233:PMID
1063:help
973:ISBN
948:ISBN
42:LIBS
2850:Ion
2533:NMR
2112:doi
2087:doi
2050:doi
2001:doi
1997:385
1972:doi
1935:doi
1913:doi
1871:doi
1804:doi
1758:doi
1714:doi
1673:PMC
1657:doi
1616:doi
1612:216
1585:doi
1554:doi
1525:doi
1453:doi
1418:doi
1406:183
1388:11:
1356:doi
1307:PMC
1299:doi
1268:doi
1223:doi
1182:doi
1170:115
1143:doi
1038:doi
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