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247:(airliner) aircraft, pilots land the aircraft by "flying the airplane on to the runway." The airspeed and attitude (pitch angle) of the plane are adjusted for landing. Thrust and pitch must be adjusted together, however the technique is reversed compared to light aircraft. In large aircraft, thrust is used to control airspeed and pitch is used to control rate of descent. The airspeed is kept well above stall speed and at a constant rate of descent. A
137:
To land, the airspeed and the rate of descent are reduced such that the object descends at a low enough rate to allow for a gentle touch down. Landing is accomplished by slowing down and descending to the runway. This speed reduction is accomplished by reducing thrust and/or inducing a greater amount
390:. Some consider these objects to be in a controlled descent instead of actually flying. Most parachutes work by capturing air, inducing enough drag that the falling object hits the ground at a relatively slow speed. There are many examples of parachutes in nature, including the seeds of a
363:(RNP) is being used more and more. Rather than using radio beacons, the airplane uses GPS-navigation for landing using this technique. This translates into a much more fluid ascent, which results in decreased noise, and decreased fuel consumption.
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192:, the ideal landing is when contact with the ground occurs as the forward speed is reduced to the point where there is no longer sufficient airspeed to remain aloft. The
154:. Progressive movement of the control column back will allow the aircraft to settle onto the runway at minimum speed, landing on its main wheels first in the case of a
882:
185:, power is adjusted to control the descent rate, and pitch attitude is adjusted to control airspeed, although theoretically they must be adjusted together.
799:
275:-driven airplanes also have this feature, where the blades of the propeller are re-angled to push air forward instead of back using the 'beta range'.
255:(sometimes called "lift dumpers") are deployed to dramatically reduce the lift and transfer the aircraft's weight to its wheels, where mechanical
405:
mode. Parachutists execute a flare at landing, reducing or eliminating both downward and forward speed at touchdown, in order to avoid injury.
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warning is often heard just before landing, indicating that this speed and altitude have been reached. The result is very light touch down.
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Soft and unprepared field landings - where the landing area is wet, soft or has ground obstacles such as furrows or ruts to contend with
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345:, under fire in a grass field in a war zone, requires different skills and precautions than landing a single engine plane such as a
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is performed just before landing, and the descent rate is significantly reduced, causing a light touch down. Upon touchdown,
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795:
710:. Flight Standards' Accident Prevention Program Branch, Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation: 4
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605:
295:
will cause pilots to land slightly faster and sometimes with different aircraft attitude to ensure a safe landing.
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used a rocket deceleration system and landing gear to soft-land on the moon. Several Soviet rockets including the
239:
wheels shows that it touched down on that main landing gear first, which is normal procedure in a left cross wind.
360:
75:
573:
1348:
734:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Office. 1981. p. 6
146:. When a fixed-wing aircraft approaches the ground, the pilot will move the control column back to execute a
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on a paved runway in uncontrolled airspace, which is different from landing an airliner such as an
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to help slow down just after touch-down, redirecting engine exhaust forward instead of back. Some
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Light aircraft landing situations, and the pilot skills required, can be divided into four types:
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The term "landing" is also applied to people or objects descending to the ground using a
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451:(edge of space at 100 km altitude) and land vertically back on Earth. In December 2015,
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134:) are able to land on water. Aircraft also sometimes use skis to land on snow or ice.
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returns to the ground. When the flying object returns to water, the process is called
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78:" as well. A normal aircraft flight would include several parts of flight including
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Sometimes, a safe landing is accomplished by using multiple forms of lift, thrust (
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its first stage, although the landed first stage was on a sub-orbital trajectory.
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Short field landings - where the length of the landing area is a limiting factor
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656:. Volume 64. Royal Aeronautical Society Australian Division. 1984. p. 50
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Other factors affecting a particular landing might include: the plane size,
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209:- where a significant wind not aligned with the landing area is a factor
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Strategic
Technology Development for Future Mars Missions (2013-2022)
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63:
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Aircraft
Accident Report, United Airlines Flight 232, 19 July 1989
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311:
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83:
79:
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758:. Appendix D: National Transportation Safety Board. p. 123.
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FAA Aviation News: A DOT/FAA Flight
Standards Safety Publication
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aircraft or on all three wheels simultaneously in the case of a
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1024:
452:
303:
111:
59:
55:
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1034:
1004:
162:-equipped aircraft, commonly referred to as a "taildragger".
770:"Required Navigation Performance | GE Aviation Systems"
634:, pages 104-115. Gage Educational Publishing Company, 1994.
74:, although it is commonly called "landing", "touchdown" or "
1078:
1073:
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1063:
1053:
1044:
1029:
1019:
1014:
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846:"First Words of Safe Landing on Mars - Tango Delta Nominal"
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became the first launch vehicle on an orbital trajectory
600:, page 217. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997.
27:
Transition from being in flight to being on a surface
126:, gravel or grass. Aircraft equipped with pontoons (
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401:are essentially inflatable wings that operate in a
439:to dampen the landing on earth. In November 2015,
546:
1325:
890:
598:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition
540:
1193:
876:
632:Aeroplane Flight Training Manual, 4th Edition
574:"Phase of Flight Definitions and Usage Notes"
461:to successfully vertically-land and recover
1200:
1186:
883:
869:
701:
590:
570:International Civil Aviation Organization
235:. The smoke emanating from the left main
130:) or with a boat hull-shaped fuselage (a
370:
278:
223:
169:
38:
177:landing sequence from approach to flare
14:
1326:
1181:
864:
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447:became the first rocket to cross the
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337:For example, landing a multi-engine
796:United States Parachute Association
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644:
427:uncrewed lunar probe craft and the
24:
1137:Shipborne rolling vertical landing
695:
423:) and dampening systems. Both the
25:
1360:
1207:
856:
702:Jeffrey A., Roy (May–June 1990).
610:
219:
188:In a light aircraft, with little
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150:or round-out. This increases the
678:Piloting for Maximum Performance
838:
818:
762:
522:
361:Required Navigation Performance
13:
1:
1334:Types of take-off and landing
772:. GE Aviation. Archived from
533:
408:
366:
681:. McGraw-Hill. p. 229.
375:A drag chute is deployed by
306:, runway length, obstacles,
106:Aircraft usually land at an
7:
529:touchdown: tango delta, TD
524:
466:
334:and the overall situation.
287:where the pilot will use a
118:, generally constructed of
101:
10:
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835:, NASA, September 15, 2009
547:Aviation Glossary (2011).
412:
397:On the other hand, modern
29:
1256:
1215:
1167:Floating landing platform
1087:
1059:Launch and recovery cycle
980:
942:
899:
704:"The Stabilized Approach"
549:"Flare (ICAO Definition)"
498:Instrument landing system
435:have used parachutes and
263:system, can take effect.
160:conventional landing gear
800:"Canopy piloting skills"
516:
353:at a major airport with
32:Landing (disambiguation)
848:. NASA. 21 August 2012.
504:Instrument flight rules
1162:Water landing/ditching
914:Non-rocket spacelaunch
909:Balanced field takeoff
437:airbag landing systems
383:
240:
178:
116:helicopter landing pad
54:is the last part of a
48:
990:Brodie landing system
824:Samad Hayati, et al,
675:Bjork, Lewis (1996).
413:Further information:
374:
279:Environmental factors
227:
173:
138:of drag using flaps,
42:
1349:Aircraft performance
1157:Touch-and-go landing
731:NASA Technical Paper
30:For other uses, see
1264:Takeoff and landing
1142:Short-field landing
982:Takeoff and landing
893:takeoff and landing
510:Visual flight rules
493:Instrument approach
483:Landing performance
429:Apollo Lunar Module
415:Lander (spacecraft)
355:air traffic control
341:military such as a
324:air traffic control
314:, runway altitude,
934:Zero-length launch
831:2013-02-21 at the
806:on 15 October 2015
421:propulsive landing
399:ram-air parachutes
384:
245:transport category
241:
207:Crosswind landings
179:
49:
1321:
1320:
1175:
1174:
1117:Emergency landing
1112:Deadstick landing
1107:Crosswind landing
1102:Corkscrew landing
944:Assisted take-off
688:978-0-07-005699-2
58:, where a flying
16:(Redirected from
1356:
1339:Types of landing
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919:Rejected takeoff
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802:. Archived from
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433:Soyuz spacecraft
283:Factors such as
267:is used by many
233:Boeing 767-400ER
120:asphalt concrete
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833:Wayback Machine
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488:Visual approach
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382:during landing
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316:air temperature
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230:Delta Air Lines
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203:Normal landings
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152:angle of attack
104:
45:Hawker Sea Fury
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308:ground effects
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265:Reverse thrust
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1293:Top of climb
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1147:Soft landing
1132:Hard landing
1088:
929:Space launch
840:
820:
808:. Retrieved
804:the original
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778:. Retrieved
774:the original
764:
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748:
736:. Retrieved
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724:
712:. Retrieved
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658:. Retrieved
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580:. Retrieved
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552:. Retrieved
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478:Hard landing
420:
418:
396:
385:
378:
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336:
320:air pressure
297:
293:slip landing
289:crab landing
282:
269:jet aircraft
242:
198:
187:
180:
144:speed brakes
140:landing gear
136:
105:
71:
51:
50:
36:
1216:Main phases
967:Rocket sled
810:6 September
738:28 February
714:28 February
660:28 February
449:Kármán line
445:New Shepard
441:Blue Origin
351:Airbus A380
132:flying boat
43:Landing of
1328:Categories
1288:Step climb
1152:Splashdown
582:26 January
554:26 January
534:References
409:Spacecraft
367:Parachutes
347:Cessna 150
328:visibility
228:A landing
128:floatplane
110:on a firm
76:splashdown
68:spacecraft
1313:Go-around
891:Types of
392:dandelion
388:parachute
379:Endeavour
339:turboprop
285:crosswind
273:propeller
261:autobrake
243:In large
190:crosswind
72:alighting
1283:Rotation
972:Ski-jump
952:Catapult
829:Archived
798:(2008).
653:Aircraft
467:See also
457:Falcon 9
425:Surveyor
332:avionics
253:spoilers
124:concrete
102:Aircraft
64:aircraft
18:Landings
1278:Holding
1248:Landing
1243:Descent
1228:Takeoff
1223:Taxiing
1089:Landing
995:CATOBAR
901:Takeoff
780:16 July
312:weather
257:braking
108:airport
96:descent
84:takeoff
52:Landing
1298:Loiter
1238:Cruise
1040:V/STOL
1025:STOBAR
685:
638:
604:
453:SpaceX
304:weight
112:runway
92:cruise
60:animal
56:flight
1270:types
1233:Climb
1049:VTOHL
1035:STOVL
1005:eVTOL
577:(PDF)
517:Notes
512:(VFR)
506:(IFR)
500:(ILS)
291:or a
249:flare
194:stall
181:In a
148:flare
88:climb
66:, or
47:FB 10
1079:HTVL
1074:HTHL
1069:VTHL
1064:VTVL
1054:VTOL
1045:VTHL
1030:STOL
1020:RTOL
1015:QTOL
1010:PTOL
1000:CTOL
962:JATO
812:2011
782:2012
740:2023
716:2023
683:ISBN
662:2023
636:ISBN
602:ISBN
584:2011
556:2011
300:wind
80:taxi
455:'s
443:'s
142:or
114:or
1330::
706:.
630::
612:^
525:^a
394:.
357:.
330:,
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322:,
318:,
310:,
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814:.
784:.
742:.
718:.
691:.
664:.
586:.
558:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
