6089:
4045:
2366:'probably due to gradual reduction from disuse, but aided perhaps by natural selection'. In the case of cave animals, when speaking of the loss of eyes, he says, 'I attribute their loss wholly to disuse' (p137) On page 455 he begins unequivocally, 'At whatever period of life disuse or selection reduces an organâŠ' The importance he gives to use or disuse is indicated by the frequency with which he invokes this agent of evolution in the Origin. I find references on pages 11, 43, 134, 135, 136, 137, 447, 454, 455, 472, 479, and 480."
1373:
248:
1534:; this can be produced by changes in behaviour and environment. Many epigenetic changes are heritable to a degree. Thus, while DNA itself is not directly altered by the environment and behavior except through selection, the relationship of the genotype to the phenotype can be altered, even across generations, by experience within the lifetime of an individual. This has led to calls for biology to reconsider Lamarckian processes in evolution in light of modern advances in molecular biology.
66:
1158:
5441:
803:
5451:
790:
1591:
1032:, and he was even nominated for the lieutenancy. Lamarck's company was left exposed to the direct artillery fire of their enemies, and was quickly reduced to just 14 menâwith no officers. One of the men suggested that the puny, 17-year-old volunteer should assume command and order a withdrawal from the field; although Lamarck accepted command, he insisted they remain where they had been posted until relieved.
1355:. He used these mechanisms to explain the two forces he saw as constituting evolution: force driving animals from simple to complex forms and a force adapting animals to their local environments and differentiating them from each other. He believed that these forces must be explained as a necessary consequence of basic physical principles, favoring a materialistic attitude toward biology.
1474:
to their environment. This could move organisms upward from the ladder of progress into new and distinct forms with local adaptations. It could also drive organisms into evolutionary blind alleys, where the organism became so finely adapted that no further change could occur. Lamarck argued that this
1631:
model by which organisms developed their characteristics. Lamarck incorporated this belief into his theory of evolution, along with other common beliefs of the time, such as spontaneous generation. The inheritance of acquired characteristics (also called the theory of adaptation or soft inheritance)
1428:
The rapid motion of fluids will etch canals between delicate tissues. Soon their flow will begin to vary, leading to the emergence of distinct organs. The fluids themselves, now more elaborate, will become more complex, engendering a greater variety of secretions and substances composing the organs.
1423:
Lamarck ran against the modern chemistry promoted by
Lavoisier (whose ideas he regarded with disdain), preferring to embrace a more traditional alchemical view of the elements as influenced primarily by earth, air, fire, and water. He asserted that once living organisms form, the movements of fluids
1266:
for just five years, according to the grant obtained from relatives. Later, the body was dug up along with other remains and was lost. Lamarck's books and the contents of his home were sold at auction, and his body was buried in a temporary lime pit. After his death, Cuvier used the form of a eulogy
1660:, the study of cellular and physiological traits that are heritable by daughter cells and not caused by changes in the DNA sequence, have caused debate about whether a "neolamarckist" view of inheritance could be correct: Lamarck was not in a position to give a molecular explanation for his theory.
1501:
Second Law: All the acquisitions or losses wrought by nature on individuals, through the influence of the environment in which their race has long been placed, and hence through the influence of the predominant use or permanent disuse of any organ; all these are preserved by reproduction to the new
1484:
First Law: In every animal which has not passed the limit of its development, a more frequent and continuous use of any organ gradually strengthens, develops and enlarges that organ, and gives it a power proportional to the length of time it has been so used; while the permanent disuse of any organ
1318:
Lamarck stressed two main themes in his biological work (neither of them to do with soft inheritance). The first was that the environment gives rise to changes in animals. He cited examples of blindness in moles, the presence of teeth in mammals and the absence of teeth in birds as evidence of this
2365:
commented: "Curiously few evolutionists have noted that, in addition to natural selection, Darwin admits use and disuse as an important evolutionary mechanism. In this he is perfectly clear. For instance,âŠon page 137 he says that the reduced size of the eyes in moles and other burrowing mammals is
1253:
Cuvier was clearly hostile to the materialistic overtones of current transformist theorizing, but it does not necessarily follow that he regarded species origin as supernatural; certainly he was careful to use neutral language to refer to the causes of the origins of new forms of life, and even of
1126:
in 1793. During his time at the herbarium, Lamarck's wife gave birth to three more children before dying on 27 September 1792. With the official title of "Professeur d'Histoire naturelle des
Insectes et des Vers", Lamarck received a salary of nearly 2,500 francs per year. The following year, on 9
1581:
The historian
Jacques Roger has written, "Lamarck was a materialist to the extent that he did not consider it necessary to have recourse to any spiritual principle... his deism remained vague, and his idea of creation did not prevent him from believing everything in nature, including the highest
1442:
He argued that organisms thus moved from simple to complex in a steady, predictable way based on the fundamental physical principles of alchemy. In this view, simple organisms never disappeared because they were constantly being created by spontaneous generation in what has been described as a
1127:
October, he married
Charlotte Reverdy, who was 30 years his junior. On 26 September 1794 Lamarck was appointed to serve as secretary of the assembly of professors for the museum for a period of one year. In 1797, Charlotte died, and he married Julie Mallet the following year; she died in 1819.
1051:
With a reduced pension of only 400 francs a year, Lamarck resolved to pursue a profession. He attempted to study medicine, and supported himself by working in a bank office. Lamarck studied medicine for four years, but gave it up under his elder brother's persuasion. He was interested in
1086:
In his two years of travel, Lamarck collected rare plants that were not available in the Royal Garden, and also other objects of natural history, such as minerals and ores, that were not found in French museums. On 7 January 1786, his second son, Antoine, was born, and
Lamarck chose
923:, Lamarck became interested in natural history and resolved to study medicine. He retired from the army after being injured in 1766, and returned to his medical studies. Lamarck developed a particular interest in botany, and later, after he published the three-volume work
1035:
When their colonel reached the remains of their company, this display of courage and loyalty impressed him so much that
Lamarck was promoted to officer on the spot. However, when one of his comrades playfully lifted him by the head, he sustained an inflammation in the
1310:
to biology. This led him to the basic principle of evolution, which saw the fluids in organs inheriting more complex forms and functions, thus passing on these traits to the organism's descendants. This was a reversal from
Lamarck's previous view, published in his
1216:. He argued that global currents tended to flow from east to west, and continents eroded on their eastern borders, with the material carried across to be deposited on the western borders. Thus, the Earth's continents marched steadily westward around the globe.
1655:
argues that
Lamarck was the "primary evolutionary theorist", in that his ideas, and the way in which he structured his theory, set the tone for much of the subsequent thinking in evolutionary biology, through to the present day. Developments in
1223:, in which he drew out his theory on evolution. He believed that all life was organized in a vertical chain, with gradation between the lowest forms and the highest forms of life, thus demonstrating a path to progressive developments in nature.
1027:
After his father died in 1760, Lamarck bought himself a horse, and rode across the country to join the French army, which was in
Germany at the time. Lamarck showed great physical courage on the battlefield in the Seven Years' War with
987:
consisted of the first truly cohesive theory of biological evolution, in which an alchemical complexifying force drove organisms up a ladder of complexity, and a second environmental force adapted them to local environments through
1447:(goal-oriented) process where organisms became more perfect as they evolved, though as a materialist, he emphasized that these forces must originate necessarily from underlying physical principles. According to the paleontologist
1095:, a professor of botany at the Royal Garden, was the boy's godfather, and Lamarck's elder sister, Marie Charlotte Pelagie De Monet, was the godmother. In 1788, Buffon's successor at the position of Intendant of the Royal Garden,
1012:, northern France, as the 11th child in an impoverished aristocratic family. Male members of the Lamarck family had traditionally served in the French army. Lamarck's eldest brother was killed in combat at the
1443:"steady-state biology". Lamarck saw spontaneous generation as being ongoing, with the simple organisms thus created being transmuted over time becoming more complex. He is sometimes regarded as believing in a
2169:
SystÚme des animaux sans vertÚbres, ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; présentant leurs caractÚres essentiels et leur distribution, d'aprÚs la considération de leurs...
983:. However, the idea of soft inheritance long antedates him, formed only a small element of his theory of evolution, and was in his time accepted by many natural historians. Lamarck's contribution to
1079:
in 1779 and a commission as a royal botanist in 1781, in which he traveled to foreign botanical gardens and museums. Lamarck's first son, André, was born on 22 April 1781, and he made his colleague
1322:
Although he was not the first thinker to advocate organic evolution, he was the first to develop a truly coherent evolutionary theory. He outlined his theories regarding evolution first in his
2178:, Tome 1 (1815): 1â462; Tome 2 (1816): 1â568; Tome 3 (1816): 1â586; Tome 4 (1817): 1â603; Tome 5 (1818): 1â612; Tome 6, Pt.1 (1819): 1â343; Tome 6, Pt.2 (1822): 1â252; Tome 7 (1822): 1â711.
1675:. He praised Lamarck for "the eminent service of arousing attention to the probability of all change in the organic... world, being the result of law, not miraculous interposition".
1130:
In his first six years as professor, Lamarck published only one paper, in 1798, on the influence of the moon on the Earth's atmosphere. Lamarck began as an essentialist who believed
1271:Ă©loge of Lamarck is one of the most deprecatory and chillingly partisan biographies I have ever readâthough he was supposedly writing respectful comments in the old tradition of
1096:
1644:(the rest of the body); thus, nothing which happens to the soma may be passed on with the germ plasm. This model allegedly underlies the modern understanding of inheritance.
1451:, "Lamarck denied, absolutely, the existence of any 'perfecting tendency' in nature, and regarded evolution as the final necessary effect of surrounding conditions on life."
1319:
principle. The second principle was that life was structured in an orderly manner and that many different parts of all bodies make possible the organic movements of animals.
2004:
1861:
4076:, online materials about Lamarck (23,000 files of Lamarck's herbarium, 11,000 manuscripts, books, etc.) edited online by Pietro Corsi (Oxford University) and realised by
1668:, for example, call themselves neolamarckists. Reviewing the evidence, David Haig argued that any such mechanisms must themselves have evolved through natural selection.
6249:
1957:
1893:
1885:
1071:. Lamarck's work was respected by many scholars, and it launched him into prominence in French science. On 8 August 1778, Lamarck married Marie Anne Rosalie Delaporte.
1485:
imperceptibly becomes weak and deteriorates it, and progressively diminishes its functional capacity or ability to function as expected, until it finally disappears.
1988:
1574:
described
Lamarck, "as believing in God as an unmoved mover, creator of the world and its laws, who refuses to intervene miraculously in his creation." Biographer
1262:
on 18 December 1829. When he died, his family was so poor, they had to apply to the Academie for financial assistance. Lamarck was buried in a common grave of the
5173:
1965:
1933:
519:
2028:
1064:, a notable French naturalist. Under Jussieu, Lamarck spent 10 years studying French flora. In 1776, he wrote his first scientific essayâa chemical treatise.
2044:
2012:
1705:
gives no fewer than 1,634 records. The Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database gives 1,781 records. Among these are some well-known families such as the ark clams (
2052:
1973:
1845:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1455:, a historian of science, has written "life is a purely physical phenomenon in Lamarck", and argued that Lamarck's views should not be confused with the
1351:
Lamarck employed several mechanisms as drivers of evolution, drawn from the common knowledge of his day and from his own belief in the chemistry before
6244:
3017:
2036:
1169:, a major work on the classification of invertebrates. In the work, he introduced definitions of natural groups among invertebrates. He categorized
1510:, the inheritance of acquired characteristics, or simply "Lamarckism", though it forms only a part of Lamarck's thinking. However, in the field of
1502:
individuals which arise, provided that the acquired modifications are common to both sexes, or at least to the individuals which produce the young.
1016:, and two other brothers were still in service when Lamarck was in his teenaged years. Yielding to the wishes of his father, Lamarck enrolled in a
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5796:
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834:
4922:
4099:
4222:
4059:
3097:
2184:
1909:
1696:
442:
6018:
4105:
3780:
The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America 1870â1900
3766:
3535:
1679:
is also occasionally used to describe quasi-evolutionary concepts in societal contexts, though not by Lamarck himself. For example, the
1514:, evidence is growing that soft inheritance plays a part in the changing of some organisms' phenotypes; it leaves the genetic material (
753:
1151:
1123:
936:
191:
6204:
6184:
5487:
1475:
adaptive force was powered by the interaction of organisms with their environment, by the use and disuse of certain characteristics.
1091:, Bernard de Jussieu's nephew, as the boy's godfather. On 21 April the following year, Charles René, Lamarck's third son, was born.
5426:
4881:
1142:
or change in the nature of a species occurred over time. He set out to develop an explanation, and on 11 May 1800 (the 21st day of
561:
6088:
1620:(1859), which spurred critics of Darwin's new theory to fall back on Lamarckian evolution as a more well-established alternative.
6254:
6199:
6179:
6169:
4077:
1624:
1495:
1389:
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138:
1671:
Darwin allowed a role for use and disuse as an evolutionary mechanism subsidiary to natural selection, most often in respect of
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267:
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3412:
3387:
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3330:
3238:
3168:
3130:
2263:
748:
6194:
6174:
4546:
3514:
3344:
977:, called Lamarckism (inaccurately named after him), soft inheritance, or use/disuse theory, which he described in his 1809
695:
4073:
4054:
5896:
5272:
4192:
3302:
1205:
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of characteristics, differentiating them from other organisms. Scientists have debated whether advances in the field of
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827:
556:
387:
5639:
3703:
3458:
3180:
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2346:
5001:
3915:"Transgenerational rescue of a genetic defect in long-term potentiation and memory formation by juvenile enrichment"
3857:
Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes: New Translations and Interpretations of the Primary Texts
1227:
1118:. Lamarck had worked as the keeper of the herbarium for five years before he was appointed curator and professor of
5965:
5786:
5006:
4604:
4098:
2176:
Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertÚbres, présentant les caractÚres généraux et particuliers de ces animaux...
1702:
1040:
of the neck, and he was sent to Paris to receive treatment. He was awarded a commission and settled at his post in
289:
6224:
6128:
6107:
5251:
5241:
5165:
4440:
4123:
3297:
3068:
2273:
2238:
1781:
1718:
1388:, and 2) an adaptive force that causes animals with a given body plan to adapt to circumstances (use and disuse,
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546:
514:
42:
6149:
6030:
5379:
5246:
5026:
4770:
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4472:
4361:
3322:
3160:
1067:
After his studies, in 1778, he published some of his observations and results in a three-volume work, entitled
1013:
768:
551:
5767:
5480:
5444:
5031:
4775:
4514:
3843:
Roger, Jacques (1986). "The Mechanist Conception of Life". In Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (eds.).
2312:
993:
820:
807:
4976:
3601:
Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life
1606:
Lamarck is known largely for his views on evolution, which have been dismissed in favour of developments in
1297:
6214:
5384:
4886:
4113:
2125:
1230:. During Lamarck's lifetime, he became controversial, attacking the more enlightened chemistry proposed by
738:
4141:
3823:
Lamarck, the founder of Evolution: his life and work with translations of his writing on organic evolution
1092:
6229:
6219:
5838:
5651:
5454:
5048:
3919:
3860:
1245:, Cuvier "ridiculed Lamarck's theory of transformation and defended the fixity of species." According to
1213:
794:
3567:
Jablonka, Eva; Lamb, Marion J.; Avital, Eytan (1998). "'Lamarckian' mechanisms in darwinian evolution".
2102:
Philosophie zoologique, ou Exposition des considérations relatives à l'histoire naturelle des animaux...
6234:
6209:
6117:
5808:
5150:
4324:
4129:
3442:
3230:
1452:
1147:
1088:
1076:
1075:, one of the top French scientists of the day, mentored Lamarck, and helped him gain membership to the
928:
294:
187:
2070:
Flore françoise, ou, Description succincte de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France
1701:
During his lifetime, Lamarck named a large number of species, many of which have become synonyms. The
5862:
5843:
5752:
4944:
4741:
4551:
4319:
4212:
3072:
2223:
2160:
1275:
660:
635:
615:
595:
272:
214:
5073:
2109:. Arguably the most comprehensive discussion of the topic of Lamarckism and more of Lamarck's views.
2106:
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5231:
5203:
5178:
5135:
5038:
4971:
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4719:
4687:
4660:
4650:
4117:
3775:
3736:
3730:
2421:
2195:
2090:
1741:
1616:
1575:
1519:
1139:
650:
645:
620:
575:
541:
535:
524:
202:
31:
4851:
2076:
6013:
5705:
5562:
5372:
5302:
5211:
4939:
4821:
4589:
4185:
4156:
2068:
905:
763:
670:
665:
610:
571:
372:
2117:
935:
and was appointed to the Chair of Botany in 1788. When the French National Assembly founded the
6269:
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5903:
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5411:
5060:
4929:
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4792:
4763:
4736:
4731:
4329:
3831:
3817:
3801:
3787:
2308:
2101:
2020:
1557:
1544:
1448:
1417:
1337:
979:
675:
630:
452:
347:
143:
4917:
954:, a term which he coined. In an 1802 publication, he became one of the first to use the term "
5980:
5884:
5879:
5742:
5352:
5226:
5145:
5140:
5125:
5110:
5100:
5016:
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4826:
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4381:
4376:
4334:
4000:
2416:
2268:
2248:
1996:
1981:
1755:
1568:
1424:
in living organisms naturally drove them to evolve toward ever greater levels of complexity:
1263:
1226:
In his own work, Lamarck had favored the then-more traditional theory based on the classical
1099:, created a position for Lamarck, with a yearly salary of 1,000 francs, as the keeper of the
773:
655:
600:
566:
479:
3883:
3153:
6159:
6154:
5960:
5913:
5680:
5569:
5326:
5221:
5155:
4956:
4871:
4787:
4699:
4682:
4609:
4599:
4309:
4217:
4201:
3852:
3809:
3647:
2243:
1246:
959:
625:
397:
282:
239:
46:
17:
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4831:
8:
6239:
6008:
5513:
5389:
5347:
5297:
5216:
5064:
5056:
4986:
4966:
4912:
4756:
4509:
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4314:
4297:
4275:
4160:
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1925:
1917:
1877:
1837:
1115:
912:
715:
705:
640:
605:
489:
392:
317:
252:
4667:
3791:
71:
6037:
5945:
5908:
5891:
5779:
5528:
5362:
5314:
5307:
4904:
4816:
4677:
4638:
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4178:
4147:
4135:
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3914:
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3197:
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2278:
1941:
1869:
1767:
1746:
1684:
1599:
1420:
of simple living organisms through action on physical matter by a material life force.
1111:
1061:
1057:
932:
758:
690:
474:
402:
367:
195:
5855:
4122:
Lamarck's writings are available in facsimile (PDF) and in Word format (in French) at
3580:
1552:
as the "sublime author of nature". Lamarck's religious views are examined in the book
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5130:
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3408:
3383:
3364:
3326:
3281:
3234:
3205:
3178:
Burkhardt, Richard W. Jr. (1970). "Lamarck, evolution, and the politics of science".
3164:
3136:
3126:
2105:, Paris. Translated with introduction and commentary in 1914 by Hugh S. R. Elliot as
1721:
gives 58 records, including a number of well-known genera such as the mosquito fern (
1652:
1531:
1107:
459:
337:
327:
322:
4087:
3983:
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3217:
5987:
5935:
5920:
5725:
5619:
4996:
4563:
4541:
4349:
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3928:
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3845:
God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science
3576:
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3271:
3261:
3189:
2996:
2350:
1853:
1761:
1507:
1404:
Lamarck referred to a tendency for organisms to become more complex, moving "up" a
1017:
857:
494:
38:
4841:
3316:
1416:(The force that perpetually tends to make order). Lamarck believed in the ongoing
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5624:
5614:
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5357:
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4751:
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4643:
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4227:
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Biology in the Nineteenth Century: problems of form, function, and transformation
3148:
2493:
2385:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2131:
1949:
1829:
1799:", but many have since become synonyms. Marine species with valid names include:
1787:
Among the marine species, no fewer than 103 species or genera carry the epithet "
1687:
is sometimes described as a form of Lamarckian inheritance of nongenetic traits.
1640:(the sex cells, later redefined as DNA), remained separate and distinct from the
1633:
1623:
Lamarck is usually remembered for his belief in the then commonly held theory of
1376:
Lamarck's two-factor theory involves 1) a complexifying force that drives animal
1242:
888:
447:
437:
299:
169:
4036:
1372:
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in classification, and he moved crustaceans into a separate class from insects.
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The lying stones of Marrakech : penultimate reflections in natural history
3424:"Researcher gives hard thoughts on soft inheritance: above and beyond the gene"
3354:
3340:
3293:
2304:
2218:
2199:
1641:
1611:
1238:
900:, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biological
529:
432:
3806:
From the Greeks to Darwin: an outline of the development of the evolution idea
3551:
247:
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5609:
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4504:
4499:
4109:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 101â102.
4094:
3761:
3423:
2397:
2283:
2258:
1901:
1235:
680:
352:
4152:
3140:
1595:
1400:. Popular views of Lamarckism consider only an aspect of the adaptive force.
958:" in its modern sense. Lamarck continued his work as a premier authority on
6025:
5757:
5747:
5693:
5688:
5535:
5394:
5342:
5287:
5120:
5115:
4709:
4467:
3950:
3878:
3642:
Jurmain, Robert; Lynn Kilgore; Wenda Trevathan; Russell L. Ciochon (2011).
3596:
3588:
3363:. Norton critical editions in the history of ideas (3rd ed.). Norton.
3285:
3209:
3043:
2157:
1661:
1571:
1405:
1381:
1367:
1119:
951:
700:
685:
469:
464:
382:
65:
3101:
5930:
5715:
5665:
5586:
5421:
5292:
5021:
4556:
4386:
4292:
4250:
2213:
2080:
1665:
1657:
1527:
1511:
919:, and was awarded a commission for bravery on the battlefield. Posted to
710:
427:
377:
4861:
3821:
3666:
3318:
The Copepodologist's Cabinet: a Biographical and Bibliographical History
2869:
2867:
1560:. According to Packard from Lamarck's writings, he may be regarded as a
1157:
5282:
5183:
5105:
5092:
4726:
4526:
4413:
4391:
4344:
4339:
4287:
4255:
4170:
4068:
3722:
3201:
3193:
2362:
2253:
2228:
1710:
1647:
Lamarck constructed one of the first theoretical frameworks of organic
1637:
1471:
1178:
1170:
1154:
in which he first outlined his newly developing ideas about evolution.
1037:
967:
963:
893:
484:
407:
362:
342:
256:
1610:. His theory of evolution only achieved fame after the publication of
1489:
5523:
5416:
5267:
4876:
4494:
4242:
2864:
2233:
1773:
1714:
1648:
1607:
1444:
1377:
1352:
1231:
1110:, Lamarck changed the name of the Royal Garden from Jardin du Roi to
1100:
901:
897:
743:
357:
277:
134:
4100:"Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de"
3449:
The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
2417:"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck | Biography, Theory of Evolution & Facts"
1462:
5950:
5762:
5319:
4521:
1736:
1456:
1315:(1797), in which he briefly refers to the immutability of species.
1174:
1005:
733:
332:
99:
5465:
3913:
Junko A. Arai; Shaomin Li; Dean M. Hartley; Larry A. Feig (2009).
4704:
4418:
3248:
Curtis, Caitlin; Millar, Craig; Lambert, David (September 2018).
2113:
1706:
1680:
1393:
1307:
1201:
1182:
1135:
1131:
1029:
1009:
955:
940:
916:
174:
164:
103:
3755:
3475:
Georges Cuvier: an annotated bibliography of his published works
1753:). A number of plants have also been named after him, including
1651:. While this theory was generally rejected during his lifetime,
1636:
in the 1880s when he developed a theory of inheritance in which
1590:
1358:
4028:
The Imaginary Lamarck: A Look at Bogus "History" in Schoolbooks
3962:
3536:"Weismann Rules! OK? Epigenetics and the Lamarckian temptation"
2698:
2333:
1723:
1385:
1190:
1114:, a name that did not imply such a close association with King
1053:
1041:
1021:
920:
789:
1470:
The second component of Lamarck's theory of evolution was the
4625:
3690:
Larson, Edward J (May 2004). ""A Growing sense of progress".
2982:
Darwin (1861â82), 3rd edition, "Historical sketch", page xiii
1561:
1397:
1259:
1212:, Lamarck advocated a steady-state geology based on a strict
122:
872:
4081:
3770:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3067:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2591:
2589:
1523:
1185:, which he separated from the old taxon for worms known as
1150:
used in France at the time), he presented a lecture at the
1097:
Charles-Claude Flahaut de la Billaderie, comte d'Angiviller
973:
The modern era generally remembers Lamarck for a theory of
863:
848:
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck
3732:
On the Origin of Species: a Facsimile of the First Edition
3396:
2791:
2789:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2403:
1690:
1506:
The last clause of this law introduces what is now called
1326:
lecture of 1800, and then in three later published works:
850:(1 August 1744 â 18 December 1829), often known simply as
3964:
Lamarck's Evolution: Two Centuries of Genius and Jealousy
2879:
2734:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
1582:
forms of life, was but the result of natural processes."
1549:
1515:
3717:. Savants du monde entier. Vol. 36. Paris: Seghers.
3694:
Evolution: The remarkable history of a Scientific Theory
2927:
2813:
2769:
2757:
2586:
2303:
The term "biology" was also introduced independently by
2092:
Recherches sur les causes des principaux faits physiques
1784:
gives 116 records of plant species named after Lamarck.
37:"Lamarck" and "Lam." redirect here. For the crater, see
3885:
The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw
3407:] (in German) (7th ed.). Berlin: Dudenverlag.
2852:
2786:
2569:
2095:(in French). Vol. 1. Milano: Luigi Veladini. 1795.
1306:(1802), Lamarck had the idea to apply the principle of
1234:. He also came into conflict with the widely respected
3397:
Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) .
2939:
2830:
2828:
2625:
1414:
la force qui tend sans cesse Ă composer l'organisation
3250:"The Sacred Ibis debate: The first test of evolution"
2801:
2649:
2647:
1241:, who was not a supporter of evolution. According to
875:
3125:(Revised ed.). University of California Press.
2915:
2903:
2840:
2542:
996:
mean that Lamarck was to an extent correct, or not.
860:
3247:
2825:
2704:
2194:is used to indicate this person as the author when
1490:
Second law: inheritance of acquired characteristics
1189:. Lamarck was the first to separate arachnids from
869:
866:
6250:National Museum of Natural History (France) people
4090:at University of California Museum of Paleontology
3882:
3691:
3566:
3472:
3471:(1993). "Foreword". In Jean Chandler Smith (ed.).
3446:
3152:
3118:
2891:
2873:
2644:
1298:Lamarckism § Lamarck's evolutionary framework
3479:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
2559:
2557:
6141:
3982:Waggoner, Ben; Speer, B. R. (2 September 1998).
3094:"Chronologie de la vie de Jean-Baptiste Lamarck"
1331:Recherches sur l'organisation des corps vivants
1221:Recherches sur l'Organisation des Corps Vivants
1134:were unchanging; however, after working on the
4131:Recherches sur l'organisation des corps vivans
3957:
2554:
1841:Blainville, 1817, a small planktonic sea snail
1730:
1578:described Lamarck as a "thoroughgoing deist".
1200:, and became one of the first to use the term
5481:
4186:
3981:
2740:
2345:It was rejected during Lamarck's lifetime by
1435:Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres
1345:Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertĂšbres
828:
4126:. The search engine allows full text search.
3098:Centre national de la recherche scientifique
2391:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
2317:Biologie oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur
1697:Category:Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
1478:
6019:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
4155:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Sandy Knapp,
3421:
2858:
1273:
1258:Lamarck gradually turned blind; he died in
1138:of the Paris Basin, he grew convinced that
5488:
5474:
4193:
4179:
4055:Epigenetics: Genome, Meet Your Environment
3681:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3091:
2638:
2404:Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015)
904:occurred and proceeded in accordance with
835:
821:
64:
6245:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
4074:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: works and heritage
3940:
3441:
3275:
3265:
3018:"Indo-Pacific Molluscan Species Database"
3010:
2933:
2819:
2763:
2595:
2516:
2514:
1048:, a botany book by James Francis Chomel.
5670:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
5427:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
4200:
4134:(1801) â fully digitized facsimile from
4093:
4002:Nineteenth-Century Science: An Anthology
3753:
3349:(3rdâ6th ed.). London: John Murray.
2991:
2989:
2945:
1881:(LacepĂšde, 1802), a Saltwater Angelfish.
1589:
1371:
1156:
950:, a major work on the classification of
931:in 1779. Lamarck became involved in the
4060:Science Revolution Followers of Lamarck
4046:Works by or about Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
3830:
3121:Evolution : the history of an idea
2885:
2688:
2686:
1745:is named after Lamarck, as well as the
1691:Species and other taxa named by Lamarck
1625:inheritance of acquired characteristics
1496:Inheritance of acquired characteristics
1390:inheritance of acquired characteristics
1291:
975:inheritance of acquired characteristics
939:in 1793, Lamarck became a professor of
139:inheritance of acquired characteristics
14:
6265:Taxon authorities of Hypericum species
6142:
3786:
3689:
3353:
3116:
3092:Bange, Raphaël; Corsi, Pietro (n.d.).
2846:
2807:
2795:
2548:
2511:
2476:
2474:
2472:
1313:Memoirs of Physics and Natural History
1073:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
5469:
5190:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
4174:
3998:
3842:
3774:
3644:Introduction to Physical Anthropology
3493:
2986:
2951:
2921:
2909:
2834:
2780:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2264:Neutral theory of molecular evolution
1056:, especially after his visits to the
887:
3877:
3533:
3516:The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
3036:
2897:
2683:
2580:
2016:A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1923
1518:) unaltered (thus not violating the
1408:. He referred to this phenomenon as
1152:Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
1124:Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
937:Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle
927:(1778), he gained membership of the
192:Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle
5897:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
5495:
3984:"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)"
3896:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck et son Ă©poque
3627:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3303:Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal
2705:Curtis, Millar & Lambert (2018)
2494:"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)"
1953:(Deshayes, 1844), a small sea snail
24:
4595:Evolutionary developmental biology
4146:(1802) â digitized facsimile from
4065:Encyclopédie Méthodique: Botanique
3428:Washington University in St. Louis
3343:(1861â1882). "Historical sketch".
2874:Jablonka, Lamb & Avital (1998)
2449:
2119:Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique
1537:
1167:SystĂšme des Animaux sans VertĂšbres
1004:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was born in
948:SystĂšme des animaux sans vertĂšbres
25:
6281:
4021:
3847:. University of California Press.
3836:Lamarck, The Founder of Evolution
3754:Mitchell, Peter Chalmers (1911).
3569:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
3181:Journal of the History of Biology
3155:Evolution: the History of an Idea
3044:"International Plant Names Index"
2997:"WoRMS: species named by Lamarck"
2171:, Paris, Detreville, VIII: 1â432.
1554:Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution
1522:) but prevents the expression of
6205:19th-century French male writers
6185:18th-century French male writers
6087:
5449:
5440:
5439:
3664:
3357:(2001). Appleman, Philip (ed.).
1961:Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848,
1703:World Register of Marine Species
1060:, and he became a student under
962:. He is remembered, at least in
856:
802:
801:
788:
246:
6129:List of natural history dealers
5797:The Natural History of Selborne
5252:Extended evolutionary synthesis
4441:Gene-centered view of evolution
3292:
3084:
3069:International Plant Names Index
3061:
3022:The Academy of Natural Sciences
2975:
2963:
2746:
2722:
2710:
2671:
2659:
2613:
2601:
2356:
2339:
2322:
2274:Society of the Friends of Truth
2239:Gene-centered view of evolution
1817:Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851
1782:International Plant Names Index
1719:International Plant Names Index
795:Evolutionary biology portal
6255:People from Somme (department)
6200:19th-century French zoologists
6180:18th-century French zoologists
6170:18th-century French scientists
6031:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
5380:Hologenome theory of evolution
5247:History of molecular evolution
4473:Evolutionarily stable strategy
4362:Last universal common ancestor
4037:Works by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
3933:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5057-08.2009
3889:. University of Chicago Press.
3617:
3513:——— (2002).
3512:
3494:——— (2001).
3467:
3453:. Princeton University Press.
3323:American Philosophical Society
3177:
3161:University of California Press
2957:
2752:
2563:
2526:
2486:
2437:
2409:
2379:
2297:
2061:
1929:Boyer, 2004, a small sea snail
1833:(Deshayes, 1853), a frog snail
1347:, (in seven volumes, 1815â22).
1106:In 1790, at the height of the
754:Creationâevolution controversy
508:History of evolutionary theory
13:
1:
6260:Proto-evolutionary biologists
6190:19th-century French botanists
6165:18th-century French botanists
5174:Renaissance and Enlightenment
4153:Lamarck and Natural Selection
4069:Biodiversity Heritage Library
3782:. Cambridge University Press.
3595:
3581:10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01344-5
2373:
2313:Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus
1889:(MĂŒller & Troschel, 1842)
1771:, as well as the grass genus
1464:L'influence des circonstances
1219:That year, he also published
994:transgenerational epigenetics
215:Author abbrev. (zoology)
75:
27:French naturalist (1744â1829)
5385:Missing heritability problem
5012:Gamete differentiation/sexes
3893:
3851:
3826:. New York: Longmans, Green.
3816:
3725:(1964) . "Introduction". In
3698:. New York: Modern Library.
3641:
3603:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
3519:. Harvard: Belknap Harvard.
3405:The Pronunciation Dictionary
3377:
3314:
3267:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005558
3225:Coleman, William L. (1977).
3224:
3159:(3rd ed.). California:
2728:
2665:
2653:
2619:
2532:
2520:
2480:
2443:
2048:Chenu, 1845, a thorny oyster
1873:(J. E. Gray, 1825), a cowrie
999:
739:Evolution as fact and theory
203:Author abbrev. (botany)
7:
6195:19th-century French writers
6175:18th-century French writers
5787:Bernard Germain de LacépÚde
3920:The Journal of Neuroscience
3861:University of Chicago Press
3800:
3712:
3443:Gillispie, Charles Coulston
3339:
3147:
2981:
2741:Waggoner & Speer (1998)
2716:
2692:
2677:
2607:
2206:
2005:Quinqueloculina lamarckiana
1862:Cyllene desnoyersi lamarcki
1731:Species named in his honour
1392:), creating a diversity of
1196:In 1802, Lamarck published
1046:Traité des plantes usuelles
10:
6286:
5809:A History of British Birds
5017:Life cycles/nuclear phases
4569:TriversâWillard hypothesis
3808:(2nd ed.). New York:
3422:Fitzpatrick, Tony (2006).
3380:Lamarck, sa vie, son Ćuvre
3315:Damkaer, David M. (2002).
3231:Cambridge University Press
1905:Guinot & Tavares, 2003
1694:
1493:
1453:Charles Coulston Gillispie
1365:
1295:
1089:Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
1077:French Academy of Sciences
929:French Academy of Sciences
774:Nature-nurture controversy
188:French Academy of Sciences
36:
29:
6124:Natural History Societies
6096:
6085:
6001:
5992:The Royal Natural History
5844:Ornithological Dictionary
5831:
5753:Johan Christian Fabricius
5679:
5585:
5512:
5503:
5435:
5335:
5260:
5164:
5091:
5047:
4902:
4806:
4623:
4582:
4515:Parentâoffspring conflict
4451:
4320:Earliest known life forms
4241:
4208:
3793:From the Greeks to Darwin
3721:
3552:10.1007/s10539-006-9033-y
3360:Darwin: Texts, Commentary
2969:
2353:has often gone unnoticed.
2224:Environmental determinism
2149:Supplement by Poiret 1823
2137:L'Illustration des genres
1958:Mycetophyllia lamarckiana
1894:Gyroidinoides lamarckiana
1886:Gorgonocephalus lamarckii
1585:
1479:First law: use and disuse
1362:: The complexifying force
1276:de mortuis nil nisi bonum
1093:René Louiche Desfontaines
970:of considerable stature.
889:[ÊÉÌbatistlamaÊk]
661:Evolutionary neuroscience
636:Evolutionary epistemology
616:Evolutionary anthropology
596:Applications of evolution
225:
213:
201:
183:
157:
150:
130:
111:
85:
63:
56:
5970:The Naturalist's Library
5873:On the Origin of Species
5368:Cultural group selection
5232:The eclipse of Darwinism
5204:On the Origin of Species
5179:Transmutation of species
3796:. Macmillan and Company.
3737:Harvard University Press
3713:Mantoy, Bernard (1968).
3400:Das Aussprachewörterbuch
3346:On the Origin of Species
2639:Bange & Corsi (n.d.)
2422:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2349:, whose anticipation of
2290:
2056:(H. Milne Edwards, 1834)
1857:PĂ©ron & Lesueur 1810
1742:Apis mellifera lamarckii
1617:On the Origin of Species
1520:central dogma of biology
1302:While he was working on
1044:. There, he encountered
651:Evolutionary linguistics
646:Evolutionary game theory
621:Evolutionary computation
32:Jean Maximilien Lamarque
30:Not to be confused with
6104:Natural history museums
5706:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
5373:Dual inheritance theory
5212:History of paleontology
4106:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3832:Packard, Alpheus Spring
3818:Packard, Alpheus Spring
3802:Osborn, Henry Fairfield
3788:Osborn, Henry Fairfield
3767:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3665:Lamarck, J. B. (1914).
2126:Encyclopédie méthodique
1472:adaptation of organisms
1384:) creating a ladder of
1380:towards higher levels (
1148:revolutionary timescale
1083:the child's godfather.
1014:Siege of Bergen op Zoom
764:Objections to evolution
671:Evolutionary psychology
666:Evolutionary physiology
611:Evolutionary aesthetics
590:Fields and applications
572:History of paleontology
41:. For the islands, see
6225:French science writers
5956:William Jackson Hooker
5904:Alexander von Humboldt
5821:Philosophie zoologique
5604:Pinax theatri botanici
5061:Punctuated equilibrium
4382:Non-adaptive radiation
4330:Evolutionary arms race
3894:Szyfman, LĂ©on (1982).
3540:Biology and Philosophy
3378:Delange, Yves (1984).
3117:Bowler, Peter (1989).
2332:, which is French for
2309:Karl Friedrich Burdach
2114:Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste
2021:Rhizophora x lamarckii
1989:Petrolisthes lamarckii
1921:Tixier-Durivault, 1956
1603:
1569:philosopher of biology
1548:, Lamarck referred to
1545:Philosophie zoologique
1449:Henry Fairfield Osborn
1440:
1418:spontaneous generation
1401:
1338:Philosophie zoologique
1289:
1274:
1267:to denigrate Lamarck:
1256:
1165:In 1801, he published
1162:
980:Philosophie zoologique
946:In 1801, he published
911:Lamarck fought in the
696:Speciation experiments
676:Experimental evolution
631:Evolutionary economics
453:Recent human evolution
311:Processes and outcomes
144:Philosophie zoologique
45:. For other uses, see
6150:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
6042:The Study of Instinct
5981:Kunstformen der Natur
5885:The Malay Archipelago
5880:Alfred Russel Wallace
5816:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
5353:Evolutionary medicine
5227:Mendelian inheritance
4935:Biological complexity
4923:Programmed cell death
4615:Phenotypic plasticity
4335:Evolutionary pressure
4325:Evidence of evolution
4223:Timeline of evolution
3999:Weber, A. S. (2000).
3853:Rudwick, Martin J. S.
3668:Zoological Philosophy
2753:Gould (1993) Foreword
2269:Phenotypic plasticity
2249:Intragenomic conflict
2107:Zoological Philosophy
1997:Pomatoceros lamarckii
1982:Oenothera lamarckiana
1966:Neotrigonia lamarckii
1934:Megerlina lamarckiana
1756:Amelanchier lamarckii
1594:Statue of Lamarck by
1593:
1426:
1375:
1366:Further information:
1296:Further information:
1269:
1264:Montparnasse cemetery
1251:
1161:Lamarck, late in life
1160:
1103:of the Royal Garden.
656:Evolutionary medicine
601:Biosocial criminology
567:History of speciation
480:Evolutionary taxonomy
443:Timeline of evolution
58:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
5961:Joseph Dalton Hooker
5914:The Birds of America
5327:Teleology in biology
5222:Blending inheritance
4600:Genetic assimilation
4463:Artificial selection
4202:Evolutionary biology
4088:Biography of Lamarck
3648:Wadsworth Publishing
3624:Lamarck, past master
3534:Haig, David (2007).
3382:. Arles: Actes Sud.
2406:, pp. 484, 541.
2328:His noble title was
2244:Genetic assimilation
2132:Supplement 1810â1817
2122:. Paris: Panckoucke.
2029:Siphonina lamarckana
1713:), and the cockles (
1466:: The Adaptive Force
1410:Le pouvoir de la vie
1360:Le pouvoir de la vie
1292:Lamarckian evolution
1247:Martin J. S. Rudwick
1146:, Year VIII, in the
960:invertebrate zoology
626:Evolutionary ecology
240:Evolutionary biology
6215:French male writers
6009:Martinus Beijerinck
5552:De Natura Animalium
5390:Molecular evolution
5348:Ecological genetics
5217:Transitional fossil
5007:Sexual reproduction
4847:endomembrane system
4776:pollinator-mediated
4732:dolphins and whales
4510:Parental investment
4167:, 26 December 2003)
4161:Simon Conway Morris
4124:www.lamarck.cnrs.fr
4005:. Broadview Press.
3619:Jordanova, Ludmilla
2876:, pp. 206â210.
2783:, pp. 119â121.
2583:, pp. 415â428.
2185:author abbreviation
2045:Spondylus lamarckii
2013:Raninoides lamarcki
2000:(Quatrefages, 1866)
1926:Marginella lamarcki
1918:Lobophytum lamarcki
1878:Genicanthus lamarck
1838:Carinaria lamarckii
1762:Digitalis lamarckii
1459:school of thought.
1024:in the late 1750s.
985:evolutionary theory
728:Social implications
716:Universal Darwinism
706:Island biogeography
641:Evolutionary ethics
606:Ecological genetics
552:Molecular evolution
490:Transitional fossil
318:Population genetics
234:Part of a series on
6230:French taxonomists
6220:French naturalists
6114:Parson-naturalists
5946:Philip Henry Gosse
5909:John James Audubon
5892:Henry Walter Bates
5780:Histoire Naturelle
5768:Historia Plantarum
5656:Avium Praecipuarum
5640:Historia animalium
5541:Historia Plantarum
5529:History of Animals
5363:Cultural evolution
4478:Fisher's principle
4407:Handicap principle
4397:Parallel evolution
4261:Adaptive radiation
4148:Linda Hall Library
4136:Linda Hall Library
3469:Gould, Stephen Jay
3298:"Elegy of Lamarck"
3194:10.1007/bf00137355
2888:, pp. 217â22.
2859:Fitzpatrick (2006)
2147:, vol. III: 1800,
2053:Xanthias lamarckii
1974:Olencira lamarckii
1942:Meretrix lamarckii
1870:Erosaria lamarckii
1846:Caligodes lamarcki
1768:Aconitum lamarckii
1747:bluefire jellyfish
1709:), the sea hares (
1685:cultural evolution
1604:
1600:Jardin des Plantes
1406:ladder of progress
1402:
1163:
1112:Jardin des Plantes
1062:Bernard de Jussieu
933:Jardin des Plantes
759:Theistic evolution
691:Selective breeding
403:Parallel evolution
368:Adaptive radiation
196:Jardin des Plantes
6235:French zoologists
6210:French biologists
6137:
6136:
6083:
6082:
5701:Marcello Malpighi
5595:Ulisse Aldrovandi
5575:De Materia Medica
5463:
5462:
5079:Uniformitarianism
5032:Sex-determination
4537:Sexual dimorphism
4532:Natural selection
4436:Unit of selection
4402:Signalling theory
4114:Memoir of Lamarck
4041:Project Gutenberg
4012:978-1-55111-165-0
3974:978-1-921208-60-7
3905:978-2-225-76087-7
3898:. Paris: Masson.
3870:978-0-226-73107-0
3838:. Wildhern Press.
3757:"Evolution"
3746:978-0-674-63752-8
3657:978-1-111-29793-0
3646:(13th ed.).
3634:978-0-19-287587-7
3610:978-0-262-60069-9
3526:978-0-674-00613-3
3505:978-0-09-928583-0
3486:978-1-56098-199-2
3414:978-3-411-04067-4
3389:978-2-903098-97-1
3370:978-0-393-95849-2
3332:978-0-87169-240-5
3240:978-0-521-29293-1
3170:978-0-520-23693-6
3132:978-0-520-06386-0
2798:, pp. 38â41.
2498:ucmp.berkeley.edu
2311:(in 1800) and by
1897:(dÂŽOrbigny, 1839)
1865:Cernohorsky, 1975
1822:Ascaltis lamarcki
1814:Agaricia lamarcki
1806:Acropora lamarcki
1751:Cyaneia lamarckii
1653:Stephen Jay Gould
1532:DNA transcription
1214:uniformitarianism
1108:French Revolution
845:
844:
536:Origin of Species
338:Natural selection
229:
228:
152:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
6277:
6091:
6064:The Dancing Bees
5988:Richard Lydekker
5936:Jean-Henri Fabre
5921:William Buckland
5726:Regnier de Graaf
5620:Andrea Cesalpino
5510:
5509:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5453:
5443:
5442:
5242:Modern synthesis
5002:Multicellularity
4997:Mosaic evolution
4882:auditory ossicle
4564:Social selection
4547:Flowering plants
4542:Sexual selection
4195:
4188:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4110:
4102:
4050:Internet Archive
4032:Michael Ghiselin
4016:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3978:
3954:
3944:
3927:(5): 1496â1502.
3909:
3890:
3888:
3874:
3848:
3839:
3827:
3813:
3797:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3750:
3718:
3709:
3697:
3686:
3680:
3672:
3661:
3638:
3614:
3592:
3563:
3530:
3509:
3490:
3478:
3464:
3452:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3418:
3393:
3374:
3350:
3336:
3321:. Philadelphia:
3311:
3296:(January 1836).
3289:
3279:
3269:
3244:
3221:
3174:
3158:
3149:Bowler, Peter J.
3144:
3124:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3104:on 12 April 2013
3100:. Archived from
3079:
3078:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2993:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2934:Gillispie (1960)
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2823:
2820:Gillispie (1960)
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2784:
2778:
2767:
2764:Gillispie (1960)
2761:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2636:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2596:Gillispie (1960)
2593:
2584:
2578:
2567:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2383:
2367:
2360:
2354:
2351:hard inheritance
2347:William Lawrence
2343:
2337:
2326:
2320:
2301:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2123:
2096:
1937:(Davidson, 1852)
1854:Cyanea lamarckii
1632:was rejected by
1508:soft inheritance
1438:
1287:
1279:
1038:lymphatic glands
913:Seven Years' War
892:), was a French
891:
886:
882:
881:
878:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
837:
830:
823:
810:
805:
804:
797:
793:
792:
769:Level of support
562:Current research
547:Modern synthesis
542:Before synthesis
495:Extinction event
253:Darwin's finches
250:
231:
230:
118:
115:18 December 1829
95:
93:
80:
77:
72:Charles Thévenin
68:
54:
53:
39:Lamarck (crater)
21:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6092:
6079:
6060:Karl von Frisch
5997:
5966:William Jardine
5856:Le RĂšgne Animal
5827:
5775:Comte de Buffon
5736:Systema Naturae
5675:
5647:Frederik Ruysch
5625:Valerius Cordus
5615:Hieronymus Bock
5581:
5563:Natural History
5558:Pliny the Elder
5515:
5505:
5499:
5497:Natural history
5494:
5464:
5459:
5431:
5358:Group selection
5331:
5256:
5160:
5087:
5049:Tempo and modes
5043:
4898:
4802:
4619:
4578:
4454:
4447:
4424:Species complex
4237:
4228:History of life
4204:
4199:
4024:
4019:
4013:
3989:
3987:
3986:. UCMP Berkeley
3975:
3906:
3871:
3776:Moore, James R.
3747:
3706:
3674:
3673:
3658:
3635:
3611:
3527:
3506:
3487:
3461:
3432:
3430:
3415:
3390:
3371:
3355:Darwin, Charles
3341:Darwin, Charles
3333:
3294:Cuvier, Georges
3260:(9): e2005558.
3241:
3171:
3133:
3107:
3105:
3087:
3082:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2972:, pp. xxvâxxvi.
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2946:Mitchell (1911)
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2570:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2361:
2357:
2344:
2340:
2327:
2323:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2209:
2204:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2112:
2089:
2064:
2059:
2037:Solen lamarckii
2008:dÂŽOrbigny, 1839
1950:Morum lamarckii
1913:Berthelin, 1881
1830:Bursa lamarckii
1825:(Haeckel, 1870)
1733:
1699:
1693:
1634:August Weismann
1588:
1558:Alpheus Packard
1540:
1538:Religious views
1498:
1492:
1481:
1468:
1439:
1433:
1370:
1364:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1243:Peter J. Bowler
1236:palaeontologist
1122:zoology at the
1069:Flore française
1002:
925:Flore françoise
884:
859:
855:
841:
800:
787:
786:
779:
778:
729:
721:
720:
591:
583:
582:
581:
509:
501:
500:
499:
448:Human evolution
438:History of life
422:
421:Natural history
414:
413:
412:
312:
304:
259:
179:
170:Natural history
126:
120:
116:
107:
97:
91:
89:
81:
78:
59:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6283:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6111:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6070:Ronald Lockley
6067:
6057:
6045:
6038:Niko Tinbergen
6035:
6023:
6011:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5985:
5973:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5906:
5901:
5889:
5877:
5868:Charles Darwin
5865:
5860:
5851:Georges Cuvier
5848:
5839:George Montagu
5835:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5813:
5801:
5789:
5784:
5772:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5728:
5723:
5721:Jan Swammerdam
5718:
5713:
5711:William Derham
5708:
5703:
5698:
5685:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5663:
5652:William Turner
5649:
5644:
5635:Conrad Gessner
5632:
5630:Leonhart Fuchs
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5600:Gaspard Bauhin
5597:
5591:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5567:
5555:
5545:
5533:
5520:
5518:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5493:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5470:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5447:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5198:Charles Darwin
5195:
5194:
5193:
5181:
5176:
5170:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5136:Non-ecological
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5076:
5067:
5053:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4909:
4907:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4887:nervous system
4884:
4879:
4874:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4433:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4387:Origin of life
4384:
4379:
4374:
4372:Microevolution
4369:
4367:Macroevolution
4364:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:Common descent
4302:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4283:Baldwin effect
4280:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4150:
4139:
4127:
4120:
4111:
4097:, ed. (1911).
4095:Chisholm, Hugh
4091:
4085:
4071:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4043:
4034:
4023:
4022:External links
4020:
4018:
4017:
4011:
3996:
3979:
3973:
3959:Ross Honeywill
3955:
3910:
3904:
3891:
3875:
3869:
3849:
3840:
3828:
3814:
3798:
3784:
3772:
3762:Chisholm, Hugh
3751:
3745:
3727:Charles Darwin
3719:
3710:
3704:
3687:
3662:
3656:
3639:
3633:
3615:
3609:
3593:
3575:(5): 206â210.
3564:
3546:(3): 415â428.
3531:
3525:
3510:
3504:
3491:
3485:
3465:
3459:
3439:
3419:
3413:
3394:
3388:
3375:
3369:
3351:
3337:
3331:
3312:
3290:
3245:
3239:
3222:
3188:(2): 275â298.
3175:
3169:
3145:
3131:
3114:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3060:
3035:
3009:
2985:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2936:, p. 269.
2926:
2924:, p. 291.
2914:
2912:, p. 344.
2902:
2890:
2886:Packard (2008)
2878:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2824:
2822:, p. 272.
2812:
2810:, p. 163.
2800:
2785:
2768:
2766:, p. 273.
2756:
2745:
2733:
2729:Rudwick (1998)
2721:
2709:
2697:
2682:
2670:
2666:Szyfman (1982)
2658:
2654:Damkaer (2002)
2643:
2624:
2620:Packard (1901)
2612:
2600:
2598:, p. 275.
2585:
2568:
2553:
2541:
2525:
2521:Coleman (1977)
2510:
2485:
2481:Packard (1901)
2448:
2444:Damkaer (2002)
2436:
2425:. 20 July 1998
2408:
2396:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2355:
2338:
2321:
2307:(in 1799), by
2305:Thomas Beddoes
2295:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Baldwin effect
2216:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2200:botanical name
2181:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2161:classification
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2134:
2110:
2097:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1945:Deshayes, 1853
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1801:
1732:
1729:
1692:
1689:
1629:use and disuse
1612:Charles Darwin
1587:
1584:
1539:
1536:
1504:
1503:
1494:Main article:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1467:
1461:
1431:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1334:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1239:Georges Cuvier
1001:
998:
990:use and disuse
843:
842:
840:
839:
832:
825:
817:
814:
813:
812:
811:
798:
781:
780:
777:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
749:Social effects
746:
741:
736:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
580:
579:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
532:
527:
522:
517:
511:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
475:Classification
472:
467:
462:
457:
456:
455:
445:
440:
435:
433:Common descent
430:
428:Origin of life
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
303:
302:
297:
292:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
264:
261:
260:
251:
243:
242:
236:
235:
227:
226:
223:
222:
217:
211:
210:
205:
199:
198:
185:
181:
180:
178:
177:
172:
167:
161:
159:
155:
154:
148:
147:
132:
131:Known for
128:
127:
121:
119:(aged 85)
113:
109:
108:
98:
87:
83:
82:
69:
61:
60:
57:
43:Lamarck Island
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6282:
6271:
6270:Teuthologists
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6090:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6053:On Aggression
6049:
6048:Konrad Lorenz
6046:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6014:Abbott Thayer
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5976:Ernst Haeckel
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5941:Louis Agassiz
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5926:Charles Lyell
5924:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5863:William Smith
5861:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5804:Thomas Bewick
5802:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5792:Gilbert White
5790:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:Georg Steller
5741:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5731:Carl Linnaeus
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5681:Enlightenment
5678:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5610:Otto Brunfels
5608:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5486:
5484:
5479:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5400:Phylogenetics
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5303:Structuralism
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5278:Catastrophism
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5237:Neo-Darwinism
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:Reinforcement
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5083:Catastrophism
5080:
5077:
5075:
5074:Macromutation
5071:
5070:Micromutation
5068:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:Immune system
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:symbiogenesis
4835:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4505:Kin selection
4503:
4501:
4500:Genetic drift
4498:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4143:Hydrogéologie
4140:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4014:
4008:
4004:
4003:
3997:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3880:
3879:Ruse, Michael
3876:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3705:9780679642886
3701:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3670:
3669:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3597:Jablonka, Eva
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3460:0-691-02350-6
3456:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3229:. Cambridge:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3103:
3099:
3096:(in French).
3095:
3090:
3089:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3024:. 17 May 2006
3023:
3019:
3013:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2948:, p. 22.
2947:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2900:, p. 11.
2899:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2849:, p. 86.
2848:
2847:Bowler (1989)
2843:
2837:, p. 55.
2836:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2808:Osborn (1894)
2804:
2797:
2796:Larson (2004)
2792:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2717:Bowler (2003)
2713:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2693:Osborn (1905)
2689:
2687:
2679:
2678:Osborn (1905)
2674:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2608:Mantoy (1968)
2604:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2551:, p. 44.
2550:
2549:Darwin (2001)
2545:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2285:
2284:Mount Lamarck
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Maladaptation
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2197:
2186:
2183:The standard
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2145:vol. II: 1793
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2116:(1783â1808).
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:Cushman, 1927
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:(Leach, 1820)
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:Lamarckdromia
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1759:(juneberry),
1758:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:, such as by
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1304:Hydrogéologie
1299:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:four elements
1224:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:Hydrogéologie
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:Hydrogéologie
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:transmutation
1137:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:Jardin du Roi
1055:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
997:
995:
991:
986:
982:
981:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:invertebrates
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
880:
853:
849:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
819:
818:
816:
815:
809:
799:
796:
791:
785:
784:
783:
782:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
725:
724:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
681:Phylogenetics
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
587:
586:
577:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
537:
533:
531:
528:
526:
525:Before Darwin
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
505:
504:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
418:
417:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Genetic drift
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
308:
307:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
263:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
244:
241:
238:
237:
233:
232:
224:
221:
218:
216:
212:
209:
206:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
145:
140:
136:
133:
129:
124:
114:
110:
105:
101:
96:1 August 1744
88:
84:
73:
67:
62:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6073:
6063:
6051:
6041:
6029:
6026:Hugh B. Cott
6017:
6002:20th century
5991:
5979:
5969:
5912:
5895:
5883:
5871:
5854:
5842:
5832:19th century
5819:
5815:
5807:
5795:
5778:
5766:
5758:James Hutton
5748:Joseph Banks
5734:
5694:Micrographia
5692:
5689:Robert Hooke
5669:
5659:
5655:
5638:
5603:
5573:
5561:
5551:
5539:
5536:Theophrastus
5527:
5412:Polymorphism
5395:Astrobiology
5343:Biogeography
5298:Saltationism
5288:Orthogenesis
5273:Alternatives
5202:
5188:
5121:Cospeciation
5116:Cladogenesis
5065:Saltationism
5022:Mating types
4945:Color vision
4930:Avian flight
4852:mitochondria
4590:Canalisation
4468:Biodiversity
4213:Introduction
4164:
4142:
4130:
4118:James Duncan
4104:
4001:
3988:. Retrieved
3963:
3924:
3918:
3895:
3884:
3856:
3844:
3835:
3822:
3805:
3792:
3779:
3765:
3731:
3714:
3693:
3667:
3643:
3623:
3600:
3572:
3568:
3543:
3539:
3515:
3495:
3474:
3448:
3431:. Retrieved
3404:
3399:
3379:
3359:
3345:
3317:
3307:
3301:
3257:
3254:PLOS Biology
3253:
3226:
3185:
3179:
3154:
3120:
3106:. Retrieved
3102:the original
3085:Bibliography
3073:
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3047:
3038:
3026:. Retrieved
3021:
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2977:
2965:
2960:pp. 170â197.
2958:Gould (2002)
2953:
2941:
2929:
2922:Roger (1986)
2917:
2910:Moore (1981)
2905:
2893:
2881:
2854:
2842:
2835:Weber (2000)
2815:
2803:
2781:Gould (2001)
2759:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2673:
2661:
2622:, pp. 20â21.
2615:
2603:
2564:Gould (2002)
2544:
2539:, pp. 27â39.
2534:
2528:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:
2488:
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2420:
2411:
2399:
2389:
2381:
2358:
2341:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2299:
2175:
2168:
2158:invertebrate
2155:
2141:vol. I: 1791
2136:
2118:
2100:
2091:
2079:, 3rd 1805 (
2077:2nd ed. 1795
2069:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1969:(Gray, 1838)
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1849:Quidor, 1913
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1734:
1722:
1700:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1662:Eva Jablonka
1646:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1605:
1580:
1572:Michael Ruse
1566:
1553:
1543:
1542:In his book
1541:
1505:
1469:
1463:
1445:teleological
1441:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1382:orthogenesis
1368:Orthogenesis
1359:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1272:
1270:
1257:
1252:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1206:modern sense
1197:
1195:
1186:
1166:
1164:
1143:
1129:
1120:invertebrate
1105:
1085:
1081:André Thouin
1068:
1066:
1050:
1045:
1034:
1026:
1003:
989:
978:
972:
947:
945:
924:
910:
906:natural laws
851:
847:
846:
701:Sociobiology
686:Paleontology
534:
470:Biogeography
465:Biodiversity
383:Coextinction
373:Co-operation
348:Polymorphism
273:Introduction
219:
207:
184:Institutions
151:
142:
117:(1829-12-18)
51:
6160:1829 deaths
6155:1744 births
6074:Shearwaters
5931:Mary Anning
5716:Hans Sloane
5666:John Gerard
5660:New Herball
5587:Renaissance
5570:Dioscorides
5506:naturalists
5422:Systematics
5293:Mutationism
5111:Catagenesis
5039:Snake venom
4972:Eusociality
4950:in primates
4940:Cooperation
4868:In animals
4688:butterflies
4661:Cephalopods
4651:Brachiopods
4583:Development
4557:Mate choice
4310:Convergence
4293:Coevolution
4251:Abiogenesis
4165:In Our Time
4157:Steve Jones
3990:16 December
3723:Mayr, Ernst
3498:. Vintage.
3002:17 November
2970:Mayr (1964)
2898:Ruse (1999)
2581:Haig (2007)
2214:Acclimation
2081:de Candolle
2062:Major works
2040:Chenu, 1843
1977:Leach, 1818
1809:Veron, 2002
1797:lamarckiana
1739:subspecies
1666:Marion Lamb
1658:epigenetics
1576:James Moore
1528:methylation
1512:epigenetics
1286:Gould, 1993
1179:crustaceans
1171:echinoderms
1020:college in
711:Systematics
520:Renaissance
398:Convergence
388:Contingency
378:Coevolution
79: 1802
70:Lamarck by
6240:Lamarckism
6144:Categories
5504:Pioneering
5283:Lamarckism
5261:Philosophy
5184:David Hume
5146:Peripatric
5141:Parapatric
5126:Ecological
5106:Anagenesis
5101:Allopatric
5093:Speciation
5057:Gradualism
4982:Metabolism
4842:chromosome
4832:Eukaryotes
4610:Modularity
4527:Population
4453:Population
4414:Speciation
4392:Panspermia
4345:Extinction
4340:Exaptation
4315:Divergence
4288:Cladistics
4276:Reciprocal
4256:Adaptation
4084:in France.
3967:. Pier 9.
2523:, pp. 1â2.
2374:References
2363:Ernst Mayr
2254:Lysenkoism
2229:Exaptation
1910:Lamarckina
1711:Aplysiidae
1695:See also:
1683:theory of
1677:Lamarckism
1638:germ plasm
1627:, and the
1596:LĂ©on Fagel
1556:(1901) by
1530:to modify
1378:body plans
968:taxonomist
964:malacology
894:naturalist
485:Cladistics
408:Extinction
393:Divergence
363:Speciation
343:Adaptation
257:John Gould
92:1744-08-01
5524:Aristotle
5516:antiquity
5514:Classical
5417:Protocell
5268:Darwinism
5156:Sympatric
4905:processes
4793:Tetrapods
4742:Kangaroos
4668:Dinosaurs
4605:Inversion
4574:Variation
4495:Gene flow
4488:Inclusive
4298:Mutualism
4243:Evolution
3834:(2008) .
3810:Macmillan
3677:cite book
3671:. London.
3433:8 October
3074: Lam
3053:22 August
3028:22 August
2719:, p. 110.
2695:, p. 160.
2680:, p. 159.
2656:, p. 118.
2566:, p. 187.
2503:1 October
2446:, p. 117.
2386:"Lamarck"
2330:chevalier
2234:Evolution
2174:1815â22.
1793:lamarckii
1774:Lamarckia
1715:Cardiidae
1649:evolution
1608:Darwinism
1353:Lavoisier
1232:Lavoisier
1175:arachnids
1116:Louis XVI
1101:herbarium
1000:Biography
902:evolution
898:biologist
744:Dysgenics
460:Phylogeny
358:Gene flow
328:Diversity
323:Variation
135:Evolution
5951:Asa Gray
5763:John Ray
5445:Category
5320:Vitalism
5315:Theistic
5308:Spandrel
4992:Morality
4987:Monogamy
4862:plastids
4827:Flagella
4783:Reptiles
4764:sea cows
4747:primates
4656:Molluscs
4634:Bacteria
4522:Mutation
4455:genetics
4431:Taxonomy
4377:Mismatch
4357:Homology
4271:Cheating
4266:Altruism
3961:(2008).
3951:19193896
3881:(1999).
3855:(1998).
3820:(1901).
3804:(1905).
3790:(1894).
3778:(1981).
3621:(1984).
3599:(2006).
3589:21238269
3560:16322990
3445:(1960).
3286:30260949
3218:33402055
3210:11609655
3151:(2003).
3141:17841313
3048:ipni.org
2731:, p. 83.
2668:, p. 13.
2610:, p. 19.
2533:Jurmain
2483:, p. 15.
2319:, 1802).
2279:Spandrel
2207:See also
2073:1st ed.
1789:lamarcki
1737:honeybee
1457:vitalist
1432:â
1284:â
1183:annelids
1136:molluscs
1006:Bazentin
915:against
808:Category
734:Eugenics
576:timeline
557:Evo-devo
515:Overview
333:Mutation
295:Evidence
290:Glossary
125:, France
106:, France
100:Bazentin
5336:Related
5166:History
5027:Meiosis
4962:Empathy
4957:Emotion
4857:nucleus
4798:Viruses
4788:Spiders
4700:Mammals
4683:Insects
4483:Fitness
4419:Species
4218:Outline
4048:at the
3942:3408235
3764:(ed.).
3729:(ed.).
3715:Lamarck
3310:: 1â22.
3277:6159855
3202:4330543
3108:10 July
2429:2 April
1717:). The
1707:Arcidae
1681:memetic
1602:, Paris
1598:in the
1394:species
1341:, 1809.
1333:, 1802.
1324:Floreal
1308:erosion
1204:in its
1202:biology
1191:insects
1144:Floreal
1132:species
1030:Prussia
1010:Picardy
966:, as a
956:biology
941:zoology
917:Prussia
885:French:
852:Lamarck
300:History
283:Outline
220:Lamarck
175:Zoology
165:Biology
104:Picardy
6097:Topics
5548:Aelian
5455:Portal
5131:Hybrid
4967:Ethics
4809:organs
4771:Plants
4757:lemurs
4752:humans
4737:horses
4727:hyenas
4715:wolves
4710:canids
4644:origin
4009:
3971:
3949:
3939:
3902:
3867:
3743:
3702:
3654:
3631:
3607:
3587:
3558:
3523:
3502:
3483:
3457:
3411:
3386:
3367:
3329:
3284:
3274:
3237:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3167:
3139:
3129:
2537:(2011)
2535:et al.
2334:knight
2196:citing
2167:1801.
2099:1809.
2024:Montr.
1795:" or "
1765:, and
1724:Azolla
1673:disuse
1586:Legacy
1437:, 1815
1398:genera
1187:Vermes
1181:, and
1054:botany
1042:Monaco
1022:Amiens
1018:Jesuit
921:Monaco
806:
530:Darwin
158:Fields
4918:Death
4913:Aging
4892:brain
4678:Fungi
4639:Birds
4552:Fungi
4350:Event
4233:Index
4078:CRHST
3760:. In
3556:S2CID
3403:[
3214:S2CID
3198:JSTOR
2291:Notes
2124:(see
2088:1795
2067:1778
1562:deist
1524:genes
1386:phyla
1260:Paris
1208:. In
268:Index
123:Paris
6118:List
6108:List
5405:Tree
4877:hair
4817:Cell
4720:dogs
4705:cats
4695:Life
4673:Fish
4626:taxa
4159:and
4082:CNRS
4067:At:
4007:ISBN
3992:2018
3969:ISBN
3947:PMID
3900:ISBN
3865:ISBN
3741:ISBN
3700:ISBN
3683:link
3652:ISBN
3629:ISBN
3605:ISBN
3585:PMID
3521:ISBN
3500:ISBN
3481:ISBN
3455:ISBN
3435:2011
3409:ISBN
3384:ISBN
3365:ISBN
3327:ISBN
3282:PMID
3235:ISBN
3206:PMID
3165:ISBN
3137:OCLC
3127:ISBN
3110:2007
3055:2019
3030:2019
3004:2010
2505:2023
2431:2021
2190:Lam.
2083:ed.)
1791:", "
1780:The
1735:The
1664:and
1642:soma
1567:The
1396:and
1254:man.
278:Main
208:Lam.
112:Died
86:Born
18:Lam.
4903:Of
4872:eye
4822:DNA
4807:Of
4624:Of
4116:by
4039:at
4030:by
3937:PMC
3929:doi
3577:doi
3548:doi
3272:PMC
3262:doi
3190:doi
2156:On
1727:).
1614:'s
1550:God
1516:DNA
1412:or
873:ÉËr
255:by
47:Lam
6146::
5658:,
4103:.
3945:.
3935:.
3925:29
3923:.
3917:.
3863:.
3859:.
3739:.
3735:.
3679:}}
3675:{{
3650:.
3583:.
3573:13
3571:.
3554:.
3544:22
3542:.
3538:.
3426:.
3325:.
3308:20
3306:.
3300:.
3280:.
3270:.
3258:16
3256:.
3252:.
3233:.
3212:.
3204:.
3196:.
3184:.
3163:.
3135:.
3071:.
3046:.
3020:.
2988:^
2866:^
2827:^
2788:^
2771:^
2685:^
2646:^
2627:^
2588:^
2571:^
2556:^
2513:^
2496:.
2451:^
2419:.
2388:.
2198:a
2163::
2143:,
2139:,
2128:)
1777:.
1564:.
1249::
1177:,
1173:,
1008:,
943:.
908:.
896:,
883:;
194:;
190:;
141:;
137:;
102:,
76:c.
74:,
6120:)
6116:(
6110:)
6106:(
6076:)
6072:(
6066:)
6062:(
6056:)
6050:(
6044:)
6040:(
6034:)
6028:(
6022:)
6016:(
5994:)
5990:(
5984:)
5978:(
5972:)
5968:(
5917:)
5911:(
5900:)
5894:(
5888:)
5882:(
5876:)
5870:(
5859:)
5853:(
5847:)
5841:(
5824:)
5818:(
5812:)
5806:(
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