1566:
617:
picture of Darwin's thinking. Ghiselin notes that "Darwin accepted the inheritance of acquired characteristics, just as
Lamarck did, and Darwin even thought that there was some experimental evidence to support it." Gould wrote that in the late 19th century, evolutionists "re-read Lamarck, cast aside the guts of it ... and elevated one aspect of the mechanics—inheritance of acquired characters—to a central focus it never had for Lamarck himself." He argued that "the restriction of 'Lamarckism' to this relatively small and non-distinctive corner of Lamarck's thought must be labelled as more than a misnomer, and truly a discredit to the memory of a man and his much more comprehensive system."
1724:
581:
Cutting the tails off mice does not seem to meet the qualifications of disuse, but rather falls in a category of accidental misuse... Lamarck's hypothesis has never been proven experimentally and there is no known mechanism to support the idea that somatic change, however acquired, can in some way induce a change in the germplasm. On the other hand it is difficult to disprove
Lamarck's idea experimentally, and it seems that Weismann's experiment fails to provide the evidence to deny the Lamarckian hypothesis, since it lacks a key factor, namely the willful exertion of the animal in overcoming environmental obstacles.
1659:
1388:
cumulative from generation to generation, thus producing, in time, new species. His individual contribution to biological theory consisted in his application to the problem of the origin of species of the view that acquired characters were inherited and in showing that evolution could be inferred logically from the accepted biological hypotheses. He would doubtless have been greatly astonished to learn that a belief in the inheritance of acquired characters is now labeled "Lamarckian," although he would almost certainly have felt flattered if evolution itself had been so designated.
732:
33:
641:
397:
5522:
genetically-identical cells to acquire differentiated functions and allow facultative responses of a genotype to environmental changes (provided that 'similar' changes have occurred repeatedly in the past). However, most neo-Darwinists would claim that the ability to adaptively switch epigenetic state is a property of the DNA sequence (in the sense that alternative sequences would show different switching behavior) and that any increase of adaptedness in the system has come about by a process of natural selection.
604:
517:
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308:
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569:, and those of their offspring over five generations, and reporting that no mice were born in consequence without a tail or even with a shorter tail. In 1889, he stated that "901 young were produced by five generations of artificially mutilated parents, and yet there was not a single example of a rudimentary tail or of any other abnormality in this organ." The experiment, and the theory behind it, were thought at the time to be a refutation of Lamarckism.
1720:, but in addition it can vary when populations of microorganisms increase or decrease (resembling Lamarckian use and disuse), and when it gains new kinds of microorganism (resembling Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characteristics). These changes are then passed on to offspring. The mechanism is largely uncontroversial, and natural selection does sometimes occur at whole system (hologenome) level, but it is not clear that this is always the case.
12309:
12296:
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1376:(1944) claimed that experiments in heredity have failed to corroborate any Lamarckian process. Simpson noted that neo-Lamarckism "stresses a factor that Lamarck rejected: inheritance of direct effects of the environment" and neo-Lamarckism is closer to Darwin's pangenesis than Lamarck's views. Simpson wrote, "the inheritance of acquired characters, failed to meet the tests of observation and has been almost universally discarded by biologists."
3650:, p. 144: "During the 1920s, the entomologist J. W. Heslop-Harrison published experimental data supporting his claim that chemicals in soot caused widespread mutations from light winged to the dark winged form. Because these mutations were supposedly passed on to subsequent generations, Harrison claimed that he had documented a case of inheritance of acquired traits. Other biologists failed to replicate Harrison's results, and
189:
1451:
889:
693:, felt that inheritance of acquired characteristics would let organisms shape their own evolution, since organisms that acquired new habits would change the use patterns of their organs, which would kick-start Lamarckian evolution. They considered this philosophically superior to Darwin's mechanism of random variation acted on by selective pressures. Lamarckism also appealed to those, like the philosopher
4202:, p. 222: "...the recognition that DNA does not directly participate in the making of the phenotype and that the phenotype, in turn, does not control the composition of the DNA represents the ultimate invalidation of all theories involving the inheritance of acquired characters. This definitive refutation of Lamarck's theory of evolutionary causation clears the air."
256:, the theory that what is inherited derives from the whole body of the parent, whereas Aristotle thought it impossible; but that all the same, Aristotle implicitly agreed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics, giving the example of the inheritance of a scar, or of blindness, though noting that children do not always resemble their parents. Zirkle recorded that
747:
environment. Such ideas were more popular than natural selection in the late 19th century as it made it possible for biological evolution to fit into a framework of a divine or naturally willed plan, thus the neo-Lamarckian view of evolution was often advocated by proponents of orthogenesis. According to the historian of science Peter J. Bowler, writing in 2003:
1523:
change in DNA sequence (genotype) and that such changes may be induced spontaneously or in response to environmental factors—Lamarck's "acquired traits." Determining which observed phenotypes are genetically inherited and which are environmentally induced remains an important and ongoing part of the study of genetics, developmental biology, and medicine.
1413:
the gene-mutation theory beyond all reasonable doubt... In spite of the rapidly increasing evidence for natural selection, Lamarck has never ceased to have loyal followers.... There is indeed a strong emotional appeal in the thought that every little effort an animal puts forth is somehow transmitted to his progeny.
452:
In 1830, in an aside from his evolutionary framework, Lamarck briefly mentioned two traditional ideas in his discussion of heredity, in his day considered to be generally true. The first was the idea of use versus disuse; he theorized that individuals lose characteristics they do not require, or use,
1522:
Lamarck and his ideas were ridiculed and discredited. In a strange twist of fate, Lamarck may have the last laugh. Epigenetics, an emerging field of genetics, has shown that
Lamarck may have been at least partially correct all along. It seems that reversible and heritable changes can occur without a
1412:
A host of experiments have been designed to test
Lamarckianism. All that have been verified have proved negative. On the other hand, tens of thousands of experiments— reported in the journals and carefully checked and rechecked by geneticists throughout the world— have established the correctness of
1395:
wrote regarding
Lamarckism, "very few professional biologists believe that anything of the kind occurs—or can occur—but the notion persists for a variety of nonscientific reasons." Medawar stated there is no known mechanism by which an adaptation acquired in an individual's lifetime can be imprinted
746:
Neo-Lamarckian versions of evolution were widespread in the late 19th century. The idea that living things could to some degree choose the characteristics that would be inherited allowed them to be in charge of their own destiny as opposed to the
Darwinian view, which placed them at the mercy of the
487:
Second Law : All the acquisitions or losses wrought by nature on individuals, through the influence of the environment in which their race has long been placed, and hence through the influence of the predominant use or permanent disuse of any organ; all these are preserved by reproduction to the new
483:
First Law : In every animal which has not passed the limit of its development, a more frequent and continuous use of any organ gradually strengthens, develops and enlarges that organ, and gives it a power proportional to the length of time it has been so used; while the permanent disuse of any organ
207:
Lamarck was neither the first nor the most distinguished biologist to believe in the inheritance of acquired characters. He merely endorsed a belief which had been generally accepted for at least 2,200 years before his time and used it to explain how evolution could have taken place. The inheritance
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contends that epigenetic inheritance should not be considered
Lamarckian. According to Gregory, Lamarck did not claim that the environment directly affected living things. Instead, Lamarck "argued that the environment created needs to which organisms responded by using some features more and others
1510:
effects that persist for some generations. The mechanism may also enable the inheritance of behavioral traits, for example in chickens, rats and human populations that have experienced starvation, DNA methylation resulting in altered gene function in both the starved population and their offspring.
467:
Première Loi: Dans tout animal qui n' a point dépassé le terme de ses développemens, l' emploi plus fréquent et soutenu d' un organe quelconque, fortifie peu à peu cet organe, le développe, l' agrandit, et lui donne une puissance proportionnée à la durée de cet emploi; tandis que le défaut constant
1767:
had seemed to render unnecessary. In particular, the effect allows animals to adapt to a new stress in the environment through behavioural changes, followed by genetic change. This somewhat resembles
Lamarckism but without requiring animals to inherit characteristics acquired by their parents. The
751:
One of the most emotionally compelling arguments used by the neo-Lamarckians of the late nineteenth century was the claim that
Darwinism was a mechanistic theory which reduced living things to puppets driven by heredity. The selection theory made life into a game of Russian roulette, where life or
473:
Deuxième Loi: Tout ce que la nature a fait acquérir ou perdre aux individus par l' influence des circonstances où leur race se trouve depuis long-temps exposée, et, par conséquent, par l' influence de l' emploi prédominant de tel organe, ou par celle d' un défaut constant d' usage de telle partie;
1595:
In 2015, Khursheed Iqbal and colleagues discovered that although "endocrine disruptors exert direct epigenetic effects in the exposed fetal germ cells, these are corrected by reprogramming events in the next generation." Also in 2015, Adam Weiss argued that bringing back
Lamarck in the context of
1557:
wrote that research into epigenetic processes does allow a Lamarckian element in evolution but the processes do not challenge the main tenets of the modern evolutionary synthesis as modern Lamarckians have claimed. Haig argued for the primacy of DNA and evolution of epigenetic switches by natural
1677:
There is no feedback of information from the proteins to the DNA, and hence no route by which characteristics acquired in the body can be passed on through the genes. The work of Ted Steele (1979) provoked a flurry of interest in the possibility that there might, after all, be ways in which this
5521:
Modern neo-Darwinists do not deny that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role during development nor do they deny that these mechanisms enable a variety of adaptive responses to the environment. Recurrent, predictable changes of epigenetic state provide a useful set of switches that allow
580:
Can Weismann's experiment be considered a case of disuse? Lamarck proposed that when an organ was not used, it slowly, and very gradually atrophied. In time, over the course of many generations, it would gradually disappear as it was inherited in its modified form in each successive generation.
1762:
by George Gaylord Simpson in 1953, proposes that the ability to learn new behaviours can improve an animal's reproductive success, and hence the course of natural selection on its genetic makeup. Simpson stated that the mechanism was "not inconsistent with the modern synthesis" of evolutionary
907:
A century after Lamarck, scientists and philosophers continued to seek mechanisms and evidence for the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Experiments were sometimes reported as successful, but from the beginning these were either criticised on scientific grounds or shown to be fakes. For
616:
The identification of Lamarckism with the inheritance of acquired characteristics is regarded by evolutionary biologists including Ghiselin as a falsified artifact of the subsequent history of evolutionary thought, repeated in textbooks without analysis, and wrongly contrasted with a falsified
1421:
does not directly participate in the making of the phenotype and that the phenotype, in turn, does not control the composition of the DNA." Peter J. Bowler has written that although many early scientists took Lamarckism seriously, it was discredited by genetics in the early twentieth century.
589:
The acquired characteristics that figured in Lamarck's thinking were changes that resulted from an individual's own drives and actions, not from the actions of external agents. Lamarck was not concerned with wounds, injuries or mutilations, and nothing that Lamarck had set forth was tested or
1561:
Thomas Dickens and Qazi Rahman (2012) have argued that epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modification are genetically inherited under the control of natural selection and do not challenge the modern synthesis. They dispute the claims of Jablonka and Lamb on Lamarckian
1387:
What Lamarck really did was to accept the hypothesis that acquired characters were heritable, a notion which had been held almost universally for well over two thousand years and which his contemporaries accepted as a matter of course, and to assume that the results of such inheritance were
1596:
epigenetics is misleading, commenting, "We should remember for the good he contributed to science, not for things that resemble his theory only superficially. Indeed, thinking of CRISPR and other phenomena as Lamarckian only obscures the simple and elegant way evolution really works."
373:
of one variety of rabbit into another variety in the expectation that its offspring would show some characteristics of the first. They did not, and Galton declared that he had disproved Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis, but Darwin objected, in a letter to the scientific journal
335:
proposed natural selection as the main mechanism for development of species, but (like Lamarck) gave credence to the idea of heritable effects of use and disuse as a supplementary mechanism. Darwin subsequently set out his concept of pangenesis in the final chapter of his book
752:
death was predetermined by the genes one inherited. The individual could do nothing to mitigate bad heredity. Lamarckism, in contrast, allowed the individual to choose a new habit when faced with an environmental challenge and shape the whole future course of evolution.
665:
Among the most popular alternatives were theories involving the inheritance of characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime. Scientists who felt that such Lamarckian mechanisms were the key to evolution were called neo-Lamarckians. They included the British
594:
The historian of science Rasmus Winther stated that Weismann had nuanced views about the role of the environment on the germ plasm. Indeed, like Darwin, he consistently insisted that a variable environment was necessary to cause variation in the hereditary material.
1550:
less, that this resulted in those features being accentuated or attenuated, and that this difference was then inherited by offspring." Gregory has stated that Lamarckian evolution in epigenetics is more like Darwin's point of view than Lamarck's.
443:"All that has been acquired, traced, or changed, in the physiology of individuals, during their life, is conserved through the genesis, reproduction, and transmitted to new individuals who are related to those who have undergone those changes."
611:
is often used as an example in popular explanations of Lamarckism. However, this was only a small part of his theory of evolution towards "perfection"; it was a hypothetical illustration; and he used it to discuss his theory of heredity, not
1654:
to the B-cells and were then transported through the bloodstream where they could breach the Weismann or soma-germ barrier and reverse transcribe the newly acquired genes into the cells of the germ line, in the manner of Darwin's pangenes.
1819:
689:, who observed that the fossil record showed orderly, almost linear, patterns of development that they felt were better explained by Lamarckian mechanisms than by natural selection. Some people, including Cope and the Darwin critic
1678:
reverse flow of information could take place. ... mechanism did not, in fact, violate the principles of molecular biology, but most biologists were suspicious of Steele's claims, and attempts to reproduce his results have failed.
1558:
selection. Haig has written that there is a "visceral attraction" to Lamarckian evolution from the public and some scientists, as it posits the world with a meaning, in which organisms can shape their own evolutionary destiny.
1763:
theory, though he doubted that it occurred very often or could be proven to occur. He noted that the Baldwin effect provided a reconciliation between the neo-Darwinian and neo-Lamarckian approaches, something that the
437:"The production of a new organ in an animal body, results from a new requirement arising. and which continues to make itself felt, and a new movement which that requirement gives birth to, and its upkeep/maintenance;"
434:"Life by its own force, tends to increase the volume of all organs which possess the force of life, and the force of life extends the dimensions of those parts up to an extent that those parts bring to themselves;"
3874:
Dorcus, Roy M. (June 1933). "The effect of intermittent rotation on orientation and the habituation of nystagmus in the rat, and some observations on the effects of pre-natal rotation on post-natal development".
457:
stretch their necks to reach leaves high in trees, they would strengthen and gradually lengthen their necks. These giraffes would then have offspring with slightly longer necks. In the same way, he argued, a
1631:
regions of parent mice were found in their germ cells and seemed to persist in the offspring for a few generations. The mechanism involved the somatic selection and clonal amplification of newly acquired
260:
thought much the same. Zirkle pointed out that stories involving the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics appear numerous times in ancient mythology and the Bible and persisted through to
125:
Many researchers from the 1860s onwards attempted to find evidence for Lamarckian inheritance, but these have all been explained away, either by other mechanisms such as genetic contamination or as
1620:
cells. This reverse transcription process supposedly enabled characteristics or bodily changes acquired during a lifetime to be written back into the DNA and passed on to subsequent generations.
342:(1868), which gave numerous examples to demonstrate what he thought was the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Pangenesis, which he emphasised was a hypothesis, was based on the idea that
474:
elle le conserve par la génération aux nouveaux individus qui en proviennent, pourvu que les changemens acquis soient communs aux deux sexes, ou à ceux qui ont produit ces nouveaux individus.
662:
by some historians of science. During that time many scientists and philosophers accepted the reality of evolution but doubted whether natural selection was the main evolutionary mechanism.
354:. These pangenes were microscopic particles that supposedly contained information about the characteristics of their parent cell, and Darwin believed that they eventually accumulated in the
719:
of the theory of evolution, and a lack of evidence for a mechanism for acquiring and passing on new characteristics, or even their heritability, Lamarckism largely fell from favour. Unlike
1515:
molecules, too, may mediate inherited resistance to infection. Handel and Ramagopalan commented that "epigenetics allows the peaceful co-existence of Darwinian and Lamarckian evolution."
412:, and 2) an adaptive force that causes animals with a given body plan to adapt to circumstances (use and disuse, inheritance of acquired characteristics), creating a diversity of
175:, consisting of the genomes of all an organism's symbiotic microbes as well as its own genome, is also somewhat Lamarckian in effect, though entirely Darwinian in its mechanisms.
558:
contain information that passes from one generation to the next, unaffected by experience, and independent of the somatic (body) cells. This implied what came to be known as the
293:
develop from "one living filament... with the power of acquiring new parts" in response to stimuli, with each round of "improvements" being inherited by successive generations.
1538:
could be classified as Lamarckian, within a Darwinian framework. However, the significance of epigenetics in evolution is uncertain. Critics such as the evolutionary biologist
1240:. Neo-Lamarckism remained influential in biology until the 1940s when the role of natural selection was reasserted in evolution as part of the modern evolutionary synthesis.
1682:
Bowler commented that " work was bitterly criticized at the time by biologists who doubted his experimental results and rejected his hypothetical mechanism as implausible."
462:, through his work, strengthens the muscles in his arms, and thus his sons would have similar muscular development when they mature. Lamarck stated the following two laws:
4796:
Sheau-Fang Ng; Lin, Ruby C. Y.; Laybutt, D. Ross; et al. (October 21, 2010). "Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs β-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring".
1442:
have highlighted the possible inheritance of traits acquired by the previous generation. However, the characterization of these findings as Lamarckism has been disputed.
2851:"Handbuch der paläarktischen Gross-Schmetterlinge für Forscher und Sammler. Zweite gänzlich umgearbeitete und durch Studien zur Descendenztheorie erweitete Auflage, etc"
2701:
8593:"Consists of papers given at a workshop on the origins of music held in Fiesole, Italy, May 1997, the first of a series called Florentine Workshops in Biomusicology."
723:, neo-Lamarckism is a loose grouping of largely heterodox theories and mechanisms that emerged after Lamarck's time, rather than a coherent body of theoretical work.
673:(1835–1925), who studied the effects of environmental stress on the growth of plants, in the belief that such environmentally-induced variation might explain much of
1396:
on the genome and Lamarckian inheritance is not valid unless it excludes the possibility of natural selection, but this has not been demonstrated in any experiment.
453:
and develop characteristics that are useful. The second was to argue that the acquired traits were heritable. He gave as an imagined illustration the idea that when
1306:
for providing no solid evidence for his theory. Shapiro noted that "Matsuda himself accepts too much at face value and is prone to wish-fulfilling interpretation."
10665:
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argued for a version that he called "centro-epigenesis", but it was rejected by most scientists. Some of the experimental approaches are described in the table.
338:
17:
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1474:
4533:
5789:
Steele, E. J.; Pollard, J. W. (1987). "Hypothesis : Somatic Hypermutation by gene conversion via the error prone DNA-to-RNA-to-DNA information loop".
1359:. Lysenkoism influenced Soviet agricultural policy which in turn was later blamed for the numerous massive crop failures experienced within Soviet states.
758:
Scientists from the 1860s onwards conducted numerous experiments that purported to show Lamarckian inheritance. Some examples are described in the table.
4479:"Environmental Epigenetics and a Unified Theory of the Molecular Aspects of Evolution: A Neo-Lamarckian Concept that Facilitates Neo-Darwinian Evolution"
5895:; Sharon, Gill; Zilber-Rosenberg, Ilana (December 2009). "The hologenome theory of evolution contains Lamarckian aspects within a Darwinian framework".
133:'s experiment, considered definitive in its time, is now considered to have failed to disprove Lamarckism, as it did not address use and disuse. Later,
11154:
11011:
380:, that he had done nothing of the sort, since he had never mentioned blood in his writings. He pointed out that he regarded pangenesis as occurring in
6768:. English adaptation from the second German edition, revised and enlarged by C. F. Marshall (Revised ed.). Physicians and Surgeons Book Company.
10979:
1792:, components of Lamarckism have been used to link cultural development to human evolution by considering technology as extensions of human anatomy.
488:
individuals which arise, provided that the acquired modifications are common to both sexes, or at least to the individuals which produce the young.
199:
The inheritance of acquired characteristics was proposed in ancient times and remained a current idea for many centuries. The historian of science
430:
Between 1800 and 1830, Lamarck proposed a systematic theoretical framework for understanding evolution. He saw evolution as comprising four laws:
8932:
1181:
322:
and contribute to the next generation via the fertilised egg. Changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as in Lamarckism.
5754:
Steele, E. J. (2016). "Somatic hypermutation in immunity and cancer: Critical analysis of strand-biased and codon-context mutation signatures".
4227:
Steele, E. J. (2016). "Somatic hypermutation in immunity and cancer: Critical analysis of strand-biased and codon-context mutation signatures".
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Hagen, Joel B. (2002). "Retelling Experiments: H.B.D. Kettlewell's Studies of Industrial Melanism in Peppered Moths". In Giltrow, Janet (ed.).
4848:
10414:
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496:), resulting in change in behaviour, causing change in organ usage and development, bringing change in form over time—and thus the gradual
1784:. Gould viewed culture as a Lamarckian process whereby older generations transmitted adaptive information to offspring via the concept of
468:
d' usage de tel organe, l'affoiblit insensiblement, le détériore, diminue progressivement ses facultés, et finit par le faire disparoître.
681:, who studied blind animals living in caves and wrote a book in 1901 about Lamarck and his work. Also included were paleontologists like
8816:"Annual address of the president of the Biological Society of Washington. Delivered January 24, 1891. (From the Proceedings, vol. VI.)"
4879:"Timing of prenatal starvation in women and birth weight in their first and second born offspring: The Dutch famine birth cohort study"
585:
Ghiselin also considered the Weismann tail-chopping experiment to have no bearing on the Lamarckian hypothesis, writing in 1994 that:
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1404:
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noted in 1989 that other scientists had been unable to reproduce his results, and described the scientific consensus at the time:
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Varona, Luis; Munilla, Sebastián; Mouresan, Elena Flavia; González-RodrĂguez, Aldemar; Moreno, Carlos; Altarriba, Juan (2015).
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Neo-Lamarckism was dominant in French biology for more than a century. French scientists who supported neo-Lamarckism included
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point out that epigenetic inheritance lasts for only a few generations, so it is not a stable basis for evolutionary change.
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imperceptibly weakens and deteriorates it, and progressively diminishes its functional capacity, until it finally disappears.
6500:
1490:
to be Lamarckian. Epigenetics is based on hereditary elements other than genes that pass into the germ cells. These include
70:
physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime. It is also called the
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11043:
10038:
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1708:, and together they have a "hologenome" consisting of all their genomes. The hologenome can vary like any other genome by
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2058:, p. 617: "But Darwin was loath to let go of the notion that a well-used and strengthened organ could be inherited."
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1743:. All the theories offer explanations of how organisms respond to a changed environment with adaptive inherited change.
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visited laboratory, found fire suspicious, doubted claim that steam leak had killed all beetles, concluded faked data.
784:
735:
94:
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Gauthier, Peter (March–May 1990). "Does Weismann's Experiment Constitute a Refutation of the Lamarckian Hypothesis?".
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The Complicity of Friends: How George Eliot, G. H. Lewes, and John Hughlings-Jackson Encoded Herbert Spencer's Secret
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2017:
1506:. These marks are responsive to environmental stimuli, differentially affect gene expression, and are adaptive, with
1417:
According to Ernst Mayr, any Lamarckian theory involving the inheritance of acquired characters has been refuted as "
171:
of traits acquired by the previous generation. These proved a limited validity of Lamarckism. The inheritance of the
10493:
7708:
Eugenio Rignano Upon the Inheritance of Acquired Characters: A Hypothesis of Heredity, Development, and Assimilation
4335:"Transgenerational Rescue of a Genetic Defect in Long-Term Potentiation and Memory Formation by Juvenile Enrichment"
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Modern Biology: A Review of the Principal Phenomena of Animal Life in Relation to Modern Concepts and Theories
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gave credence to the idea of heritable effects of use and disuse, as Lamarck had done, and his own concept of
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7751:. International Library of Psychology, Philosophy, and Scientific Method. Translated with an introduction by
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1973:(January 1946). "The Early History of the Idea of the Inheritance of Acquired Characters and of Pangenesis".
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The Reluctant Mr. Darwin: An Intimate Portrait of Charles Darwin and the Making of His Theory of Evolution
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Rechavi, O.; Houri-Ze'evi, L.; Anava, S.; Goh, W.S.; Kerk, S.Y.; Hannon, G.J.; Hobert, O. (17 July 2014).
3690:"Alcoholism and the behavior of white rats. I. The influence of alcoholic grandparents upon maze-behavior"
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pointed out that Harrison's hypothesis required a mutation rate far higher than any previously reported."
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Cook, George M. (December 1999). "Neo-Lamarckian Experimentalism in America: Origins and Consequences".
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4088:
2702:"Additional Evidence on the Influence of Light in producing Pigments on the Lower Sides of Flat Fishes"
1303:
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The experiment's effectiveness in refuting Lamarck's hypothesis is doubtful, as it did not address the
440:"The development of the organs, and their ability, are constantly a result of the use of those organs."
3159:
2044:
137:
supplanted the notion of inheritance of acquired traits, eventually leading to the development of the
12351:
12195:
12166:
12053:
11967:
11875:
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9811:
9704:
9651:
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7651:
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576:
of characteristics in response to the environment. The biologist Peter Gauthier noted in 1990 that:
12088:
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11288:
11063:
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10859:
10723:
10695:
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1717:
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in response to environment; results could not be replicated; cause possibly a transmitted disease.
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659:
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358:
where they could pass on to the next generation the newly acquired characteristics of the parents.
331:
276:
114:
10343:
4856:
1723:
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10794:
10703:
10431:
10313:
10081:
9677:
9631:
9337:
9274:
9249:
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9052:
8785:"Essays ... based upon papers read at a conference held at the University of Edinburgh ... 1959."
6092:
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1198:
991:
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5635:
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2491:
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1554:
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9433:
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3063:"(1) Upon the Inheritance of Acquired Characters (2) Biological Aspects of Human Problems".
2798:
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562:, as it would make Lamarckian inheritance from changes to the body difficult or impossible.
12190:
11997:
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4095:
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theory of soft inheritance into his theory of evolution as a supplement to his concept of
8:
12336:
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11807:
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10881:
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10001:
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9927:
9893:
9641:
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9388:
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9163:
9072:
8909:
8878:"Like father like son. A fresh review of the inheritance of acquired characteristics"
8856:
8807:
8799:
8789:
8776:
8768:
8732:
8695:
8687:
8677:
8656:
8639:
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8554:
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8514:
8504:
8490:
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8439:
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8387:
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6749:
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6654:
6646:
6624:
6616:
6593:
6583:
6562:
6554:
6544:
6521:
6513:
6508:. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Biographical Memoirs. Vol. 25.
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6229:
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6187:
6161:
6153:
6143:
6114:
6106:
6096:
6015:
5946:
5920:
5916:
5874:
5806:
5771:
5736:
5695:
5639:
5603:
5474:
5423:
5317:
5265:
5196:
5145:
5092:
5008:
4959:
4900:
4895:
4878:
4821:
4778:
4739:"Inheritance of Acquired Behaviour Adaptations and Brain Gene Expression in Chickens"
4711:
4654:
4605:
4508:
4456:
4421:
4364:
4315:
4244:
4015:
3802:
3582:"Third Report on a Test of McDougall'S Lamarckian Experiment on the Training of Rats"
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830:
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109:
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8928:
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8626:
8311:
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5516:
5059:"Transgenerational Inheritance of an Acquired Small RNA-Based Antiviral Response in
4723:
3938:
3759:
3493:
3192:"The work of tornier as affording a possible explanation of the causes of mutations"
2736:
2686:
2382:
2184:
1953:
1511:
Methylation similarly mediates epigenetic inheritance in plants such as rice. Small
11507:
11448:
11237:
11180:
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10055:
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9841:
9595:
9398:
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8032:
7987:
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7583:
7549:
7513:
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7153:
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6790:
6705:
6208:
6044:
5978:
5912:
5892:
5864:
5854:
5798:
5763:
5726:
5685:
5675:
5593:
5585:
5574:"The extended evolutionary synthesis and the role of soft inheritance in evolution"
5547:
5504:
5464:
5454:
5413:
5403:
5307:
5299:
5255:
5245:
5186:
5176:
5135:
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5082:
5074:
4998:
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4768:
4758:
4703:
4644:
4636:
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4498:
4490:
4448:
4411:
4403:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4267:
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4236:
4050:
4027:
4007:
3926:
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3884:
3856:
3794:
3739:
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2121:
2092:
1982:
1941:
1736:
1605:
1569:
1233:
1186:
1161:
1036:
640:
566:
559:
540:
501:
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32:
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8652:
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6417:
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1700:, while Darwinian, has Lamarckian aspects. An individual animal or plant lives in
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12138:
12103:
12012:
11900:
11794:
11750:
11730:
11603:
11319:
11298:
11053:
10849:
10473:
10300:
10289:
10243:
10186:
10135:
9915:
9719:
9569:
9549:
9408:
9312:
9122:
8603:
8256:
8238:
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7979:
7752:
7685:
7201:. The Life of Science Library. Vol. 32 (Reprint ed.). Abelard-Schuman.
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5535:
4852:
4763:
4529:
4240:
4064:
3860:
3187:
3106:
2850:
2290:
1670:
1546:
1503:
1462:
1287:
1249:
1128:
1073:
956:
909:
900:
694:
674:
547:
520:
400:
Lamarck's two-factor theory involves 1) a complexifying force that drives animal
266:
261:
257:
229:
130:
8558:
4591:
3798:
916:
Early 20th century experiments attempting to demonstrate Lamarckian inheritance
903:, but the results are thought to be either fraudulent or at best misinterpreted.
396:
195:
repeated the ancient folk wisdom of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
11740:
11720:
11630:
11323:
11215:
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relied on a neo-Lamarckian model of evolution to try and explain the origin of
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350:' or 'pangenes' which travelled around the body, though not necessarily in the
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705:
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686:
346:
would, in response to environmental stimulation (use and disuse), throw off '
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10834:
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9508:
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9022:
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7828:
7728:
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7182:
7144:
7018:
6895:
6727:
6488:
6288:
5924:
5878:
5775:
5740:
5699:
5607:
5589:
5478:
5427:
5321:
5269:
5250:
5200:
5149:
5096:
5012:
4963:
4825:
4782:
4715:
4658:
4609:
4512:
4460:
4425:
4368:
4319:
4248:
4019:
3847:
Detlefsen, John A. (April 1925). "The inheritance of acquired characters".
3806:
3713:
3651:
3485:
3442:(April 1938). "Fourth Report on a Lamarckian Experiment". General Section.
3401:
3302:
3277:
3261:
3244:
3217:
2374:
2176:
2133:
1483:
1340:
1326:
1295:
1248:. In the 1960s, "biochemical Lamarckism" was advocated by the embryologist
1229:
1208:
1064:
896:
709:
635:
405:
343:
287:
90:
10957:
8128:
7890:
7861:
7820:
7772:
7591:
Studies from the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute: Collected Reprints
7574:
6823:
6696:
6628:
5810:
5459:
4994:
4904:
1314:
895:
claimed in the 1920s to have found evidence for Lamarckian inheritance in
762:
19th century experiments attempting to demonstrate Lamarckian inheritance
516:
500:. As the evolutionary biologists and historians of science Conway Zirkle,
12171:
12083:
12027:
11865:
11650:
11349:
11168:
10913:
10784:
10513:
10048:
9878:
9784:
9742:
9564:
9559:
9137:
9117:
8764:
8546:
6666:
6127:
5335:
4945:
4640:
4494:
3634:
3597:
3565:
3532:
3469:
3382:
2873:
Handbuch der paläarktischen Gross-Schmetterlinge für Forscher und Sammler
1539:
1491:
1479:
1458:
1431:
1139:
221:
209:
188:
156:
10353:
8363:"Longevity Shown for First Time to Be Inherited via a Non-DNA Mechanism"
7746:
6786:
5392:"Past, present, and future of epigenetics applied to livestock breeding"
4883:
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
4817:
4280:
Roth, Tania L.; Lubin, Farah D.; Funk, Adam J.; et al. (May 2009).
492:
In essence, a change in the environment brings about change in "needs" (
318:
theory. Every part of the body emits tiny gemmules which migrate to the
307:
12118:
11830:
11565:
11105:
10675:
10597:
10584:
10218:
10018:
9905:
9883:
9836:
9831:
9779:
9747:
9662:
9489:
9381:
9081:
9034:
8330:. Science and its Conceptual Foundations. University of Chicago Press.
8295:
7342:. Science and its Conceptual Foundations. University of Chicago Press.
7214:
7166:
6987:. Science and its Conceptual Foundations. University of Chicago Press.
6216:
Freaks of Nature: And What They Tell Us about Evolution and Development
5990:
5440:
4054:
3930:
3751:
3278:"Experimental Distortion of Development in Amphibian Tadpoles. Part II"
3049:
2981:
2339:
1994:
1651:
1648:
1581:
1528:
1465:, enabling a neo-Lamarckian pattern of inheritance for some generations
1348:
1334:
1322:
1237:
874:
797:
739:
551:
536:
524:
459:
315:
302:
253:
172:
119:
44:
8761:
Darwinism and the Study of Society: A Centenary Symposium; Chicago, IL
8727:
8708:
8384:
Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology
7258:
The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology
6985:
Styles of Scientific Thought: The German Genetics Community, 1900–1933
5560:
Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology
4877:
Lumey, Lambert H.; Stein, Aryeh D.; Ravelli, Anita C. J. (July 1995).
3833:
3547:
Agar, Wilfred E.; Drummond, Frank H.; Tiegs, Oscar W. (October 1942).
1379:
Zirkle pointed out that Lamarck did not originate the hypothesis that
539:
afresh in each generation from the germ plasm, creating an invisible "
11780:
10908:
10759:
10368:
9986:
9734:
9332:
9300:
9067:
8973:
8157:
7588:
6613:
6303:(Johns Hopkins Paperbacks ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
5057:
Rechavi, Oded; Minevich, Gregory; Hobert, Oliver (December 9, 2011).
3901:
3888:
3134:
3084:
2097:
2072:
1701:
1495:
1291:
701:, who saw evolution as an inherently progressive process. The German
401:
355:
213:
105:
79:
67:
8617:
8598:
6259:
Studies in the Philosophy of Biology: Reduction and Related Problems
5982:
4979:"Inheritance of acquired traits in plants: Reinstatement of Lamarck"
4707:
3774:
3689:
3111:"Dr. Kammerer's Testimony to the Inheritance of Acquired Characters"
3110:
3041:
2654:
1986:
1072:
Fraud, ink injected; or, results misinterpreted; case celebrated by
527:
theory. The hereditary material, the germ plasm, is confined to the
12232:
11992:
11697:
10811:
10013:
9585:
9523:
9295:
9264:
8287:
7062:
Landscapes and Labscapes: Exploring the Lab-Field Border in Biology
6640:
5112:"Starvation-induced transgenerational inheritance of small RNAs in
4072:
3743:
3580:
Agar, Wilfred E.; Drummond, Frank H.; Tiegs, Oscar W. (June 1948).
2973:
2353:
Winther, Rasmus (2001). "August Weismann on Germ-Plasm Variation".
2155:
Liu, Yongsheng (2008). "A new perspective on Darwin's Pangenesis".
1945:
1785:
1709:
1633:
1617:
1585:
1435:
1356:
1272:
1121:
381:
282:
233:
160:
63:
40:
8443:
8401:
8093:
8054:
7921:
7734:
Eugenio Rignano upon the inheritance of acquired characters (1911)
7669:
7630:
7427:
7392:
7307:. Oxford Paperbacks (Reprint ed.). Harvard University Press.
7079:
6967:
6928:
6558:
6399:
6360:
6233:
6157:
6110:
2709:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
2659:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
1450:
12133:
10196:
9910:
9027:
8670:
Neo-Lamarckism and the Evolution Controversy in France, 1870-1920
7812:
7136:
6541:
Treasure Your Exceptions: The Science and Life of William Bateson
5937:
Depew, David J. (2003), "Baldwin Boosters, Baldwin Skeptics" in:
4927:
4849:"Obese male mice father offspring with higher levels of body fat"
4736:
4439:
Bonduriansky, Russell (June 2012). "Rethinking heredity, again".
1846:"The Imaginary Lamarck: A Look at Bogus "History" in Schoolbooks"
1499:
983:
702:
608:
454:
413:
142:
8803:
8772:
8691:
8580:
8518:
8345:
8222:
8175:
8120:
8009:
7963:
7882:
7853:
7764:
7720:
7566:
7532:
7496:
7466:
7375:
The Developing Genome: An Introduction to Behavioral Epigenetics
7357:
7322:
7275:
7236:
7174:
7109:
7044:
7002:
6887:
6843:
6815:
6773:
6745:
6688:
6650:
6620:
6517:
6480:
6438:
6318:
6280:
6191:
4576:"Lamarck, Evolution, and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters"
1271:(1895–1985). They followed two traditions, one mechanistic, one
1012:
unable to reproduce findings in chickens; Darwinian explanation
888:
420:. Lamarckism is the name now widely used for the adaptive force.
9007:
8492:
The Threat and the Glory: Reflections on Science and Scientists
5891:
5109:
1640:
1531:
1090:
667:
543:" to Lamarckian influence from the soma to the next generation.
532:
409:
366:
290:
7199:
Main Currents of Scientific Thought: A History of the Sciences
7027:
Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension
6138:. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 242.
5562:, edited by Snait B. Gissis and Eva Jablonka, MIT Press, 2011"
3245:"Experimental Distortion of Development in Amphibian Tadpoles"
565:
Weismann conducted the experiment of removing the tails of 68
10117:
9458:
5634:(Revised ed.). University of California Press. pp.
4795:
4381:
4282:"Lasting Epigenetic Influence of Early-Life Adversity on the
2496:(Revised ed.). University of California Press. pp.
2010:
El sueño de D'Alembert; y Suplemento al viaje de Bougainville
555:
528:
417:
385:
370:
319:
217:
126:
47:'s sons inherit the strong muscles he acquires from his work.
6946:
Academic Reading: Reading and Writing Across the Disciplines
6089:
Brown-SĂ©quard: An Improbable Genius Who Transformed Medicine
1244:, a British zoologist, defended Lamarckism in his 1959 book
508:
have pointed out, these ideas were not original to Lamarck.
9305:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5617:
2958:
Eugenio Rignano Upon the Inheritance of Acquired Characters
1647:
products of these somatically novel genes were captured by
1636:
1600:
Somatic hypermutation and reverse transcription to germline
1445:
654:
between Darwin's death in the 1880s, and the foundation of
8243:"Why everything you've been told about evolution is wrong"
7445:
History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene
2655:"Researches on the Coloration of the Skins of Flat Fishes"
1518:
Joseph Springer and Dennis Holley commented in 2013 that:
823:
Transplant plants at different altitudes in Alps, Pyrenees
8532:
8468:"The Epigenome in Evolution: Beyond The Modern Synthesis"
8422:
Lamarck's Evolution: Two Centuries of Genius and Jealousy
6006:(2003), "The Baldwin Effect, a Crane, not a Skyhook" in:
5163:
Handel, Adam E.; Ramagopalan, Sreeram V. (May 13, 2010).
4332:
1588:
1512:
1454:
1418:
7711:. Authorized English translation by Basil C. H. Harvey.
7615:. Great Discoveries (1st ed.). Atlas Books/Norton.
7305:
Aristotle to Zoos: A Philosophical Dictionary of Biology
6502:
Biographical Memoir of Francis Bertody Sumner, 1874–1945
5664:"Disputing Lamarckian Epigenetic Inheritance in Mammals"
5614:
3775:"Are Permanent Disturbances of Equilibration Inherited?"
2760:(Book review). Vol. 141, no. 5229. p. 337
800:, causing abnormal nervous condition resembling epilepsy
369:, with Darwin's cooperation, in which he transfused the
270:. The idea is mentioned in 18th century sources such as
7593:. Vol. 25. Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute.
7260:. New preface by Ernst Mayr. Harvard University Press.
6011:
Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered
5965:
5942:
Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered
3616:
2956:
Eastwood, M. Lightfoot (October 1912). "Reviewed Work:
2824:, "Lamarckism in Britain and the United States", p. 348
339:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
208:
of acquired characters had been accepted previously by
6865:
The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History
6136:
Philosophy of Chemistry: Synthesis of a New Discipline
5389:
5212:
5210:
3688:
Macdowell, E. Carleton; Vicari, Emilia M. (May 1921).
2902:
2900:
1347:
promoted the ideologically driven research programme,
712:, the idea that evolution is directed towards a goal.
145:. Despite this, interest in Lamarckism has continued.
8833:"Epigenetics: Sins of the fathers, and their fathers"
8551:"Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Music and Language"
6419:(First Harvard University Press paperback ed.).
5056:
2310:, "The Supposed Transmission of Mutilations" (1888),
1890:
1888:
1886:
1475:
Contribution of epigenetic modifications to evolution
590:"disproven" by the Weismann tail-chopping experiment.
7997:
Essays Upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems
7936:
7580:
Readings in evolution, genetics, and eugenics (1921)
7219:
Evolution and the Diversity of Life: Selected Essays
7128:. Translated, with an introduction, by Hugh Elliot.
5833:
5831:
5823:
4222:
4220:
3474:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
867:
Variations in offspring even without low temperature
6125:
5572:Dickins, Thomas E.; Rahman, Qazi (August 7, 2012).
5207:
4279:
4127:
3310:
2897:
1425:
1383:, so it is incorrect to refer to it as Lamarckism:
1176:Results not replicable; likely cause ear infection
447:
391:
8323:
7870:
7837:
6338:
5390:González-Recio, O.; Toro, M. A.; Bach, A. (2015).
3472:(November 1957). "Oscar Werner Tiegs. 1897-1956".
2917:
2915:
2887:
2885:
1975:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1907:
1905:
1903:
1883:
1768:Baldwin effect is broadly accepted by Darwinists.
1623:The mechanism was meant to explain why homologous
7491:. The Macmillan Company; Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
5828:
5162:
4876:
4217:
3822:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
3579:
3546:
3506:
2197:
2007:
1780:, Lamarckism has been applied as a mechanism for
1758:The Baldwin effect, named after the psychologist
1685:
1639:sequences generated via somatic hypermutation in
1095:Offspring learnt mazes quicker (20 vs 165 trials)
1025:Reared mice at different temperatures, humidities
426:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck § Lamarckian evolution
12328:
8967:
8672:. Studies in French Civilization. Vol. 14.
7940:; Lindley, Robyn A.; Blanden, Robert V. (1998).
7789:Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences
6378:Darwin Deleted: Imagining a World Without Darwin
6345:(3rd ed.). University of California Press.
2483:
2449:
2447:
2321:
2319:
2111:
100:Introductory textbooks contrast Lamarckism with
8933:University of California Museum of Paleontology
8382:Gissis, Snait B.; Jablonka, Eva., eds. (2011).
8072:Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution
7840:This View of Life: The World of an Evolutionist
6665:
6218:(Paperback ed.). Oxford University Press.
5165:"Is Lamarckian evolution relevant to medicine?"
4083:
4081:
3687:
2912:
2891:
2882:
2280:
2278:
1900:
1873:
1871:
1612:within the immune system and coupled it to the
1156:Pavlov retracted claim; results not replicable
141:, and the general abandonment of Lamarckism in
7897:
7589:Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute (1940).
7104:(in French) (New ed.). Germer Baillière.
5383:
5216:
4260:
4258:
4041:Pearson, Roy Douglas (March 1988). "Reviews".
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1572:'s disputed Neo-Lamarckian mechanism involves
738:tried to demonstrate Lamarckism by mutilating
388:, which have no blood, as well as in animals.
10973:
9678:
9474:
8953:
7877:(2nd ed.). Harcourt, Brace & World.
7704:
7558:Readings in Evolution, Genetics, and Eugenics
7160:
5788:
5571:
4524:
4522:
4273:
2944:
2591:
2444:
2421:. Vol. 84, no. 1175. pp. 38–40
2316:
1965:
1963:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1771:
1616:of RNA derived from body cells to the DNA of
1309:
8755:(1961). "The Human Evolutionary System". In
7898:Springer, Joseph T.; Holley, Dennis (2013).
7705:——; Harvey, Basil C. H. (1911).
7251:
7161:Linville, Henry R.; Kelly, Henry A. (1906).
7017:
6710:
6538:
5843:"The Hologenome Concept: Helpful or Hollow?"
5276:
5050:
4671:
4438:
4326:
4269:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
4078:
3170:
2821:
2782:
2275:
2055:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1868:
1351:; this suited the ideological opposition of
10987:
7407:
6830:
6635:
6614:Kegan Paul, Trench, TrĂĽbner & Co., Ltd.
6539:Cock, Alan G.; Forsdyke, Donald R. (2008).
6034:
5782:
5747:
5234:"Is evolution Darwinian or/and Lamarckian?"
4676:
4255:
3663:
2809:
2040:
2008:Diderot, Denis; Ballestero, Manuel (1992).
1824:
1381:acquired characteristics could be inherited
10980:
10966:
9685:
9671:
9481:
9467:
8960:
8946:
6604:
6007:
5997:
5938:
5837:
5228:
4730:
4519:
3902:Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute 1940
3773:Griffith, Coleman R. (December 15, 1922).
3352:
3230:
3020:
2699:
2652:
2630:
2191:
1960:
1802:
1604:In the 1970s, the Australian immunologist
1170:Reared rats on rotating table for 3 months
959:; Tower claimed all results lost in fire;
155:new experimental results in the fields of
8903:
8850:
8726:
8616:
7755:. Kegan Paul, Trench, TrĂĽbner & Co.;
7293:Modern Materialism and Emergent Evolution
7290:
6911:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
6803:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
6414:
6008:Weber, Bruce H.; Depew, David J. (2003).
5939:Weber, Bruce H.; Depew, David J. (2003).
5868:
5858:
5730:
5689:
5679:
5597:
5551:
5468:
5458:
5417:
5407:
5311:
5259:
5249:
5190:
5180:
5139:
5086:
5002:
4953:
4894:
4772:
4762:
4648:
4599:
4574:Burkhardt, Richard W. Jr. (August 2013).
4573:
4502:
4415:
4358:
4309:
3846:
3819:
3675:
3564:
3531:
3438:
3391:
3381:
3301:
3260:
3207:
2567:
2226:
2096:
1917:
1405:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
1028:Inherited longer bodies, tails, hind feet
899:, in a case celebrated by the journalist
12144:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
10919:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
9692:
7978:
7645:
6248:
6213:
5931:
5658:
4693:
3985:
3772:
3726:
3316:
3186:
2955:
2579:
2325:
2307:
1852:(September–October 1994). Archived from
1843:
1722:
1657:
1564:
1482:has been argued by scientists including
1471:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
1449:
1446:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
1339:A form of Lamarckism was revived in the
1313:
887:
829:Not controlled from weeds; likely cause
730:
639:
602:
515:
511:
395:
306:
252:Zirkle noted that Hippocrates described
187:
169:transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
31:
9647:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
9601:Inheritance of acquired characteristics
8818:Neo-Darwinism and neo-Lamarckism (1891)
8030:
7868:
7835:
7779:
7744:
7684:
7605:
7518:
7299:
7123:
7094:
6982:
6796:
6172:
6086:
5817:
5366:"Epigenetics smackdown at the Guardian"
4930:"Epigenetic Inheritance in Rice Plants"
4561:
4528:
4473:
4187:
4175:
4163:
4151:
4139:
4087:
4040:
3951:
3414:
3275:
3242:
3155:
3105:
3009:
2933:
2845:
2606:
2543:
2477:
2465:
2438:
2352:
2284:
2257:
2148:
1911:
1815:
1048:Eye defects inherited for 8 generations
554:theory held that germline cells in the
72:inheritance of acquired characteristics
27:Scientific hypothesis about inheritance
18:Inheritance of acquired characteristics
14:
12329:
9450:Index of evolutionary biology articles
8261:"Beyond a 'Darwin was wrong' headline"
8156:. English translation by M. H. Shank.
8152:Barthélemy-Madaule, Madeleine (1982).
7554:
7481:
7408:Moore, Randy; Decker, Mark D. (2008).
7337:
7059:
6642:Zoonomia; or, the Laws of Organic Life
6573:
6453:
6375:
6333:
6295:
6069:
5753:
5627:
5282:
5028:"A Comeback for Lamarckian Evolution?"
5025:
4846:
4264:
4226:
4211:
4104:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
3997:
3974:
3913:
3873:
3468:
2994:
2921:
2906:
2794:
2700:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas (May 1895).
2653:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas (May 1893).
2618:
2531:
2520:
2489:
2453:
2067:
1969:
1928:
1894:
1727:Lamarckian use and disuse compared to
1076:arguing that opposition was political
708:combined Larmarckism with ideas about
598:
296:
11636:Psychological effects of Internet use
10961:
10682:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
9666:
9462:
8941:
8108:
7944:. Helix Books; Frontiers of Science.
7519:Mumford, Frederick Blackmar (1921) .
7442:
7372:
7196:
6943:
6902:
6858:
6760:
6495:
5712:
5363:
5340:"Epigenetics: the light and the way?"
5334:
5232:; Wolf, Yuri I. (November 11, 2009).
4682:
4622:
3647:
3426:
3340:
3328:
3276:Sladden, Dorothy E. (November 1932).
3028:by Eugenio Rignano, E. W. MacBride".
3024:(December 23, 1926). "Reviewed Work:
2833:
2749:
2555:
2407:
2395:
2269:
2232:
1877:
1608:developed a neo-Lamarckian theory of
1228:and the South African paleontologist
883:
78:. The idea is named after the French
9637:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
8069:
7213:
7188:A textbook in general zoölogy (1906)
6906:The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
5533:
5491:
4976:
4199:
3963:
1219:
864:Raise butterflies at low temperature
845:Shine light on underside of flatfish
122:similarly implied soft inheritance.
11616:Digital media use and mental health
8599:"Lamarckian viral defense in worms"
8190:Lamarck, ou, Le mythe du précurseur
6415:Burkhardt, Richard W. Jr. (1995) .
5364:Coyne, Jerry (September 23, 2013).
4534:"Lamarck didn't say it, Darwin did"
3623:The Journal of Experimental Biology
3586:The Journal of Experimental Biology
3553:The Journal of Experimental Biology
3520:The Journal of Experimental Biology
2750:Moore, Eldon (September 15, 1928).
2154:
908:instance, in 1906, the philosopher
24:
11247:Automatic and controlled processes
10087:Evolutionary developmental biology
9260:Evolutionary developmental biology
8838:European Journal of Human Genetics
8144:
7805:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1945.tb00215.x
5824:Steele, Lindley & Blanden 1998
5578:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
5034:(Biomedicine news). Archived from
5026:Singer, Emily (February 4, 2009).
4625:"Epigenetics, Darwin, and Lamarck"
3456:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1938.tb00882.x
3282:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3249:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2012:(First ed.). Madrid: Debate.
1584:to breach the Weismann barrier to
1323:ideological form of neo-Lamarckism
1294:with neo-Lamarckism. He held that
85:(1744–1829), who incorporated the
25:
12368:
11656:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
8929:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
8922:
8798:. Press of Gedney & Roberts.
8597:Peng, Wayne (December 27, 2011).
8361:Fecht, Sarah (October 19, 2011).
6341:Evolution: The History of an Idea
5841:; Sloan, Daniel B. (2015-12-04).
5719:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
5631:Evolution: The History of an Idea
4441:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
4128:Baird, Scerri & McIntyre 2006
4000:Journal of the History of Biology
3877:Journal of Comparative Psychology
3071:(2232): 576–578. August 8, 1912.
2493:Evolution: The History of an Idea
2355:Journal of the History of Biology
2202:. Modern Library. pp. 38–41.
2114:Journal of the History of Biology
1747:
1329:agricultural policy in the 1930s.
1051:Disputed, results not replicated
976:Goldfish, embryos of frogs, newts
952:Heritable changes in size, colour
620:
39:argued, as part of his theory of
12307:
12294:
12282:
12281:
11681:Mobile phones and driving safety
10941:
10932:
10931:
9217:Evolution of sexual reproduction
8876:Yongsheng Liu (September 2007).
8795:Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism
7873:Life: An Introduction to Biology
7869:Simpson, George Gaylord (1965).
7836:Simpson, George Gaylord (1964).
7555:Newman, Horatio Hackett (1921).
6702:The theories of evolution (1912)
6063:
6028:
5959:
5917:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01995.x
5885:
5706:
5652:
5565:
5540:Philosophy and Theory in Biology
5527:
5485:
5434:
5357:
5328:
5222:
5156:
5103:
5019:
4970:
4921:
4870:
4847:Gibson, Andrea (June 16, 2013).
4840:
4789:
4687:
4665:
4616:
4567:
4555:
4467:
4432:
4375:
4205:
4193:
4181:
3243:Sladden, Dorothy E. (May 1930).
2169:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00036.x
1426:Mechanisms resembling Lamarckism
949:in extreme humidity, temperature
677:, and the American entomologist
448:Lamarck's discussion of heredity
392:Lamarck's evolutionary framework
178:
12347:History of evolutionary biology
11584:Computer-mediated communication
10744:Extended evolutionary synthesis
9933:Gene-centered view of evolution
8565:. MIT Press. pp. 165–176.
8275:The Quarterly Review of Biology
8109:Young, Robert Thompson (1922).
7561:. University of Chicago Press.
7510:Evolution and adaptation (1903)
7064:. University Of Chicago Press.
6836:The Material Basis of Evolution
6679:. Translation by André Tridon.
6079:
4169:
4157:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4034:
3991:
3979:
3968:
3957:
3945:
3907:
3895:
3867:
3840:
3813:
3766:
3720:
3694:Journal of Experimental Zoology
3681:
3669:
3657:
3641:
3610:
3573:
3540:
3500:
3462:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3346:
3334:
3322:
3269:
3236:
3224:
3180:
3164:
3149:
3099:
3056:
3014:
3003:
2988:
2962:International Journal of Ethics
2949:
2938:
2927:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2788:
2776:
2743:
2693:
2646:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2514:
2471:
2459:
2432:
2401:
2389:
2346:
2301:
2263:
2251:
2105:
2061:
2049:
1302:. His views were criticized by
848:Inherited production of pigment
726:
652:history of evolutionary thought
11861:Empathising–systemising theory
11164:female intrasexual competition
11101:Evolutionarily stable strategy
10872:Hologenome theory of evolution
10739:History of molecular evolution
9965:Evolutionarily stable strategy
9854:Last universal common ancestor
9488:
8988:Genotype–phenotype distinction
8205:Johns Hopkins University Press
7791:. Columbia Biological Series.
7546:The breeding of animals (1921)
7523:. The Rural Text-Book Series.
7443:Moore, James R., ed. (2002) .
7197:Mason, Stephen Finney (1956).
7163:A Text-Book in General Zoölogy
6263:University of California Press
6014:. MIT Press. pp. 69–106.
5969:(1953). "The Baldwin effect".
4983:Plant Signaling & Behavior
4351:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5057-08.2009
4302:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.028
4069:The Evolution of Individuality
2034:
2001:
1698:hologenome theory of evolution
1692:hologenome theory of evolution
1686:Hologenome theory of evolution
1662:Neo-Lamarckian inheritance of
535:. Somatic cells (of the body)
13:
1:
12221:Standard social science model
11274:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
10666:Renaissance and Enlightenment
9245:Regulation of gene expression
8653:10.1126/science.341.6150.1055
7904:Jones & Bartlett Learning
7785:"Tempo and Mode in Evolution"
7757:Harcourt, Brace & Company
7713:Open Court Publishing Company
7115:Philosophie zoologique (1830)
5534:Haig, David (November 2011).
3444:British Journal of Psychology
3356:; Smith, E. A. (March 1920).
2287:An examination of Weismannism
2285:Romanes, George John (1893).
2237:. Vintage. pp. 119–121.
1844:Ghiselin, Michael T. (1994).
1795:
1153:Offspring easier to condition
785:Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard
736:Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard
365:, carried out experiments on
149:
12069:Missing heritability problem
11661:Social aspects of television
11284:Evolution of nervous systems
11252:Computational theory of mind
10877:Missing heritability problem
10504:Gamete differentiation/sexes
9415:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
9195:Evolution of genetic systems
9003:Gene–environment correlation
8998:Gene–environment interaction
8074:(First paperback ed.).
7646:Raitiere, Martin N. (2012).
7150:Zoological philosophy (1914)
6510:National Academy of Sciences
6087:Aminoff, Michael J. (2011).
5945:. MIT Press. pp. 3–31.
5860:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002311
5803:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.07.001
5768:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.07.001
5713:Weiss, Adam (October 2015).
5553:10.3998/ptb.6959004.0003.004
5447:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
4977:Sano, Hiroshi (April 2010).
4896:10.1016/0028-2243(95)02149-M
4764:10.1371/journal.pone.0006405
4629:Genome Biology and Evolution
4483:Genome Biology and Evolution
4241:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.07.001
3861:10.1152/physrev.1925.5.2.244
2877:Maximilian Rudolph Standfuss
1107:John William Heslop-Harrison
715:With the development of the
498:transmutation of the species
7:
12315:Evolutionary biology portal
9394:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
8489:(1990). Pyke, David (ed.).
8070:Wood, Bernard, ed. (2013).
7846:Harcourt, Brace & World
7377:. Oxford University Press.
7291:McDougall, William (1934).
7029:. Oxford University Press.
6903:Gould, Stephen Jay (2002).
6459:Lamarck and Modern Genetics
6382:University of Chicago Press
6205:Problems of genetics (1913)
4592:10.1534/genetics.113.151852
4339:The Journal of Neuroscience
3799:10.1126/science.56.1459.676
3173:, "A Note on W. L. Tower's
2892:Delage & Goldsmith 1912
2773:(1928) by J. T. Cunningham.
2752:"The New View of Mendelism"
2200:A Growing sense of progress
1545:The evolutionary biologist
1502:proteins, both involved in
1373:Tempo and Mode in Evolution
1362:
1325:which adversely influenced
1246:Lamarck and Modern Genetics
1224:The British anthropologist
10:
12373:
12276:Evolutionary psychologists
12149:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
12064:Human–animal communication
11776:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
11626:Imprinted brain hypothesis
11594:Human–computer interaction
10509:Life cycles/nuclear phases
10061:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
9270:Hedgehog signaling pathway
9147:Developmental architecture
8763:. Tavistock Publications;
8475:Information Bulletin VOGiS
7900:An Introduction to Zoology
7692:(in French). FĂ©lix Alcan.
7449:Cambridge University Press
7060:Kohler, Robert E. (2002).
6983:Harwood, Jonathan (1993).
6870:W. W. Norton & Company
6214:Blumberg, Mark S. (2010).
5897:Environmental Microbiology
5732:10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.003
5628:Bowler, Peter J. (1989) .
5217:Springer & Holley 2013
5132:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.020
5079:10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.042
4623:Penny, David (June 2015).
4453:10.1016/j.tree.2012.02.003
2490:Bowler, Peter J. (1989) .
2198:Larson, Edward J. (2004).
1772:In sociocultural evolution
1751:
1689:
1468:
1332:
1310:Ideological neo-Lamarckism
1173:Inherited balance disorder
877:"difficult to interpret".
796:and dorsal spinal cord of
679:Alpheus Spring Packard Jr.
629:
625:
423:
300:
183:
167:proved the possibility of
12270:
12196:Environmental determinism
12167:Cultural selection theory
12159:
12054:Evolutionary epistemology
12041:
11968:evolutionary neuroscience
11930:
11923:
11821:
11696:
11641:Rank theory of depression
11564:
11488:
11390:
11196:
11189:
11143:Parent–offspring conflict
11052:
10995:
10927:
10827:
10752:
10656:
10583:
10539:
10394:
10298:
10115:
10074:
10007:Parent–offspring conflict
9943:
9812:Earliest known life forms
9733:
9700:
9652:Politicization of science
9624:
9578:
9532:
9496:
9447:
9426:
9355:
9283:
9237:
9230:
9194:
9146:
9110:
9097:Transgressive segregation
9043:
8980:
8134:Biology in America (1922)
7797:Columbia University Press
7745:Rignano, Eugenio (1926).
7652:Bucknell University Press
6676:The Theories of Evolution
6606:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas
6376:Bowler, Peter J. (2013).
6049:10.1007/s10539-006-9037-7
5681:10.1186/s13059-015-0626-0
5509:10.1007/s10539-006-9033-y
5304:10.1007/s10539-018-9658-7
4012:10.1007/s10739-010-9240-x
3030:The Journal of Philosophy
2945:Rignano & Harvey 1911
2867:10.1126/science.4.80.52-c
2799:view=1up, seq=277 257–259
2729:10.1017/S0025315400050761
2679:10.1017/S0025315400049596
2632:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas
2592:Linville & Kelly 1906
2413:"Another Look at Lamarck"
2126:10.1007/s10739-014-9377-0
1669:The historian of biology
1069:Black foot-pads inherited
697:and the German anatomist
286:(c. 1795) suggested that
112:. However, Darwin's book
12089:Cultural group selection
11973:Biocultural anthropology
11666:Societal impacts of cars
11599:Media naturalness theory
11289:Fight-or-flight response
10860:Cultural group selection
10724:The eclipse of Darwinism
10696:On the Origin of Species
10671:Transmutation of species
8896:10.1038/sj.embor.7401060
8668:Persell, Stuart (1999).
8561:; Brown, Steven (eds.).
7488:Evolution and Adaptation
7373:Moore, David S. (2015).
6421:Harvard University Press
6037:Biology & Philosophy
5409:10.3389/fgene.2015.00305
5292:Biology & Philosophy
4672:Jablonka & Lamb 1995
2783:Cock & Forsdyke 2008
2056:Desmond & Moore 1991
1718:chromosome rearrangement
1430:Studies in the field of
1150:in mice to food and bell
838:Joseph Thomas Cunningham
660:the eclipse of Darwinism
332:On the Origin of Species
115:On the Origin of Species
62:, is the notion that an
12342:Non-Darwinian evolution
12289:Evolutionary psychology
12253:Sociocultural evolution
12094:Dual inheritance theory
11551:Personality development
11012:Theoretical foundations
10989:Evolutionary psychology
10865:Dual inheritance theory
10704:History of paleontology
9632:Bourgeois pseudoscience
9275:Notch signaling pathway
9250:Gene regulatory network
9133:Dual inheritance theory
8852:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201567
8037:Darwinism and Economics
7781:Simpson, George Gaylord
7521:The Breeding of Animals
7130:Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
7124:—— (1914).
6793:. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
6093:Oxford University Press
5967:Simpson, George Gaylord
5182:10.1186/1471-2350-11-73
4696:Nature Reviews Genetics
4408:10.1126/science.1229277
3732:The American Naturalist
3664:Moore & Decker 2008
2367:10.1023/A:1012950826540
2233:Gould, Stephen (2001).
1934:The American Naturalist
1782:dual inheritance theory
1281:philosophy of evolution
1213:Results not replicable
1199:Drosophila melanogaster
1006:Inherited malformations
1003:of pregnant guinea pigs
992:Charles Rupert Stockard
979:Abnormalities inherited
947:Colorado potato beetles
408:) creating a ladder of
404:towards higher levels (
12211:Social constructionism
12206:Psychological nativism
12181:Biological determinism
12129:Recent human evolution
12124:Punctuated equilibrium
11947:Behavioral epigenetics
11942:evolutionary economics
11911:Variability hypothesis
11856:Emotional intelligence
11589:Engineering psychology
11279:Evolution of the brain
10553:Punctuated equilibrium
9874:Non-adaptive radiation
9822:Evolutionary arms race
9323:cis-regulatory element
9231:Control of development
9111:Non-genetic influences
9077:evolutionary landscape
7338:Mitman, Gregg (1992).
7101:Philosophie Zoologique
7096:Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste
6497:Child, Charles Manning
6455:Cannon, Herbert Graham
6255:Dobzhansky, Theodosius
5715:"Lamarckian Illusions"
5590:10.1098/rspb.2012.0273
5497:Biology and Philosophy
5251:10.1186/1745-6150-4-42
4540:(Blog). Archived from
4265:Steele, E. J. (1981).
3714:10.1002/jez.1400330107
3510:; Drummond, Frank H.;
3486:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0017
3303:10.1098/rspb.1932.0072
3262:10.1098/rspb.1930.0031
1744:
1680:
1666:
1592:
1562:epigenetic processes.
1525:
1480:Epigenetic inheritance
1466:
1415:
1390:
1368:George Gaylord Simpson
1330:
1018:Francis Bertody Sumner
982:Disputed; possibly an
939:William Lawrence Tower
904:
806:Not Lamarckism, as no
754:
743:
647:
613:
592:
583:
544:
421:
361:Darwin's half-cousin,
323:
250:
196:
56:Lamarckian inheritance
48:
12357:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
12238:Multilineal evolution
12201:Nature versus nurture
12160:Theoretical positions
12008:Functional psychology
12003:Evolutionary medicine
11978:Biological psychiatry
11686:Texting while driving
11676:Lead–crime hypothesis
11536:Cognitive development
11521:Caregiver deprivation
11032:Gene selection theory
10845:Evolutionary medicine
10719:Mendelian inheritance
10427:Biological complexity
10415:Programmed cell death
10107:Phenotypic plasticity
9827:Evolutionary pressure
9817:Evidence of evolution
9715:Timeline of evolution
9611:Mendelian inheritance
9434:Nature versus nurture
9338:Cell surface receptor
9255:Evo-devo gene toolkit
9154:Developmental biology
9092:Polygenic inheritance
9018:Quantitative genetics
8753:Waddington, Conrad H.
8499:(1st U.S. ed.).
7525:The Macmillan Company
6251:Ayala, Francisco José
6184:Yale University Press
5460:10.1534/g3.115.016725
5396:Frontiers in Genetics
5370:Why Evolution is True
5344:Why Evolution Is True
5032:MIT Technology Review
4995:10.4161/psb.5.4.10803
4290:Biological Psychiatry
3849:Physiological Reviews
2636:Zoologischer Anzeiger
1790:history of technology
1752:Further information:
1726:
1690:Further information:
1675:
1661:
1614:reverse transcription
1610:somatic hypermutation
1578:reverse transcription
1574:somatic hypermutation
1568:
1520:
1469:Further information:
1453:
1440:somatic hypermutation
1410:
1385:
1317:
1242:Herbert Graham Cannon
1100:experimental controls
1031:Inconsistent results
891:
831:genetic contamination
749:
734:
643:
630:Further information:
607:The long neck of the
606:
587:
578:
519:
512:Weismann's experiment
479:English translation:
424:Further information:
399:
310:
242:Jo. Fried. Blumenbach
205:
193:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
191:
165:somatic hypermutation
83:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
35:
12191:Cultural determinism
11998:Evolutionary biology
11983:Cognitive psychology
11931:Academic disciplines
11579:Cognitive ergonomics
11546:Language acquisition
11526:Childhood attachment
11339:Wason selection task
11233:Behavioral modernity
11022:Cognitive revolution
11005:Evolutionary thought
10819:Teleology in biology
10714:Blending inheritance
10092:Genetic assimilation
9955:Artificial selection
9694:Evolutionary biology
9343:Transcription factor
9058:Genetic assimilation
9045:Genetic architecture
8563:The Origins of Music
8033:Hodgson, Geoffrey M.
6832:Goldschmidt, Richard
6461:(Reprint ed.).
6179:Problems of Genetics
5791:Molecular Immunology
5536:"Lamarck Ascending!"
5338:(October 24, 2010).
5169:BMC Medical Genetics
3728:Griffith, Coleman R.
3635:10.1242/jeb.31.3.307
3598:10.1242/jeb.25.2.103
3566:10.1242/jeb.19.2.158
3533:10.1242/jeb.12.3.191
3383:10.1073/pnas.6.3.134
3117:(Letter to editor).
2045:Vol I, section XXXIX
1776:Within the field of
1741:genetic assimilation
1714:sexual recombination
1536:Piwi-interacting RNA
1494:patterns in DNA and
1300:genetic assimilation
1205:Directed mutagenesis
1039:, Elizabeth A. Smith
1001:alcohol intoxication
826:Acquired adaptations
632:Eclipse of Darwinism
203:wrote in 1935 that:
12258:Unilineal evolution
12023:Population genetics
11808:Sexy son hypothesis
11746:Hormonal motivation
11726:Concealed ovulation
11267:Dual process theory
11138:Parental investment
10882:Molecular evolution
10840:Ecological genetics
10709:Transitional fossil
10499:Sexual reproduction
10339:endomembrane system
10268:pollinator-mediated
10224:dolphins and whales
10002:Parental investment
9545:Georgii Karpechenko
9439:Morphogenetic field
9356:Influential figures
8368:Scientific American
7483:Morgan, Thomas Hunt
7412:. Greenwood Press.
7254:Provine, William B.
5909:2009EnvMi..11.2959R
5584:(1740): 2913–2921.
5038:on January 27, 2016
4818:10.1038/nature09491
4810:2010Natur.467..963N
4755:2009PLoSO...4.6405N
4475:Skinner, Michael K.
4400:2013Sci...339..448H
3791:1922Sci....56..676G
3706:1921JEZ....33..208M
3374:1920PNAS....6..134G
3294:1932RSPSB.112....1S
3196:The Eugenics Review
3127:1919Natur.103..344B
3077:1912Natur..89..576.
3022:Carmichael, Leonard
2721:1895JMBUK...4...53C
2671:1893JMBUK...3..111C
2468:, pp. 218, 220
2411:(October 4, 1979).
2089:1871Natur...3..502D
1850:The Textbook Letter
1729:Darwinian evolution
1226:Frederic Wood Jones
917:
871:Richard Goldschmidt
803:Epileptic offspring
763:
683:Edward Drinker Cope
656:population genetics
645:Edward Drinker Cope
599:Textbook Lamarckism
297:Darwin's pangenesis
280:. Erasmus Darwin's
66:can pass on to its
12216:Social determinism
12099:Fisher's principle
12059:Great ape language
12049:Cultural evolution
12018:Philosophy of mind
11851:Division of labour
11813:Westermarck effect
11761:Mating preferences
11671:Distracted driving
11405:Literary criticism
11262:Domain specificity
11242:modularity of mind
10855:Cultural evolution
9970:Fisher's principle
9899:Handicap principle
9889:Parallel evolution
9753:Adaptive radiation
9128:Genomic imprinting
8790:Ward, Lester Frank
8674:Edwin Mellen Press
8635:Pennisi, Elizabeth
8112:Biology in America
7992:Shipley, Arthur E.
7984:Poulton, Edward B.
7167:Ginn & Company
6860:Gould, Stephen Jay
6808:Dover Publications
6645:. Joseph Johnson.
5662:(March 27, 2015).
4946:10.1093/aob/mcm110
4641:10.1093/gbe/evv107
4564:, pp. 295–315
4544:on 9 February 2015
4495:10.1093/gbe/evv073
4190:, pp. 142–143
4178:, pp. 166–169
4089:Shapiro, Arthur M.
4055:10.1007/BF00050806
4043:Acta Biotheoretica
3954:, pp. 121–131
3931:10.1007/BF01984742
3470:Pantin, Carl F. A.
3440:McDougall, William
3343:, pp. 146–173
3177:Work," pp. 352–353
2909:, pp. 202–204
2812:, pp. 266–267
2785:, pp. 132–133
2456:, pp. 236–244
2409:Gould, Stephen Jay
2272:, pp. 170–191
2157:Biological Reviews
2071:(April 27, 1871).
1897:, pp. 245–246
1880:, pp. 177–178
1856:on 12 October 2000
1778:cultural evolution
1760:James Mark Baldwin
1745:
1667:
1593:
1467:
1461:marks, created by
1402:wrote in his book
1343:of the 1930s when
1331:
1269:Pierre-Paul Grassé
1196:Heat treatment in
1148:Conditioned reflex
915:
905:
884:Early 20th century
761:
744:
650:The period of the
648:
614:
545:
422:
324:
277:D'Alembert's Dream
197:
135:Mendelian genetics
93:, a drive towards
49:
12324:
12323:
12302:Psychology portal
12266:
12265:
12109:Hologenome theory
12079:Unit of selection
12074:Primate cognition
11988:Cognitive science
11919:
11918:
11790:Sexual attraction
11766:Mating strategies
11531:Cinderella effect
11461:Moral foundations
11365:Visual perception
11257:Domain generality
11226:Facial expression
11174:Sexual dimorphism
11133:Natural selection
11079:Hamiltonian spite
10955:
10954:
10571:Uniformitarianism
10524:Sex-determination
10029:Sexual dimorphism
10024:Natural selection
9928:Unit of selection
9894:Signalling theory
9660:
9659:
9642:Pavlovian session
9514:Nikita Khrushchev
9456:
9455:
9389:Eric F. Wieschaus
9351:
9350:
9169:Pattern formation
9073:Fitness landscape
8831:(February 2006).
8728:10.1002/hep.26240
8683:978-0-7734-8275-3
8572:978-0-262-23206-7
8540:The Future of Man
8510:978-0-06-039112-6
8435:978-1-921208-60-7
8393:978-0-262-01514-1
8337:978-0-226-14346-0
8259:(19 March 2010).
8241:(19 March 2010).
8214:978-0-8018-3888-0
8167:978-0-262-02179-1
8085:978-1-118-65099-8
8046:978-1-84844-072-2
7988:Schönland, Selmar
7955:978-0-7382-0014-9
7938:Steele, Edward J.
7913:978-1-4496-4891-6
7748:Biological Memory
7661:978-1-61148-418-2
7622:978-0-393-05981-6
7458:978-0-521-52478-0
7419:978-0-313-34155-7
7384:978-0-19-992234-5
7349:978-0-226-53236-3
7314:978-0-19-283043-2
7267:978-0-674-27226-2
7228:978-0-674-27105-0
7071:978-0-226-45010-0
7036:978-0-19-854062-5
6994:978-0-226-31882-0
6959:978-1-55111-393-7
6920:978-0-674-00613-3
6879:978-0-393-01380-1
6737:978-0-7181-3430-3
6589:978-1-84217-014-4
6550:978-0-387-75687-5
6472:978-0-8371-8173-8
6430:978-0-674-83318-0
6391:978-0-226-06867-1
6352:978-0-520-23693-6
6310:978-0-8018-4391-4
6272:978-0-520-02649-0
6225:978-0-19-921306-1
6149:978-1-4020-3256-1
6102:978-0-19-974263-9
6021:978-0-262-23229-6
5952:978-0-262-23229-6
5903:(12): 2959–2962.
5893:Rosenberg, Eugene
5286:(February 2019).
5284:Koonin, Eugene V.
5230:Koonin, Eugene V.
4851:(Press release).
4804:(7318): 963–966.
4532:(March 8, 2009).
4394:(6118): 448–452.
3785:(1459): 676–678.
3354:Guyer, Michael F.
3121:(2592): 344–345.
3026:Biological Memory
2960:by C.H. Harvey".
2849:(July 10, 1896).
2498:257, 264, 279–280
2244:978-0-09-928583-0
1304:Arthur M. Shapiro
1220:Late 20th century
1217:
1216:
1129:replicate results
1082:William McDougall
961:William E. Castle
881:
880:
506:Stephen Jay Gould
110:natural selection
74:or more recently
16:(Redirected from
12364:
12352:Biology theories
12311:
12298:
12285:
12284:
11928:
11927:
11924:Related subjects
11711:Adult attachment
11238:Cognitive module
11194:
11193:
11181:Social selection
11155:Costly signaling
11150:Sexual selection
11037:Modern synthesis
10982:
10975:
10968:
10959:
10958:
10945:
10935:
10934:
10734:Modern synthesis
10494:Multicellularity
10489:Mosaic evolution
10374:auditory ossicle
10056:Social selection
10039:Flowering plants
10034:Sexual selection
9687:
9680:
9673:
9664:
9663:
9483:
9476:
9469:
9460:
9459:
9399:William McGinnis
9368:Richard Lewontin
9363:C. H. Waddington
9235:
9234:
9212:Neutral networks
8962:
8955:
8948:
8939:
8938:
8917:
8907:
8872:
8854:
8822:Internet Archive
8815:
8784:
8765:Quadrangle Books
8748:
8730:
8721:(4): 1663–1665.
8703:
8664:
8630:
8620:
8592:
8530:
8482:
8472:
8455:
8413:
8378:
8376:
8375:
8357:
8329:
8315:
8268:
8257:Rutherford, Adam
8252:
8239:Burkeman, Oliver
8234:
8197:Bowler, Peter J.
8187:
8138:Internet Archive
8132:
8105:
8066:
8027:
8025:
8024:
7980:Weismann, August
7975:
7933:
7902:(1st ed.).
7894:
7876:
7865:
7844:(1st ed.).
7843:
7832:
7776:
7738:Internet Archive
7732:
7701:
7686:Rignano, Eugenio
7681:
7642:
7602:
7584:Internet Archive
7578:
7550:Internet Archive
7544:
7514:Internet Archive
7508:
7478:
7439:
7404:
7369:
7334:
7296:
7287:
7248:
7210:
7192:Internet Archive
7186:
7154:Internet Archive
7148:
7119:Internet Archive
7113:
7091:
7056:
7014:
6979:
6948:(2nd ed.).
6940:
6899:
6868:(1st ed.).
6855:
6827:
6791:Internet Archive
6785:
6757:
6706:Internet Archive
6700:
6671:Goldsmith, Marie
6662:
6632:
6601:
6570:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6507:
6492:
6450:
6411:
6372:
6344:
6335:Bowler, Peter J.
6330:
6297:Bowler, Peter J.
6292:
6245:
6209:Internet Archive
6203:
6174:Bateson, William
6169:
6122:
6073:
6072:, pp. 31–60
6067:
6061:
6060:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5872:
5862:
5853:(12): e1002311.
5835:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5734:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5693:
5683:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5625:
5612:
5611:
5601:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5555:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5472:
5462:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5421:
5411:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5315:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5263:
5253:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5184:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5073:(6): 1248–1256.
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5006:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4957:
4934:Annals of Botany
4925:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4898:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4855:. Archived from
4844:
4838:
4837:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4776:
4766:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4691:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4635:(6): 1758–1760.
4620:
4614:
4613:
4603:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4530:Gregory, T. Ryan
4526:
4517:
4516:
4506:
4489:(5): 1296–1302.
4471:
4465:
4464:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4419:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4345:(5): 1496–1502.
4330:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4224:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4154:, pp. 14–60
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4101:
4085:
4076:
4059:Book reviews of
4058:
4038:
4032:
4031:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3925:(5–6): 476–494.
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3889:10.1037/h0074715
3871:
3865:
3864:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3738:(635): 524–534.
3724:
3718:
3717:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3508:Agar, Wilfred E.
3504:
3498:
3497:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3385:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3319:, pp. 69–70
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3255:(744): 318–325.
3240:
3234:
3233:, pp. 84–97
3228:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3190:(January 1924).
3188:MacBride, Ernest
3184:
3178:
3168:
3162:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3135:10.1038/103344b0
3109:(July 3, 1919).
3107:Bateson, William
3103:
3097:
3096:
3085:10.1038/089576a0
3060:
3054:
3053:
3018:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2953:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2910:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2880:
2870:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2810:Goldschmidt 1940
2807:
2801:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:10.1038/003502a0
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:Darwin 1794–1796
2038:
2032:
2031:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1940:(724): 417–445.
1926:
1915:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1841:
1822:
1813:
1765:modern synthesis
1606:Edward J. Steele
1570:Edward J. Steele
1267:(1853–1922) and
1234:Hermann Klaatsch
1190:
1164:, John Detlefson
1162:Coleman Griffith
1037:Michael F. Guyer
918:
914:
842:1891, 1893, 1895
764:
760:
717:modern synthesis
560:Weismann barrier
541:Weismann barrier
502:Michael Ghiselin
154:
151:
139:modern synthesis
76:soft inheritance
54:, also known as
21:
12372:
12371:
12367:
12366:
12365:
12363:
12362:
12361:
12327:
12326:
12325:
12320:
12262:
12248:Neoevolutionism
12155:
12139:Species complex
12104:Group selection
12042:Research topics
12037:
12013:Neuropsychology
11915:
11901:Substance abuse
11823:Sex differences
11817:
11731:Coolidge effect
11692:
11604:Neuroergonomics
11569:
11560:
11484:
11386:
11320:Folk psychology
11201:
11185:
11055:
11048:
10991:
10986:
10956:
10951:
10923:
10850:Group selection
10823:
10748:
10652:
10579:
10541:Tempo and modes
10535:
10390:
10294:
10111:
10070:
9946:
9939:
9916:Species complex
9729:
9720:History of life
9696:
9691:
9661:
9656:
9625:Soviet policies
9620:
9574:
9570:Nikolai Vavilov
9550:Zhores Medvedev
9540:Wacław Gajewski
9528:
9492:
9487:
9457:
9452:
9443:
9422:
9409:Sean B. Carroll
9347:
9279:
9226:
9190:
9142:
9123:Maternal effect
9106:
9039:
8976:
8966:
8925:
8920:
8875:
8827:
8788:
8757:Banton, Michael
8751:
8706:
8684:
8667:
8633:
8618:10.1038/ng.1062
8604:Nature Genetics
8596:
8573:
8555:Wallin, Nils L.
8545:
8511:
8485:
8481:(1/2): 242–254.
8470:
8464:Lamb, Marion J.
8458:
8436:
8418:Honeywill, Ross
8416:
8394:
8381:
8373:
8371:
8360:
8338:
8320:Desmond, Adrian
8318:
8271:
8255:
8237:
8215:
8195:
8188:Translation of
8168:
8151:
8147:
8145:Further reading
8142:
8115:. R.G. Badger.
8086:
8076:Wiley-Blackwell
8047:
8022:
8020:
8002:Clarendon Press
7956:
7914:
7753:Ernest MacBride
7662:
7623:
7459:
7420:
7385:
7350:
7315:
7268:
7256:, eds. (1998).
7229:
7072:
7037:
7023:Lamb, Marion J.
6995:
6960:
6950:Broadview Press
6921:
6880:
6798:Gardner, Martin
6738:
6716:Moore, James R.
6712:Desmond, Adrian
6637:Darwin, Erasmus
6590:
6551:
6530:
6528:
6505:
6473:
6463:Greenwood Press
6431:
6392:
6353:
6311:
6273:
6226:
6150:
6134:, eds. (2006).
6103:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6068:
6064:
6033:
6029:
6022:
6004:Dennett, Daniel
6002:
5998:
5983:10.2307/2405746
5964:
5960:
5953:
5936:
5932:
5890:
5886:
5839:Moran, Nancy A.
5836:
5829:
5822:
5818:
5787:
5783:
5752:
5748:
5725:(10): 566–568.
5711:
5707:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5626:
5615:
5570:
5566:
5532:
5528:
5490:
5486:
5439:
5435:
5388:
5384:
5375:
5373:
5362:
5358:
5349:
5347:
5333:
5329:
5281:
5277:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5208:
5161:
5157:
5108:
5104:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5039:
5024:
5020:
4975:
4971:
4926:
4922:
4911:
4875:
4871:
4862:
4860:
4853:Ohio University
4845:
4841:
4794:
4790:
4735:
4731:
4708:10.1038/nrg1834
4692:
4688:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4666:
4621:
4617:
4572:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4547:
4545:
4527:
4520:
4472:
4468:
4437:
4433:
4380:
4376:
4331:
4327:
4278:
4274:
4263:
4256:
4235:(2016): 1–2 4.
4225:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4113:
4111:
4106:(Book review).
4099:
4086:
4079:
4065:Ryuichi Matsuda
4045:(Book review).
4039:
4035:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3872:
3868:
3845:
3841:
3818:
3814:
3771:
3767:
3725:
3721:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3646:
3642:
3615:
3611:
3602:
3600:
3578:
3574:
3545:
3541:
3512:Tiegs, Oscar W.
3505:
3501:
3467:
3463:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3274:
3270:
3241:
3237:
3231:Cunningham 1928
3229:
3225:
3185:
3181:
3169:
3165:
3154:
3150:
3104:
3100:
3067:(Book review).
3062:
3061:
3057:
3042:10.2307/2014451
3036:(26): 718–720.
3019:
3015:
3008:
3004:
2993:
2989:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2913:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2883:
2857:(Book review).
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2763:
2761:
2748:
2744:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2651:
2647:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2351:
2347:
2324:
2317:
2306:
2302:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2231:
2227:
2215:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2153:
2149:
2110:
2106:
2083:(78): 502–503.
2069:Darwin, Charles
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2039:
2035:
2020:
2006:
2002:
1987:10.2307/1005592
1968:
1961:
1927:
1918:
1910:
1901:
1893:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1825:
1814:
1803:
1798:
1774:
1756:
1750:
1694:
1688:
1671:Peter J. Bowler
1602:
1547:T. Ryan Gregory
1504:gene regulation
1477:
1448:
1428:
1365:
1337:
1312:
1288:Ryuichi Matsuda
1250:Paul Wintrebert
1222:
1184:
1117:exposed to soot
1074:Arthur Koestler
957:William Bateson
910:Eugenio Rignano
901:Arthur Koestler
886:
851:Disputed cause
729:
695:Herbert Spencer
675:plant evolution
638:
628:
623:
601:
548:August Weismann
521:August Weismann
514:
450:
428:
394:
305:
299:
267:Just So Stories
262:Rudyard Kipling
258:Pliny the Elder
238:Michael Adanson
230:Levinus Lemnius
186:
181:
152:
131:August Weismann
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12370:
12360:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12322:
12321:
12319:
12318:
12305:
12292:
12279:
12271:
12268:
12267:
12264:
12263:
12261:
12260:
12255:
12250:
12245:
12240:
12235:
12230:
12225:
12224:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12183:
12169:
12163:
12161:
12157:
12156:
12154:
12153:
12152:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12106:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12045:
12043:
12039:
12038:
12036:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11953:
11944:
11934:
11932:
11925:
11921:
11920:
11917:
11916:
11914:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11827:
11825:
11819:
11818:
11816:
11815:
11810:
11805:
11792:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11702:
11700:
11694:
11693:
11691:
11690:
11689:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11631:Mind-blindness
11628:
11623:
11618:
11613:
11608:
11607:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11575:
11573:
11562:
11561:
11559:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11505:
11500:
11494:
11492:
11486:
11485:
11483:
11482:
11477:
11476:
11475:
11465:
11464:
11463:
11453:
11452:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11431:
11426:
11425:
11424:
11414:
11413:
11412:
11407:
11396:
11394:
11388:
11387:
11385:
11384:
11383:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11343:
11342:
11341:
11336:
11326:
11324:theory of mind
11317:
11308:
11307:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11271:
11270:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11235:
11230:
11229:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11207:
11205:
11191:
11187:
11186:
11184:
11183:
11178:
11177:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11157:
11147:
11146:
11145:
11135:
11130:
11125:
11120:
11119:
11118:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11091:Baldwin effect
11088:
11087:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11066:
11060:
11058:
11050:
11049:
11047:
11046:
11041:
11040:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11009:
11008:
11007:
10996:
10993:
10992:
10985:
10984:
10977:
10970:
10962:
10953:
10952:
10950:
10949:
10939:
10928:
10925:
10924:
10922:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10900:
10899:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10868:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10831:
10829:
10825:
10824:
10822:
10821:
10816:
10815:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10803:
10802:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10762:
10756:
10754:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10700:
10699:
10690:Charles Darwin
10687:
10686:
10685:
10673:
10668:
10662:
10660:
10654:
10653:
10651:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10628:Non-ecological
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10589:
10587:
10581:
10580:
10578:
10577:
10568:
10559:
10545:
10543:
10537:
10536:
10534:
10533:
10528:
10527:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10445:
10444:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10418:
10417:
10412:
10401:
10399:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10388:
10387:
10386:
10381:
10379:nervous system
10376:
10371:
10366:
10358:
10357:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10305:
10303:
10296:
10295:
10293:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10271:
10270:
10260:
10259:
10258:
10253:
10252:
10251:
10246:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10215:
10214:
10209:
10199:
10189:
10184:
10183:
10182:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10156:
10155:
10145:
10140:
10139:
10138:
10128:
10122:
10120:
10113:
10112:
10110:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10078:
10076:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10052:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10010:
10009:
10004:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9983:
9982:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9951:
9949:
9941:
9940:
9938:
9937:
9936:
9935:
9925:
9920:
9919:
9918:
9913:
9903:
9902:
9901:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9879:Origin of life
9876:
9871:
9866:
9864:Microevolution
9861:
9859:Macroevolution
9856:
9851:
9846:
9845:
9844:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9797:Common descent
9794:
9793:
9792:
9782:
9777:
9775:Baldwin effect
9772:
9771:
9770:
9765:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9739:
9737:
9731:
9730:
9728:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9701:
9698:
9697:
9690:
9689:
9682:
9675:
9667:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9628:
9626:
9622:
9621:
9619:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9582:
9580:
9576:
9575:
9573:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9555:Georgii Nadson
9552:
9547:
9542:
9536:
9534:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9504:Trofim Lysenko
9500:
9498:
9494:
9493:
9486:
9485:
9478:
9471:
9463:
9454:
9453:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9441:
9436:
9430:
9428:
9424:
9423:
9421:
9420:
9419:
9418:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9385:
9384:
9373:François Jacob
9370:
9365:
9359:
9357:
9353:
9352:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9309:
9308:
9298:
9293:
9287:
9285:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9241:
9239:
9232:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9198:
9196:
9192:
9191:
9189:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9172:
9171:
9166:
9156:
9150:
9148:
9144:
9143:
9141:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9114:
9112:
9108:
9107:
9105:
9104:
9102:Sequence space
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9049:
9047:
9041:
9040:
9038:
9037:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8984:
8982:
8978:
8977:
8965:
8964:
8957:
8950:
8942:
8936:
8935:
8924:
8923:External links
8921:
8919:
8918:
8890:(9): 798–803.
8873:
8845:(2): 131–132.
8829:Whitelaw, Emma
8825:
8786:
8749:
8704:
8682:
8665:
8647:(6150): 1055.
8631:
8594:
8571:
8543:
8536:Reith Lectures
8509:
8495:. Foreword by
8487:Medawar, Peter
8483:
8456:
8434:
8414:
8392:
8379:
8358:
8336:
8316:
8288:10.1086/394112
8282:(4): 417–437.
8269:
8253:
8235:
8213:
8193:
8166:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8106:
8084:
8067:
8045:
8028:
7976:
7954:
7934:
7912:
7895:
7866:
7833:
7777:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7682:
7660:
7643:
7621:
7607:Quammen, David
7603:
7586:
7552:
7516:
7479:
7457:
7440:
7418:
7405:
7383:
7370:
7348:
7335:
7313:
7301:Medawar, Peter
7297:
7288:
7266:
7249:
7227:
7211:
7194:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7092:
7070:
7057:
7035:
7015:
6993:
6980:
6958:
6941:
6919:
6900:
6878:
6856:
6828:
6794:
6762:Forel, Auguste
6758:
6736:
6728:Viking Penguin
6724:Michael Joseph
6708:
6663:
6633:
6602:
6588:
6571:
6549:
6536:
6493:
6471:
6451:
6429:
6412:
6390:
6373:
6351:
6331:
6309:
6293:
6271:
6246:
6224:
6211:
6170:
6148:
6126:Baird, Davis;
6123:
6101:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6062:
6043:(4): 493–512.
6027:
6020:
5996:
5977:(2): 110–117.
5958:
5951:
5930:
5884:
5827:
5816:
5797:(6): 667–673.
5781:
5746:
5705:
5668:Genome Biology
5660:Whitelaw, Emma
5651:
5645:978-0520063860
5644:
5613:
5564:
5542:(Book essay).
5526:
5503:(3): 415–428.
5484:
5453:(4): 477–485.
5433:
5382:
5356:
5327:
5275:
5238:Biology Direct
5221:
5206:
5155:
5126:(2): 277–287.
5102:
5049:
5018:
4989:(4): 346–348.
4969:
4940:(2): 205–217.
4920:
4869:
4839:
4788:
4729:
4702:(5): 395–401.
4686:
4675:
4664:
4615:
4586:(4): 793–805.
4566:
4554:
4518:
4466:
4447:(6): 330–336.
4431:
4374:
4325:
4296:(9): 760–769.
4272:
4254:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4120:
4093:"Book Review:
4077:
4033:
4006:(4): 713–744.
3990:
3978:
3967:
3956:
3944:
3915:Jollos, Victor
3906:
3894:
3883:(3): 469–475.
3866:
3855:(2): 224–278.
3839:
3828:(5): 292–300.
3812:
3765:
3744:10.1086/279783
3719:
3700:(1): 208–291.
3680:
3676:McDougall 1934
3668:
3656:
3640:
3629:(3): 308–321.
3609:
3592:(2): 103–122.
3572:
3559:(2): 158–167.
3539:
3526:(3): 191–211.
3499:
3461:
3450:(4): 365–395.
3431:
3419:
3407:
3368:(3): 134–136.
3345:
3333:
3321:
3309:
3268:
3235:
3223:
3202:(4): 545–555.
3179:
3171:Weinstein 1998
3163:
3148:
3098:
3055:
3013:
3002:
2987:
2974:10.1086/206715
2968:(1): 117–118.
2948:
2937:
2926:
2911:
2896:
2881:
2847:Packard, A. S.
2838:
2826:
2822:Burkhardt 1998
2814:
2802:
2787:
2775:
2771:Modern Biology
2742:
2692:
2665:(1): 111–118.
2645:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2584:
2572:
2568:Burkhardt 1995
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2513:
2507:978-0520063860
2506:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2443:
2431:
2400:
2388:
2361:(3): 517–555.
2345:
2315:
2300:
2289:. Open Court.
2274:
2262:
2250:
2243:
2225:
2190:
2163:(2): 141–149.
2147:
2120:(4): 661–695.
2104:
2060:
2048:
2033:
2018:
2000:
1971:Zirkle, Conway
1959:
1946:10.1086/280617
1930:Zirkle, Conway
1916:
1899:
1882:
1867:
1823:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1773:
1770:
1754:Baldwin effect
1749:
1748:Baldwin effect
1746:
1733:Baldwin effect
1706:microorganisms
1687:
1684:
1601:
1598:
1488:Marion J. Lamb
1457:molecule with
1447:
1444:
1427:
1424:
1400:Martin Gardner
1364:
1361:
1345:Trofim Lysenko
1333:Main article:
1319:Trofim Lysenko
1311:
1308:
1265:Gaston Bonnier
1257:Edmond Perrier
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1202:
1194:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1131:; implausible
1125:
1124:caused by soot
1118:
1115:Peppered moths
1112:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1004:
997:
994:
988:
987:
980:
977:
974:
971:
969:Gustav Tornier
965:
964:
955:Criticised by
953:
950:
944:
941:
935:
934:
931:
930:Claimed result
928:
925:
922:
885:
882:
879:
878:
868:
865:
862:
859:
853:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
834:
833:
827:
824:
821:
818:
816:Gaston Bonnier
812:
811:
808:use and disuse
804:
801:
790:
787:
781:
780:
777:
776:Claimed result
774:
771:
768:
728:
725:
671:George Henslow
627:
624:
622:
621:Neo-Lamarckism
619:
600:
597:
574:use and disuse
513:
510:
490:
489:
485:
477:
476:
470:
449:
446:
445:
444:
441:
438:
435:
393:
390:
363:Francis Galton
327:Charles Darwin
312:Charles Darwin
301:Main article:
298:
295:
246:Erasmus Darwin
185:
182:
180:
177:
102:Charles Darwin
60:neo-Lamarckism
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12369:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12334:
12332:
12317:
12316:
12310:
12306:
12304:
12303:
12297:
12293:
12291:
12290:
12280:
12278:
12277:
12273:
12272:
12269:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12243:Neo-Darwinism
12241:
12239:
12236:
12234:
12231:
12229:
12228:Functionalism
12226:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12186:Connectionism
12184:
12182:
12179:
12178:
12177:
12176:indeterminism
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12164:
12162:
12158:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
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12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
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12090:
12087:
12085:
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12081:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12040:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11954:
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11945:
11943:
11939:
11936:
11935:
11933:
11929:
11926:
11922:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11896:Schizophrenia
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11881:Mental health
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11828:
11826:
11824:
11820:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11756:Mate guarding
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11716:Age disparity
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11703:
11701:
11699:
11695:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11668:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11646:Schizophrenia
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11609:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11581:
11580:
11577:
11576:
11574:
11572:
11571:Mental health
11567:
11566:Human factors
11563:
11557:
11556:Socialization
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11516:paternal bond
11513:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11495:
11493:
11491:
11487:
11481:
11478:
11474:
11471:
11470:
11469:
11466:
11462:
11459:
11458:
11457:
11454:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11436:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11423:
11420:
11419:
11418:
11415:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11402:
11401:
11398:
11397:
11395:
11393:
11389:
11381:
11380:NaĂŻve physics
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11367:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11347:
11346:Motor control
11344:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11331:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11312:
11309:
11305:
11304:Ophidiophobia
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11294:Arachnophobia
11292:
11291:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11244:
11243:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11221:Display rules
11219:
11217:
11214:
11213:
11212:
11209:
11208:
11206:
11204:
11199:
11195:
11192:
11188:
11182:
11179:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11152:
11151:
11148:
11144:
11141:
11140:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11123:Kin selection
11121:
11117:
11114:
11113:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11071:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11061:
11059:
11057:
11051:
11045:
11042:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11017:Adaptationism
11015:
11014:
11013:
11010:
11006:
11003:
11002:
11001:
10998:
10997:
10994:
10990:
10983:
10978:
10976:
10971:
10969:
10964:
10963:
10960:
10948:
10944:
10940:
10938:
10930:
10929:
10926:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10898:
10895:
10894:
10893:
10892:Phylogenetics
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10852:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10832:
10830:
10826:
10820:
10817:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10801:
10798:
10797:
10796:
10795:Structuralism
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10770:Catastrophism
10768:
10767:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10757:
10755:
10751:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10729:Neo-Darwinism
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10698:
10697:
10693:
10692:
10691:
10688:
10684:
10683:
10679:
10678:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10659:
10655:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10643:Reinforcement
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10590:
10588:
10586:
10582:
10576:
10575:Catastrophism
10572:
10569:
10567:
10566:Macromutation
10563:
10562:Micromutation
10560:
10558:
10554:
10550:
10547:
10546:
10544:
10542:
10538:
10532:
10529:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10501:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10469:Immune system
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10443:
10440:
10439:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10407:
10406:
10403:
10402:
10400:
10398:
10393:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10361:
10359:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10329:symbiogenesis
10327:
10326:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10302:
10297:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10269:
10266:
10265:
10264:
10261:
10257:
10254:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10241:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10204:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10194:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10137:
10134:
10133:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10123:
10121:
10119:
10114:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10073:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10036:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9999:
9998:
9997:Kin selection
9995:
9993:
9992:Genetic drift
9990:
9988:
9985:
9981:
9978:
9977:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9952:
9950:
9948:
9942:
9934:
9931:
9930:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9908:
9907:
9904:
9900:
9897:
9896:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9843:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9760:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9740:
9738:
9736:
9732:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9702:
9699:
9695:
9688:
9683:
9681:
9676:
9674:
9669:
9668:
9665:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9623:
9617:
9616:Vernalization
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9596:Hybridization
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9577:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9531:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9519:Joseph Stalin
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9484:
9479:
9477:
9472:
9470:
9465:
9464:
9461:
9451:
9446:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9425:
9417:
9416:
9412:
9411:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9383:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9377:Jacques Monod
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9354:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9307:
9304:
9303:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9291:Homeotic gene
9289:
9288:
9286:
9282:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9242:
9240:
9236:
9233:
9229:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9193:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9160:
9159:Morphogenesis
9157:
9155:
9152:
9151:
9149:
9145:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9113:
9109:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9042:
9036:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8993:Reaction norm
8991:
8989:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8963:
8958:
8956:
8951:
8949:
8944:
8943:
8940:
8934:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8915:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8823:
8820: at the
8819:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8796:
8791:
8787:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8720:
8716:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8559:Merker, Björn
8556:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8541:
8537:
8534:
8531:Contains the
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8506:
8502:
8501:HarperCollins
8498:
8494:
8493:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8460:Jablonka, Eva
8457:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8385:
8380:
8370:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8333:
8328:
8327:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8276:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8249:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8191:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8150:
8149:
8139:
8136: at the
8135:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8029:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7998:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7951:
7947:
7946:Perseus Books
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7875:
7874:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7842:
7841:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7749:
7743:
7739:
7736: at the
7735:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7709:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7618:
7614:
7613:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7587:
7585:
7582: at the
7581:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7553:
7551:
7548: at the
7547:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7517:
7515:
7512: at the
7511:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7489:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7415:
7411:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7380:
7376:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7345:
7341:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7252:Mayr, Ernst;
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7195:
7193:
7190: at the
7189:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7159:
7155:
7152: at the
7151:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7131:
7127:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7117: at the
7116:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7067:
7063:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7019:Jablonka, Eva
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6986:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6907:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6789: at the
6788:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6707:
6704: at the
6703:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6681:B. W. Huebsch
6678:
6677:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6639:(1794–1796).
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6542:
6537:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6343:
6342:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6217:
6212:
6210:
6207: at the
6206:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6132:McIntyre, Lee
6129:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6085:
6084:
6071:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6031:
6023:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6005:
6000:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5954:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5934:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5832:
5825:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5647:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5558:"A Review of
5554:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5429:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5386:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5218:
5213:
5211:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5106:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4916:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4859:on 2018-06-12
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4668:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4558:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4285:
4276:
4268:
4261:
4259:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4221:
4213:
4208:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4166:, p. 451
4165:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4130:, p. 166
4129:
4124:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3986:Boesiger 1974
3982:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3904:, p. 162
3903:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3678:, p. 180
3677:
3672:
3666:, p. 203
3665:
3660:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3514:(July 1935).
3513:
3509:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3429:, p. 330
3428:
3423:
3417:, p. 169
3416:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3331:, p. 249
3330:
3325:
3318:
3317:Blumberg 2010
3313:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3288:(774): 1–12.
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2930:
2924:, p. 219
2923:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2894:, p. 210
2893:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2861:(80): 52–54.
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2823:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2759:
2758:
2757:The Spectator
2753:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2621:, p. 167
2620:
2615:
2609:, p. 192
2608:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2582:, p. 299
2581:
2580:Raitiere 2012
2576:
2570:, p. 166
2569:
2564:
2558:, p. 343
2557:
2552:
2546:, p. 209
2545:
2540:
2534:, p. 367
2533:
2528:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2480:, p. 221
2479:
2474:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2441:, p. 216
2440:
2435:
2420:
2419:
2418:New Scientist
2414:
2410:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2320:
2313:
2309:
2308:Weismann 1889
2304:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2260:, p. 113
2259:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2209:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2019:84-7444-583-3
2015:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:(2): 91–151.
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1914:, p. 168
1913:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1645:messenger RNA
1642:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1625:DNA sequences
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:Peter Medawar
1389:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:Joseph Stalin
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:Henri Bergson
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:(1846–1908),
1262:
1259:(1844–1921),
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1182:Victor Jollos
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:mutation rate
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:Rats solving
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:Paul Kammerer
1055:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:Raymond Pearl
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
985:
981:
978:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
962:
958:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
919:
913:
911:
902:
898:
897:midwife toads
894:
893:Paul Kammerer
890:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
858:
857:Max Standfuss
855:
854:
850:
847:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
832:
828:
825:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
809:
805:
802:
799:
795:
794:sciatic nerve
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
765:
759:
756:
753:
748:
741:
737:
733:
724:
722:
721:neo-Darwinism
718:
713:
711:
707:
706:Theodor Eimer
704:
700:
699:Ernst Haeckel
696:
692:
691:Samuel Butler
688:
687:Alpheus Hyatt
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:
663:
661:
657:
653:
646:
642:
637:
633:
618:
610:
605:
596:
591:
586:
582:
577:
575:
570:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
486:
482:
481:
480:
475:
471:
469:
465:
464:
463:
461:
456:
442:
439:
436:
433:
432:
431:
427:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
389:
387:
383:
379:
378:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:somatic cells
341:
340:
334:
333:
328:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
294:
292:
289:
285:
284:
279:
278:
273:
269:
268:
263:
259:
255:
249:
248:among others.
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:Jerome Cardan
223:
219:
215:
211:
204:
202:
201:Conway Zirkle
194:
190:
179:Early history
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
104:'s theory of
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
87:classical era
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
12313:
12300:
12287:
12274:
12113:
12033:Sociobiology
11891:Neuroscience
11871:Intelligence
11417:Anthropology
11370:Color vision
11355:Multitasking
11334:Flynn effect
11329:Intelligence
11311:Folk biology
11054:Evolutionary
10904:Polymorphism
10887:Astrobiology
10835:Biogeography
10790:Saltationism
10780:Orthogenesis
10774:
10765:Alternatives
10694:
10680:
10613:Cospeciation
10608:Cladogenesis
10557:Saltationism
10514:Mating types
10437:Color vision
10422:Avian flight
10344:mitochondria
10082:Canalisation
9960:Biodiversity
9705:Introduction
9605:
9591:Heritability
9509:J. D. Bernal
9413:
9306:eyeless gene
9202:Evolvability
9176:Segmentation
9053:Canalisation
9023:Heterochrony
9013:Heritability
8981:Key concepts
8887:
8883:EMBO Reports
8881:
8842:
8836:
8794:
8760:
8718:
8712:
8669:
8644:
8638:
8608:
8602:
8562:
8547:Molino, Jean
8497:Lewis Thomas
8491:
8478:
8474:
8421:
8383:
8372:. Retrieved
8366:
8325:
8279:
8273:
8265:The Guardian
8264:
8248:The Guardian
8246:
8200:
8189:
8153:
8111:
8071:
8036:
8021:. Retrieved
7996:
7941:
7899:
7872:
7839:
7792:
7788:
7747:
7707:
7689:
7647:
7611:
7590:
7557:
7520:
7487:
7444:
7409:
7374:
7339:
7304:
7292:
7257:
7218:
7198:
7162:
7125:
7100:
7061:
7026:
6984:
6945:
6905:
6864:
6835:
6802:
6765:
6719:
6675:
6667:Delage, Yves
6641:
6609:
6575:
6543:. Springer.
6540:
6529:. Retrieved
6501:
6458:
6416:
6377:
6340:
6300:
6258:
6215:
6178:
6135:
6128:Scerri, Eric
6088:
6080:Bibliography
6065:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6010:
5999:
5974:
5970:
5961:
5941:
5933:
5900:
5896:
5887:
5850:
5847:PLOS Biology
5846:
5819:
5794:
5790:
5784:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5722:
5718:
5708:
5671:
5667:
5654:
5630:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5559:
5543:
5539:
5529:
5520:
5500:
5496:
5487:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5374:. Retrieved
5369:
5359:
5348:. Retrieved
5343:
5336:Coyne, Jerry
5330:
5295:
5291:
5278:
5241:
5237:
5224:
5219:, p. 94
5172:
5168:
5158:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5105:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5052:
5040:. Retrieved
5036:the original
5031:
5021:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4889:(1): 23–30.
4886:
4882:
4872:
4861:. Retrieved
4857:the original
4842:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4749:(7): e6405.
4746:
4742:
4732:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4678:
4667:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4562:Wilkins 2009
4557:
4546:. Retrieved
4542:the original
4537:
4486:
4482:
4477:(May 2015).
4469:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4275:
4266:
4232:
4228:
4214:, p. 21
4207:
4195:
4188:Gardner 1957
4183:
4176:Medawar 1985
4171:
4164:Simpson 1965
4159:
4152:Simpson 1964
4147:
4142:, p. 75
4140:Simpson 1944
4135:
4123:
4112:. Retrieved
4110:(2): 146–147
4107:
4103:
4094:
4068:
4060:
4049:(1): 31–36.
4046:
4042:
4036:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3988:, p. 29
3981:
3970:
3959:
3952:Harwood 1993
3947:
3922:
3918:
3909:
3897:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3735:
3731:
3722:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3652:R. A. Fisher
3643:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3601:. Retrieved
3589:
3585:
3575:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3523:
3519:
3502:
3477:
3473:
3464:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3422:
3415:Medawar 1985
3410:
3365:
3361:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3226:
3199:
3195:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3156:Bateson 1913
3151:
3118:
3114:
3101:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3010:Rignano 1926
3005:
2990:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2940:
2934:Rignano 1906
2929:
2872:
2858:
2854:
2841:
2836:, p. 36
2829:
2817:
2805:
2790:
2778:
2770:
2762:. Retrieved
2755:
2745:
2715:(1): 53–59.
2712:
2708:
2695:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2639:
2635:
2626:
2614:
2607:Aminoff 2011
2602:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2544:Mumford 1921
2539:
2527:
2516:
2492:
2485:
2478:Quammen 2006
2473:
2466:Quammen 2006
2461:
2439:Quammen 2006
2434:
2423:. Retrieved
2416:
2403:
2398:, p. 66
2391:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2334:(1/2): 6–8.
2331:
2327:
2303:
2286:
2265:
2258:Lamarck 1914
2253:
2234:
2228:
2199:
2193:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2080:
2076:
2073:"Pangenesis"
2063:
2051:
2036:
2009:
2003:
1978:
1974:
1937:
1933:
1912:Medawar 1985
1858:. Retrieved
1854:the original
1849:
1816:Lamarck 1830
1775:
1757:
1695:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1649:retroviruses
1622:
1603:
1594:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1484:Eva Jablonka
1478:
1429:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1378:
1371:
1370:in his book
1366:
1341:Soviet Union
1338:
1321:promoted an
1296:heterochrony
1285:
1261:Alfred Giard
1254:
1245:
1230:Robert Broom
1223:
1209:orthogenesis
1207:, a form of
1197:
1167:1920 to 1925
1065:Midwife toad
1042:1918 to 1924
973:1907 to 1918
943:1907 to 1910
906:
861:1892 to 1917
807:
789:1869 to 1891
757:
755:
750:
745:
727:19th century
714:
710:orthogenesis
664:
649:
636:Orthogenesis
615:
593:
588:
584:
579:
573:
571:
564:
546:
493:
491:
478:
472:
466:
451:
429:
406:orthogenesis
375:
360:
337:
330:
325:
288:warm-blooded
281:
275:
265:
251:
206:
198:
147:
124:
113:
99:
91:orthogenesis
75:
71:
59:
55:
51:
50:
29:
12172:Determinism
12084:Coevolution
12028:Primatology
11866:Gender role
11771:Orientation
11651:Screen time
11508:Affectional
11490:Development
11169:Mate choice
11096:By-products
11064:Adaptations
11027:Cognitivism
10914:Systematics
10785:Mutationism
10603:Catagenesis
10531:Snake venom
10464:Eusociality
10442:in primates
10432:Cooperation
10360:In animals
10180:butterflies
10153:Cephalopods
10143:Brachiopods
10075:Development
10049:Mate choice
9802:Convergence
9785:Coevolution
9743:Abiogenesis
9565:Tan Jiazhen
9560:Hans Stubbe
9497:Lysenkoists
9404:Mike Levine
9313:Distal-less
9138:Polyphenism
9118:Epigenetics
8970:development
7215:Mayr, Ernst
6580:Oxbow Books
6070:Cullen 2000
5493:Haig, David
5042:November 3,
4212:Bowler 2013
4073:Leo W. Buss
3975:Cannon 1975
3480:: 247–255.
3175:Lepinotarsa
3158:, pp.
2995:Newman 1921
2922:Mitman 1992
2907:Kohler 2002
2797:, pp.
2795:Morgan 1903
2619:Kohler 2002
2532:Bowler 2003
2521:Bowler 1992
2454:Bowler 2003
2216:|work=
1895:Bowler 2003
1860:17 February
1540:Jerry Coyne
1534:system and
1529:prokaryotic
1492:methylation
1463:methylation
1432:epigenetics
1185: [
1140:Ivan Pavlov
1127:Failure to
798:guinea pigs
740:guinea pigs
352:bloodstream
222:Roger Bacon
210:Hippocrates
157:epigenetics
153: 2000
12337:Lamarckism
12331:Categories
12119:Population
12114:Lamarckism
11960:behavioral
11938:Behavioral
11886:Narcissism
11831:Aggression
11621:Hypophobia
11611:Depression
11498:Attachment
11480:Universals
11444:Psychology
11422:Biological
11410:Musicology
11400:Aesthetics
11299:Basophobia
11106:Exaptation
11084:Reciprocal
10775:Lamarckism
10753:Philosophy
10676:David Hume
10638:Peripatric
10633:Parapatric
10618:Ecological
10598:Anagenesis
10593:Allopatric
10585:Speciation
10549:Gradualism
10474:Metabolism
10334:chromosome
10324:Eukaryotes
10102:Modularity
10019:Population
9945:Population
9906:Speciation
9884:Panspermia
9837:Extinction
9832:Exaptation
9807:Divergence
9780:Cladistics
9768:Reciprocal
9748:Adaptation
9606:Lamarckism
9533:Dissidents
9490:Lysenkoism
9382:Lac operon
9207:Robustness
9186:Modularity
9181:Metamerism
9087:Plasticity
9082:Pleiotropy
9035:Heterotopy
8714:Hepatology
8444:2011431766
8402:2010031344
8374:2015-11-05
8094:2013012756
8055:2008939772
8023:2015-10-30
7922:2011022399
7670:2012030762
7631:2006009864
7428:2007044406
7393:2014049505
7295:. Methuen.
7080:2002023331
6968:2002514564
6929:2001043556
6559:2008931291
6531:2015-10-27
6400:2012033769
6361:2002007569
6234:2010481198
6158:2006295950
6111:2010013439
5756:DNA Repair
5674:(60): 60.
5376:2015-11-04
5350:2015-11-04
5114:C. elegans
5061:C. Elegans
4863:2015-11-02
4683:Moore 2015
4548:2015-11-04
4538:Genomicron
4229:DNA Repair
4114:2015-12-11
4071:(1987) by
4063:(1987) by
3648:Hagen 2002
3603:2015-10-28
3427:Moore 2002
3341:Child 1945
3329:Young 1922
2997:, p.
2875:(1896) by
2871:Review of
2834:Forel 1934
2769:Review of
2764:2015-10-24
2594:, p.
2556:Mason 1956
2425:2015-11-09
2396:Gould 1980
2270:Gould 2002
1878:Gould 2002
1796:References
1737:Waddington
1704:with many
1664:hologenome
1652:endogenous
1582:retrovirus
1555:David Haig
1508:phenotypic
1459:epigenetic
1349:Lysenkoism
1335:Lysenkoism
1273:vitalistic
1238:bipedalism
1120:Inherited
927:Experiment
875:Ernst Mayr
820:1884, 1886
773:Experiment
612:evolution.
567:white mice
552:germ plasm
525:germ plasm
460:blacksmith
402:body plans
356:germ cells
316:pangenesis
303:Pangenesis
254:pangenesis
173:hologenome
120:pangenesis
95:complexity
52:Lamarckism
45:blacksmith
11964:cognitive
11956:Affective
11841:Cognition
11795:Sexuality
11781:Pair bond
11541:Education
11198:Cognition
11116:Inclusive
11056:processes
11044:Criticism
10909:Protocell
10760:Darwinism
10648:Sympatric
10397:processes
10285:Tetrapods
10234:Kangaroos
10160:Dinosaurs
10097:Inversion
10066:Variation
9987:Gene flow
9980:Inclusive
9790:Mutualism
9735:Evolution
9333:Morphogen
9318:Engrailed
9301:Pax genes
9222:Tinkering
9068:Epistasis
9063:Dominance
8974:phenotype
8452:746154950
8410:662152397
8354:709606191
8158:MIT Press
8102:841039552
8063:271774708
8018:488543825
7930:646112356
7813:a45000404
7799:: 45–60.
7678:806981125
7599:605547177
7505:758217701
7436:177023758
7401:894139943
7303:(1985) .
7284:503188713
7245:247687824
7217:(1997) .
7207:732176237
7137:a15000196
7098:(1830) .
7088:690162738
6852:595767401
6800:(1957) .
6764:(1934) .
6659:670735211
6567:344846261
6457:(1975) .
6408:808010092
6327:611262030
6299:(1992) .
6242:352916350
6200:809326988
6166:209927684
6119:680002156
5971:Evolution
4200:Mayr 1997
3964:Wood 2013
2295:23380098M
2218:ignored (
2208:cite book
2142:207150548
2028:433436276
1788:. In the
1702:symbiosis
1627:from the
1553:In 2007,
1498:marks on
1496:chromatin
1292:Darwinism
1286:In 1987,
1122:mutations
999:Repeated
933:Rebuttal
921:Scientist
779:Rebuttal
767:Scientist
703:zoologist
214:Aristotle
106:evolution
80:zoologist
68:offspring
43:, that a
12233:Memetics
11993:Ethology
11951:genetics
11786:Physical
11751:Jealousy
11706:Activity
11512:maternal
11468:Religion
11456:Morality
11434:Language
11315:taxonomy
11128:Mismatch
11074:Cheating
11069:Altruism
10937:Category
10812:Vitalism
10807:Theistic
10800:Spandrel
10484:Morality
10479:Monogamy
10354:plastids
10319:Flagella
10275:Reptiles
10256:sea cows
10239:primates
10148:Molluscs
10126:Bacteria
10014:Mutation
9947:genetics
9923:Taxonomy
9869:Mismatch
9849:Homology
9763:Cheating
9758:Altruism
9586:Heredity
9579:Concepts
9524:VASKhNIL
9296:Hox gene
9284:Elements
9265:Homeobox
8914:17767188
8869:36863159
8861:16421606
8804:07037459
8792:(1891).
8773:61007932
8737:23568276
8700:40193707
8692:98048633
8661:24009370
8627:32406225
8589:44963330
8581:98054088
8549:(2000).
8527:21977349
8519:89046107
8466:(2008).
8420:(2008).
8346:89005137
8322:(1989).
8312:12954177
8304:10672643
8231:19322402
8223:89030914
8199:(1989).
8176:82010061
8121:22019903
8010:77010494
7994:(eds.).
7982:(1889).
7972:40449772
7964:98087900
7883:65014384
7854:64014636
7829:21012247
7783:(1944).
7765:26009586
7721:11026509
7688:(1906).
7639:65400177
7609:(2006).
7567:21017204
7533:17007834
7497:03027216
7485:(1903).
7475:49784849
7467:89032583
7366:25130594
7358:91045638
7331:11030267
7323:84016529
7276:98157613
7237:75042131
7175:06023318
7110:11003671
7053:30974876
7045:94032108
7025:(1995).
7011:25746714
7003:92015321
6976:46626903
6937:47869352
6888:80015952
6862:(1980).
6844:40012233
6834:(1940).
6816:57003844
6782:29326677
6774:22016399
6754:26502431
6746:92196964
6718:(1991).
6689:12031796
6673:(1912).
6651:34036671
6621:29000027
6608:(1928).
6598:47122736
6526:11852074
6518:52004656
6499:(1945).
6481:75010211
6447:32396741
6439:95010861
6369:49824702
6337:(2003).
6319:82021170
6281:73090656
6257:(eds.).
6192:13021769
6176:(1913).
6140:Springer
6057:85411375
5925:19573132
5879:26636661
5776:27449479
5762:: 1–24.
5741:26411613
5700:25853737
5636:179, 341
5608:22593110
5546:(e204).
5517:16322990
5479:25617408
5428:26442117
5322:30930513
5298:(9): 9.
5270:19906303
5201:20465829
5150:25018105
5097:22119442
5013:20118668
4964:17576658
4826:20962845
4783:19636381
4743:PLOS ONE
4724:21961242
4716:16534512
4659:26026157
4610:23908372
4580:Genetics
4513:25917417
4461:22445060
4426:23223451
4369:19193896
4320:19150054
4249:27449479
4091:(1988).
4020:20665089
3939:34126149
3919:Genetica
3807:17778266
3760:84453628
3494:84312439
3402:16576477
3218:21259774
2737:86159587
2687:84934811
2642:: 27–32.
2383:23808208
2375:11859887
2185:39953275
2177:18429766
2134:24570302
1954:84729069
1786:learning
1710:mutation
1634:antibody
1629:VDJ gene
1618:germline
1586:germline
1436:genetics
1408:(1957):
1363:Critique
1357:genetics
873:agreed;
668:botanist
531:and the
455:giraffes
382:protozoa
348:gemmules
283:Zoonomia
234:John Ray
161:genetics
64:organism
41:heredity
12134:Species
11906:Suicide
11741:Fantasy
11721:Arousal
11503:Bonding
11392:Culture
11216:Display
11203:Emotion
11111:Fitness
11000:History
10828:Related
10658:History
10519:Meiosis
10454:Empathy
10449:Emotion
10349:nucleus
10290:Viruses
10280:Spiders
10192:Mammals
10175:Insects
9975:Fitness
9911:Species
9710:Outline
9427:Debates
9238:Systems
9164:Eyespot
9028:Neoteny
8931:at the
8905:1973965
8812:4115244
8781:1003950
8759:(ed.).
8745:5288601
8640:Science
8296:2664721
8184:8533097
8035:(ed.).
7729:1311084
7698:5967582
7541:5429719
7183:1041858
7145:1489850
6896:6331415
6489:1418716
6289:1265669
5991:2405746
5905:Bibcode
5870:4670207
5811:2443841
5691:4375926
5599:3385474
5470:4390564
5419:4585102
5402:: 305.
5313:6404382
5261:2781790
5192:2876149
5141:4377509
5088:3250924
5004:2958583
4955:2735323
4915:3596539
4905:8549843
4834:4308799
4806:Bibcode
4774:2713434
4751:Bibcode
4650:4494054
4601:3730912
4504:4453068
4417:3847602
4396:Bibcode
4388:Science
4360:3408235
4311:3056389
4028:3398698
3787:Bibcode
3779:Science
3752:2456346
3702:Bibcode
3393:1084447
3370:Bibcode
3290:Bibcode
3209:2942563
3160:219–227
3143:4146761
3123:Bibcode
3093:3984855
3073:Bibcode
3050:2014451
2982:2377122
2855:Science
2717:Bibcode
2667:Bibcode
2340:4608123
2085:Bibcode
1995:1005592
1641:B-cells
1500:histone
986:effect
984:osmotic
626:Context
609:giraffe
537:develop
533:gametes
494:besoins
414:species
367:rabbits
291:animals
272:Diderot
184:Origins
143:biology
37:Lamarck
12312:
12299:
12286:
11876:Memory
11836:Autism
11803:female
11736:Desire
11473:Origin
11449:Speech
11439:Origin
11211:Affect
10947:Portal
10623:Hybrid
10459:Ethics
10301:organs
10263:Plants
10249:lemurs
10244:humans
10229:horses
10219:hyenas
10207:wolves
10202:canids
10136:origin
9328:Ligand
9008:Operon
8912:
8902:
8867:
8859:
8810:
8802:
8779:
8771:
8743:
8735:
8698:
8690:
8680:
8659:
8625:
8611:: 15.
8587:
8579:
8569:
8525:
8517:
8507:
8450:
8442:
8432:
8426:Pier 9
8408:
8400:
8390:
8352:
8344:
8334:
8310:
8302:
8294:
8229:
8221:
8211:
8192:(1979)
8182:
8174:
8164:
8129:370597
8127:
8119:
8100:
8092:
8082:
8061:
8053:
8043:
8016:
8008:
7970:
7962:
7952:
7928:
7920:
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2087::
2081:3
2030:.
1997:.
1985::
1956:.
1944::
1864:.
1591:.
742:.
20:)
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