31:
1827:
1839:
212:
A number of surveys have been performed to explore the connection between star formation and LINER activity. If a connection can be found between star formation activity and LINER activity, then this strengthens the possibility that LINERs are powered by the hot gas found in star formation regions.
245:
Normal nearby galaxies with LINERs, however, appear to be different. A few near-infrared spectroscopic surveys have identified some LINERs in normal galaxies that may be powered by star formation. However, most LINERs in nearby galaxies have low levels of star formation activity. Moreover, the
237:, which suggest that infrared-bright LINERs are powered by star formation activity. However, some mid-infrared spectral line emission from AGN have also been detected in these galaxies, indicating that star formation may not be the only energy sources in these galaxies.
798:
G. J. Bendo; R. D. Joseph; M. Wells; P. Gallais; M. Haas; A. M. Heras; U. Klaas; R. J. Laureijs; K. Leech; D. Lemke; L. Metcalfe; M. Rowan-Robinson; B. Schulz; C. Telesco (2002). "Star
Formation in the Infrared Space Observatory Atlas of Bright Spiral Galaxies".
908:
R. Cid
Fernandes, R. M. González Delgado, H. Schmitt, T. Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, L. P. Martins, E. Pérez, T. Heckman, C. Leitherer, D. Schaerer (2004). "The Stellar Populations of Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei. I. Ground-based Observations".
201:. Moreover, the debate over the energy sources for LINERs is entangled with a similar debate over whether the light from star formation regions or the light from AGN produce the high infrared luminosities seen in LIRGs.
688:
E. Sturm; D. Rupke; A. Contursi; D.-C. Kim; D. Lutz; H. Netzer; S. Veilleux; R. Genzel; M. Lehnert; L. J. Tacconi; D. Maoz; J. Mazzarella; S. Lord; D. Sanders; A. Sternberg (2006). "Mid-Infrared
Diagnostics of LINERS".
250:, do not appear similar to the spectra expected from star formation. These results demonstrate that most LINER in nearby normal galaxies may not be powered by star formation, although a few exceptions clearly exist.
169:
LINERs have been at the center of two major debates. First, astronomers have debated the source of energy that excites the ionized gas in the centers of these galaxies. Some astronomers have proposed that
141:
with large bulges and tightly wound spiral arms). LINERs are found less frequently in Sb-Scd galaxies (spiral galaxies with small bulges and loosely wound spiral arms), and they are very rare in nearby
471:
S. Veilleux; D.-C. Kim; D. B. Sanders; J. M. Mazzarella; B. T. Soifer (1995). "Optical
Spectroscopy of Luminous Infrared Galaxies. II. Analysis of the Nuclear and Long-Slit Data".
907:
550:
N. D. Padilla; S. Carneiro; J. Chaves-Montero; C. J. Donzelli; C. Pigozzo; P. Colazo; J. S. Alcaniz (2024). "Active galactic nuclei and gravitational redshifts".
321:
L. C. Ho; A. V. Filippenko; W. L. W. Sargent (1997). "A Search for "Dwarf" Seyfert Nuclei. III. Spectroscopic
Parameters and Properties of the Host Galaxies".
1649:
204:
Although both the energy sources and the excitation mechanisms for LINER emission are still being studied, many LINERs are frequently referred to as AGN.
604:
110:
415:
L. C. Ho; A. V. Filippenko; W. L. W. Sargent (1997). "A Search for "Dwarf" Seyfert Nuclei. V. Demographics of
Nuclear Activity in Nearby Galaxies".
962:
1696:
976:
R. M. González
Delgado; R. Cid Fernandes; E. PĂ©rez; L. P. Martins; T. Storchi-Bergmann; H. Schmitt; T. Heckman; C. Leitherer (2004).
855:
G. J. Bendo; R. D. Joseph (2004). "Nuclear
Stellar Populations in the Infrared Space Observatory Atlas of Bright Spiral Galaxies".
213:
However, if star formation cannot be found in LINERs, then this definitively excludes star formation as powering LINER emission.
745:
J. E. Larkin; L. Armus; R. A. Knop; B. T. Soifer; K. Matthews (1998). "A Near-Infrared
Spectroscopic Survey of LINER Galaxies".
197:
These debates are complicated by the fact that LINERs are found in a wide variety of objects with different brightnesses and
383:
T. M. Heckman (1980). "An optical and radio survey of the nuclei of bright galaxies - Activity in normal galactic nuclei".
1079:
978:"The Stellar Populations of Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei. II. Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Observations"
198:
1762:
1681:
125:. LINER galaxies are very common; approximately one-third of all nearby galaxies (galaxies within approximately 20-40
1062:
178:
are responsible for the LINER spectral emission. Other astronomers have asserted that the emission is powered by
1767:
1494:
1870:
246:
stellar populations of many LINERs appear to be very old, and the mid-infrared spectra, as observed by the
1875:
1664:
1782:
1737:
1604:
1545:
1441:
1134:
1129:
1102:
385:
226:
182:. The other major issue is related to how the ions are excited. Some astronomers have suggested that
1383:
1463:
1161:
1686:
1880:
1747:
1659:
1654:
1560:
1456:
1414:
1124:
1097:
147:
977:
113:
in the third of a series of papers on the spectra of galactic nuclei that were published in 1980.
1865:
1742:
1727:
1706:
1674:
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1316:
1230:
1195:
1166:
1156:
247:
222:
175:
1245:
1144:
171:
39:
1807:
1772:
1669:
1371:
956:
17:
573:
398:
233:
spectra of LIRGs with LINERs have been shown to look similar to the mid-infrared spectra of
1802:
1752:
1587:
1499:
1235:
1119:
1055:
1002:
975:
928:
874:
818:
764:
708:
657:
613:
569:
522:
480:
434:
394:
340:
158:
8:
1565:
1473:
1404:
1311:
1296:
1171:
134:
130:
1006:
932:
878:
822:
768:
712:
661:
617:
526:
484:
438:
344:
1797:
1792:
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1732:
1701:
1572:
1409:
1361:
1351:
1026:
992:
944:
918:
890:
864:
834:
808:
780:
754:
724:
698:
559:
549:
450:
424:
356:
330:
234:
143:
129:) may be classified as LINER galaxies. Approximately 75% of LINER galaxies are either
30:
1838:
1830:
1812:
1787:
1757:
1636:
1478:
1468:
1451:
1212:
1178:
1139:
1092:
1030:
948:
838:
894:
784:
728:
454:
360:
1842:
1644:
1619:
1599:
1594:
1582:
1436:
1257:
1190:
1018:
1010:
936:
882:
826:
772:
716:
665:
621:
577:
530:
488:
442:
348:
581:
1691:
1614:
1306:
1279:
1250:
1202:
1048:
470:
274:
187:
186:
propagating through the gas may ionize the gas, while others have suggested that
138:
35:
1555:
1388:
1291:
1286:
1240:
1183:
286:
179:
164:
66:
626:
599:
1859:
1711:
1577:
1540:
1274:
1262:
1114:
1109:
70:
109:, is relatively weak. The class of galactic nuclei was first identified by
1609:
1550:
1535:
1366:
1151:
744:
1624:
1514:
1504:
1301:
1267:
1207:
1087:
997:
923:
869:
813:
797:
759:
703:
429:
335:
191:
1022:
508:
414:
320:
161:
with each other. Approximately one-quarter of LIRGs may contain LINERs.
1509:
1446:
259:
183:
154:
1519:
687:
1014:
940:
886:
830:
776:
720:
670:
645:
600:"Warmers - The missing link between Starburst and Seyfert galaxies"
564:
535:
510:
492:
446:
352:
269:
264:
230:
151:
86:
240:
1356:
1341:
1071:
126:
106:
98:
90:
82:
78:
63:
43:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1376:
165:
Scientific debates: energy sources and ionization mechanisms
1040:
102:
47:
94:
74:
51:
854:
597:
593:
591:
511:"A Reevaluation of the Excitation Mechanism of LINERs"
216:
121:
Galaxies that contain LINERs are often referred to as
509:
L. C. Ho; A. V. Filippenko; W. L. W. Sargent (1993).
901:
73:. The spectra typically include line emission from
42:(HST). The Sombrero Galaxy is an example of a LINER
588:
850:
848:
466:
464:
225:show a clear connection between LINER emission in
740:
738:
605:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
116:
1857:
845:
683:
681:
646:"Normal O stars in dense media generate LINERs"
461:
93:. Conversely, the spectral line emission from
735:
543:
229:(LIRGs) and star formation activity. The mid-
150:(LIRGs), a class of galaxies defined by their
1697:List of the most distant astronomical objects
1056:
791:
643:
639:
637:
410:
408:
382:
378:
376:
374:
372:
370:
316:
314:
312:
310:
308:
306:
241:Star formation in normal galaxies with LINERs
157:that are frequently formed when two galaxies
961:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
678:
504:
502:
207:
60:low-ionization nuclear emission-line region
1063:
1049:
634:
405:
367:
303:
291:Another class of galaxies that contain AGN
996:
922:
868:
812:
758:
702:
669:
625:
563:
534:
499:
428:
334:
253:
146:. LINERs also may be commonly found in
29:
747:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
473:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
14:
1858:
1044:
217:Star formation in LIRGs with LINERs
24:
25:
1892:
598:R. Terlevich; J. Melnick (1985).
1837:
1826:
1825:
323:Astrophysical Journal Supplement
969:
1768:Galaxy formation and evolution
1763:Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
117:Demographics of LINER galaxies
13:
1:
691:Astrophysical Journal Letters
650:Astrophysical Journal Letters
296:
221:Recent observations with the
1070:
7:
1650:Galaxies named after people
582:10.1051/0004-6361/202348146
280:
194:light) may be responsible.
10:
1897:
1783:Gravitational microlensing
1738:Galactic coordinate system
552:Astronomy and Astrophysics
386:Astronomy and Astrophysics
227:luminous infrared galaxies
148:luminous infrared galaxies
77:or neutral atoms, such as
38:(M104) as observed by the
1821:
1720:
1635:
1528:
1487:
1397:
1332:
1223:
1078:
1748:Galactic magnetic fields
1561:Brightest cluster galaxy
1457:Luminous infrared galaxy
208:Star formation in LINERs
176:supermassive black holes
137:, or S0/a-Sab galaxies (
27:Type of galactic nucleus
1743:Galactic habitable zone
1728:Extragalactic astronomy
1317:Supermassive black hole
1231:Active galactic nucleus
627:10.1093/mnras/213.4.841
574:2024A&A...683A.120P
399:1980A&A....87..152H
248:Spitzer Space Telescope
223:Spitzer Space Telescope
69:that is defined by its
1495:Low surface brightness
1246:Central massive object
644:J. C. Shields (1992).
254:Notable LINER galaxies
180:star formation regions
172:active galactic nuclei
71:spectral line emission
55:
40:Hubble Space Telescope
1773:Galaxy rotation curve
985:Astrophysical Journal
911:Astrophysical Journal
515:Astrophysical Journal
417:Astrophysical Journal
62:(LINER) is a type of
33:
1808:Population III stars
1803:Intergalactic travel
1753:Galactic orientation
1620:Voids and supervoids
857:Astronomical Journal
801:Astronomical Journal
1871:Active galaxy types
1798:Intergalactic stars
1687:Large quasar groups
1682:Groups and clusters
1546:Groups and clusters
1405:Lyman-alpha emitter
1297:Interstellar medium
1007:2004ApJ...605..127G
933:2004ApJ...605..105C
879:2004AJ....127.3338B
823:2002AJ....124.1380B
769:1998ApJS..114...59L
713:2006ApJ...653L..13S
662:1992ApJ...399L..27S
618:1985MNRAS.213..841T
527:1993ApJ...417...63H
485:1995ApJS...98..171V
439:1997ApJ...487..568H
345:1997ApJS..112..315H
135:lenticular galaxies
131:elliptical galaxies
1876:Starburst galaxies
1793:Intergalactic dust
1778:Gravitational lens
1733:Galactic astronomy
1702:Starburst galaxies
1442:blue compact dwarf
1398:Energetic galaxies
1362:BL Lacertae object
235:starburst galaxies
144:irregular galaxies
56:
1853:
1852:
1813:Galaxy X (galaxy)
1788:Illustris project
1758:Galactic quadrant
1479:Wolf-Rayet galaxy
1469:Green bean galaxy
1464:Hot dust-obscured
1415:Luminous infrared
1179:Elliptical galaxy
16:(Redirected from
1888:
1841:
1829:
1828:
1474:Hanny's Voorwerp
1384:Relativistic jet
1258:Dark matter halo
1065:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1000:
998:astro-ph/0401414
982:
973:
967:
966:
960:
952:
926:
924:astro-ph/0401416
905:
899:
898:
872:
870:astro-ph/0403133
863:(6): 3338–3360.
852:
843:
842:
816:
814:astro-ph/0206299
807:(3): 1380–1392.
795:
789:
788:
762:
760:astro-ph/9708097
742:
733:
732:
706:
704:astro-ph/0610772
685:
676:
675:
673:
641:
632:
631:
629:
595:
586:
585:
567:
547:
541:
540:
538:
506:
497:
496:
468:
459:
458:
432:
430:astro-ph/9704108
412:
403:
402:
380:
365:
364:
338:
336:astro-ph/9704107
318:
95:strongly ionized
21:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1881:1980 in science
1856:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1817:
1716:
1631:
1524:
1483:
1393:
1328:
1307:Galaxy filament
1251:Galactic Center
1219:
1074:
1069:
1039:
1038:
980:
974:
970:
954:
953:
906:
902:
853:
846:
796:
792:
743:
736:
686:
679:
642:
635:
596:
589:
548:
544:
507:
500:
469:
462:
413:
406:
381:
368:
319:
304:
299:
283:
275:Sombrero Galaxy
256:
243:
219:
210:
190:(ionization by
188:photoionization
167:
139:spiral galaxies
119:
111:Timothy Heckman
97:atoms, such as
46:. Credit: HST/
36:Sombrero Galaxy
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1894:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1866:LINER galaxies
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1835:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
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1770:
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1755:
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1657:
1652:
1641:
1639:
1633:
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1629:
1628:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1605:Stellar stream
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
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1427:
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1407:
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1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:Galactic ridge
1289:
1287:Galactic plane
1284:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1227:
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1205:
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1199:
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1147:
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1127:
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1100:
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1082:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1015:10.1086/382216
991:(1): 127–143.
968:
941:10.1086/382217
917:(1): 105–126.
900:
887:10.1086/420712
844:
831:10.1086/342283
790:
777:10.1086/313063
734:
721:10.1086/510381
697:(1): L13–L16.
677:
671:10.1086/186598
633:
612:(4): 841–856.
587:
542:
536:10.1086/173291
498:
493:10.1086/192158
460:
447:10.1086/304638
423:(2): 568–578.
404:
366:
353:10.1086/313041
329:(2): 315–390.
301:
300:
298:
295:
294:
293:
287:Seyfert galaxy
282:
279:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
255:
252:
242:
239:
218:
215:
209:
206:
166:
163:
123:LINER galaxies
118:
115:
75:weakly ionized
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1893:
1882:
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1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
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1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:Superclusters
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
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1685:
1683:
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1676:
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1640:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:Superclusters
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
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1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:Galactic tide
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Ultra diffuse
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
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1403:
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1396:
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1382:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1334:Active nuclei
1331:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
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1234:
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1222:
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1211:
1210:
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1566:fossil group
1488:Low activity
1346:
1322:Ultramassive
1152:Dwarf galaxy
1135:intermediate
1130:grand design
1023:10183/108914
988:
984:
971:
957:cite journal
914:
910:
903:
860:
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804:
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793:
753:(1): 59–72.
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199:morphologies
196:
168:
155:luminosities
122:
120:
59:
57:
1625:void galaxy
1588:cannibalism
1573:Interacting
1529:Interaction
1515:Blue Nugget
1505:Dark galaxy
1410:Lyman-break
1302:Protogalaxy
1268:Disc galaxy
656:: L27–L30.
558:: 120-126.
479:: 171–217.
393:: 152–164.
192:ultraviolet
184:shock waves
174:(AGN) with
1860:Categories
1665:Polar-ring
1510:Red nugget
1452:faint blue
1312:Spiral arm
1167:spheroidal
1157:elliptical
1140:Magellanic
1125:flocculent
1093:Lenticular
1080:Morphology
565:2304.13036
297:References
260:Messier 94
1600:Satellite
1595:Jellyfish
1583:collision
1520:Dead disk
1437:Starburst
1352:Markarian
1224:Structure
1191:Irregular
1162:irregular
1031:119471662
949:119101213
839:119506664
521:: 63–81.
1832:Category
1721:See also
1645:Galaxies
1372:X-shaped
1203:Peculiar
1145:unbarred
1103:unbarred
1072:Galaxies
895:14169689
785:15514939
729:51798661
455:16742031
361:17086638
281:See also
270:NGC 5195
265:NGC 5005
231:infrared
152:infrared
64:galactic
1692:Quasars
1660:Nearest
1655:Largest
1556:cluster
1389:Seyfert
1003:Bibcode
929:Bibcode
875:Bibcode
819:Bibcode
765:Bibcode
709:Bibcode
658:Bibcode
614:Bibcode
570:Bibcode
523:Bibcode
481:Bibcode
435:Bibcode
395:Bibcode
341:Bibcode
159:collide
67:nucleus
1844:Portal
1675:Spiral
1578:merger
1357:Quasar
1342:Blazar
1280:corona
1196:barred
1172:spiral
1120:barred
1115:anemic
1110:Spiral
1098:barred
1029:
947:
893:
837:
783:
727:
453:
359:
105:, and
89:, and
44:galaxy
1712:Voids
1637:Lists
1615:Walls
1551:group
1536:Field
1430:ELIRG
1425:HLIRG
1420:ULIRG
1377:DRAGN
1367:Radio
1347:LINER
1241:Bulge
1213:Polar
1027:S2CID
993:arXiv
981:(PDF)
945:S2CID
919:arXiv
891:S2CID
865:arXiv
835:S2CID
809:arXiv
781:S2CID
755:arXiv
725:S2CID
699:arXiv
560:arXiv
451:S2CID
425:arXiv
357:S2CID
331:arXiv
18:LINER
1670:Ring
1275:Halo
1263:Disc
1208:Ring
1088:Disc
963:link
48:NASA
34:The
1447:pea
1236:Bar
1019:hdl
1011:doi
989:605
937:doi
915:605
883:doi
861:127
827:doi
805:124
773:doi
751:114
717:doi
695:653
666:doi
654:399
622:doi
610:213
578:doi
556:683
531:doi
519:417
489:doi
443:doi
421:487
349:doi
327:112
127:Mpc
52:ESA
1862::
1184:cD
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103:Ne
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50:/
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