LGBT history in Russia

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in particular have been conducting extensive anti-LGBT campaigns, infringing the privacy of thousands of Russian youth: Occupy Gerontophilia, which targets gay teenagers; and Occupy Paedophilia, which focuses on gay adults (equating homosexuality with pedophilia all the while). These groups often operate by "ambushing" LGBT adults and youth by contacting them online and attempt to convince them to come to allegedly gay-friendly meetings. Once the victims arrive, they are viciously harassed and humiliated on-camera. Occupy Gerontophilia posted dozens of videos to the social network VKontakte before it was shut down for infringing the privacy of minors—but not before the organizations page got 170,000 subscribers. Occupy Gerontophilia and Occupy Paedophilia are not the only ones hostile towards the LGBT community: in May 2013, a 23-year-old man was brutally beaten and killed in the city of Volgograd not long after the "propaganda" law's passage, all because he had admitted his status as a gay man to his friends. Despite the severe situation, Russian law " not outlaw discrimination based on sexual orientation", leaving millions of people without any kind of widespread protection. Though Maxim Martsinkevich, the founder of Occupy Paedophilia, was arrested and convicted on charges of "inciting and fomenting cases of extremism", in his videos and postings on VKontakte the prosecution did not actually include any of his homophobic videos or statements as evidence in its case against Martsinkevich.

223:(archaic Russian term for sodomy). While this could have created a ban on all forms of private adult voluntary homosexual behavior, the courts tended to limit its interpretation to anal sex between men, thus making private acts of oral sex between consenting men legal. The law did not explicitly address female homosexuality or cross-dressing, although both behaviors were considered to be equally immoral and may have been punished under other laws (similar to how the Church would punish girls for being "tomboys") as lesbians were previously punished by law in the 17th century and prior. Persons convicted under Article 995 were to be stripped of their rights and relocated to Siberia for four to five years. It is unknown how many Russians were sentenced under this law, although there were a number of openly gay and bisexual Russians during this era and homoerotic rites were popular among some religious dissidents in the far north of Russia. The relatively high number of openly gay or bisexual artists and intellectuals continued on into the late 19th century. 1167:, who has history of supporting pro-LGBT protests. Earlier, the Duma's final vote had been 388–1–1. This level of state support reflects the opinions of the general Russian population: polls conducted by the Levada Center indicate that nearly two-thirds of Russians consider "morally unacceptable and worth condemning". The same research indicates that half of Russians are against gay rallies and same-sex marriage and approximately a third of them think homosexuality results from "a sickness or a psychological trauma". Vitaly Milonov, a heavily conservative Russian Orthodox politician who was and is one of the main driving forces behind Russian anti-LGBT legislation, claimed that "only a man and a woman can be a family" and that the "propaganda" covered by the law is "dangerous" as "children are very vulnerable to manipulation" and could be led to believe that "only homosexuals experience true feelings". 473:

Stalin, LGBT themes and issues faced increasing official government censorship and a uniformly harsher policy across the entire Soviet Union. Homosexuality was officially labelled a disease and a mental disorder in the late 1920s (specifically over a period from 1927 to 1930). In this climate, Commissar Semashko reduced his support for homosexual rights and Dr. Batkis and other sexual researchers repudiated (in 1928) their own earlier scientific reports of homosexuality as a natural human sexuality. This followed earlier Soviet tendencies in sections of the medical and health communities, even in the early 1920s, to classify homosexuality, if not as a crime, then as an example of mental or physical illness. Earlier examples of this type of hardening Soviet attitude towards homosexuality include the 1923 report from the People's Commissariat for Health entitled

591:(1960) and described homosexuals as child molesters: "...homosexuals are aroused by and satisfy themselves with adolescents and youngsters, even though the latter have a normal interest towards girls. Homosexuals go all out to gain the affection of the youngsters' society; they buy sweets and cigarettes for youngsters, tickets to the cinema, give them money, help to do home assignments and generally pretend that they unselfishly love youngsters. However, after such preparation, they sooner or later proceed to act. Do not let them touch you! Do not be shy about reporting them to your parents or educators, do not hesitate to report such attempts aimed at you or other young men! Both parents and educators will willingly help: homosexuality is a punishable crime, homosexuals are perfectly aware of that: that is why it is not difficult to get rid of them..". 1191:

violence. Even in 2012, in the time leading up to Article 6.21's passage the advocacy group Immigration Equality stated that had it won more gay and lesbian asylum cases for Russians than from any other country other than Jamaica in the previous two years. By 2013, the United States had received 837 new asylum applications from Russian nationals and in 2014 this number rose to 969 new applications. According to Immigration Equality, the majority of the inquiries come from young (under the age of 30) Russians who fear being harassed, beaten, or even killed by homophobic groups like Occupy Paedophilia. Spectrum Human Rights, a Virginia-based advocacy group, has received double the amount of enquiries from the Russian LGBT community since last year.

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violation results in up to fifteen days of incarceration and/or deportation. Such strict enforcement has been heavily criticized due to Article 6.21's vague wording as prior its officiation the law's wording was changed from addressing "homosexual propaganda" to "propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations", which is nebulous enough to leave the definition up to police and courts to interpret when detaining LGBT activists. It has also been noted that the wording essentially equates homosexuality with paedophelia as the latter also falls under the "nontraditional sexual relations" category. Despite such criticisms, President Putin has stated that "homosexuals are equal citizens enjoying full rights" and Prime Minister

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toleration and support, attempts at legal equality and social rights for homosexual people, to open examples of state hostility against homosexuals and state attempts to classify homosexuality as "a mental disorder to be cured". In the Communist Party itself during this period of the 1920s, such divergences of opinion and policy on Soviet treatment of homosexuality was also common, ranging from positive, to negative, to ambivalent over views about homosexuals and homosexual rights. Some sections and factions of the Bolshevik government attempted to improve rights and social conditions for homosexuals based on further legal reforms in 1922 and 1923 while others opposed such moves. In the early 1920s, Commissar of Health

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of LGBT community, 33 street actions and 21 advocacy events" on record for 2014. However, participants in pro-LGBT events have faced heavy opposition. In October 2013, a pro-LGBT rally meant to observe National Coming Out Day in Saint Petersburg consisting of roughly 15 people had been accosted and harassed by about 200 conservative and religious protestors. The situation escalated to violence after one of the religious protesters tore a rainbow flag out of a woman's hands—at which point the police, which remained passive up to this point, arrested 67 people on both sides.

1013: 748:. In 1983, the Scientific Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry published a separate edition of the fifth section of the ICD-9 (“Mental disorders”), adapted in accordance with "the theoretical principles of Soviet science". From that moment on, the diagnosis of "transsexualism" officially appeared in Soviet medicine, however, first instructions for managing patients with such a diagnosis appeared only in 1991, when Aron Belkin and A. S. Karpov published “Transsexualism. Guidelines for gender reassignment”. 1187:

the group has already faced bureaucratic violence from the Russian government. On 31 January 2014, Klimova was charged for the "promotion of nontraditional sexual relations to minors" under the new law, potentially facing a fine of up to 100,000 rubles ($ 2,800). The case against Klimova was eventually dismissed due to "absence of an administrative offence", but Christian conservative politician Vitaly Milonov, who was the one to originally urge the case, has stated his intention to appeal.

469:, which stated that homosexuality was "perfectly natural" and should be legally and socially respected. In the Soviet Union itself, the 1920s saw developments in serious Soviet research on sexuality in general, sometimes in support of the progressive idea of homosexuality as a natural part of human sexuality, such as the work of Dr. Batkis prior to 1928. Such delegations and research were sent and authorised and supported by the People's Commissariat for Health under Commissar Semashko. 654:("sexopathology"), which emerged in the 1960s, argued that homosexuality should be treated with psychotherapy. They provided such treatment to homosexual men in the privacy of their consultation rooms and went to great lengths to preserve their patients' anonymity. Some of these doctors even went as far as to suggest that the sodomy law should be abolished altogether so that homosexuals could resort to medical help without fear of prosecution. Their calls, however, fell on deaf ears. 5149: 5159: 803: 935:. This act and the presence of non-Russian activists aroused a nationalist reaction in addition to a religious condemnation of homosexuality, leading to the presence of both nationalist groups and Orthodox protesters threatening the gay activists. Anti-march protesters beat the marchers and about 50 marchers and 20 protesters were arrested when riot police moved in to break up the conflict. The documentary 19: 579:, who proceeded to liberalize the Stalin era laws regarding marriage, divorce and abortion, but the anti-gay criminal law remained. The Khrushchev government believed that absent of a criminal law against homosexuality, the sex between men that occurred in the prison environment would spread into the general population as they released many Stalin-era prisoners. Whereas the Stalin government conflated 1163:. Putin's justifications for it are to promote "traditional Russian values" in opposition of Western state liberalism in regards to homosexuality, "protect the children" and to boost Russia's falling birthrate. Much of the support for the "propaganda" law comes from the Russian Orthodox Church and other conservative groups. This support is so intense that the only Parliament member to abstain was one 770:, 30 percent of the respondents aged 16 to 30 years old felt that homosexuals should be "isolated from society", 5 percent felt they should be "liquidated", 60 percent had a "negative" attitude toward gay people and 5 percent labeled their sexual orientation "unfortunate". In 1989–1990, the Moscow gay rights organization «Ассоциация сексуальных меньшинств» ("Association of Sexual Minorities") led by 182: 477:, authored by Izrail Gel'man, which stated: "Science has now established, with precision that excludes all doubt, that homosexuality is not ill will or crime but sickness. The world of a female or male homosexual is perverted, it is alien to the normal sexual attraction that exists in a normal person". The official stance from the late 1920s could be summarised in an article of the 101:, the Soviet Union recriminalized homosexuality in a decree signed in 1933. The new Article 121, which punished "muzhelozhstvo" with imprisonment for up to five years, saw raids and arrests. Female homosexuals were sent to mental institutions. The decree was part of a broader campaign against "deviant" behavior and "Western degeneracy". Following Stalin's death, there was a 613:

Ministry educational institutions, opposed the idea of decriminalising consensual homosexuality. They criticised their pro-decriminalisation colleagues and argued that such propositions were ill-timed and dangerous, since homosexuality could easily spread if not controlled by the law. Likewise, they believed that homosexuality was inconsistent with the Communist Morality.

4228: 4247: 1208: 547:. In 1933, 130 men "were accused of being 'pederasts' – adult males who have sex with boys. Since no records of men having sex with boys at that time are available, it is possible this term was used broadly and crudely to label homosexuality". Whatever the precise reason, homosexuality remained a serious criminal offense until it was repealed in 1993. 4093: 92: 4285: 785:

convictions, but LGBT rights groups in the Russian Federation tend to estimate 60,000 convictions. The first official information was released only in 1988, but it is believed to be about 1,000 convicted a year. According to official data, the number of men convicted under Article 121 had been steadily decreasing during the

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The new statute about military and medical expertise from 1 July 2003 does not forbid people of non-standard sexual orientation from serving in the military.... The issue of person's homosexuality is not medical. There is no such diagnosis as homosexuality in medicine. There is no such illness in the

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In the late 1950s some Soviet jurists attempted to decriminalise consensual sodomy. On 23 July 1959 a committee of Soviet jurists convened to discuss and propose changes to the new RSFSR republican criminal code. Two members of the committee proposed to eliminate the law penalising consensual sodomy,

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Although the topic of homosexuality was practically unmentionable, some references to homosexuality could be found in Soviet sex education manuals for young people and their parents. These manuals were published from the early 1950s to the early 1960s in the hope of restricting the sexual activity of

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Following Article 6.21's passage, there has been an increase in violence and harassment towards LGBT individuals in Russia. People have been subject to smear campaigns from homophobic civilians and administrative fines, some even had to resign from their jobs to lessen the load. Two vigilante groups

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was struck down by the Ministry of Justice, which refused to approve the registration of the NGO set up to run it on the basis of the Pride House inciting "propaganda of non-traditional sexual orientation which can undermine the security of the Russian society and the state, provoke social-religious

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In 2003, a new statute about military and medical expertise was adopted (1 July 2003) and it contained a clause of "deviations of gender identification and sexual preferences" among the reasons of disability for military service this clause irritated the proponents of having equal rights for people

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In 1983, a group of 30 Russian gay men met and attempted to organize a gay rights organization under the name «Гей-лаборатория» («Голубая лаборатория») "Gay lab" / ("Blue lab"). At this point, homosexual relations were still punishable by a term of up to five years in prison. The group was put under

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condition and therefore gay people were not guilty of being different from others. Finally, these scholars argued that investigating sodomy cases, where both partners had consensual sex, was not only pointless, but technically difficult. Other legal scholars, mainly those who worked for the Interior

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The legalisation of homosexuality was confirmed in the RSFSR Penal Code of 1922, and following its redrafting in 1926. According to Dan Healey, archival material that became widely available following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 "demonstrates a principled intent to decriminalize the act

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As the situation has worsened, protests from the LGBT community have continued despite the fact that President Putin has passed a law outlawing repeated street protests. Notably, the Russian LGBT Network has "53 events to spread information about LGBT rights and problems, 144 events for the members

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Since before Article 6.21's passage, the number of Russian asylum seekers has been dramatically increasing and since the law's passage that number has increased still more. It has been speculated that the greater number of asylum seekers is due to the aforementioned rise in anti-LGBT harassment and

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Article 6.21 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses deems the following as a punishable offense: "Propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations among minors, manifested in the distribution of information aimed at forming non-traditional sexual orientations, the attraction

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that cities were discriminating against gays by refusing to approve pride parades. Although they claimed a risk of violence, the court ruled that their decision "effectively approved of and supported groups who had called for disruption". He considered the ruling to be a "crippling blow to Russian

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In May 2006, a gay rights forum was held in Moscow. An accompanying march was banned by the mayor in a decision upheld by the courts. Some activists, head of them Nikolai Alekseev, tried to march despite the ban and attempted to lay flowers at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. This march is known as

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Brezhnev-era police often prosecuted homosexuals using concocted evidence and intimidating witnesses. If the witnesses were reluctant to testify against the presumed suspect, they could face criminal charges themselves. Once a sodomy case was initiated, pressure from the Party made it impossible to

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The sole public support and safe space for LGBT youth is a group called Deti-404 (Children-404), founded by LGBT activist Lena Klimova, which has active pages on Facebook and VKontakte. On Deti-404, LGBT youth can share and discuss their experiences in their country's hostile environment. However,

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Distributing any such "propaganda" is punishable by fining: 4,000 to 5,000 rubles for individuals (about $ 120–$ 150 U.S. dollars) and up to 800,000 to 1 million rubles (about $ 24,000–$ 30,000 U.S. dollars) for corporations and other legal entities. Foreigners are also subject to Article 6.21 and

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published a paper titled "The Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People in Russian Federation". This is the first complex study of the legal situation of LGBT people in the history of Russia. The 100-page paper contained the analysis of relevant Russian laws and also assembles and

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On 27 May 1993, homosexual acts between consenting males were legalised. However, there have been reports that by 13 August 1993 "not all persons serving sentences under the old legislation have been released from jail" and there have been "cases of homosexuals being re-sentenced and kept in jail,

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had helped to ensure that Saint Petersburg and Moscow both had gay brothels, along with many public places where men would buy and sell sexual services for or from other men. While there certainly was lesbian prostitution and some alleged lesbian affairs, less was publicly said, good or bad, about

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With regards to what the heads of regions say, I normally try not to comment. I don't think it is my business. My relation to gay parades and sexual minorities in general is simple – it is connected with my official duties and the fact that one of the country's main problems is demographic. But I

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In 1996, a Russian LGBT human rights organization called Triangle was formed, with several new LGBT themed publications and local organizations arising in light of the fall of the Soviet Union. Yet as was the case with the groups that arose during 1989–1990, many of these organizations, including

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recriminalised sex between men. On 7 March 1934, Article 121 was added to the criminal code for the entire Soviet Union that expressly prohibited only male homosexuality, with up to five years of hard labour in prison. There were no criminal statutes regarding sex between women. During the Soviet

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These depictions of gay men and women in literature suggest that the government's selective tolerance of homosexuality was not widely expressed among the Russian people and that it was also divorced from any endorsement of LGBT rights. While other nations, most notable Germany, had an active gay

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When Stalin came to power, homosexuality became a topic unfit for public depiction, defense or discussion. Homosexual or bisexual Soviet citizens who wanted a position within the Communist Party were expected to marry a person of the opposite sex, regardless of their actual sexual orientation. A

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In the early 1920s, the Soviet government and scientific community took a great deal of interest in sexual research, sexual emancipation and homosexual emancipation. In January 1923, the Soviet Union sent delegates from the Commissariat of Health led by Commissar of Health Semashko to the German

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Discussions between Soviet legal scholars on the value of the anti-sodomy law continued under Brezhnev. Those legal scholars, who believed that consensual homosexuality should not be a crime, argued that it was a disease, which had to be dealt with by medical knowledge. They also contended that

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There were at least 25,688 recorded convictions of men under Article 121 during the 59 years between 1934 and 1993, but that figure is incomplete because it does not include all jurisdictions, and there are no records for 22 years in which the law was in effect. The highest estimate is 250,000

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The Soviet government refrained from publicizing the new law outside of the USSR, and there was little international response. In 1934, the British communist Harry Whyte wrote a long letter to Stalin condemning the law and its prejudicial motivations. He laid out a Marxist position against the

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However, in the late 1920s and early 1930s Soviet policy and attitudes on homosexuality and homosexual rights changed, alongside wider social backlashes against homosexual rights in general in the USSR. Along with increased repression of political dissidents and non-Russian nationalities under

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in the 18th century, who introduced a wide range of reforms aimed at modernizing and Westernizing Russia, male homosexual activity was banned only for soldiers in military statutes. In 1832, the criminal code included Article 995, which stated that "muzhelozhstvo", or men lying with men, was a

427:

Despite decriminalising homosexuality in 1917, wider Soviet social policy on the matter of wider homosexual rights and the treatment of homosexual people in the 1920s was often mixed. Official Soviet policy in both the RSFSR and the wider USSR in the 1920s on homosexuality fluctuated between

599:

In 1958, the Interior Ministry sent a secret memo to law enforcement ordering them to step up enforcement of the anti-gay criminal law. Yet during the late 1950s and early 1960s, Aline Mosby, a foreign reporter in Russia at the time, attributed to the more liberal attitude of the Khrushchev

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illegally circulated some gay fiction before he died of heart failure in 1981. Author Gennady Trifonov served four years of hard labour for circulating his gay poems and upon his release was allowed to write and publish only if he avoided depicting or making reference to homosexuality.

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Thousands of people were imprisoned for homosexuality and government censorship of homosexuality and gay rights did not begin to slowly relax until the early 1970s, allowing for brief statements. Kozlovsky was permitted to include a brief interior monologue about homosexuality in

436:, some sections of the Bolsheviks of the 1920s actively considered homosexuality a " illness to be cured" or an example of "bourgeois degeneracy" while other Bolsheviks believed it should be legally/socially tolerated and legally/socially respected in the new socialist society. 451:

as well as to some international conferences on human sexuality between 1921 and 1930, where they expressed support for the legalisation of adult, private and consensual homosexual relations and the improvement of homosexual rights in all nations. In both 1923 and 1925, Dr.

1036:, the parliamentarians decided that gay "propaganda" was not dangerous for society and thus could not be punished under the criminal code. Nikolai Alekseev, Chief organizer of the Moscow Pride, commented that with parliament rejecting this bill, it is likely that the 487:

Soviet legislation does not recognise so-called crimes against morality. Our laws proceed from the principle of protection of society and therefore countenance punishment only in those instances when juveniles and minors are the objects of homosexual interest

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of non-traditional sexual relations, distorted conceptions of the social equality of traditional and non-traditional sexual relations among minors, or imposing information on non-traditional sexual relations which evoke interest in these kinds of relations".

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organized the Rainbow Flash Mob in Saint Petersburg; this event brought together from 100 to 250 people by various estimations and the organizers consider it to be the most large-scale action in the whole history of Russia dedicated to the problem of

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classification of World Health Organization. The new statute about military and medical expertise follows international law practice. Therefore the reasons for evaluating the ability to serve for homosexuals are the same: physical and psychic health.

4145: 117:'s administration in the late 1980s, the first gay organization came into being. The Moscow Gay & Lesbian Alliance was headed by Yevgeniya Debryanskaya and Roman Kalinin, who became the editor of the first officially registered gay newspaper, 54:) has largely been influenced by the political leanings of its rulers. Medieval Catholic-Protestant Europe had the largest influence on Russian attitude towards homosexuality. Russian LGBT history was influenced by the ambivalent attitude of the 1158:

banning the distribution of "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships" to minors. Article 6.21 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses was approved by the State Duma in a 436–0 vote prior to being signed in by

443:, a homosexual man who kept his homosexuality hidden, was appointed as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR. In 1923, Chicherin was also appointed People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, a position he held until 1930. 105:

of attitudes toward sexual issues in the Soviet Union, but homosexual acts remained illegal. Discrimination against LGBT individuals persisted in the Soviet era, and homosexuality was not officially declassified as a mental illness until 1999.

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party member and suggested depriving those who "openly demonstrated a homosexual way of life and a homosexual orientation" of the right to hold posts in educational establishments or in the army for a term from 2 to 5 years. According to

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These references were characterized as being brief statements in a novel or textbook and were made by heterosexuals. Vicktor Sosnora was allowed to write about witnessing an elderly gay actor being brutally murdered in a Leningrad bar in

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oppression of homosexuals as a social minority and compared homophobia to racism, xenophobia and sexism. Stalin did not reply to the letter, but ordered it to be archived, and added a note describing Whyte as "An idiot and a degenerate."

539:, who had conducted a raid on the residence of hundreds of homosexuals in Moscow and Leningrad in August 1933, about "Pederast activists" engaging in orgies and espionage activities. Beyond expressed fears of a vast "counterrevolutionary 587:

Soviet people and to raise their awareness of venereal diseases. These manuals mentioned homosexuality to prevent Soviet children and youth from engaging in it. The first Khrushchev-era sex education manual to mention homosexuality was

279:

While there was a degree of government tolerance extended to certain gay or bisexual artists and intellectuals, especially if they were on friendly terms with the Imperial family, the pervasive public opinion, greatly influenced by the

121:. The fall of the USSR accelerated the progress of the gay movement in Russia. Gay publications and plays appeared. In 1993, a new Russian Criminal Code was signed, without Article 121. Men who had been imprisoned began to be released. 70:

for up to five years. Men lying with men was interpreted by courts as meaning anal sex. Application of the laws was rare, and the turn of the century found a relaxation of these laws and a general growing of tolerance and visibility.

3536:"Russian law provisions as amended by Federal Law No. 135-FZ "On Amending [...] certain laws of the Russian Federation with the view to protect children from information propagating the negation of traditional family values"" 2915: 740:

were mutilations and unfit to Soviet ideology, silencing Kalnbērzs and regional Ministries of Health from talking and writing about them and carrying them. Despite the order, Kalnbērzs performed several more similar operations.

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publicly stated that the anti-gay criminal law was correctly aimed at the decadent and effete old ruling classes, thus further linking homosexuality to a right-wing conspiracy, i.e. Tsarist aristocracy and German fascists.

78:, the Bolshevik government decriminalized homosexuality. The Bolsheviks rewrote the constitution and "produced two Criminal Codes – in 1922 and 1926 – and an article prohibiting homosexual sex was left off both." The new 5114: 875:

People of non-standard sexual orientation can have problems when being in the Army, and therefore should not reveal their sexual preferences, Valery Kulikov said: "Other soldiers are not going to like that, they can be

765:

A poll conducted in 1989 reported that homosexuals were the most hated group in Russian society and that 30 percent of those polled felt that homosexuals should be liquidated. In a 1991 public opinion poll conducted in

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banning gender affirming surgeries, after the act unanimously passed both passed both houses of parliament. In November 2023, a Russian court designated what it called "the international LGBT public movement" as an

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introduces a Russian artist, convicted for having sex with his students, but given a lenient sentence; and a Russian activist for gay rights as examples of the widespread corruption and immorality in Tsarist Russia.

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became the first region in Russia to ban "propaganda of homosexuality" in an amendment to local Article 3.10, entitled, "public acts aimed at the propaganda of homosexualism (sodomy and lesbianism) among minors."

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featured the events that took place from 25 to 27 May that year in Moscow. It contains a vivid testimony of the first attempt to stage a gay pride march in Russia as well as the festival organized around it.

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to promote "traditional Russian values" and oppose "liberalism" in regards to homosexuality has led to many pieces of anti-LGBT legislation being passed federally, including the banning of distribution of

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met a patient from Tashkent named Rakhim, who desired a sex change to female, while having no intersex conditions. Rakhim was the first patient of Institute of Endocrinology to receive a diagnosis of

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Published in 1910, the novel had as two of its principal characters a powerful lesbian banker and a gay "decadent" poet, who appeared in public in garish makeup and jewelry, worn to show his gayness.

978:", was held in Moscow again and for the second year running degenerated into violent clashes with anti-gay protestors. For the second time, police failed to protect gay rights activists. Italian MP 927:

In late April and early May 2006, protesters blockaded some popular gay clubs in Moscow. After initial complaints that police had failed to intervene, later blockade attempts were met with arrests.

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in Berlin. In addition to the legal research, the paper argued that the anti-gay criminal law should be repealed, making him the first Russian politician to publicly express support for gay rights.

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marchers: "If they come out on to the streets anyway they should be flogged. Any normal person would do that – Muslims and Orthodox Christians alike". Similar comments were made by one of Russia's

675: 639:(1979), but the book was only allowed to be published in East Germany. When the author was gay and in particular if they were seen as supporting gay rights, the censors tended to be much harsher. 351:

and his time spent in jail, where he learned that working-class men could be gay, thus debunking the idea that homosexuality was a sign of upper middle class or wealthy exploitation or decadence.

5083: 465: 3778: 857:, suggested outlawing homosexual acts. His proposal failed to generate enough votes, but the suggestion generated public support from many conservative religious leaders and medical doctors. 3144: 2923: 4280: 432:

for example was sympathetic to homosexual emancipation "as part of the revolution" and attempted such reforms for homosexual rights in the area of civil and medical areas. According to

4140: 572:, who despite his homosexuality managed to survive by leading a double life, having affairs with men while married to a woman, producing films that were politically pleasing to Stalin. 5119: 600:

government to the fact that she did see some gay couples in public and that it was not uncommon to see men waiting outside of certain theaters looking for dates with male performers.

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drop and the defendant would most likely end up in jail. Soviet advocates could do very little to help their clients in such cases despite their appeals to the General Procuracy.

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Duma also passed a law prohibiting "public acts aimed at the propaganda of sodomy, lesbianism, bisexuality, and transgenderism among minors." By the end of 2012, the regions of

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On 8 May, Russian Duma rejected a bill criminalizing gay "propaganda" in Russia (with only 90 votes in favor against 226 minimum required). This bill was initiated in 2007 by a

535:

In 1993, declassified Soviet documents revealed that Stalin had personally demanded the introduction of an anti-gay law, in response to a report from deputy secret police chief

5033: 276:(1906) became one of the first "coming out" stories to have a happy ending and his private journals provide a detailed view of a gay subculture, involving men of all classes. 173:

also reported that homosexuality among men existed on all levels of society and was not treated as a crime. There are also reports of homosexual relationships between women.

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initiative which has been organized every year since May 2006. As of July 2009, Gayrussia.ru is a transnational organization promoting LGBT rights in Russia and Belarus.

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in Russia's constitution banning same-sex marriage passed in 2020, and expansion of the 2013 propaganda law signed in 2022 to apply it to anyone, regardless of age.

3543: 4928: 3377: 670: 2662:"Russia: Information on whether men have in fact been released from jail subsequent to 27 May 1993 legislation lifting the ban on consensual homosexual relations" 2454:"Это не разврат, это заболевание Даниил Туровский нашел хирурга, который, возможно, первым в мире превратил женщину в мужчину. Он сделал это в СССР начала 1970-х" 5134: 5053: 3725: 2865: 4973: 4938: 705: 627:(1973). Perhaps the first public endorsement of gay rights since Stalin was a brief statement, critical of Article 121 and calling for its repeal, made in the 696: 1215: 393:

between consenting adults, expressed from the earliest efforts to write a socialist criminal code in 1918 to the eventual adoption of legislation in 1922."

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was part of a larger reform movement designed to modernize Russia and efforts to extend a similar ban to the civilian population were rejected until 1835.

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Soviet Article 121 was often commonly used to extend prison sentences and to control dissidents. Among those imprisoned were the well-known film director

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blocked Nikolay Alexeyev's request for permission to organize Moscow Pride in the city for the next 100 years. In August 2012, contravening the previous

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On 1 June 2008, Moscow Pride again attempted to hold a gay parade. Some 13 Orthodox opposers were held by police for violent actions against protesters.

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The International Gay and Lesbian Symposium and Film Festival took place in Moscow and Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) from 23 July to 2 August 1991.

684:. Belkin didn't permit surgery on his transsexual patients, fearing making irreversible mistakes, but it is known that by 1974 Rakhim had undergone a 161:) his observations during his travels in Moscow in 1517 and 1526. He stated that homosexuality was present among all social classes. The English poet 453: 3782: 1461: 1298: 3115: 3428: 439:

The Bolsheviks also rescinded Tsarist legal bans on homosexual civil and political rights, especially in the area of state employment. In 1918,

389:(RSFSR) decriminalised homosexuality in December 1917, following the October Revolution and the discarding of the Legal Code of Tsarist Russia. 3692: 1588: 1541: 710:

met a suicidal patient named Inna, looking for a sex change to male. After obtaining verbal consent from Minister of Health of the Latvian SSR

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to fight discriminations on the basis of sexual orientation and raise awareness of LGBT issues in Russia. In July 2005, Alekseev launched the

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of different sexual orientation another clause said that different sexual orientation should not be considered a deviation". Finally,

86:

activity within Russia, although it remained illegal in other territories of the Soviet Union, and the homosexuals in Russia were still

4352: 3074: 2479: 316: 1436: 818:

cases of imprisoned homosexuals who cannot be located and of missing files". The reform was largely the result of pressure from the

4152: 4047: 736:(premeditated infliction of serious bodily injury). Kalnbērzs was spared this by Kaņeps, but central USSR authorities decided that 3521: 2815: 5063: 4534: 3044: 2532: 4464: 4406: 4362: 4117: 2193: 1953:

Russian Masculinities in History and Culture. edited by B. Clements, R. Friedman, D. Healey. Springer, 2001. p.170, see note 52

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ruled Russia during a bloody phase, was not shocked by the carnage, but about the open homosexuality of the Russian peasants.

3565: 3169: 2787: 1910:

Healey, Dan. "Masculine purity and 'Gentlemen's Mischief': Sexual Exchange and Prostitution between Russian Men, 1861–1941".

1796: 583:, the Khrushchev government conflated homosexuality with the situational, sometimes forced, sex acts between male prisoners. 3195: 1855: 4790: 3445: 1059: 405: 307:

rights movement during this era, the most visible example of Russian homosexuality aside from literature was prostitution.

3764: 3239: 514:

Some historians have noted that it was during this time that Soviet propaganda began to depict homosexuality as a sign of

362:, had written a research paper on the legal status of homosexuality in Russia, published by early gay rights advocate Dr. 3856: 3580:"Russian Prime Minister: Not a single gay person in Russia has complained about the propaganda law – PinkNews · PinkNews" 401: 79: 3480: 2085: 5198: 4671: 4484: 3996: 3977: 2684: 1643: 1564: 1484: 3381: 2769: 826:

signed the bill into law on 29 April 1993, neither he nor the parliament had any interest in LGBT rights legislation.

5193: 4873: 4732: 4509: 4015: 2869: 2045: 1835: 1670: 1619: 1517: 722: 421: 982:

was kicked by an anti-gay activist and then detained when he demanded police protection. British gay rights veteran

5183: 3881: 3311: 3016: 721:, Kalnbērzs performed nine operations on the patient, now named Innokenty, over the span of 1970–1972. After that, 522:

and to solidify Soviet opposition to Nazi Germany, who had broken its treaty with the USSR. In a famous article in

375: 201:

was overthrown, his broken body was dragged through the streets by his genitals alongside his supposed male lover.

3619: 1023:

festival on 16 May 2009—two anti-riot police stopped Alekseev and his partner, a transgender activist from Belarus

5078: 4983: 4747: 4699: 4596: 4591: 417: 333:) served as the governor of Moscow from 1891 to 1905. His homosexual relationships were widely famous in Moscow. 3601: 3501: 3408: 1933:

Homosexual Existence and Existing Socialism New Light on the Repression of Male Homosexuality in Stalin's Russia

762:

period that public discussion was permitted about re-legalizing private, consensual adult homosexual relations.

292:(1910), reflected this prejudice with two gay characters: a masculine lesbian attorney and a decadent gay poet. 2245: 1125: 1074: 1037: 829:

Two openly gay candidates ran for election in 2016; no openly LGBT Russian has been elected to the parliament.

193:

Prior to Tsarist policy, homosexuality and cross-dressing were punished by religious authorities or militias.

4556: 4183: 3100: 2801: 1361:"Putting "Traditional Values" Into Practice: The Rise and Contestation of Anti-Homopropaganda Laws in Russia" 623: 448: 518:

and that Article 121 may have a simple political tool to use against dissidents, irrespective of their true

511:

era, Western observers believed that between 800 and 1,000 men were imprisoned each year under Article 121.

4998: 4953: 4709: 4317: 4040: 1409: 1048: 580: 359: 298: 2060:

The Construction of Homosexuality. David Greenburg. University of Chicago Press. 1988. p. 440, see note 23

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period. In 1987, 831 men were sentenced under Article 121; in 1989, 539; in 1990, 497; and in 1991, 462.

429: 3707: 1306: 1179:

has said that he " that only a negligible part of the Russian population is actually concerned about ".

986:

and Russian gay leader Nikolai Alekseev were detained as well. The march is documented in the 2008 film

846:

In 1999, homosexuality was formally removed from the list of Russian mental disorders (due to endorsing

5043: 5018: 4933: 4913: 4863: 4833: 4823: 4626: 4586: 4566: 4546: 4449: 4399: 4218: 4176: 2339:

Alexander, Rustam (1 April 2019). "New Light on the Prosecution of Soviet Homosexuals under Brezhnev".

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In 1960s and 1970s the emerging sexopathology (up to this point concerned with sexual orientation and

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and one of the most famous couples in the late 19th century Russian literary world were the lesbians

150: 3779:"IN 2014, ACTIVISTS OF THE RUSSIAN LGBT NETWORK ORGANIZED MORE THAN 160 EVENTS ALL OVER THE COUNTRY" 2144:"Контрреволюционные организации среди гомосексуалистов Ленинграда в начале 1930-х годов и их погром" 781:

In 1993, after the collapse of the USSR, Article 121 was finally removed from the RSFSR Penal Code.

5188: 5073: 5023: 4978: 4958: 4948: 4848: 4805: 4783: 4757: 4742: 4689: 4641: 4636: 4611: 4469: 1051:

finals was broken up by police, with all 30 participants – including British human rights activist

956:

respect and will continue to respect personal freedom in all its forms, in all its manifestations.

737: 666: 247: 4727: 5048: 4963: 4828: 4818: 4666: 4616: 4576: 4529: 4524: 4514: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4474: 4459: 4454: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4135: 4033: 3429:"Vladimir Putin says anti-gay Russian laws are about 'protecting children' – PinkNews · PinkNews" 2275: 386: 326: 281: 129: 914:, who joined Tadzhuddin in condemning the march, saying that it "would be a blow for morality". 701: 5093: 5028: 4908: 4898: 4858: 4843: 4838: 4752: 4694: 4661: 4651: 4631: 4606: 4601: 4581: 4551: 4519: 4504: 4479: 4415: 4297: 2598: 532:

said: "There is already a sarcastic saying: Destroy homosexuality and fascism will disappear."

3017:"The Situation of Lesbians. Gays, Bisexuals, and Transgender People in the Russian Federation" 2035: 5013: 4988: 4968: 4903: 4878: 4868: 4853: 4646: 4571: 4541: 4392: 4127: 2746: 2300:"Soviet Legal and Criminological Debates on the Decriminalization of Homosexuality (1965–75)" 1944:

The Construction of Homosexuality. David Greenburg. University of Chicago Press. 1988. p. 440

1786: 1237: 1232: 997: 330: 285: 238:(a lawyer) and Maria Feodorova (an author). Another notable Russian lesbian couple were poet 2916:"Inside: Eurovision, the campest show on earth. Outside: riot police round up Moscow's gays" 716: 284:, was that homosexuality was a sign of corruption, decadence and immorality. Russian author 4893: 4888: 4275: 4110: 3312:"The Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People in the Russian Federation" 2510: 1136: 1062: 996:

In February 2009 at the final press conference in Moscow, the Russian LGBT Network and the

917: 771: 396:

The legalisation of private, adult and consensual homosexual relations only applied to the

272: 251: 216: 3221: 2272:

The Palgrave Handbook of Women and Gender in Twentieth-Century Russia and the Soviet Union

2270:

Rustam Alexander, "Sex Education and the Depiction of Homosexuality under Khrushchev," in

8: 5103: 4776: 4169: 4100: 3730: 3726:"Russians find asylum in New York amid gay bashing, harsh laws back home – NY Daily News" 1227: 937: 767: 341: 227: 2482:[Surgeon Kalnbērzs was the first in the USSR to transform a woman into a male]. 1557:

The myth of the modern homosexual : queer history and the search for cultural unity

774:

was permitted to exist, with Roman Kalinin given permission to publish a gay newspaper,

3145:"Moscow police break up gay rights protest and arrest Peter Tatchell before Eurovision" 2819: 2795: 2364: 1582: 1535: 1388: 1106: 1086: 519: 239: 162: 75: 3052: 2841: 2661: 2639: 2403:(Thesis). School of Historical and Philosophical Studies - The University of Melbourne 5158: 4011: 3992: 3973: 3966: 3094: 2368: 2356: 2321: 2155: 2041: 1831: 1792: 1666: 1639: 1615: 1570: 1560: 1523: 1513: 1490: 1480: 1455: 1392: 1380: 1012: 921: 899: 819: 576: 569: 483:

of 1930 written by medical expert Sereisky (based on a report written in the 1920s):

363: 344: 323: 194: 186: 166: 114: 2197: 1198:

State persecution of and harsh tactics against the LGBT community increased in 2022

1128:

ruling, Moscow upheld Sobyanin's ruling, citing the possibility of public disorder.

920:

was founded in May 2006. As of July 2009, this was the first and only interregional

853:

In 2002, Gennady Raikov, who led a conservative pro-government group in the Russian

3906:"Vladimir Putin signs law banning gender changes in Russia | Russia | The Guardian" 3350: 3310:

Kochetkov, Igor; Sozayev, Valery; Kozlovskaya, Mariya; Kirichenko, Kseniya (2013).

3284: 3258: 2348: 2311: 1710: 1607: 1372: 1272: 1098: 1078: 1016: 885: 555: 440: 259: 255: 110: 82:

government removed the old laws regarding sexual relations, effectively legalising

55: 27: 3173: 2550: 4270: 3937: 3910: 3199: 3120: 1376: 1328: 1176: 1121: 1090: 1070:. The action in smaller scales has also passed in more than 30 cities of Russia. 725: 416:

Soviet Republics throughout the 1920s. Similar criminal laws were enacted in the

263: 243: 235: 205: 62: 3457: 3332: 2974: 2945: 2790:. Moscow News. 16 February 2006. Archived from the original on 22 December 2006. 2640:"Russia: Update to RUS13194 of 16 February 1993 on the treatment of homosexuals" 1707:

glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture

833:

Triangle, folded due to lack of funding as well as legal and social harassment.

3566:"Russia: Putin signs anti-'gay propaganda' bill into law – PinkNews · PinkNews" 2861: 2620: 1437:"Putin signs expanded anti-LGBTQ laws in Russia, in latest crackdown on rights" 1360: 1164: 1160: 1114: 1102: 1052: 1040:

follows Moscow Pride's request to cancel a similar law that is in force in the

1006: 983: 962: 862: 540: 536: 433: 320: 267: 198: 125: 51: 4008:

The Russian Homosexual Lexicon: Consensual and Prison Camp Sexuality Among Men

3481:"The Russian Orthodox Church and Legitimacy of Political Homophobia in Russia" 2352: 463:, director of the Institute for Social Hygiene in Moscow, published a report, 5177: 5152: 3333:"Moscow Authorities' Ban on Gay Parades for 100 Years Appealed in Strasbourg" 2360: 2325: 2159: 1912: 1527: 1384: 1110: 1094: 1041: 979: 946: 823: 807: 507: 170: 98: 83: 3857:"Moscow's war in Ukraine brought harsh tactics against gay Russians at home" 2788:"Russian Chief Rabbi Echoes Muslim Leader in Protesting Gay Pride in Moscow" 2511:""Tema" Magazine and the first LGBT organizations of the late soviet period" 1732: 1574: 1494: 208:

enacted a ban on male homosexuality in the armed forces. The prohibition on

4312: 4265: 4211: 1611: 1047:

On 16 May, the Moscow Pride timed to coincide with Moscow's hosting of the

1020: 1002: 971: 932: 903: 889: 881: 685: 609: 543:", there were several high-profile arrests of Russian men accused of being 413: 348: 347:

softened his prejudice against homosexuality through his relationship with

311: 47: 3747:"Number of Russian Asylum Seekers to U.S. Spikes in Wake of 'Antigay' Law" 1140:

hatred, which is the feature of the extremist character of the activity".

197:

was accused of being homosexual in an attempt to discredit him. When Tsar

5162: 4384: 1132: 1097:, passing laws banning "propaganda of homosexuality." In March 2012, the 1067: 1028: 970:

On 27 May 2007, Moscow Pride was banned again by the former Moscow Mayor

911: 907: 896: 681: 662: 529: 293: 3001: 604:

yet their proposal was not supported by other members of the committee.

4768: 2581: 2568: 2316: 2299: 2232: 2219: 2173: 1983: 1928: 380: 102: 3882:"Putin Signs Law Banning Expressions of L.G.B.T.Q. Identity in Russia" 1856:"Celebrating the Gay Russian Celebrities History Books Tried to Erase" 1329:"1917 Russian Revolution: The gay community's brief window of freedom" 1273:"1917 Russian Revolution: The gay community's brief window of freedom" 3309: 965:, when quizzed on the ban of the Moscow Pride Parade, 1 February 2007 544: 189:

was accused of having homosexual relations by his political opponents

3640:"Russian anti-gay extremist sentenced to five years in penal colony" 3075:"Russian parliament refuses to make gay propaganda criminal offence" 2249: 3624: 3506: 3413: 2979: 2950: 2866:"Transcript of Press Conference with the Russian and Foreign Media" 2846: 1788:

The Sexual Revolution in Russia: From the Age of the Czars to Today

1033: 975: 758: 692: 658: 651: 231: 3045:"Bill Criminalizing Gay Propaganda Rejected by Russian Parliament" 802: 650:

Despite sodomy being a punishable crime, the practitioners of new

4237: 4025: 2012:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia." Healey. 132–133, 309 515: 67: 2480:"Ķirurgs Kalnbērzs pirmais PSRS sievieti pārveidoja par vīrieti" 2037:

Sociological Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparison

4060: 3805:"Gay rights protest in St. Petersburg ends in clashes, arrests" 3708:"Read the Heartbreaking Online Letters of Young, LGBT Russians" 2129:

Gay Men and the Sexual History of the Political Left, Volume 29

1823: 847: 524: 209: 18: 3693:"Charges Dropped Against Creator of Russian Gay Support Group" 181: 745: 729: 355: 3830: 2685:"Openly Gay Candidates Push Back In Russia's Duma Elections" 1967:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia." Healey. 132–133 756:

and finally broke up in 1986. It was not until later in the

135:

propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships to minors

4333: 4056: 3653: 2642:. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 29 February 2000 1984:"Vol. 30, No. 2, Apr., 1971 of The Russian Review on JSTOR" 854: 3679:"Russian LGBT Teen Supporters Accused of 'Gay Propaganda'" 3602:"Russian anti-gay law prompts rise in homophobic violence" 1924: 1922: 2709:"Two openly gay men are running for parliament in Russia" 2682: 2246:"The Moscow Times — News, Business, Culture & Events" 1248:

LGBT rights protests surrounding the 2014 Winter Olympics

836: 753: 22:

A pro-LGBT rights "Rainbow flash mob" that took place on

3968:

Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past

2664:. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 1 August 1993 797: 36:

history of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people

3854: 3240:"Russiche Rainbow Flash Mob-acties rustig en succesvol" 3081:. 8 May 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2009 2285:

The View from No. 13 People's Street. Aline Mosby. 1962

1919: 865:, the Major-General of the Medical Service, announced: 501: 2194:"Can a homosexual be a member of the Communist Party?" 1636:

Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures

810:

signed a law decriminalizing homosexual acts in Russia

562: 3285:"European court fines Russia for banning gay parades" 2739:"Gays are not Willingly Accepted in the Russian Army" 3620:"2 arrested for brutal homophobic killing in Russia" 3116:"Riot police arrest Tatchell at gay march in Moscow" 1602:"Have Female-to-Male Transsexuals Always Existed?", 408:(officially criminalised in 1923) as well as in the 381:

LGBT history after the October Revolution: 1917–1933

242:

and Natalia Manaseina. Other notables included poet

24:

International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia

3409:"Russian anti-gay bill passes, protesters detained" 3014: 1784: 1117:all had bans on the "propaganda of homosexuality." 728:threatened Kalnbērzs with a criminal process and a 3965: 3502:"Vote backing anti-gay bill spurs rally in Moscow" 1508:Dynes, Wayne R.; Dynes, Wayne R. (22 March 2016). 1435:Chernova, Ivana Kottasová,Anna (5 December 2022). 1001:generalizes specific instances of infringement of 404:. Homosexuality or sodomy remained a crime in the 3522:"Vitaly Milonov: Laying Down God's Law in Russia" 2683:Shevchenko, D., Coalson, R. (12 September 2016), 2533:"Russia's Gay Men Step Out of Soviet-Era Shadows" 2524: 2102:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2 – Marxism 1606:, Indiana University Press, 2016, pp. 3–36, 1404: 1402: 1218:", which would ban its activities across Russia. 319:(the younger brother and uncle, respectively, of 5175: 1824:Wayne R. Dynes; Stephen Donaldson, eds. (1992). 3831:"HuffPost – Breaking News, U.S. and World News" 2080: 2078: 688:and an official name change outside of Moscow. 3343: 3039: 3037: 1827:History of Homosexuality in Europe and America 1477:History of homosexuality in Europe and America 1474: 1399: 594: 575:After Stalin died in 1953, he was replaced by 568:notable example was the Russian film director 4784: 4400: 4041: 3277: 2141: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1638:. UK: Taylor & Francis Inc. p. 279. 554:A few years later in 1936, Justice Commissar 3855:Ilyushina, M., Gelman, M. (7 January 2023), 3378:"Judge bans Winter Olympics gay Pride House" 3351:"Gay parades banned in Moscow for 100 years" 2580:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia" 2567:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia" 2505: 2503: 2501: 2231:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia" 2218:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia" 2172:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia" 2110: 2108: 2075: 1756: 1754: 1475:Dynes, Wayne R.; Donaldson, Stephen (1992). 1460:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 124:Since 2000, a campaign by Russian president 3375: 3034: 3015:Kochetkov, Igor; Kirichenko, Xenia (2008). 2634: 2632: 2630: 250:, conservative author and publisher Prince 4791: 4777: 4414: 4407: 4393: 4048: 4034: 3879: 2818:. GayRussia.ru. 2 May 2006. Archived from 2767: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2001: 1956: 1885: 1853: 1587:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1540:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1507: 3142: 2498: 2393: 2338: 2315: 2297: 2105: 1751: 1633: 1358: 4798: 4153:Recognition of same-sex unions in Russia 3963: 3705: 2654: 2627: 2420: 2418: 2293: 2291: 2069: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1510:Encyclopedia of homosexuality. Volume II 1434: 1131:In March 2012, an attempt to organize a 1011: 850:, which removed homosexuality in 1990). 801: 336: 180: 17: 4161: 3989:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2 3744: 3454:The School of Russian and Asian Studies 3259:"Радужный флешмоб в Питере - АНТИДОГМА" 3256: 2890: 2868:. Kremlin Official Site. Archived from 2726: 2530: 2179: 1916:. Vol. 60, No. 2 (Summer 2001), p. 258. 1778: 1725: 1267: 1265: 1263: 880:In May 2005, LGBT human rights project 317:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov 5176: 4005: 3113: 2975:"Eggs and punches at Russia gay march" 2063: 1700: 1554: 1479:. New York: Garland Pub. p. 185. 1296: 1292: 1290: 1200:during the Russian invasion of Ukraine 1150:LGBT people in the Russo-Ukrainian War 837:LGBT history under Putin: 1999–present 4772: 4388: 4029: 3986: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3478: 2860: 2531:Barshay, Jill J. (10 February 1993). 2424: 2415: 2288: 2142:Александрович, Иванов Виктор (2013). 2086:"Resource Information Center: Russia" 1830:. Taylor & Francis. p. 169. 1679: 1658: 798:LGBT history under Yeltsin: 1991–1999 792: 506:In 1933, the Soviet government under 475:The Sexual Life of Contemporary Youth 113:and the poet Gennady Trifonov. Under 3938:"Russian court bans 'LGBT movement'" 3706:Isaacson, Betsy (25 February 2014). 3599: 3440: 3438: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3170:"Balloons all over Russia for IDAHO" 2972: 2451: 2126: 2096: 2033: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1260: 1060:International Day Against Homophobia 732:sentence, citing Article 108 of the 502:LGBT history under Stalin: 1933–1953 258:, who had an affair with his cousin 66:criminal act punishable by exile to 46:and its historical antecedents (the 4281:Straight Alliance for LGBT Equality 3781:. 16 September 2014. Archived from 3765:"Putin Passes Law Against Protests" 3446:"Russia's 'Gay Propoganda [ 2913: 2842:"Banned Moscow gay rally broken up" 2770:"Gay Pride Parade Polarizes Moscow" 2397:Homosexuality in the USSR (1956–82) 1854:Andriyanov, Nikita (12 June 2020). 1287: 563:LGBT history post-Stalin: 1953–1991 144: 13: 4055: 3823: 3797: 3771: 3757: 3738: 3718: 3699: 3685: 3671: 3646: 3632: 3612: 3586: 3572: 3558: 1791:. Simon and Schuster. p. 35. 1299:"The Secret Gay History of Russia" 661:conditions) encountered its first 97:and sacked from their jobs. Under 14: 5210: 3745:Schreck, Carl (16 October 2014). 3542:. 21 October 2013. Archived from 3528: 3514: 3494: 3435: 3421: 3396: 3143:Blomfield, Adrian (16 May 2009). 2946:"Arrests at Russian gay protests" 2745:. 1 December 2003. Archived from 2689:Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 1659:Dynes, Wayne R. (22 March 2016). 1347: 1073:In 2010, Russia was fined by the 974:, who had earlier branded it as " 219:added Article 995 which outlawed 176: 58:religiosity regarding sexuality. 5157: 5148: 5147: 3930: 3898: 3873: 3848: 3456:. 21 August 2013. Archived from 3196:"St Petersburg celebrates IDAHO" 1733:"Where is it illegal to be gay?" 1416:. Associated Press. 30 June 2013 376:LGBT history in the Soviet Union 165:who visited Moscow in 1568 when 155:Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii 3956: 3751:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3472: 3380:. Gay Star News. Archived from 3369: 3325: 3303: 3250: 3232: 3214: 3188: 3162: 3136: 3107: 3067: 3008: 3002:"East/West: Sex & Politics" 2994: 2966: 2938: 2907: 2884: 2854: 2834: 2808: 2780: 2761: 2701: 2676: 2613: 2587: 2574: 2561: 2543: 2472: 2445: 2387: 2375: 2332: 2279: 2264: 2238: 2225: 2212: 2166: 2135: 2120: 2054: 2034:West, Green (31 October 1997). 2027: 2021: 2015: 1976: 1970: 1947: 1938: 1904: 1898: 1873: 1847: 1817: 1805: 1766: 1652: 1627: 1595: 1202:. In July 2023 President Putin 1143: 691:In 1968 another Soviet doctor, 669:. In 1960s Moscow psychiatrist 629:Textbook of Soviet Criminal Law 466:The Sexual Revolution in Russia 369: 5115:British Indian Ocean Territory 3914:. 25 July 2023. Archived from 3880:Bubola, E. (5 December 2022), 2394:Alexander, Rustam (May 2018). 1548: 1501: 1468: 1428: 1359:Wilkinson, Cai (3 July 2014). 1321: 1126:European Court of Human Rights 1075:European Court of Human Rights 1038:Constitutional Court of Russia 988:East/West - Sex & Politics 744:In 1980, the USSR adopted the 1: 4243:Law banning gender transition 4184:Fedotova and Others v. Russia 4106:2014 Winter Olympics protests 3600:Luhn, Alec (September 2013). 3376:Andy Harley (15 March 2012). 3114:Walker, Shaun (17 May 2009). 3051:. 10 May 2009. Archived from 2891:Ireland, Doug (17 May 2007). 2425:Raido, Stan (13 April 2023). 1662:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality 1253: 1120:Also in 2011, Moscow's mayor 1082:homophobia on all accounts". 624:Moscow to the End of the Line 581:homosexuality with pedophilia 541:fascist homosexual conspiracy 449:Institute for Sexual Research 385:The Soviet government of the 149:The Austrian royal councilor 4318:Side by Side (film festival) 4089:Violence against homosexuals 3263:ru-antidogma.livejournal.com 2486:(in Latvian). 1 January 2013 1785:Игорь Семенович Кон (1995). 1709:. glbtq, Inc. Archived from 1410:"Russia passes anti-gay-law" 1377:10.1080/14754835.2014.919218 1297:Morgan, Joe (17 June 2018). 1049:2009 Eurovision song contest 841: 360:Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov 7: 4207:Anti-gay purges in Chechnya 3964:Duberman, Martin R (1989). 2893:"Moscow Pride Banned Again" 2816:"Moscow Gay Club Blockades" 2621:"1991 IGL Symposium – USSR" 1221: 902:was quoted as saying about 595:LGBT history under Brezhnev 354:One of the founders of the 262:and after the breakup with 10: 5215: 4177:Bayev and Others v. Russia 4118:In the Russo-Ukrainian War 3654:"Дети-404. ЛГБТ-подростки" 2973:Levy, Mike (27 May 2007). 2768:Kim Murphy (26 May 2006). 2381: 2298:Alexander, Rustam (2018). 2114: 1879: 1811: 1772: 1760: 1634:Zimmerman, Bonnie (1999). 1243:Russian gay propaganda law 1147: 1093:legislatures followed the 738:sex reassignment surgeries 667:sex reassignment surgeries 373: 159:Notes on Muscovite Affairs 5199:LGBTQ in the Soviet Union 5143: 5102: 5062: 4804: 4718: 4680: 4422: 4342: 4326: 4305: 4296: 4258: 4197: 4126: 4067: 4006:Mielke, Tomas M. (2017). 3099:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2800:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2353:10.1163/18763316-04601001 2040:. Springer. p. 224. 494:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 480:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 151:Sigismund von Herberstein 5194:Social history of Russia 4864:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 2555:community.middlebury.edu 153:described in his report 5184:LGBTQ history in Russia 5125:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4416:LGBT history in Europe 4141:HIV infection among MSM 3987:Dynes, Wayne R (2016). 3257:valer_q (17 May 2009). 2148:Новейшая история России 1701:Healey, Daniel (2004). 1559:. London. p. 253. 1555:Norton, Rictor (1997). 1365:Journal of Human Rights 723:USSR Minister of Health 589:The Youth Becomes a Man 387:Russian Soviet Republic 315:gay or bisexual women. 282:Eastern Orthodox Church 130:Russian Orthodox Church 4465:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3022:. Russian LGBT Network 1612:10.2307/j.ctt2005v5h.8 1216:extremist organization 1024: 958: 945:Also in May 2006, the 878: 872: 811: 671:Aron Isaakovich Belkin 499: 190: 31: 3488:2020 NCUR Proceedings 3226:interfax-religion.com 2551:"Russian Gay History" 1238:LGBT rights in Russia 1233:LGBT rights in Europe 1154:In June 2013, Russia 1077:under allegations by 1015: 998:Moscow Helsinki Group 953: 873: 867: 805: 485: 337:Anarchists and Kadets 286:Alexander Amfiteatrov 184: 21: 5039:United Arab Emirates 4799:LGBT history in Asia 4276:Russian LGBT network 4219:"Gay propaganda" law 4111:Principle 6 campaign 3479:Karpa, Macy (2020). 3319:Russian LGBT Network 2601:on 11 September 2012 1156:passed a federal law 1137:2014 Winter Olympics 1063:Russian LGBT network 918:Russian LGBT network 772:Evgenia Debryanskaya 734:Soviet Criminal Code 608:homosexuality was a 424:the following year. 252:Vladimir Meshchersky 5066:limited recognition 4681:States with limited 4170:Alekseyev v. Russia 3861:The Washington Post 3731:New York Daily News 3695:. 21 February 2014. 3222:"Interfax-Religion" 3149:The Daily Telegraph 2864:(1 February 2007). 2822:on 24 February 2012 2715:, 19 September 2016 2595:"Soviet Homophobia" 2427:""Пасынки природы"" 1860:The Calvert Journal 1309:on 20 November 2021 1228:LGBT rights in Asia 1058:On 17 May, for the 806:In 1993, President 652:sexological science 642:Russian gay author 637:The Flying Dutchman 420:in 1926 and in the 290:People of the 1890s 228:Konstantin Leontiev 74:In the wake of the 61:Under the reign of 3940:. 30 November 2023 3886:The New York Times 3681:. 31 January 2014. 3582:. 23 January 2014. 3510:. 25 January 2013. 3339:. 5 December 2012. 2713:The Independent UK 2537:The New York Times 2452:Turovsky, Daniil. 2317:10.1017/slr.2018.9 2092:. 14 October 2015. 1739:. 10 February 2014 1713:on 27 October 2005 1335:. 10 November 2017 1204:signed legislation 1087:Arkhangelsk Oblast 1025: 822:. While President 812: 793:Russian Federation 644:Yevgeny Kharitonov 520:sexual orientation 240:Polyxena Solovyova 226:Author and critic 191: 163:George Turberville 76:October Revolution 32: 5171: 5170: 5108:other territories 4766: 4765: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4359:Saint-Petersburg 4193: 4192: 3811:. 12 October 2013 3642:. 17 August 2014. 3524:. 30 August 2012. 3337:Interfax-Religiia 2920:The Sunday Herald 2774:Los Angeles Times 2127:Steakley, James. 1798:978-0-02-917541-5 922:LGBT organization 900:Talgat Tadzhuddin 820:Council of Europe 697:Viktors Kalnbērzs 665:patients seeking 577:Nikita Khrushchev 570:Sergei Eisenstein 364:Magnus Hirschfeld 345:Alexander Berkman 248:Pyotr Tchaikovsky 195:Ivan the Terrible 187:Ivan the Terrible 115:Mikhail Gorbachev 111:Sergei Paradjanov 5206: 5161: 5151: 5150: 5120:Christmas Island 4806:Sovereign states 4793: 4786: 4779: 4770: 4769: 4719:Dependencies and 4423:Sovereign states 4409: 4402: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4303: 4302: 4289: 4251: 4232: 4224:Saint Petersburg 4159: 4158: 4149: 4101:Moscow Pride '06 4097: 4085: 4077:Saint Petersburg 4050: 4043: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4002: 3983: 3971: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3734:. 18 March 2012. 3722: 3716: 3715: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3597: 3584: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3405: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3357:. 17 August 2012 3347: 3341: 3340: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3316: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3198:. 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Archived from 2190: 2177: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2082: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2010: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1935:pp. 349–378 2002 1926: 1917: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1698: 1677: 1676: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1586: 1578: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1531: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1406: 1397: 1396: 1356: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1305:. Archived from 1294: 1285: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1269: 1212: 1079:Nikolay Alexeyev 1017:Nikolai Alekseev 966: 938:Moscow Pride '06 886:Nikolai Alekseev 752:pressure by the 720: 709: 679: 556:Nikolai Krylenko 528:on 23 May 1934, 462: 441:Georgy Chicherin 430:Nikolai Semashko 288:'s novel titled 260:Dmitry Filosofov 256:Sergei Diaghilev 145:Muscovite Russia 96: 56:Russian Orthodox 28:Saint Petersburg 5214: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5189:LGBTQ in Russia 5174: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5139: 5107: 5098: 5079:Northern Cyprus 5065: 5058: 4800: 4797: 4767: 4762: 4720: 4714: 4700:Northern Cyprus 4682: 4676: 4597:North Macedonia 4418: 4413: 4383: 4374: 4368:Central Station 4353:Central Station 4338: 4322: 4292: 4283: 4271:Intersex Russia 4254: 4245: 4226: 4199: 4189: 4157: 4143: 4122: 4091: 4079: 4063: 4054: 4024: 4018: 4010:. CreateSpace. 3999: 3980: 3959: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3918:on 25 July 2023 3911:TheGuardian.com 3904: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3888: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3743: 3739: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3704: 3700: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3598: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3568:. 30 June 2013. 3564: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3460:on 7 March 2017 3444: 3443: 3436: 3431:. 26 June 2013. 3427: 3426: 3422: 3417:. 11 June 2013. 3407: 3406: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3384:on 11 June 2022 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3255: 3251: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3202:on 3 March 2016 3194: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3121:The Independent 3112: 3108: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3055:on 24 July 2011 3043: 3042: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2895:. Gay City News 2889: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2862:Putin, Vladimir 2859: 2855: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2793: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2737: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2716: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2691: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2562: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2423: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2341:Russian History 2337: 2333: 2296: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2252:on 8 March 2014 2244: 2243: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2200:on 11 July 2012 2192: 2191: 2180: 2171: 2167: 2140: 2136: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2011: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1971: 1966: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1927: 1920: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1822: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1699: 1680: 1673: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1580: 1579: 1567: 1553: 1549: 1533: 1532: 1520: 1506: 1502: 1487: 1473: 1469: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1443: 1433: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1408: 1407: 1400: 1357: 1348: 1338: 1336: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1312: 1310: 1295: 1288: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1261: 1256: 1224: 1206: 1177:Dmitri Medvedev 1152: 1146: 1122:Sergey Sobyanin 1091:Kostroma Oblast 968: 960: 884:was founded by 844: 839: 800: 795: 726:Boris Petrovsky 714: 712:Vilhelms Kaņeps 699: 673: 597: 565: 504: 456: 454:Grigorii Batkis 383: 378: 372: 339: 264:Vaslav Nijinsky 244:Alexei Apukhtin 236:Anna Yevreinova 206:Peter the Great 179: 147: 90: 80:Communist Party 63:Peter the Great 12: 11: 5: 5212: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5155: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5068: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4721:other entities 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4686: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4672:United Kingdom 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4485:Czech Republic 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4412: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4389: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4203: 4201: 4200:discrimination 4195: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4163: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4103: 4098: 4086: 4073: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4053: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4003: 3998:978-1317368120 3997: 3984: 3979:978-0452010673 3978: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3929: 3897: 3872: 3847: 3822: 3796: 3785:on 26 May 2021 3770: 3767:. August 2014. 3756: 3737: 3717: 3698: 3684: 3670: 3645: 3631: 3628:. 13 May 2013. 3611: 3585: 3571: 3557: 3546:on 26 May 2021 3527: 3513: 3493: 3471: 3434: 3420: 3395: 3368: 3342: 3324: 3302: 3291:. 6 March 2012 3276: 3249: 3246:. 17 May 2009. 3231: 3213: 3187: 3176:on 7 July 2009 3161: 3135: 3106: 3066: 3033: 3007: 2993: 2965: 2937: 2926:on 20 May 2009 2906: 2883: 2872:on 24 May 2009 2853: 2850:. 27 May 2007. 2833: 2807: 2779: 2760: 2749:on 26 May 2009 2725: 2700: 2675: 2653: 2626: 2612: 2586: 2584:, 2001, p.259. 2573: 2571:, 2001, p.263. 2560: 2542: 2523: 2497: 2471: 2444: 2414: 2386: 2374: 2331: 2287: 2278: 2263: 2237: 2235:, 2001, p.189. 2224: 2222:, 2001, p.188. 2211: 2178: 2176:, 2001, p.184. 2165: 2154:(8): 126–144. 2134: 2131:. p. 170. 2119: 2104: 2095: 2074: 2072:, p. 358. 2062: 2053: 2046: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2000: 1975: 1969: 1955: 1946: 1937: 1918: 1903: 1897: 1884: 1872: 1846: 1836: 1816: 1804: 1797: 1777: 1765: 1750: 1724: 1678: 1671: 1651: 1645:978-0815340553 1644: 1626: 1620: 1594: 1566:978-0304338917 1565: 1547: 1518: 1500: 1486:978-0815305507 1485: 1467: 1427: 1398: 1371:(3): 363–379. 1346: 1320: 1286: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1223: 1220: 1165:Ilya Ponomarev 1161:Vladimir Putin 1145: 1142: 1099:St. Petersburg 1053:Peter Tatchell 1007:discrimination 984:Peter Tatchell 963:Vladimir Putin 952: 863:Valery Kulikov 843: 840: 838: 835: 799: 796: 794: 791: 682:transsexualism 596: 593: 564: 561: 537:Genrikh Yagoda 503: 500: 498: 497: 496:, 1930, p. 593 434:Wayne R. Dynes 410:Transcaucasian 406:Azerbaijan SSR 382: 379: 374:Main article: 371: 368: 338: 335: 268:Mikhail Kuzmin 215:In 1832, Tsar 204:In 1716, Tsar 199:False Dmitry I 178: 177:Russian Empire 175: 146: 143: 137:" in 2013, an 126:Vladimir Putin 103:liberalisation 52:Russian Empire 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5211: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5154: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5089:South Ossetia 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4794: 4789: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4733:Faroe Islands 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4705:South Ossetia 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4557:Liechtenstein 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259:Organizations 4257: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4230: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4196: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4039: 4037: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4019: 4017:9781544658490 4013: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3991:. Routledge. 3990: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3961: 3939: 3933: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3901: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3766: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3641: 3635: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3581: 3575: 3567: 3561: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3523: 3517: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3497: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3441: 3439: 3430: 3424: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3320: 3313: 3306: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3244:COC Nederland 3241: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3124: 3122: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3096: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3038: 3018: 3011: 3003: 2997: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2954:. 27 May 2007 2953: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2894: 2887: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2803: 2797: 2789: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2663: 2657: 2641: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2622: 2616: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2583: 2577: 2570: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2512: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2419: 2399: 2398: 2390: 2383: 2382:Duberman 1989 2378: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304:Slavic Review 2301: 2294: 2292: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2234: 2228: 2221: 2215: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2175: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2138: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2115:Duberman 1989 2111: 2109: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2070:Duberman 1989 2066: 2057: 2049: 2047:9780306455322 2043: 2039: 2038: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1989: 1988:www.jstor.org 1985: 1979: 1973: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1950: 1941: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1915: 1914: 1913:Slavic Review 1907: 1901: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1881: 1880:Duberman 1989 1876: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1843: 1839: 1837:9780815305507 1833: 1829: 1828: 1820: 1813: 1812:Duberman 1989 1808: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1781: 1774: 1773:Duberman 1989 1769: 1762: 1761:Duberman 1989 1757: 1755: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1674: 1672:9781317368113 1668: 1665:. Routledge. 1664: 1663: 1655: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1623: 1621:9780253023346 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1598: 1590: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1558: 1551: 1543: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1519:9781317368113 1515: 1511: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1463: 1457: 1442: 1438: 1431: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1403: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1308: 1304: 1303:Gay Star News 1300: 1293: 1291: 1274: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1259: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:Ryazan Region 1092: 1088: 1085:In 2011, the 1083: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1064: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1042:Ryazan Region 1039: 1035: 1030: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1004: 999: 994: 991: 989: 985: 981: 980:Marco Cappato 977: 973: 967: 964: 957: 951: 948: 947:Ryazan Region 943: 940: 939: 934: 928: 925: 923: 919: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 877: 871: 866: 864: 858: 856: 851: 849: 834: 830: 827: 825: 824:Boris Yeltsin 821: 815: 809: 808:Boris Yeltsin 804: 790: 788: 782: 779: 777: 773: 769: 763: 761: 760: 755: 749: 747: 742: 739: 735: 731: 727: 724: 718: 713: 707: 703: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 677: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 648: 645: 640: 638: 632: 630: 626: 625: 618: 614: 611: 605: 601: 592: 590: 584: 582: 578: 573: 571: 560: 557: 552: 548: 546: 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 526: 521: 517: 512: 509: 495: 491: 490: 489: 484: 482: 481: 476: 470: 468: 467: 460: 455: 450: 444: 442: 437: 435: 431: 425: 423: 419: 415: 414:Central Asian 411: 407: 403: 402:Ukrainian SSR 399: 394: 390: 388: 377: 367: 365: 361: 357: 352: 350: 346: 343: 334: 332: 328: 327:Alexander III 325: 322: 318: 313: 308: 304: 301: 300: 295: 291: 287: 283: 277: 275: 274: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 224: 222: 221:muzhelozhstvo 218: 213: 211: 207: 202: 200: 196: 188: 183: 174: 172: 171:Adam Olearius 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 142: 140: 136: 131: 127: 122: 120: 116: 112: 107: 104: 100: 99:Joseph Stalin 94: 89: 85: 81: 77: 72: 69: 64: 59: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 29: 25: 20: 16: 5104:Dependencies 5034:Turkmenistan 4999:Saudi Arabia 4993: 4710:Transnistria 4621: 4313:Moscow Pride 4266:Gayrussia.ru 4212:Zelim Bakaev 4198:Violence and 4182: 4175: 4168: 4068: 4007: 3988: 3967: 3957:Bibliography 3942:. Retrieved 3932: 3920:. Retrieved 3916:the original 3909: 3900: 3889:, retrieved 3885: 3875: 3864:, retrieved 3860: 3850: 3840:23 September 3838:. Retrieved 3835:huffpost.com 3834: 3825: 3813:. Retrieved 3808: 3799: 3787:. Retrieved 3783:the original 3773: 3759: 3750: 3740: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3701: 3687: 3673: 3663:23 September 3661:. Retrieved 3657: 3648: 3634: 3623: 3614: 3606:The Guardian 3605: 3574: 3560: 3548:. Retrieved 3544:the original 3539: 3530: 3516: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3474: 3462:. Retrieved 3458:the original 3453: 3447: 3423: 3412: 3386:. Retrieved 3382:the original 3371: 3359:. Retrieved 3354: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3305: 3293:. Retrieved 3288: 3279: 3267:. Retrieved 3265:(in Russian) 3262: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3204:. Retrieved 3200:the original 3190: 3178:. Retrieved 3174:the original 3164: 3152:. Retrieved 3148: 3138: 3126:. Retrieved 3119: 3109: 3083:. Retrieved 3078: 3069: 3057:. Retrieved 3053:the original 3049:GayRussia.Ru 3048: 3024:. 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Retrieved 1859: 1849: 1841: 1826: 1819: 1807: 1787: 1780: 1768: 1741:. Retrieved 1736: 1727: 1715:. Retrieved 1711:the original 1706: 1661: 1654: 1635: 1629: 1603: 1597: 1556: 1550: 1509: 1503: 1476: 1470: 1444:. Retrieved 1440: 1430: 1418:. Retrieved 1414:The Guardian 1413: 1368: 1364: 1337:. Retrieved 1332: 1323: 1311:. Retrieved 1307:the original 1302: 1277:. Retrieved 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1173: 1169: 1153: 1144:2013–present 1130: 1119: 1084: 1072: 1057: 1055:– arrested. 1046: 1026: 1021:Slavic Pride 995: 992: 987: 972:Yuri Luzhkov 969: 959: 954: 944: 936: 933:Moscow Pride 929: 926: 916: 908:Chief Rabbis 904:Moscow Pride 894: 890:Moscow Pride 882:Gayrussia.ru 879: 874: 868: 859: 852: 845: 831: 828: 816: 813: 786: 783: 780: 775: 764: 757: 750: 743: 690: 686:vaginoplasty 656: 649: 641: 636: 633: 628: 622: 619: 615: 606: 602: 598: 588: 585: 574: 566: 553: 549: 534: 523: 513: 505: 493: 486: 478: 474: 471: 464: 445: 438: 426: 398:Russian SFSR 395: 391: 384: 370:Soviet Union 353: 349:Emma Goldman 340: 312:urbanization 309: 305: 299:Resurrection 297: 289: 278: 271: 225: 220: 214: 203: 192: 154: 148: 123: 118: 108: 73: 60: 48:Soviet Union 43: 39: 35: 33: 15: 5163:Asia portal 5064:States with 4984:Philippines 4924:South Korea 4919:North Korea 4814:Afghanistan 4748:Isle of Man 4683:recognition 4657:Switzerland 4592:Netherlands 4363:Blue Oyster 4284: [ 4246: [ 4227: [ 4144: [ 4092: [ 4080: [ 3944:30 November 3809:Yahoo! 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