30:
46:
712:
93:
359:
507:. The stelae were carved on upright flagstone-like slabs measuring between 0.7 m to 3.10 m in height. The stones contain only one cut surface, upon which human figures have been chiseled. The theme of each stele reveals the fore view of an upper human body. Eleven of the stelae depict naked warriors with daggers, spears, and axes-masculine symbols of war. They always hold a drinking vessel made of skin in both hands. Two stelae contain female figures without arms. The earliest of these stelae are in the style of bas relief while the latest ones are in a linear style. They date from the 15th to the 11th century BC and may represent the rulers of the kingdom of
74:
692:: "From the Tsaidam salt lakes to the Kül-tegin monument leads a three-kilometer chain of balbals. To our time survived 169 balbals, apparently there were more. Some balbals are given a crude likeness with men, indicated are hands, a hint of a belt. Along the moat toward the east runs a second chain of balbals, which gave I. Lisi a cause to suggest that they circled the fence wall of the monument. However, it is likely that it is another chain belonging to another deceased buried earlier".
554:
640:
472:
527:) country, he reported that Cumans installed these statues on tombs of their deceased. These statues are also mentioned in the 17th-century "Large Drawing Book", as markers for borders and roads, or orientation points. In the 18th century information about some kurgan stelae was collected by Pallas, Falk, Guldenshtedt, Zuev, Lepekhin, and in the first half of the 19th century by Klaprot, Duboa-de-Montpere and Spassky (
1720:(Gumilev L.N. Statuettes...)." "We can note that fight against steppe was more successful, as from 486 balbals we investigated, 329 were conical, and 157 flat." "Sudden raids on the steppe pastures were more successfully than endless struggle with moutaineers, who knew each tree in the forest and each rock in the gorges. Maybe this is a reason why the flat-headed balbals, as a rule, are more massive than conical"
648:
275:
696:
1522:
1633:
736:, etc. Their height is from 3.5 m to 0.7 m, but more often 1.5–2 m. Some of them are simple stone columns, with a rough image of a human face, on others the head (with the narrowed neck) is clearly depicted; in most cases not only the head is depicted, but also body, arms, and frequently both legs, and
673:
states: "To the east from the tombs are standing chains of balbals, crudely sculpted stones implanted in the ground. Number of balbals at the tombs I investigated varies from 0 to 51, but most often there are 3–4 balbals per tomb". Similar numbers are also given by L. R. Kyzlasov. They are memorials
771:
Other obelisks show figures completely naked and usually only their head is covered, and legs are shod. Kurgan statues are sitting (frequently females), and standing (mostly males); in both cases the legs are not depicted. If the legs are depicted, they are either barefoot, or more often shoed, in
1630:
297:
of the Crimea and adjacent steppe region. Those in
Ukraine number around three hundred, most of them very crude stone slabs with a simple schematic protruding head and a few features such as eyes or breasts carved into the stone. Some twenty specimens, known as
1380:
723:
are found still standing on kurgans, others were found buried in the slopes. Not always can be stated if they were contemporary with the kurgans on which they stand, existed earlier, or were carved later and lifted onto the kurgan. Kurgan obelisks are of
871:
is not always depicted clearly. The vast majority of women join hands on the navel or at the bottom of the stomach, and hold a vessel, frequently cylindrical, like a cup or a glass. Sometimes it is so blurred that it can be taken for a folded
792:). Others have stripes on the shoulders, many have two stripes (seldom three, or one wide across), plates (apparently, metal) on the breast attached to a belt or, more often, to two belts. On the belt sometimes is possible to distinguish a
479:
Bronze Age anthropomorphic funerary stelae have been found in Saudi Arabia. There are similarities to the Kurgan type in the handling of the slab-like body with incised detail, though the treatment of the head is rather more realistic.
1090:
1209:, Современное состояние вопроса о «каменных бабах» или «балбалах» ("the current state of the question of the 'stone babas' or 'balbals'"), Notes of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities, vol. 33, Odessa (1915).
681:
that every balbal represented a certain person, such distinction cannot be by chance. Likely here is marked an important ethnographic attribute, a headdress. The steppe-dwellers up until present wear a conic
784:
with ornaments. Many female kurgan obelisks (and some male) are naked above the belt, but below a belt and dress are visible, sometimes two dresses, one longer underneath, and another on the top, as a semi-'
593:, etc. These are only a small part of examples dispersed in various regions of Eastern Europe, of which multitudes were already destroyed and used as construction material for buildings, fences, etc.
1465:: "a vertically anchored stone near a memorial structure, symbolizing a killed enemy" (Kyzlasov, 1966, 207, 208) (cited after Shipova E.N., 'Dictionary of Turkisms In Russian', p. 55).
29:
249:) revered kurgan obelisks in their country as images of their ancestors, and that when a bowl was held by the statue, it was to deposit a part of the ashes after the
1755:
674:
to the feats of the deceased, every balbal represents an enemy killed by him. Many tombs have no balbals. Apparently, there are buried ashes of women and children.
1513:
Richard
Harrison and Volker Heyd, The Transformation of Europe in the Third Millennium BC: the example of ‘Le Petit-Chasseur I + III’ (Sion, Valais, Switzerland),
305:
The simple, early type of anthropomorphic stelae are also found in the Alpine region of Italy, southern France and
Portugal. Examples have also been found in
1038:
Harrison, R. and Heyd, V., The
Transformation of Europe in the Third Millennium BC: the example of ‘Le Petit-Chasseur I + III’ (Sion, Valais, Switzerland),
3187:
1702:
40 out of a total of 137 anthropomorphic stelae described by Ol'chovskij and
Evdokimov (1994:67,69 table 14) include the depiction of a drinking horn.
1462:
45:
1826:
3584:
3325:
2921:
824:. On the neck the men wear a metal band, women wear a necklace of beads or scales, sometimes even 2 or 3 are visible, some have a wide tape or a
880:
in the left hand, and a sword in the right; and another has hands simply joined, without a bowl, one female figurine holds a ring, some hold a
456:
233:
Anthropomorphic stelae were probably memorials to the honoured dead. They are found in the context of burials and funeral sanctuaries from the
3540:
3049:
499:
Thirteen stone stelae, of a type similar to those of the
Eurasian steppes, were found in 1998 in their original location at the centre of
3372:
2823:
1547:
Igor
Manzura The Proto-Bronze Ace cemetery at Durakukak: a look from the east, in Lolita Nikolova, John Fritz and Jude Higgins (eds.),
788:' or a short furcoat, with appliques and inserts (the ornaments of inserts consist of geometrical lines, double spirals, etc., or even
1801:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Kurgan stelae.
1092:
Ancient statue-menhirs in
Chemurchek and surrounding territories 2012 (Древнейшие статуи Чемурчека и окружающих территорий 2012)
688:, and the Altaians wear flat round hats. The same forms of headdresses are recorded for the 8th century. Another observation of
1798:
487:
on the steppe and are presumed to derive from steppe types. A fragment of one was found in the earliest layer of deposition at
420:, where they persisted for a few centuries longer. These peoples left carefully crafted stone stelae, with all features cut in
3741:
3736:
1227:
1100:
1063:
1250:
Hartman, "Becherstatuen in
Ostpreussen und die Literatur der Becherstatuen", in ‘‘Archiv für Anthropologie" (vol. 21, 1892).
711:
401:
of the early 1st millennium BC left a small number (about ten are known) of distinctive stone stelae. Another four or five "
3706:
1819:
1220:"Evolution of social organization of Timber-grave society in late cultural stage (example of Novopokrovka 2 kurgan burial)"
596:
In the 1850s
Piskarev, summing all information about kurgan obelisks available in literature, counted 649 items, mostly in
162:
Spanning more than three millennia, they are clearly the product of various cultures. The earliest are associated with the
963:
1517:, vol. 82, no. 2 (2007), pp. 129–214; John Robb, People of stone: stelae, personhood and society in prehistoric Europe,
3691:
1534:
152:), in kurgan cemeteries, or in a double line extending from a kurgan. The stelae are also described as "obelisks" or "
3696:
2950:
1856:
1445:
1576:
3157:
3044:
901:
539:
assembled all available at that time data about kurgan obelisks, and illustrated them with drawings of 44 statues.
740:, and dress. On more crude statues is impossible to discern sex, but mostly it is expressed clearly: men are with
92:
3569:
2960:
1998:
1812:
1793:
256:
When used architecturally, stelae could act as a system of stone fences, frequently surrounded by a moat, with
3701:
3182:
2712:
1972:
2040:
358:
3177:
2717:
2190:
1866:
1446:
The Horse, The Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
439:(c. 10th century), a post measuring about 3 meters, with four faces under a single pointed hat (c.f.
3716:
2143:
3445:
3246:
1381:"The Great Migration of the Chemurchek People from France to the Altai in the Early 3rd Millenium BCE"
677:
Balbals have two clearly distinct forms: conic and flat, with shaved top. Considering the evidence of
73:
3251:
3066:
1324:
1284:
832:, ending with a 4-corner cloth. On the hands, wrists and shoulders (especially for nude figures) are
198:
167:
3440:
2532:
2077:
317:
2604:
2599:
744:(sometimes with beard, one bearded kurgan obelisk is in the courtyard of the Historical Museum in
542:
Later in the 19th century, data about these statues was gathered by A.I. Kelsiev, and in Siberia,
3726:
3557:
3467:
2639:
2406:
2225:
2158:
1890:
1304:
578:
1614:"Collection of the National Museum of Mongolia: The Oldest Kurgan Stelae discovered in Mongolia"
666:
in their upraised right hand. Many also show a sword or dagger suspended on the warrior's belt.
3645:
3519:
3125:
3016:
3004:
2700:
2441:
2280:
1917:
1851:
1835:
3731:
3384:
3320:
3194:
2887:
2813:
2587:
2582:
2520:
2459:
2396:
2344:
2337:
1883:
1406:
600:
2769:
892:
Several Cuman kurgan stelae from the 9th to 13th centuries located at the Ukrainian site of
856:, they also are depicted for men. In some cases the male hat undoubtedly represents a small
523:
mentioned them for the first time in the 13th century, seeing them on kurgans in the Cuman (
3650:
3601:
3596:
3579:
3574:
3552:
3342:
3056:
2909:
2801:
2705:
2498:
2183:
1982:
1925:
1756:"Ukrainian stone statues—likened to Easter Island's Moai—destroyed during Russian invasion"
897:
242:
171:
2153:
1254:
1146:, Bulletin of International Association for Study of central Asian Cultures, Moscow, 1986.
796:
in the middle or thongs hanging from it with sometimes attached bag, a round metal pocket
511:, perhaps derived from a Eurasian steppe culture that had infiltrated into the Near East.
8:
3721:
3640:
3305:
3110:
2943:
2476:
2349:
2230:
2205:
1785:
1552:
1336:
678:
325:
313:
1342:
3591:
3494:
3396:
3209:
2391:
2121:
2087:
1665:
1402:
1315:
1275:
1206:
520:
363:
269:
1423:
The anthropomorphic stelae of the Ukraine: the early iconography of the Indo-Europeans
504:
435:
region where such anthropomorphic figures were found. The most famous of these is the
3686:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3562:
3219:
3137:
2431:
2416:
2401:
2381:
2272:
2251:
2062:
1905:
1760:
1641:
1223:
1096:
1059:
483:
The anthropomorphic stelae so far found in Anatolia appear to post-date those of the
283:
175:
163:
103:
62:
864:
is more diverse, like a hat with curved brims, ‘bashlyk’, Kyrgyz (Kazakh) hat, etc.
500:
3746:
3681:
3628:
3535:
3278:
3061:
2861:
2781:
2737:
2537:
2359:
2210:
2170:
1295:
1215:
1048:
484:
294:
206:
125:
52:
3120:
3076:
1083:"Stone obelisks of Azerbaijan (2nd half of 1st millennium BC – 1st millennium AD)"
3711:
3509:
3479:
3241:
3169:
3147:
3105:
3000:
2970:
2835:
2830:
2481:
2364:
1935:
1637:
1355:
1347:
1179:
Robb, J., People of stone: stelae, personhood and society in prehistoric Europe,
825:
753:
341:
137:
84:
943:
3618:
3545:
3367:
3332:
3263:
3152:
3024:
2732:
2317:
2307:
2128:
2109:
1673:
1236:
532:
524:
428:
412:
tribes began to dominate the Pontic steppe. They were in turn displaced by the
345:
337:
312:
The distribution of later stelae is limited in the west by the Odesa district,
191:
99:
900:
in March and April 2022 when they occupied the area for six months during the
503:, a city in the south eastern corner of Turkey, and are now on display in the
3675:
3504:
3489:
3435:
3413:
3310:
3298:
3214:
3083:
2965:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2614:
2525:
2454:
2195:
2138:
2116:
2025:
1957:
1952:
1930:
1690:
1591:
1578:
1458:
1410:
1247:(Proceedings of the 1st Moscow Archaeological Congress) (1869) with 2 tables)
938:
919:
877:
663:
590:
564:, 5th to 4th century BC. Photographed before excavation, early 20th-century,
561:
557:
547:
444:
391:
353:
329:
299:
290:
153:
2045:
1166:, Coll. of Archeological Sources, SAI, Issue E 4-2, Moscow, "Science", 1974.
3423:
3379:
3360:
3315:
3115:
3039:
2796:
2791:
2747:
2374:
2256:
2220:
2200:
2052:
2030:
1942:
933:
813:
700:
616:
431:
stelae are again more primitive. There are some thirty sites of the middle
379:
349:
333:
302:, are more complex, featuring ornaments, weapons, human or animal figures.
214:
3472:
3462:
3452:
3408:
3403:
3355:
3293:
3256:
3229:
3130:
3100:
2975:
2897:
2818:
2806:
2567:
2552:
2542:
2513:
2471:
2386:
2354:
2302:
2235:
2072:
1947:
1804:
1737:
1721:
760:, etc.; women are with bared breasts, wearing peculiar headdresses, with
749:
689:
670:
643:
Collection of drawings of Scythian stelae of the 6th to 5th centuries BC.
460:
436:
321:
253:
of the deceased, and another part was laid under the base of the statue.
238:
187:
1631:
Roads of Arabia – Archaeology and History of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
553:
3606:
3499:
3457:
3273:
3236:
3199:
3095:
2682:
2594:
2421:
2322:
2295:
2215:
2013:
1967:
1878:
1846:
1418:
924:
741:
704:
550:, Ivanov, Adrianov and Yadrintsev, in Prussia by Lissauer and Gartman.
402:
375:
371:
287:
234:
394:, in Sagai steppe in Mongolia (according to Potanin and Yadrintseva).
3514:
3283:
3268:
2866:
2851:
2776:
2759:
2677:
2562:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2411:
2290:
2178:
2104:
1871:
1861:
1613:
861:
729:
725:
715:
Stone stele found in Boyahmadli village of Ağdam region of Azerbaijan
639:
628:
565:
543:
508:
413:
398:
387:
383:
309:
at Plachidol, Ezerovo, and Durankulak and at Hamangia-Baia, Romania.
257:
250:
183:
80:
1693:, Язычество древней Руси ("Paganism of Ancient Rus", 1987, fig. 7).
581:
has 30 specimens (in the halls and in the courtyard); others are in
3288:
3224:
3071:
3029:
2764:
2672:
2547:
2369:
2332:
2312:
913:
837:
833:
829:
781:
765:
737:
720:
604:
475:
A Hakkari stele: An armed warrior man wearing a cap (1500-1000 BCE)
440:
409:
336:(in some opinions even the Ryazan province), Ahtyr district in the
306:
222:
179:
61:), dated to the mid 3rd millennium BC and associated with the late
1678:
The Heritage of Eastern Turkey: from earliest settlements to Islam
471:
3350:
3142:
3088:
3034:
2856:
2662:
2572:
2426:
2327:
2285:
2148:
2067:
2020:
2008:
1556:
853:
840:, on the head (forehead) sometimes is an ornamental bandage or a
789:
733:
684:
652:
624:
620:
612:
582:
535:, in the 1869 ‘‘Works of the 1st Archeological Congress in Moscow
432:
246:
210:
202:
1549:
Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropological Theory and Education
405:" dating to the same time are known from the northern Caucasus.
3418:
2955:
2933:
2786:
2722:
2667:
2057:
2035:
2003:
1977:
1414:
881:
860:(‘misyurka’), sometimes with crossing metal strips. The female
857:
849:
841:
817:
809:
797:
793:
785:
761:
745:
659:
608:
597:
452:
421:
417:
218:
156:
149:
145:
1434:
O. D. Forostyuk, Луганщина релігійна, Luhansk, Світлиця, 2004.
274:
16:
Anthropomorphic stone stelae within the perimeter of a tumulus
3484:
3204:
2938:
2892:
2754:
2609:
2557:
2133:
2099:
893:
873:
845:
801:
757:
586:
448:
362:
The "Oldest Kurgan stelae in Mongolia", circa 2500-2000 BCE:
141:
328:
in the Stavropol province and Kuban region; in the north by
3430:
3391:
2871:
2727:
2657:
2577:
2449:
1962:
1253:
Brockhaus-Efron Small Encyclopaedic Dictionary (1890–1916)
868:
805:
773:
488:
1015:, Works of State Historical Museum, Vol. 16, Moscow, 1945.
647:
466:
144:, images cut from stone, installed atop, within or around
2742:
2508:
2466:
1222:/16th Ural archeological conference, Ekaterinburg, 2007,
821:
695:
1329:
1289:
929:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
927: – Megaliths found largely in Siberia and Mongolia
836:(rings) and cuffs, in the ears, for women and men, are
1052:"Skulls from stone tiled kurgans (Central Kazakhstan)"
1309:
631:(5), etc.; but many statues remained unknown to him.
447:
argued for identification of the faces with the gods
1183:, vol. 16, no. 3 (September 2009), pp. 162–183.
386:, Tokmak district), then in upper courses of rivers
1500:J. P. Mallory and D. Q. Adams, "Kemi Oba Culture",
1487:J. P. Mallory and D. Q. Adams, "Kemi Oba Culture",
1154:"Scythian sculptures of the 7th – 3rd centuries BC"
1003:"Early Middle Age sculptures in Eastern Kazakhstan"
1476:Congres internationale d'Archeologie prehistorique
1095:(Naučn. izd ed.). Sankt-Peterburg: LDPrint.
1023:"Stone obelisks of Southern Siberia and Mongolia"
3673:
282:The earliest anthropomorphic stelae date to the
1521:, vol. 16, no. 3 (September 2009), pp. 162–183.
1401:Discovered in 1973 in Kernosovka (Kernosivka),
946: – Neolithic archaeological site in Turkey
56:
1820:
993:"Stone statues in Central region of Mongolia"
546:and Mongolia by Potanin, Pettsold, Poyarkov,
130:
1425:, Institute for the Study of Man, 1994, 54f.
320:, Kalisz province, Prussia; in the south by
1799:Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes
1519:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
1201:"The Anthropomorphic Stelae of the Ukraine"
1181:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
808:, sometimes also is shown (male statues) a
263:
83:) from Hamangia-Baia, Romania exhibited at
1834:
1827:
1813:
1753:
197:Such stelae are found in large numbers in
1670:, Volume 53, Number 4, (July/August 2000)
1461:: "stone obelisk in honour of deceased."
1413:, kept in Yavornytsky Historical Museum,
1385:International Journal of Eurasian Studies
1144:"Early Middle Age sculptures of Kipchaks"
1042:, vol. 82, no. 2 (2007), pp. 129–214
136:meaning "ancestor" or "grandfather") are
79:Anthropomorphic stele of the early type (
1754:Kishkovsky, Sophia (21 September 2022).
1705:
1538:(2007), fig.13.11. (misprint "Yezevoro")
1504:, (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), pp. 544–546.
710:
694:
646:
638:
552:
470:
357:
273:
260:hearths, sometimes tiled on the inside.
1562:
1378:
1114:"Ancient obelisks in Altai. Deer slabs"
1088:
467:Anthropomorphic stelae of the Near East
3674:
1491:, (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), pp. 327–8.
662:, commonly depict a warrior holding a
2998:
2637:
1903:
1808:
1502:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1489:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1354:
848:can not always be distinguished from
106:, dating from 2700–2150 BC
2999:
1174:"Antiques of Black Klobuks (Oguzes)"
344:, Balash and Atkar districts in the
286:, and are associated with the early
416:from the 2nd century BC, except in
370:In the east they are spread in the
366:standing stone (Yagshiin khodoo 3).
13:
1535:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
1152:Ol'khovskiy V.S., Evdokimov G.L.,
1124:"Ancient Türkic obelisks in Altai"
1013:"Stone obelisks of Northern Altai"
780:), sometimes with distinguishable
182:specimens are identified with the
14:
3758:
2951:Megalithic architectural elements
1779:
1654:The Horse, The Wheel and Language
1033:"Ancient Türkic obelisks in Tuva"
494:
39:", southern France, 3100-2900 BC.
2638:
1156:. Moscow: MTO METEO Publ., 1994.
1134:"History of Tuva in Middle Ages"
973:"Stone obelisks of Upper Irtysh"
971:Arslanova F.Kh., Charikov A.A.,
902:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
293:Horizon, in particular with the
91:
72:
44:
28:
3570:Evolutionary origin of religion
1794:Balbals – Stone Sculptures
1747:
1731:
1714:
1696:
1683:
1659:
1646:
1642:Arabian Archaeology: Bronze Age
1624:
1606:
1568:
1541:
1526:
1507:
1243:("Overview of Stone Babas") in
1005:, Soviet Archeology No 4, 1974.
975:, Soviet Archeology No 3, 1974.
950:
324:, Crimea; in the south-east by
1656:(2007), p. 339 and fig. 13.11.
1494:
1481:
1468:
1452:
1437:
1428:
1395:
1372:
1269:
1142:Novgorodova E., Pechersky A.,
1058:, Vol. 1, Pavlodar EKO, 2006,
995:, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 1997.
887:
1:
3183:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2713:British megalith architecture
1365:
669:Writing about Altai kurgans,
634:
378:) steppe to the banks of the
3742:Outdoor sculptures in Turkey
3737:Outdoor sculptures in Russia
3178:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2718:Nordic megalith architecture
1711:Kyzlasov L.R. Tuva... p. 62.
1666:Veli Sevin, Mystery Stelae,
983:"Stone obelisks of Mongolia"
962:Catalogue of stone obelisks
876:. One male figurine holds a
514:
352:in Buzuluk districts in the
241:. Ivanovovsky reported that
174:according to the mainstream
7:
3707:Archaeology of Central Asia
1551:. RPRP 6-7 (2005), p. 5155.
1515:Praehistorische Zeitschrift
1330:
1310:
1290:
1191:"Stone obelisks of Jeti-su"
1073:"Grave statues in Darigang"
1040:Praehistorische Zeitschrift
907:
748:), in a costume with metal
623:province, Siberia (12), in
579:Historical museum in Moscow
332:and Oboyan district of the
278:Megalithic stelae in Europe
10:
3763:
3326:British Isles and Brittany
3247:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1245:Трудах I Моск. арх. съезда
1232:19th-century publications
960:Archeological Encyclopedia
572:
267:
228:
3692:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
3528:
3341:
3168:
3015:
3011:
2994:
2880:
2844:
2693:
2650:
2646:
2633:
2440:
2271:
2244:
2169:
2095:
2086:
1991:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1899:
1842:
1565:, p. 116, statue 54.
1478:, (Moscow, 1892), vol. 1.
1351:
1319:
1299:
1279:
651:Kurgan stele (baba) near
408:From the 7th century BC,
121:
63:Pit Grave (Yamna) culture
57:
3697:Archaeological artifacts
1379:Kovalev, Alexey (2011).
1262:
1164:"Kipchak stone obelisks"
1089:Kovalev, Alexey (2012).
658:Scythian balbals, later
264:History and distribution
170:(and therefore with the
3558:Evolutionary musicology
2961:Oldest extant buildings
2888:Archaeological features
2407:Prepared-core technique
964:Sati.archaeilogy.nsc.ru
812:or a straight sword, a
382:and to Turkestan (near
37:La Dame de Saint-Sernin
3520:Unchambered long cairn
3368:Mound Builders culture
2701:Neolithic architecture
1836:Prehistoric technology
1744:, Moscow, 1993, p. 329
1728:, Moscow, 1993, p. 261
716:
708:
655:
644:
569:
476:
367:
279:
131:
3195:List of Stone Age art
2397:Microblade technology
2345:Langdale axe industry
1943:Ard / plough
1407:Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
714:
699:A Turkic balbal near
698:
650:
642:
556:
474:
361:
277:
168:Pontic–Caspian steppe
124:, most probably from
3702:Megalithic monuments
3602:Prehistoric medicine
3597:Prehistoric counting
3580:Prehistoric religion
3575:Paleolithic religion
3553:Behavioral modernity
2910:Causewayed enclosure
2802:Abri de la Madeleine
1926:Neolithic Revolution
1618:MONTSAME News Agency
1126:, Novosibirsk, 1984.
1116:, Novosibirsk, 1979.
707:, 6th-7th century CE
172:Proto-Indo-Europeans
3641:Prehistoric warfare
2387:Magdalenian culture
2350:Levallois technique
2281:Earliest toolmaking
1592:46.1218°N 91.5718°E
1588: /
1241:Сведения о К. бабах
1025:, MIA, 1952, No 24.
756:, sometimes with a
679:Orkhon inscriptions
491:, known as Troy I.
98:Stele #25 from the
3717:Outdoor sculptures
3592:Origin of language
3585:Spiritual drug use
3495:Rectangular dolmen
3397:Dartmoor kistvaens
3210:Carved stone balls
2922:Circular enclosure
2881:Other architecture
2824:Alp pile dwellings
2412:Solutrean industry
2323:Gravettian culture
1973:Secondary products
1680:(2006), pp. 68–71.
1636:2011-06-15 at the
1443:David W. Anthony,
1403:Novomoskovsk Raion
1075:, Leningrad, 1930.
896:were destroyed by
828:dropping from the
768:on the neck, etc.
717:
709:
656:
645:
611:province (44), in
570:
568:territory, Siberia
521:William of Rubruck
519:European traveler
477:
368:
364:Chemurchek culture
280:
270:Prehistoric Europe
58:Керносівський ідол
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3614:Prehistoric music
3563:music archaeology
3220:Cup and ring mark
3045:Clothing/textiles
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2432:Yubetsu technique
2417:Striking platform
2382:Lithic technology
2267:
2266:
2252:Game drive system
2171:Projectile points
2063:Mortar and pestle
1761:The Art Newspaper
1340:
1328:
1308:
1288:
1228:978-5-903594-04-7
1207:Veselovsky, N. I.
1102:978-5-905585-03-6
1071:Kazakevich V.A.,
1064:978-9965-635-21-2
884:(drinking horn).
529:Siberian obelisks
342:Voronezh province
284:4th millennium BC
176:Kurgan hypothesis
164:Pit Grave culture
104:Sion, Switzerland
3754:
3629:Divje Babe flute
3536:Archaeoastronomy
3279:Petrosomatoglyph
3013:
3012:
2996:
2995:
2845:Water management
2648:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2538:Denticulate tool
2360:Lithic reduction
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1356:[bɑlbɑl]
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1081:Khalilov M.Dj.,
1080:
1079:(in Azerbaijani)
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1047:
1030:
1021:Evtükhova L.A.,
1020:
1011:Evtükhova L.A.,
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
958:
930:
867:The type of the
485:Kemi Oba culture
348:to the banks of
346:Saratov province
338:Kharkiv province
314:Podolsk province
295:Kemi Oba culture
134:
123:
95:
81:Neolithic period
76:
60:
59:
53:Kernosivsky idol
48:
32:
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3524:
3510:Stone box grave
3480:Megalithic tomb
3385:Cotswold-Severn
3337:
3242:Guardian stones
3170:Prehistoric art
3164:
3007:
2982:
2971:Timber trackway
2876:
2840:
2836:Wattle and daub
2689:
2668:Standing stones
2642:
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1992:Food processing
1987:
1936:New World crops
1908:
1895:
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1777:
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1764:
1752:
1748:
1742:"Ancient Türks"
1736:
1732:
1726:"Ancient Türks"
1719:
1715:
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1638:Wayback Machine
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1532:D. W. Anthony,
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1463:Leonid Kyzlasov
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1391:: Figure 31-10.
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1274:
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1196:
1193:, Moscow, 1966.
1186:
1176:, Moscow, 1972.
1172:Pletneva S.A.,
1169:
1162:Pletneva S.A.,
1159:
1149:
1139:
1136:, Moscow, 1969.
1132:Kyzlasov L.R.,
1129:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1085:, Moscow, 1988.
1078:
1068:
1045:
1035:, Moscow, 1961.
1028:
1018:
1008:
1001:Charikov A.A.,
998:
988:
978:
968:
956:
953:
928:
910:
890:
816:, a ‘kolchan’ (
637:
575:
517:
497:
469:
354:Samara province
272:
266:
237:through to the
231:
199:Southern Russia
138:anthropomorphic
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3727:Bronze Age art
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3619:Alligator drum
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1780:External links
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1674:Antonio Sagona
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1311:kamennyye baby
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1237:Aleksey Uvarov
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1122:Kubarev V.D.,
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1112:Kubarev V.D.,
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989:(in Mongolian)
986:
985:, Seoul, 1994.
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820:), a hook, an
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619:land (37), in
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533:Aleksey Uvarov
516:
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495:Hakkari Stelae
493:
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465:
334:Kursk province
330:Minsk province
300:statue menhirs
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192:Turkic peoples
190:examples with
100:Petit Chasseur
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85:Histria Museum
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3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:Timber circle
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2915:Tor enclosure
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2903:fulacht fiadh
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:spear-thrower
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:Bow and arrow
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Grinding slab
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Domestication
1956:
1954:
1953:Digging stick
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Founder crops
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:New Stone Age
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1786:Каменные бабы
1784:
1783:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1692:
1691:B. A. Rybakov
1689:redrawn from
1686:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1652:D.W. Anthony,
1649:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1601:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1474:Ivanovovsky,
1471:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:Ukrainian SSR
1408:
1404:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1300:каменные бабы
1297:
1292:
1286:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:Ismagulov, O.
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1004:
997:
994:
987:
984:
977:
974:
967:
965:
961:
955:
954:
945:
942:
940:
939:Statue menhir
937:
935:
932:
926:
923:
921:
920:Dol hareubang
918:
915:
912:
911:
905:
903:
899:
895:
885:
883:
879:
875:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
844:. The female
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
713:
706:
702:
697:
693:
691:
687:
686:
680:
675:
672:
667:
665:
664:drinking horn
661:
654:
649:
641:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:(43), in the
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:
598:Ekaterinoslav
594:
592:
591:Novocherkassk
588:
584:
580:
567:
563:
562:Tagar culture
559:
558:Salbyk kurgan
555:
551:
549:
548:Vasily Radlov
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
512:
510:
506:
502:
492:
490:
486:
481:
473:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:Boris Rybakov
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
365:
360:
356:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
303:
301:
296:
292:
289:
285:
276:
271:
261:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
133:
127:
119:
115:
114:Kurgan stelae
105:
101:
94:
86:
82:
75:
64:
54:
47:
38:
31:
22:Kurgan stelae
3732:Scythian art
3446:wedge-shaped
3431:Funeral pyre
3424:Great dolmen
3380:Chamber tomb
3361:Round barrow
3316:Stone circle
3188:Blombos Cave
3116:Grooved ware
3040:Chalcolithic
2944:Thornborough
2862:Flush toilet
2797:Blombos Cave
2792:Rock shelter
2748:Quiggly hole
2640:Architecture
2615:illustration
2257:Buffalo jump
2078:Storage pits
2041:Aşıklı Höyük
2031:Ground stone
1867:Subdivisions
1789:(in Russian)
1767:21 September
1765:. Retrieved
1759:
1749:
1741:
1738:Gumilev L.N.
1733:
1725:
1722:Gumilev L.N.
1716:
1707:
1698:
1685:
1677:
1667:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1570:
1563:Kovalev 2012
1558:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1454:
1444:
1439:
1430:
1422:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1331:baby kamiani
1320:Баби кам'яні
1271:
1244:
1240:
1219:
1213:(in Russian)
1200:
1197:(in Russian)
1190:
1189:Sher A.Ya.,
1187:(in Russian)
1180:
1173:
1170:(in Russian)
1163:
1160:(in Russian)
1153:
1150:(in Russian)
1143:
1140:(in Russian)
1133:
1130:(in Russian)
1123:
1120:(in Russian)
1113:
1110:(in Russian)
1091:
1082:
1072:
1069:(in Russian)
1055:
1051:
1046:(in Russian)
1039:
1032:
1031:Grach A.D.,
1029:(in Russian)
1022:
1019:(in Russian)
1012:
1009:(in Russian)
1002:
999:(in Russian)
992:
982:
972:
969:(in Russian)
959:
957:(in Russian)
951:Bibliography
944:Göbekli Tepe
934:Scythian art
891:
866:
777:
772:high or low
770:
750:breastplates
719:Some kurgan
718:
701:Burana Tower
683:
676:
671:L.N. Gumilev
668:
657:
617:Don Cossacks
595:
576:
541:
536:
528:
518:
498:
482:
478:
426:
407:
396:
380:Irtysh River
369:
350:Samara River
311:
304:
281:
255:
232:
215:Central Asia
196:
161:
129:
120:(Ukrainian:
117:
113:
112:
36:
3468:unchambered
3463:Long barrow
3453:Grave goods
3409:Court cairn
3404:Clava cairn
3356:Bowl barrow
3294:Rock cupule
3237:Golden hats
3230:Hill figure
3131:Unstan ware
3111:Cord-marked
2976:Sweet Track
2898:Burnt mound
2819:Stilt house
2807:Sibudu Cave
2600:Tally stick
2568:Quern-stone
2553:Hammerstone
2543:Fire plough
2514:Pesse canoe
2472:Bannerstone
2442:Other tools
2355:Lithic core
2303:Aurignacian
2191:Bare Island
2073:Quern-stone
1668:Archaeology
1595: /
1341:'stone
1291:khün chuluu
1255:Cultinfo.ru
1216:Yudin, A.I.
979:(in Korean)
888:Destruction
690:Lev Gumilev
437:Zbruch Idol
422:deep relief
403:deer stones
322:Kacha River
258:sacrificial
239:Middle Ages
209:, southern
3722:Cimmerians
3676:Categories
3607:trepanning
3500:Ring cairn
3458:Jar burial
3441:transepted
3373:U.S. sites
3274:Petroglyph
3200:Bird stone
3158:wine press
2831:Stone roof
2814:Roundhouse
2706:long house
2683:Stonehenge
2651:Ceremonial
2595:Stone tool
2422:Tool stone
2392:Metallurgy
2296:Mousterian
2273:Toolmaking
2211:Cumberland
2184:Transverse
2154:Schöningen
2046:Qesem cave
2014:Earth oven
1968:Irrigation
1879:Technology
1847:Prehistory
1583:91°34′18″E
1580:46°07′18″N
1419:JP Mallory
1366:References
925:Deer stone
916:(9000 BCE)
742:moustaches
705:Kyrgyzstan
635:Appearance
603:(428), in
505:Van Museum
414:Sarmatians
399:Cimmerians
326:Kuma River
288:Bronze Age
268:See also:
245:Torgouts (
243:Tarbagatai
235:Eneolithic
3651:symbolism
3515:Tor cairn
3473:Grønsalen
3414:Cremation
3306:Sculpture
3284:Pictogram
3269:Petroform
3089:amber use
3057:Cosmetics
2867:Reservoir
2852:Check dam
2782:Pueblitos
2777:Pit-house
2760:Longhouse
2694:Dwellings
2563:Microlith
2494:Bow drill
2489:Bone tool
2482:prismatic
2291:Acheulean
2206:Cresswell
2179:Arrowhead
2105:Boomerang
2021:Granaries
1983:Terracing
1862:Stone Age
1459:W.Radloff
1325:romanized
1316:Ukrainian
1305:romanized
1285:romanized
1280:хүн чулуу
1276:Mongolian
991:Bayar D.
981:Bayar D.
862:headdress
834:bracelets
766:necklaces
738:headdress
730:limestone
726:sandstone
629:Stavropol
607:(54), in
566:Minusinsk
544:Turkestan
537:(vol. 2),
531:). Count
515:Recording
509:Hubushkia
384:Issyk Kul
251:cremation
184:Scythians
3687:Kipchaks
3289:Rock art
3252:painting
3225:Geoglyph
3050:timeline
3030:Beadwork
2770:Mehrgarh
2765:Mudbrick
2673:megalith
2548:Fire-saw
2370:debitage
2365:analysis
2333:Hand axe
2313:Cupstone
1891:Glossary
1852:Timeline
1634:Archived
1056:"Nomads"
914:Urfa Man
908:See also
854:bandages
838:earrings
830:necklace
782:trousers
778:bashmaks
721:obelisks
627:(5), in
605:Taganrog
601:province
441:Svetovid
410:Scythian
307:Bulgaria
223:Mongolia
188:medieval
180:Iron Age
3747:Kurgans
3682:Scythia
3646:Symbols
3257:pigment
3143:Weaving
3106:Cardium
3101:Pottery
3096:Mirrors
3084:Jewelry
3025:Baskets
3005:culture
2857:Cistern
2663:Pyramid
2605:Weapons
2583:Scraper
2573:Racloir
2533:Cleaver
2521:Chopper
2427:Uniface
2338:Grooves
2328:Hafting
2286:Oldowan
2245:Systems
2196:Cascade
2159:woomera
2149:harpoon
2122:history
2088:Hunting
2068:Pottery
2009:Cooking
1918:Farming
1884:history
1857:Outline
1449:(2007).
1339:
1327::
1307::
1296:Russian
1287::
1203:, 1994.
850:ribbons
790:cuirass
762:girdles
734:granite
685:malahai
653:Luhansk
625:Poltava
621:Yenisei
613:Kharkiv
583:Kharkiv
573:Numbers
525:Kipchak
501:Hakkâri
433:Dniestr
392:Yenisei
318:Galicia
247:Kalmyks
229:Purpose
211:Siberia
207:Prussia
203:Ukraine
178:). The
166:of the
157:menhirs
146:kurgans
118:Balbals
3712:Steles
3624:flutes
3419:Dolmen
3343:Burial
3153:winery
3126:Linear
2956:Midden
2934:Cursus
2927:Goseck
2787:Pueblo
2738:Dugout
2723:Burdei
2402:Mining
2226:Lamoka
2221:Folsom
2201:Clovis
2058:Metate
2036:Hearth
2004:Basket
1978:Sickle
1415:Dnipro
1352:балбал
1348:Kyrgyz
1235:Count
1226:
1099:
1062:
882:rhyton
858:helmet
846:braids
842:diadem
818:quiver
810:dagger
798:mirror
794:buckle
786:kaftan
746:Moscow
609:Crimea
453:Makosh
429:Slavic
427:Early
418:Crimea
376:Kazakh
372:Kyrgyz
219:Turkey
154:statue
150:tumuli
148:(i.e.
142:stelae
140:stone
132:balbal
126:Turkic
122:балбал
3541:sites
3485:Mummy
3205:Cairn
3121:Jōmon
3072:shoes
3067:Hides
2939:Henge
2893:Broch
2755:Jacal
2610:Wheel
2558:Knife
2504:Canoe
2499:Burin
2477:Blade
2375:flake
2236:Plano
2144:baton
2134:Spear
2100:Arrow
2053:Manos
1906:Tools
1345:'
1343:babas
1263:Notes
894:Izium
874:scarf
802:knife
774:boots
758:sword
754:belts
660:Cuman
587:Odesa
461:Veles
449:Perun
291:Yamna
128:word
3634:gudi
3392:Cist
3321:list
3148:Wine
3077:Ötzi
3062:Glue
3035:Beds
3003:and
3001:Arts
2872:Well
2728:Cave
2658:Kiva
2588:side
2578:Rope
2526:tool
2460:bone
2450:Adze
2216:Eden
2129:Nets
1999:Fire
1963:Goad
1948:Celt
1769:2022
1337:lit.
1224:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1060:ISBN
878:bowl
869:face
826:belt
806:comb
752:and
577:The
489:Troy
459:and
457:Lado
397:The
390:and
221:and
186:and
51:The
2743:Hut
2678:row
2509:Oar
2467:Axe
2455:Awl
852:or
822:axe
814:bow
764:or
703:in
443:).
388:Tom
159:".
116:or
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