77:
414:, an expert on the PKK, also expressed her skepticism of the claims of separation by saying, "It would be the first time in the history of the PKK that they allow the existence of any other group representing the Kurds than themselves. In the 1990s, the PKK fought with rival Kurdish groups in Europe, it has killed dissidents within its own ranks. I see no reason why they would allow another group on the stage now." Marcus believes that it is unlikely that the TAK gets direct orders from PKK but thinks that the PKK has control over TAK's actions.
141:
350:'s and other PKK leaders' repeated calls for a ceasefire followed by negotiations. However, Vera Eccarius-Kelly, a scholar of political science, has noted that there are no clear signs that indicate a struggle between the two groups. According to her, whilst TAK repeatedly damaged the PKK's efforts to negotiate cease-fires with "unapproved" bombings, in a way that has been compared to the
408:, described TAK as "a semi-autonomous, armed outfit that carries out attacks under the PKK umbrella", saying that while the PKK ideologically and financially supports TAK, it allows it to decide on the nature and timing of its attacks. Gürcan further wrote that the TAK was set up by the PKK but then split from it.
440:
PKK's spokesman Serhat Varto denied a link between the PKK and the TAK in an interview by saying that the PKK targets only military entities and that it always takes responsibility for its attacks. PKK leader Cemil Bayik also denied a link or any resemblance between the PKK and the TAK. He went on to
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in 2004, the
Kurdistan Freedom Hawks were formed, a group that presents itself as a break-away faction of the PKK and is in open dissent with the PKK's readiness to compromise with the Turkish state. The TAK opposes, through militant action, the treatment of Kurds in Turkey and seeks retaliation for
542:
In June 2010, they blew up a military bus in
Istanbul, killing four people including 3 soldiers and a 17-year-old girl. This was received by observers as a "resumption of guerrilla warfare" which "brings to a final end an unofficial truce between the PKK and the government, which last year launched
465:
TAK has claimed responsibility for a number of attacks against police officers, soldiers, government and business institutions since 2004. Its earliest attacks were small, non-lethal bombings in public places which the group described as "warning actions." These warnings, however, had become deadly
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TAK first appeared in 2004. There is substantial debate on the origin, composition, and affiliations of the group. Some
Turkish analysts claim that the group is either a small splinter of or an alias for the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), the most active Kurdish militant group. Others suggest that
444:
In 2015, a member of TAK denied links with the PKK, saying "The target perspectives, manner of action, and tactics pursued by the PKK and other
Kurdish organisations in war have a quite 'humanist' character in the face of the methods used by the existing Turkish state fascism against the Kurdish
365:
may be the leader of TAK. Other analysts believe that the group was initially formed by PKK leaders in 2003, when it engaged in illegal demonstrations, roadblocks and occasional
Molotov cocktails. TAK has since claimed to have split from the PKK, accusing it of being "passive", most recently in
436:
mentioned the TAK in its
January 2012 report, calling the TAK "a group linked to PKK". According to Howard Eissenstat, a Turkey expert at St Lawrence University in New York, the TAK is damaging the PKK's short-term and long-term goals, and it's unlikely that the TAK is under PKK control.
203:(PKK) in open dissent with the PKK's readiness to compromise with the Turkish state. The PKK distances itself from the TAK, stating that the Turkish government uses the TAK to portray the PKK as a terrorist organization in the international arena, that the PKK only targets the
2226:"Council Decision (CFSP) 2020/20 of 13 January 2020 updating the list of persons, groups and entities subject to Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism, and repealing Decision (CFSP) 2019/1341"
445:
people. In this regard, we are not dependent on the target perspectives, manner of action and tactics of these organisations. We as TAK will determine and realize our independent action strategy, tactics and manner in line with the mission we have undertaken.
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358:, the fact that there is no such struggle may have two explanations; the TAK may be operating outside the PKK's command structure, or it may be used by the PKK for "specific missions". TAK's origins however remain controversial.
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the group may be totally independent of the PKK, or only loosely connected to it. PKK leaders deny having any control over the TAK. There are some indications that the TAK was founded by disgruntled or former members of the PKK.
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The judgments are related to executions of
Kurdish civilians, torturing, forced displacements, destroyed villages, arbitrary arrests, and murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists. As a result of a brief PKK
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or their proxies, that it always takes responsibility for its attacks, and that there are no links between the PKK and TAK. Analysts and experts disagree on whether or not the two groups are in reality linked.
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was attacked via a bomb planted in a rubbish container on Inonu street, one person was injured. The bombing is believed to be linked to the recent attacks by TAK, however they have not claimed responsibility.
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On
October 6, 2016, Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK) claimed responsibility a bomb attack was carried out in İstanbul's Yenibosna district outside of police station on October 6, causing 10 civilians to get
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In 2006 the group's attacks continued, including a failed plot to attack a bus carrying legal officials on April 12, 2006. Five of the group's members were arrested when the plot was broken up.
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On
November 24, 2016, TAK claimed responsibility for a car bomb attack that killed two people and wounded 30 more in the Turkish city of Adana, according to a statement on its website.
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2015:
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Council Common
Position 2008/586/CFSP updating Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism and repealing Common Position 2007/871/CFSP,
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997:
562:, killing the perpetrator and resulting in 32 injuries, 15 of whom were police officers. The bombing is believed to be linked to TAK, however they have not claimed responsibility.
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by attacking targets such as hotels and ATMs. TAK claims to have no desire to kill foreigners, only that it wishes to cut off a key source of revenue for the Turkish government.
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detonated, killing seven police officers and four civilians. TAK claimed responsibility for the bomb, warning tourists that Turkey wouldn't be a safe destination any longer.
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began between the PKK and the Turkish security forces resulting in the deaths of around 7,000 Turkish security personnel and over 30,000 Kurds. Throughout the conflict, the
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claim that the Turkish government carries out attacks in the name of TAK to better characterise the PKK as a terrorist organization in the international arena.
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December 2015, when they criticized the PKK's "humanist character" as inept in the face of "the methods used by the existing Turkish state fascism."
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373:'s correspondent in Turkey, "most" analysts share the view that whilst the TAK is affiliated to the PKK, it enjoys some operational autonomy. The
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killed 46 people, of which 37 were police officers, and injured at least 160 others. TAK claimed responsibility for the attack the day after.
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has reported that "experts who follow Kurdish militants say the groups retain ties". Istanbul-based Turkish independent security analyst
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The group also claimed responsibility for an April 5, 2006 attack on a district office of the Justice and Development Party in Istanbul.
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481:. This type of attack against a tourist target is perhaps the signature tactic of TAK. The group has targeted civilians to discourage
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which claimed two victims. Since then, TAK has followed a strategy of escalation, committing numerous violent bomb attacks throughout
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when a raid turned up plastic explosives. The group's website states the rash of attacks are revenge for the imprisonment of
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After several decades of oppressive measures by the Turkish government towards the ethnic Kurdish population of Turkey, the
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killing 28 Turkish military personnel and 1 civilian. The group claimed responsibility two days later, on 19 of February.
346:, the TAK has been a rival to the PKK since 2006. From then on, the group's operations have been repeatedly at odds with
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505:, 20 were injured when another explosion went off and 3 were killed. A final bomb detonated in Turkey's largest city of
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The group has been designated as a terrorist organization by the US, UK and Australian governments, as well as by the
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3316:
1918:"The Kurdish TAK group has claimed responsibility for the deadly bombings in Ankara — and threatened further strikes"
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district of Ankara killed 37 and injured more than 120 others. TAK claimed responsibility for the attack on March 17.
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659:
On November 10, 2017 The female TAK Fighter Çiçek Karabulut was immolated with a hand grenade after a gunfight in
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where more than 20 people were injured. A separate attack is claimed to have been stopped in the port city of
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In March, one person was killed and thirteen injured when TAK detonated a bomb near a bus station in Istanbul.
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On January 11, 2017, TAK claimed responsibility for İzmir attack which killed 2 people and wounded 9 others
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588:
394:, "Turkish officials as well as some security analysts say TAK still acts as a militant front of the PKK".
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663:, Mardin Province. The organization claimed this incident in a statement published on January 17, 2018.
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with three explosions, at least two of which bombs were hidden in garbage cans. In the resort city of
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296:. The group violently opposes the Turkish government's policies towards its ethnic Kurdish citizens.
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in the 1990s. Other Kurdish observers saw the Freedom Hawks as a socially disrooted youth, a new
200:
17:
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3432:
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532:
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457:. The Turkish government regards the group as part of the PKK and does not list it separately.
196:. It has been designated as a terrorist organization by the US, UK and Australian governments.
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in 2005 that representatives of the TAK would always remain anonymous and tight-lipped. The
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8:
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Little is known about the internal structure of the TAK. An employee of the later banned
181:
116:
2749:"Ankarada patlamada ölenlerin isimleri belli oldu, 28 ocağa ateş düştü (ankara patlama)"
1975:"TAK: What we know about militant PKK offshoot allegedly responsible for Ankara attacks"
3946:
3941:
3185:
1868:
Statement by NSC Spokesperson Ned Price on Terrorist Attacks in Turkey | whitehouse.gov
1142:"EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011"
614:
477:
Less than one week later, five people were killed and more than a dozen wounded when a
433:
260:
16:"Kurdistan Freedom Falcons" redirects here. For the armed Peshmerga units in Iran, see
347:
3724:
3189:
3061:
2670:
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1353:
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1071:
1062:
Borderlines and borderlands : political oddities at the edge of the nation-state
1060:
482:
185:
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396:
323:
309:
173:
388:, which called TAK the PKK's "urban terrorism wing" in October 2016. According to
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2451:
1874:
1039:
1025:
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603:
514:
331:
264:
211:
The group first appeared in August 2004, just weeks after the PKK called off the
193:
2494:
2375:
1515:"The Big Question: Who is behind the bombings in Turkey, and what do they want?"
609:
On April 27, 2016, a suicide bomber blew herself up in the northwestern city of
3531:
2225:
454:
428:
2259:
231:, and southern Mediterranean resorts. TAK also claimed responsibility for the
223:, with a focus on western and central Turkey, including some tourist areas in
3981:
3598:
3355:
3321:
2314:
1845:. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism.
639:
551:
536:
860:"PKK co-leader Cemil Bayik: 'What are we supposed to do? Surrender? Never.'"
2996:"PKK offshoot claims Kayseri bus bombing that killed 13 soldiers: Hurriyet"
390:
355:
267:, who comprise between 18% and 25% of the population. Since 1984, however,
497:
On August 28, 2006, The Kurdish Freedom Hawks attacked the resort area of
1678:
1225:"The European Court of Human Rights: Case of Benzer and others v. Turkey"
635:
385:
375:
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism
362:
326:
slums of Istanbul, Izmir and Ankara, after their parents had to flee the
3233:
3058:"TAK claims responsibility for the recent Istanbul and Kayseri bombings"
2098:"Dark times for Turkey: Ankara blast latest in series of deadly attacks"
1547:
3146:"Adana Valilik bombacısı kadın terörist ölü ele geçirildi (In Turkish)"
1760:
1046:
471:
423:
405:
120:
990:"Kurdish militant group Tak claims responsibility for Ankara car bomb"
381:, describes the TAK as the "special urban terrorism wing" of the PKK.
322:
recruited a new generation of "frustrated young Kurds", raised in the
3921:
3405:
3088:"DHA – Demirren Haber Ajans- Son Dakika Haberleri ve Goncel Haberler"
959:"Kurdish militant group TAK claims responsibility for Ankara bombing"
293:
3897:
2904:"Kurdish militants claim suicide bombing in Turkey's Bursa: website"
2256:"Türkiye'de halen faaliyetlerine devam eden başlıca terör örgütleri"
1040:
Istanbul stadium attacks: Kurdish TAK group claim attacks – BBC News
613:
leaving thirteen people wounded. TAK claimed responsibility for the
284:
those Kurds who were killed at the hands of the Turkish government.
192:). The group also opposes the Turkish government's policies towards
2667:"TAK claims responsibility for the attack at Sabiha Gökçen Airport"
1708:
Unmasking Terror: A Global Review of Terrorist Activities, Volume 3
643:
555:
506:
498:
418:
370:
224:
216:
2038:"Turkey's Kurdish TAK faction a breakaway from the PKK 17.03.2016"
510:
3578:
3272:
3000:
2908:
2520:"Turkey Blames Kurdish Rebels For Istanbul Blasts That Killed 17"
502:
369:
Some experts say that TAK is affiliated to the PKK; according to
184:
militant group in Turkey seeking an independent Kurdish state in
3117:"TAK gibt Identität von gefallener Kämpferin bekannt (In German"
913:
911:
3961:
3703:
3564:
1817:"Kurdish militant group with ties to PKK claims Ankara bombing"
660:
592:
570:
565:
September 20, 2011 3 people died and 34 people were injured in
559:
521:
228:
220:
189:
146:
104:
3926:
3747:
3612:
3028:"Kurdish Militants Claim Attack on Off-duty Turkish Soldiers"
2697:"Ankara'daki bombalı saldırıda 1 kişi daha hayatını kaybetti"
2223:
2008:"After Ankara bombing, questions over PKK-TAK ties resurface"
1888:"Ankara attack: one of bombers was PKK member, officials say"
1733:
908:
890:"After Ankara bombing, questions over PKK-TAK ties resurface"
610:
2936:"Kurdish militant group says it was behind Istanbul bombing"
1433:"Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist"
1066:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p.
938:
517:, the figurehead for the armed Kurdish nationalist movement.
3993:
Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom
3390:
3301:
2419:"Police search for two suspected bombers of Turkish resort"
1676:[Kurdistan Freedom Hawks, the messengers of hell].
711:"The Kurdistan Freedom Hawks Emerges as a Rival to the PKK"
275:
has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses.
42:
3998:
Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States
2178:"TAK: We aren't dependent on PKK, our actions will spread"
1787:"TAK: We aren't dependent on PKK, our actions will spread"
1230:(Mass execution of Kurdish villagers). 24 March 2014: 57.
448:
2068:"ANKARA BLAST: KURDISH MILITANT GROUP TAK CLAIMS BOMBING"
1019:
Ankara blast: Kurdish group TAK claims bombing – BBC News
531:, the deadliest attack against civilians in Turkey since
199:
The group presents itself as a break-away faction of the
2823:"Ankara bombing: Kurdish militants claim responsibility"
681:"Terrorist Organization Profile:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks"
239:
in the same city that killed another 37 people, and the
432:
has described it as a breakaway from the PKK. In 2012,
426:
have written that the group is linked to the PKK while
853:
851:
2797:"Ankara bombing: Kurdish group claims responsibility"
2448:"Kurdish rebel group claims weekend blasts in Turkey"
1648:"Kurdish rebels say they planted Turkish resort bomb"
649:
On December 20, 2016, TAK claimed responsibility for
1091:
Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan, eds. (2005).
215:, assuming responsibility for two hotel bombings in
1704:
848:
2641:"32 injured in apparent suicide bombing in Turkey"
2582:"32 injured in apparent suicide bombing in Turkey"
587:On February 17, 2016, the Kurdistan Freedom Hawks
2224:Council of the European Union (13 January 2020).
1671:
1035:
1033:
543:an initiative giving Kurds greater civil rights."
3979:
3586:
1090:
479:bus was blown up in the seaside town of Kuşadası
255:(PKK) was formed in 1978 in an aim to establish
4003:Organizations designated as terrorist by Turkey
3181:The Militant Kurds: A Dual Strategy for Freedom
2348:"Turkish police 'foil another attack in İzmir'"
1642:
1640:
1638:
1567:
1565:
1546:. MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base. Archived from
1506:
470:20 people were injured when a bomb exploded at
377:, an academic research centre funded by the US
3509:Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front
3449:Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan
3177:
2966:"Explosion outside police station in Istanbul"
2723:"Ankara'daki patlamada ölenlerin isim listesi"
2553:"Istanbul bomb marks end of Kurdish ceasefire"
2411:
2370:
2368:
2217:
2152:"PKK, TAK'ın saldırılarını neden durdurmuyor?"
1739:
1030:
944:
917:
826:"PKK, TAK'ın saldırılarını neden durdurmuyor?"
3249:
2606:
2393:
1949:"How terror attacks drive politics in Ankara"
1619:
1617:
1615:
930:"Bomb in waist pack triggered Turkey blast".
793:
791:
774:
772:
745:
743:
573:. Kurdistan Freedom Hawks claimed the attack.
2609:"PKK Splinter Group Admits Istanbul Bombing"
2301:
2299:
2274:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1674:"Kurdische Freiheitsfalken, Boten der Hölle"
1635:
1625:"Blast in Turkish port wounds one-officials"
1562:
1177:(The European Court of Human Rights). 2014.
1058:Diener, Alexander C.; Hagen, Joshua (2010).
361:Some Turkish security analysts alleged that
337:
23:Kurdish nationalist militant group in Turkey
2546:
2544:
2450:. Turkish Press. 2006-08-29. Archived from
2365:
1349:The Kurds: A Nation on the Way to Statehood
1164:
1057:
981:
704:
702:
3460:Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan
3351:Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle
3256:
3242:
1757:"Are clashes spreading to western Turkey?"
1612:
1490:
1488:
1381:"Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer"
788:
769:
740:
3263:
2296:
1745:
1587:
708:
474:, a coastal resort town on July 10, 2005.
47:Flag of the Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK)
2550:
2541:
751:"U.S. labels Kurdish group as terrorist"
699:
3967:List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
2820:
2321:
2307:"Tourists were few. Now none will come"
1573:"Militant Kurds warn of wreaking havoc"
1512:
1485:
1345:
988:Letsch, Constanze (February 19, 2016).
622:bomb targeting a police bus in Istanbul
449:Designation as a terrorist organisation
235:, which killed at least 28 people, the
3980:
3748:Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement
3454:Democratic National Union of Kurdistan
2345:
2230:Official Journal of the European Union
2002:
2000:
1946:
1885:
1463:"Who are the Kurdistan Freedom Hawks?"
1184:from the original on 16 September 2020
987:
780:Official Journal of the European Union
546:On October 31, 2010, a suicide bomber
328:Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey
287:
3869:Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party
3237:
3068:from the original on 21 December 2016
3038:from the original on 21 December 2016
3008:from the original on 21 December 2016
2703:from the original on 26 February 2016
2621:from the original on October 10, 2017
2588:from the original on November 8, 2020
2401:"Turkey Thwarts Bomb Attack in İzmir"
2158:from the original on 14 December 2016
1767:from the original on 20 February 2016
1627:. Reuters. 2006-08-30. Archived from
1498:. IBNLive. 2006-08-29. Archived from
1339:
1270:
1000:from the original on November 9, 2016
956:
836:from the original on 14 December 2016
292:The TAK seek an independent state of
246:
3542:Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party
3372:Iranian Call and Reform Organization
2976:from the original on 10 January 2017
2848:"22 Turkish Air Force pilots killed"
2425:. London. 2006-08-29. Archived from
1835:
1672:Alexander Schwabe (30 August 2006).
1152:from the original on 20 January 2016
857:
3904:Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan
3678:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria
3514:Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party
3493:Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq
2647:from the original on March 25, 2023
2048:from the original on 6 October 2016
1997:
1779:
1443:from the original on 3 October 2020
1346:Abdulla, Jamal Jalal (2012-02-07).
757:from the original on 14 August 2018
578:Sabiha Gökçen International Airport
535:, two bombs hit a shopping mile in
177:
13:
3684:Kurdish Democratic Political Union
3672:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria
3327:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran
2884:from the original on 29 March 2016
2781:. 18 February 2016. Archived from
2775:"Şehitlerin kimlikleri belli oldu"
2673:. 26 December 2015. Archived from
2607:Ayla Albayrak (November 4, 2010).
2128:. Human Rights Watch. 2012-01-22.
2104:from the original on 18 March 2016
1849:from the original on 28 March 2016
1793:. 31 December 2015. Archived from
1093:The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview
969:from the original on June 20, 2017
823:
14:
4014:
3893:Society for the Rise of Kurdistan
3689:Movement for a Democratic Society
3215:
2946:from the original on 11 June 2016
2729:from the original on 2 March 2016
2495:"One injured in Turkey explosion"
2331:. CNN. 2006-08-29. Archived from
2329:"Turkey bombs: 'Police hunt two'"
2236:from the original on 3 March 2020
1755:Metin Gürcan (30 December 2015).
584:from the Kurdistan Freedom Hawks.
130:A few dozen active members (2006)
3881:Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan
3845:Kurdistan Democratic Party/North
2551:Cockburn, Patrick (2010-06-23).
2376:"Timeline:Bomb blasts in Turkey"
2196:"Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)"
2018:from the original on 1 July 2018
1886:Letsch, Constanze (2016-03-14).
1843:"Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)"
1650:. Reuters AlertNet. 2006-08-29.
1496:"Serial bomb blasts rock Turkey"
1290:from the original on 2 June 2020
1237:from the original on 3 June 2020
896:from the original on 1 July 2018
576:On December 23, 2015 Istanbul's
520:On August 30, 2006, the town of
139:
75:
41:
3202:from the original on 2023-10-16
3170:
3156:from the original on 2019-08-16
3138:
3127:from the original on 2019-08-16
3109:
3080:
3050:
3020:
2988:
2958:
2928:
2916:from the original on 5 May 2016
2896:
2866:
2840:
2829:from the original on 2016-02-19
2814:
2803:from the original on 2016-02-19
2789:
2767:
2741:
2715:
2689:
2659:
2633:
2600:
2574:
2563:from the original on 2021-10-22
2530:from the original on 2017-10-10
2512:
2501:from the original on 2023-03-25
2487:
2476:from the original on 2011-06-05
2458:
2440:
2382:from the original on 2022-12-11
2339:
2248:
2206:from the original on 2021-12-06
2188:
2170:
2144:
2132:from the original on 2016-10-11
2116:
2090:
2078:from the original on 2016-10-26
2060:
2030:
1985:from the original on 2016-03-18
1967:
1955:from the original on 2016-03-18
1940:
1910:
1898:from the original on 2016-03-14
1879:
1861:
1823:from the original on 2016-03-17
1809:
1698:
1665:
1654:from the original on 2006-08-29
1536:
1455:
1425:
1393:from the original on 2020-02-12
1373:
1323:
1217:
1134:
1123:from the original on 2021-06-18
1109:
1084:
1051:
1012:
950:
923:
729:from the original on 2010-12-25
379:Department of Homeland Security
241:December 2016 Istanbul bombings
3628:Descendants of Saladin Brigade
3471:Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq
2282:"Turkey rocked by more blasts"
1513:Huggler, Justin (2006-08-30).
1469:. 22 June 2010. Archived from
1146:Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi
1117:""The World Factbook: Turkey""
882:
817:
673:
273:European Court of Human Rights
1:
3537:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
3178:Eccarius-Kelly, Vera (2011).
2100:. Al Arabiya. 14 March 2016.
1595:"Turkish blast injures woman"
957:Dolan, David (Feb 19, 2016).
799:"Proscribed terrorist groups"
667:
3779:Communist Party of Kurdistan
3760:Civil Protection Units-Women
3554:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
3498:Kurdistan Conservative Party
2821:Botelho, Greg (2015-09-01).
2313:. 2006-08-29. Archived from
2288:. 2006-08-29. Archived from
1979:International Business Times
1947:Gürcan, Metin (2016-03-16).
1705:Jonathan D. Hutzley (2007).
1579:. 2006-08-30. Archived from
1437:Kurdish Human Rights Project
1278:"The prohibition of torture"
638:and a suicide bomber in the
303:
233:February 2016 Ankara bombing
178:Teyrêbazên Azadiya Kurdistan
35:Teyrêbazên Azadiya Kurdistan
7:
3827:Kurdistan Communities Union
3815:Freedom and Democracy Party
3288:Yezidi National Union (ULE)
2643:. CNN. September 20, 2011.
2466:"1 Injured in Mersin Blast"
2346:Fresco, Adam (2006-08-29).
2202:. Parliament of Australia.
1682:(in German). Archived from
1352:. AuthorHouse. p. 36.
1283:(Torturing). 2003: 11, 13.
384:This view is shared by the
10:
4019:
3839:Islamic Party of Kurdistan
3833:Kurdistan Islamic Movement
3821:Freedom and Equality Party
3503:Kurdistan Democratic Party
3488:Kurdish Tribal Association
3482:Kurdistan Islamic Movement
3333:Kurdistan Democratic Party
1873:February 10, 2017, at the
1024:December 14, 2016, at the
460:
188:(eastern and southeastern
15:
3917:
3887:Rights and Freedoms Party
3857:Peoples' Democratic Party
3851:Peace and Democracy Party
3791:Democratic People's Party
3769:
3711:
3702:
3667:Kurdish Supreme Committee
3653:
3633:People's Protection Units
3620:
3611:
3577:
3441:
3398:
3389:
3364:
3345:Kurdistan Free Life Party
3309:
3300:
3280:
3271:
3229:Global Terrorism Database
2874:"PKK's organization game"
2584:. CNN. November 1, 2010.
2125:World Report 2012: Turkey
1544:"Kurdistan Freedom Hawks"
1095:. Routledge. p. 58.
653:which killed 14 soldiers.
356:Northern Ireland conflict
338:Relationship with the PKK
237:March 2016 Ankara bombing
152:
134:
126:
110:
100:
90:
70:
52:
40:
34:
33:
28:
3863:People's Democracy Party
3803:Democratic Regions Party
3797:Democratic Society Party
3719:Kurdistan Workers' Party
3661:Kurdish National Council
3639:Women's Protection Units
3594:Kurdish Democratic Party
3548:Kurdistan Toilers' Party
3411:Êzîdxan Protection Force
1819:. France24. 2016-03-17.
1521:. London. Archived from
753:. CNN. 1 November 2008.
723:The Jamestown Foundation
634:On December 10, 2016, a
253:Kurdistan Workers' Party
243:which killed 47 people.
157:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
3988:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks
3742:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks
3730:People's Defence Forces
3560:Service and Reform List
3526:New Generation Movement
3520:Kurdistan Islamic Union
3476:Kurdistan Islamic Group
3417:Sinjar Resistance Units
3339:Kurdistan Freedom Party
3224:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks
2614:The Wall Street Journal
1335:. HRW. 2002. p. 7.
782:L 188/71, 16.07.2008.,
466:by the summer of 2005.
201:Kurdistan Workers Party
166:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks
29:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks
18:Kurdistan Freedom Party
3754:Civil Protection Units
3712:Militant organizations
3621:Militant organizations
3399:Militant organizations
3310:Militant organizations
2799:. Al Jazeera English.
2454:on September 27, 2007.
1413:Cite journal requires
1311:Cite journal requires
1258:Cite journal requires
1205:Cite journal requires
1045:December 12, 2016, at
58:29 July 2004
3423:Êzîdxan Women's Units
3265:Kurdish organisations
2785:on February 19, 2016.
2335:on September 2, 2006.
2317:on September 1, 2006.
2292:on September 1, 2006.
1502:on September 1, 2006.
858:Geerdink, Fréderike.
598:On March 13, 2016, a
539:district of Istanbul.
334:born out of despair.
312:news agency MHA told
3937:Kingdom of Kurdistan
3875:People's Labor Party
3377:Kurdish United Front
3152:. 25 December 2017.
3064:. 20 December 2016.
3034:. 20 December 2016.
3004:. 20 December 2016.
1713:Jamestown Foundation
1601:. London. 2006-08-30
864:www.beaconreader.com
805:on December 24, 2008
344:Jamestown Foundation
205:Turkish Armed Forces
3952:Republic of Mahabad
3932:Kurdish nationalism
2755:on 22 February 2016
2524:Wall Street Journal
2497:. BBC. 2006-08-30.
2378:. BBC. 2006-08-29.
2262:on January 14, 2013
1797:on 21 February 2016
1740:Eccarius-Kelly 2011
1473:on 20 December 2016
945:Eccarius-Kelly 2011
918:Eccarius-Kelly 2011
687:on February 6, 2011
620:On June 7, 2016, a
315:Süddeutsche Zeitung
288:Founding philosophy
182:Kurdish nationalist
117:Kurdish nationalism
101:Active regions
3947:Republic of Ararat
3942:Kurdistansky Uyezd
3736:Free Women's Units
3433:Fayli Kurd Brigade
2972:. 6 October 2016.
2429:on October 1, 2007
2286:The Globe and Mail
1928:on 10 October 2017
1686:on 12 October 2008
1550:on August 25, 2006
1332:Human Rights Watch
591:military buses in
582:hit by mortar fire
529:July 2008 bombings
434:Human Rights Watch
261:self-determination
247:Historical context
54:Dates of operation
3975:
3974:
3913:
3912:
3771:Political parties
3725:Kurdish Hizbollah
3698:
3697:
3654:Political parties
3607:
3606:
3587:Political parties
3573:
3572:
3442:Political parties
3385:
3384:
3365:Political parties
3296:
3295:
3281:Political parties
3195:978-0-313-36468-6
3062:Firat News Agency
2880:. 18 March 2016.
1722:978-0-9675009-6-6
1577:Houston Chronicle
824:Türkçe, B. B. C.
784:eur-lex.europa.eu
483:tourism in Turkey
342:According to the
269:an armed conflict
186:Turkish Kurdistan
162:
161:
86:
4010:
3957:Kurdistan Region
3809:Free Cause Party
3709:
3708:
3618:
3617:
3584:
3583:
3428:Asayîşa Êzîdxanê
3396:
3395:
3307:
3306:
3278:
3277:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3094:. Archived from
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3032:Voice of America
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2942:. 10 June 2016.
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2854:on 15 April 2016
2850:. Archived from
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2751:. Archived from
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2258:. Archived from
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2180:. Archived from
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1924:. Archived from
1922:Business Insider
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1883:
1877:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1725:. Archived from
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1644:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1065:
1055:
1049:
1037:
1028:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
954:
948:
942:
936:
935:
927:
921:
920:, pp. 36 f.
915:
906:
905:
903:
901:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
866:. Archived from
855:
846:
845:
843:
841:
821:
815:
814:
812:
810:
801:. Archived from
795:
786:
776:
767:
766:
764:
762:
747:
738:
737:
735:
734:
706:
697:
696:
694:
692:
683:. Archived from
677:
548:detonated a bomb
397:Business Insider
324:Kurdish diaspora
179:
153:Battles and wars
145:
143:
142:
84:
80:
79:
78:
65:
63:
55:
45:
36:
26:
25:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3909:
3785:Democracy Party
3765:
3694:
3649:
3603:
3569:
3437:
3381:
3360:
3292:
3267:
3262:
3222:Profile of the
3218:
3213:
3205:
3203:
3196:
3173:
3168:
3159:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2970:The Independent
2964:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2830:
2819:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2677:on 5 March 2016
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2564:
2557:The Independent
2549:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2423:The Independent
2417:
2416:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2374:
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2366:
2357:
2355:
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2327:
2326:
2322:
2305:
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2297:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2200:www.aph.gov.au/
2194:
2193:
2189:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2012:Middle East Eye
2006:
2005:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1880:
1875:Wayback Machine
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1723:
1715:. p. 130.
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1519:The Independent
1511:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
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1412:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1374:
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1362:
1360:
1344:
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1329:
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1324:
1312:
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1300:
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1234:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1172:"Annual report"
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1056:
1052:
1038:
1031:
1026:Wayback Machine
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
986:
982:
972:
970:
955:
951:
943:
939:
934:. 17 July 2005.
929:
928:
924:
916:
909:
899:
897:
888:
887:
883:
873:
871:
856:
849:
839:
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822:
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806:
797:
796:
789:
777:
770:
760:
758:
749:
748:
741:
732:
730:
715:Terrorism Focus
709:James Brandon.
707:
700:
690:
688:
679:
678:
674:
670:
651:Kayseri bombing
617:on May 1, 2016.
515:Abdullah Ocalan
463:
451:
348:Murat Karayılan
340:
332:urban guerrilla
306:
290:
265:Kurds in Turkey
249:
194:Kurds in Turkey
140:
138:
119:
76:
74:
61:
59:
53:
48:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4016:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
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3939:
3934:
3929:
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3918:
3915:
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3907:
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3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
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3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
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3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3722:
3715:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3699:
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2074:. 2016-03-17.
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2042:Deutsche Welle
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1981:. 2016-03-15.
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1951:. Al-Monitor.
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2470:Today's Zaman
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870:on 2016-09-19
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3204:. Retrieved
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3158:. Retrieved
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3096:the original
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2020:. Retrieved
2011:
1987:. Retrieved
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1969:
1957:. Retrieved
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1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
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1900:. Retrieved
1892:The Guardian
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1851:. Retrieved
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1811:
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1795:the original
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1436:
1427:
1406:cite journal
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1331:
1325:
1304:cite journal
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1272:
1251:cite journal
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1219:
1198:cite journal
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1125:. Retrieved
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1014:
1004:December 17,
1002:. Retrieved
994:The Guardian
993:
983:
971:. Retrieved
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898:. Retrieved
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874:12 September
872:. Retrieved
868:the original
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838:. Retrieved
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819:
807:. Retrieved
803:the original
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731:. Retrieved
718:
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689:. Retrieved
685:the original
675:
642:district of
615:Bursa attack
464:
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443:
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417:
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412:Aliza Marcus
410:
402:Metin Gürcan
395:
391:The Guardian
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250:
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94:
91:Headquarters
3847:(KDP/Bakur)
3072:21 December
3042:21 December
3012:21 December
2858:21 February
2759:28 February
2733:28 February
2707:28 February
2681:20 February
2625:November 4,
2592:November 1,
2405:Der Spiegel
2162:11 December
2136:11 December
2052:11 December
2022:11 December
1801:21 February
1771:21 February
1679:Der Spiegel
1477:12 December
1447:29 December
1386:. 2015: 1.
1365:29 December
1294:29 December
1241:29 December
1188:29 December
1156:29 December
840:11 December
809:February 9,
636:car bombing
600:car bombing
386:White House
363:Bahoz Erdal
259:rights and
85:(TAK claim)
3982:Categories
3811:(HÜDA PAR)
3738:(YJA-STAR)
3663:(KNC-ENKS)
3206:2016-02-21
3160:2019-08-16
3131:2019-08-16
3102:2019-08-16
2833:2016-02-20
2807:2016-02-20
2567:2017-09-02
2559:. London.
2534:2008-07-28
2505:2006-08-30
2480:2006-08-30
2433:2010-05-07
2386:2006-08-30
2358:2010-05-07
2311:The Herald
2266:August 15,
2210:2021-12-06
1761:Al Monitor
1658:2006-08-29
1605:2020-02-20
1554:August 19,
1529:2010-05-07
1397:2016-12-12
1127:2021-01-24
1102:1134907664
1047:Archive-It
830:BBC Türkçe
761:1 November
733:2011-02-04
691:January 8,
668:References
424:Al-Arabiya
406:Al-Monitor
281:cease-fire
213:1999 truce
121:Separatism
71:Split from
62:2004-07-29
3922:Kurdistan
3889:(HAK-PAR)
3762:(YPS-Jin)
3691:(TEV-DEM)
3406:Peshmerga
2980:2 January
2352:The Times
1599:Telegraph
304:Structure
294:Kurdistan
135:Opponents
66:– present
3200:Archived
3154:Archived
3125:Archived
3121:ANF News
3092:DHA News
3066:Archived
3036:Archived
3006:Archived
2974:Archived
2944:Archived
2914:Archived
2888:19 March
2882:Archived
2827:Archived
2801:Archived
2727:Archived
2701:Archived
2645:Archived
2619:Archived
2586:Archived
2561:Archived
2528:Archived
2499:Archived
2474:Archived
2380:Archived
2354:. London
2234:Archived
2204:Archived
2156:Archived
2130:Archived
2108:18 March
2102:Archived
2082:18 March
2076:Archived
2072:Newsweek
2046:Archived
2016:Archived
1989:18 March
1983:Archived
1959:18 March
1953:Archived
1932:18 March
1902:14 March
1896:Archived
1871:Archived
1853:18 March
1847:Archived
1827:18 March
1821:Archived
1765:Archived
1652:Archived
1441:Archived
1388:Archived
1285:Archived
1232:Archived
1179:Archived
1150:Archived
1121:Archived
1043:Archived
1022:Archived
998:Archived
967:Archived
900:18 March
894:Archived
834:Archived
755:Archived
727:Archived
644:Istanbul
640:Beşiktaş
628:wounded.
589:attacked
556:Istanbul
537:Güngören
507:Istanbul
499:Marmaris
419:Newsweek
371:France24
352:Real IRA
263:for the
225:Istanbul
217:Istanbul
180:), is a
112:Ideology
3865:(HADEP)
3817:(ÖZDEP)
3793:(DEHAP)
3750:(YDG-H)
3680:(KDP-S)
3579:Lebanon
3329:(KDP-I)
3273:Armenia
3227:at the
3186:Praeger
3001:Reuters
2950:10 June
2940:Reuters
2909:Reuters
2825:. CNN.
2240:1 March
1467:Reuters
973:July 2,
963:Reuters
604:Kizilay
602:in the
527:In the
503:Antalya
461:Attacks
354:in the
174:Kurdish
95:Unknown
60: (
3962:Rojava
3906:(PPKK)
3898:Xoybûn
3823:(ÖZEP)
3704:Turkey
3674:(HNKS)
3565:Shursh
3544:(KSDP)
3516:(PÇDK)
3466:Gorran
3462:(DPAK)
3456:(YNDK)
3347:(PJAK)
3317:Komala
3192:
2920:9 June
1719:
1690:9 June
1356:
1099:
1074:
721:(40).
661:Mardin
593:Ankara
571:Ankara
560:Turkey
522:Mersin
229:Ankara
221:Turkey
190:Turkey
147:Turkey
144:
105:Turkey
3927:Kurds
3900:(CSK)
3883:(PŞK)
3877:(HEP)
3871:(DEM)
3859:(HDP)
3853:(BDP)
3841:(PİK)
3835:(HİK)
3829:(KCK)
3805:(DBP)
3799:(DTP)
3787:(DEP)
3781:(KKP)
3756:(YPS)
3744:(TAK)
3732:(HPG)
3721:(PKK)
3641:(YPJ)
3635:(YPG)
3613:Syria
3556:(PUK)
3550:(KZP)
3522:(KIU)
3505:(KDP)
3484:(IMK)
3478:(IGK)
3419:(YBŞ)
3413:(HPŞ)
3341:(PAK)
3335:(KDP)
3150:Sözcü
2779:ZAMAN
1391:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
1288:(PDF)
1281:(PDF)
1235:(PDF)
1228:(PDF)
1182:(PDF)
1175:(PDF)
611:Bursa
511:İzmir
472:Çeşme
257:equal
3528:(NG)
3391:Iraq
3302:Iran
3190:ISBN
3074:2016
3044:2016
3014:2016
2982:2017
2952:2016
2922:2016
2890:2016
2860:2016
2761:2016
2735:2016
2709:2016
2683:2016
2653:2011
2627:2010
2594:2010
2268:2008
2242:2020
2164:2016
2138:2016
2110:2016
2084:2016
2054:2016
2024:2016
1991:2016
1961:2016
1934:2016
1904:2016
1855:2016
1829:2016
1803:2016
1773:2016
1717:ISBN
1692:2016
1556:2006
1479:2016
1449:2015
1419:help
1367:2015
1354:ISBN
1317:help
1296:2015
1264:help
1243:2015
1211:help
1190:2015
1158:2015
1097:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1006:2016
975:2017
902:2016
876:2016
842:2016
811:2009
763:2008
693:2011
580:was
533:2003
422:and
164:The
127:Size
2671:ANF
1791:ANF
1068:114
932:AFP
569:in
554:in
550:on
170:TAK
168:or
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