442:. The presidium of the International Peasant Council, the top leadership of the Peasant International, issued an open letter to the Kuomintang and its peasant section at the end of April of that year, expressing supreme confidence in that organization as "the center which rallies, unites, and organizes all the revolutionary forces against the pressure of the reactionaries and imperialists." Chiang parlayed this relationship into Soviet aid and a list of CCP members — assets which were later used in a formidable and partially successful effort to annihilate the CCP in the
446:. The Krestintern's activities in China once again proved ineffective for advancing Comintern policy interests. Also in 1926 the Krestintern established a research facility in Moscow for the study of agrarian problems and the publication of books on these topics, known as the International Agrarian Institute. This subdivision of the Peasant International actually continued to exist for several years past the demise of its parent organization, publishing books through 1942, when the German invasion in
323:
29:
272:
365:
regime. The
Bulgarian communists sought without success for Todorov to align his organization with the newly established Krestintern; for his part Todorov sought money and arms for use against the Tsankov government. Some Comintern money changed hands, but no alignment of the Peasants Union with the
399:
Radić was imprisoned within months of his return to
Yugoslavia and the Central Committee of the now-banned Peasant Party was quick to renounce his seemingly rash decision to affiliate with Moscow. Rather than bolstering the political position of his organization, Radić's dalliance with the Red
369:
The
Krestintern was largely unsuccessful in its task of gathering and mobilizing non-Communist peasants' political parties to advance Communist ends and was only able to attract a small number of factional grouplets, these frequently being artificial creations of the various national communist
287:
from 10–16 October 1923. The gathering was attended by 158 delegates, hailing from 40 countries, with a majority of participants representing countries in
Eastern Europe and Asia. This gathering established a governing body comparable to the
400:
Peasant
International seemed to have gone far to bringing about its demise. Four months after his release from prison in July 1925, Radić and his party endorsed the monarchy and the Yugoslav constitution and joined the government. The
466:. Serious efforts to advance a united front with the peasantry through the Red Peasant International seem to have been abandoned at this time, although the organization remained nominally functional for nearly a decade further.
828:
817:
477:. As was the case with the Peasant International, this group proved a failure in its design to attract peasants and peasant organizations to the communist banner. The grim brutality of
293:
470:
427:, emphasizing the new International's goal of building the radical agrarian movement of Asia in addition to its plan to build bridges to Eastern European peasant parties.
392:
The close relations between Radić's organization and the
Soviets led to a banning of the Croatian Republican Peasant Party and its official publication, the magazine
396:(The Worker), were officially banned on 12 July 1924. The journal continued to be issued illegally for a short time before being terminated at the end of September.
314:, long a top figure of the Comintern. Kolarov served as chairman of a new governing body for the organization known as the Executive Committee of the Krestintern.
463:
259:(Profintern), respectively — and the idea that a radical international for peasants should be established under Comintern auspices. With the pro-peasant
178:
relations with radical peasant parties in
Eastern Europe and Asia, without lasting success. After failing to make headway with important initiatives in
289:
213:, a former member of the Polish Peasant Party and representative elected to the Polish parliament. On 19 June 1923, Dąbal published an article in the
190:
in the 1920s, the organization was placed on hiatus at the end of the decade. The so-called Red
Peasant International was formally dissolved in 1939.
916:
481:, followed by agrarian collapse and a massive famine in 1932–1933 essentially terminated any chance for a reestablishment of the so-called
303:, although Dąbal emerged as the organization's leading public spokesman. Smirnov remained in place as the organization's chief until 1928.
296:. Two major plenary sessions of the International Peasant Council were held — the first in October 1923 and the second in November 1927.
911:
941:
458:
The period of pro-peasant moderation exemplified by the New
Economic Policy came to an abrupt end in 1928, marked by a return to
353:
in June 1923. One of these ministers, K. Todorov, travelled to Moscow early in
January 1924 where he conducted negotiations with
936:
404:
was left to curse Radić for having made a "shameful capitulation." The Krestintern's "united front" strategy fell to failure.
478:
370:
parties themselves. The sole exception to this rule was the nominal affiliation was the brief and nominal adherence of the
263:
in full swing in Soviet Russia, the idea for international organization of peasants quickly gained institutional traction.
214:
371:
330:
931:
338:
834:
279:
was head of the Krestintern during its waning years, leading the organization from 1928 until its demise in 1939
232:, and arguing that these organizations might provide fertile soil for the sowing of Communist ideas among the
494:
401:
252:
385:
to have had less to do with Communism than with the national aspirations of non-Serbian ethnicities inside
300:
124:
921:
443:
358:
411:
to propagate its political views. The magazine was launched in April 1924 and included articles by
247:
The Comintern had already established similar organizations for the radical youth movement and the
431:
346:
237:
171:
142:
811:
891:
8:
260:
926:
362:
430:
In 1926 the Krestintern attempted to help broker cooperative relations between the
163:
155:
584:
A History of Soviet Russia: Socialism in One Country, 1924–1926: Volume 3, Part 1.
562:
Graeme Gill, "Peasant International," in George Jackson and Robert Devlin (eds.),
378:
326:
459:
439:
354:
306:
In 1928 Smirnov was replaced as the top official of the Peasant International by
210:
229:
485:
between urban-oriented communist movement and the peasantry in ensuing years.
905:
350:
311:
283:
The Red Peasant International was established at a founding congress held in
276:
129:
896:
874:
George D. Jackson, Jr., "The Krestintern and the Peasant as Revolutionary,"
357:
and Vasil Kolarov regarding joint action between their organization and the
447:
416:
241:
175:
89:
864:(The Collapse of the Green International, 1921–1938). Moscow: Nauka, 1967.
381:
in 1924 during a visit to Moscow. This affiliation is judged by historian
504:
420:
322:
299:
The formal head of the new organization at the time of its formation was
248:
225:
170:(Крестинтерн), was an international peasants' organization formed by the
28:
879:
244:
political activities between communist and peasants' parties in Europe.
509:
499:
435:
386:
382:
366:
Peasant International or change of regime in Bulgaria was forthcoming.
342:
256:
183:
333:, who briefly affiliated his organization with the Krestintern in 1924
207:
240:
should form such an organization to facilitate the establishment of
307:
179:
174:(Comintern) in October 1923. The organization attempted to achieve
482:
469:
In 1930, a new communist-backed agrarian organization called the
424:
233:
203:
The idea for a Red Peasant International is commonly credited to
337:
The Krestintern initially sought to build common cause with the
822:
792:
777:
758:
743:
727:
474:
284:
219:
204:
85:
831:(Katipunan ng mga Anakpawis ng Pilipinas) (affiliated in 1929)
412:
187:
271:
846:
Lowell K. Dyson, "Red Peasant International in America,"
755:
Second Enlarged Plenum of International Peasant Council
897:
Le Parti communiste français à la campagne, 1920–1964.
33:
Letterhead used for Krestintern correspondence, 1924
407:The Krestintern published an official organ called
855:Peasants and Government in the Russian Revolution.
290:Executive Committee of the Communist International
869:Comintern and Peasant in East Europe (1919–1930).
566:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989; pp. 435–436.
903:
789:Third Plenum of International Peasant Council
740:First Plenum of International Peasant Council
453:
735:Attended by 158 delegates from 40 countries.
345:by two former ministers of the government of
120:Chairman of the International Peasant Council
766:Attended by 78 delegates from 39 countries.
805:
702:
636:
634:
607:
605:
578:
576:
574:
572:
74:World federation of radical peasant parties
871:New York: Columbia University Press, 1966.
349:following his government's overthrow by a
341:, an organization established in exile in
892:La Krestintern y La Liga Antiimperialista
878:vol. 14, no. 2 (June 1966), pp. 213–231.
193:
647:
631:
602:
569:
321:
270:
862:Крах зеленого интернационала, 1921–1938
361:for the overthrow of the newly imposed
904:
825:peasants' leagues (affiliated in 1923)
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
876:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas,
564:Dictionary of the Russian Revolution.
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
917:Organizations disestablished in 1939
829:Philippine Confederation of Peasants
16:International peasants' organization
13:
840:
521:
14:
953:
912:Organizations established in 1923
885:
586:London: Macmillan, 1964; pg. 209.
375:(Hrvatska Pučka Seljačka Stranka)
257:Red International of Labor Unions
942:1939 disestablishments in Russia
818:Irish Working Farmers' Committee
812:Croatian People's Peasants Party
266:
224:noting a surge in popularity of
27:
686:
462:in an attempt to alleviate the
372:Croatian People's Peasant Party
331:Croatian People's Peasant Party
673:
660:
618:
589:
162:), known most commonly by its
1:
937:1923 establishments in Russia
835:Chinese Peasants' Association
495:International Agrarian Bureau
402:Communist Party of Yugoslavia
317:
294:International Peasant Council
253:Young Communist International
198:
850:vol. 58 (1972), pp. 958–973.
848:Journal of American History,
796:
791:
788:
781:
776:
773:
762:
757:
754:
747:
742:
739:
731:
726:
723:
515:
7:
706:
670:vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 784–785.
488:
454:Later years and dissolution
359:Communist Party of Bulgaria
236:. Dąbal suggested that the
226:peasants' political parties
125:Aleksandr Petrovich Smirnov
10:
958:
471:European Peasant Committee
160:Крестьянский Интернационал
715:
712:
709:
694:Socialism in One Country,
681:Socialism in One Country,
668:Socialism in One Country,
655:Socialism in One Country,
642:Socialism in One Country,
626:Socialism in One Country,
613:Socialism in One Country,
597:Socialism in One Country,
444:Shanghai massacre of 1927
409:The Peasant International
159:
136:
118:
108:
98:
78:
70:
62:
54:
46:
38:
26:
932:Left-wing internationals
867:George D. Jackson, Jr.,
857:London: Macmillan, 1979.
806:Affiliated organizations
703:International gatherings
450:forced its termination.
339:Bulgarian Peasants Union
696:vol. 3, pt. 2, pg. 956.
683:vol. 3, pt. 2, pg. 785.
657:vol. 3, pt. 2, pg. 615.
644:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 405.
628:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 401.
615:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 228.
599:vol. 3, pt. 1, pg. 227.
479:forced collectivization
432:Chinese Communist Party
347:Aleksandar Stamboliyski
238:Communist International
172:Communist International
143:Communist International
814:(affiliated 1924–1925)
334:
280:
215:Soviet Communist Party
194:Organizational history
460:forced requisitioning
325:
274:
152:Peasant International
22:Peasant International
464:Grain Crisis of 1928
275:Bulgarian communist
217:'s daily newspaper,
114:40 countries maximum
104:Eastern Europe, Asia
732:10–16 October 1923
261:New Economic Policy
138:Parent organization
23:
724:Founding Congress
363:Aleksandar Tsankov
335:
281:
228:, particularly in
21:
922:Agrarian politics
860:M.M. Goranovich,
803:
802:
769:
763:9 April-??, 1925
423:(Ho Chi Minh) of
148:
147:
949:
853:Graeme J. Gill,
774:Second Congress
767:
707:
697:
690:
684:
677:
671:
666:Quoted in Carr,
664:
658:
651:
645:
638:
629:
622:
616:
609:
600:
593:
587:
580:
567:
560:
473:was unveiled in
438:(KMT) headed by
161:
31:
24:
20:
957:
956:
952:
951:
950:
948:
947:
946:
902:
901:
888:
843:
841:Further reading
808:
705:
700:
691:
687:
678:
674:
665:
661:
652:
648:
639:
632:
623:
619:
610:
603:
594:
590:
581:
570:
561:
522:
518:
491:
456:
440:Chiang Kai-shek
355:Georgi Dimitrov
320:
269:
251:movement — the
201:
196:
139:
128:
121:
111:
101:
94:
50:10 October 1923
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
955:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
900:
899:
894:
887:
886:External links
884:
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842:
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797:November 1927
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782:November 1927
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487:
455:
452:
434:(CCP) and the
421:Nguyễn Ái Quốc
329:, head of the
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265:
255:(KIM) and the
230:Eastern Europe
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816:
813:
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809:
799:
794:
787:
784:
779:
772:
765:
760:
753:
750:
748:October 1923
745:
738:
734:
729:
722:
718:
708:
695:
689:
682:
676:
669:
663:
656:
650:
643:
637:
635:
627:
621:
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592:
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573:
565:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
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547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
520:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
397:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
379:Stjepan Radić
376:
373:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:military coup
348:
344:
340:
332:
328:
327:Stjepan Radić
324:
315:
313:
312:Vasil Kolarov
309:
304:
302:
301:A. P. Smirnov
297:
295:
292:known as the
291:
286:
278:
277:Vasil Kolarov
273:
267:Establishment
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
221:
216:
212:
209:
206:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:abbreviation
165:
157:
153:
144:
141:
135:
131:
130:Vasil Kolarov
126:
123:
117:
113:
107:
103:
97:
91:
87:
84:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
768:(Carr 8:954)
693:
688:
680:
675:
667:
662:
654:
649:
641:
625:
620:
612:
596:
591:
583:
563:
468:
457:
448:World War II
429:
417:Sen Katayama
408:
406:
398:
393:
391:
374:
368:
336:
305:
298:
282:
246:
242:united front
218:
211:Tomasz Dąbal
202:
176:united front
167:
151:
149:
110:Membership
90:Soviet Union
39:Abbreviation
18:
582:E.H. Carr,
505:Sportintern
249:trade union
168:Krestintern
42:Krestintern
906:Categories
510:Kultintern
500:Profintern
436:Kuomintang
415:communist
387:Yugoslavia
383:E. H. Carr
377:headed by
343:Yugoslavia
318:Activities
310:Communist
199:Background
184:Yugoslavia
66:Federation
927:Comintern
713:Location
516:Footnotes
308:Bulgarian
234:peasantry
208:Communist
55:Dissolved
47:Formation
880:In JSTOR
489:See also
413:Japanese
180:Bulgaria
127:(first)
79:Location
823:Mexican
483:smychka
425:Vietnam
164:Russian
156:Russian
71:Purpose
793:Moscow
778:Moscow
759:Moscow
744:Moscow
728:Moscow
719:Notes
710:Event
692:Carr,
679:Carr,
653:Carr,
640:Carr,
624:Carr,
611:Carr,
595:Carr,
475:Berlin
394:Radnik
285:Moscow
220:Pravda
205:Polish
186:, and
132:(last)
86:Moscow
716:Date
188:China
419:and
150:The
63:Type
58:1939
908::
633:^
604:^
571:^
523:^
389:.
182:,
158::
88:,
222:,
154:(
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