Korean nationalism

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foreigners who write about Korea. Yet the truth is more complex. For much of the country's long history its northern border was fluid and the national identities of literate Koreans and Chinese mutually indistinguishable. Believing their civilization to have been founded by a Chinese sage in China's image, educated Koreans subscribed to a Confucian worldview that posited their country in a position of permanent subservience to the Middle Kingdom. Even when Korea isolated itself from the mainland in the seventeenth century, it did so in the conviction that it was guarding Chinese tradition better than the Chinese themselves. For all their xenophobia, the Koreans were no nationalists.

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Triggered by perceptions and strong feelings of injustice and humiliation, Korean nationalistic sentiment has become involved in the dispute. The island itself has become to symbolize South Korean national identity and pride, making it an issue even more difficult to resolve. South Korea's claim to the island holds emotional content that goes beyond material significance, and giving way on the island issue to Japan would be seen as compromising the sovereignty of the entire peninsula. The dispute has taken on the form of a national grievance rather than a simple territorial dispute.

1267: 102: 925: 913: 1896:, anti-Japanese sentiment in South Korea stems not just from Japanese atrocities during the occupation period, but also from the Korean Peninsula's division. As a result, Kelly says, South Koreans take out their anger, whether rising from Korean division or otherwise, against Japan, as due to the racialized nature of Korean nationalism it is considered gauche for South Koreans to be overly hostile towards North Korea. This view is supported by another professor, 1459: 1764: 1579: 1112:; it is further deepened by a differing sense of national identity derived from the unique histories, polities, class systems, and gender roles experienced by Koreans on different sides of the border. As a result, Korean nationalism in the late 20th century has been permeated by the split between North and South. Each regime espouses its own distinctive form of nationalism, different from the opposing side's, that nonetheless seeks to encompass the entire 2064:, remains a contentious issue. While protests have arisen over specific incidents, they are often reflective of deeper historical resentments. Robert Hathaway, director of the Wilson Center's Asia program, suggests: "the growth of anti-American sentiment in both Japan and South Korea must be seen not simply as a response to American policies and actions, but as reflective of deeper domestic trends and developments within these Asian countries." 5011: 2075:. Speaking to the Wilson Center, Katherine Moon was noted by Hathaway as suggesting that "anti-Americanism also represents the collective venting of accumulated grievances that in many instances have lain hidden for decades", but that despite the "very public demonstrations of anger toward the United States the majority of Koreans of all age groups supports the continuation of the American alliance." 32: 1808:. The committee recommended improvement in the areas of treatment of migrant workers, abuse of and violence against foreign women married to South Korean citizens, and trafficking of foreign women for the purpose of sexual exploitation or domestic servitude. It also noted that contrary to popular domestic perception, South Korea was no longer "ethnically homogenous". 1691:" phenomenon and a desire among many South Koreans to immigrate have also been cited as an example of South Koreans' general lack of nationalistic patriotism towards their state. The lack of state-based nationalism manifests itself in diplomacy as well; the lack of a strong, resolute response by South Korea to North Korea's attacks against it in 2010 (i.e. the 1227:. This raised a sense of ethnic homogeneity which persists as a major element in the politics and foreign relations of both Koreas. A survey in 2006 showed that 68.2% of respondents considered "blood" the most important criterion of defining the Korean nation, and 74.9% agreed that "Koreans are all brothers and sisters regardless of residence and ideology." 1586:; state-based nationalism in South Korea is weak compared to the more salient race-based nationalism. As a result, in South Korea, the South Korean flag is viewed as representing the "Korean race" first and South Korea second. Thus, the national flag in South Korea is treated with respect there and rarely ever parodied and desecrated by citizens. 2145:

resulting controversy was at its height. The legislation proposed by 59 South Korean lawmakers would have declared the Gando Convention signed under Japanese rule to be "null and void". Later that year, the two countries reached an understanding that their governments would refrain from further involvement in the historical controversy.

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said, state-based nationalism was said to have been stronger during those years than in contemporary post-democratization South Korea, albeit still tenuous. Ironically, though fostered by a right-wing regime at the time, today race nationalism in South Korea is shared across the political spectrum. For instance, when the

1702:) has been attributed to the former's lack of state-aligned nationalistic sentiment, as these attacks were viewed as mere affronts against the state. In contrast, Japanese claims to South Korean-claimed territory are seen as affronts against the Korean race and are thus responded to with more vigor from South Koreans. 1732:

not do so. Another reason given is that South Koreans view their interactions with their state in negative contexts, such as when having to report for mandatory military service or paying fines. Other factors include the term 국가주의 in South Korea, which is considered a negative context, such as Japanese

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which had been a persistent thorn in the side of Japan-South Korea relations from the 1990s to the 2010s. Disagreements over demands for reparations and a formal apology still remain unresolved despite the previous agreement and compensation in 1965, South Koreans started peaceful vigils in 1992 held

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In the 20th century, South Korea's right-wing dictatorship implemented anti-communistic ethnic nationalistic policies while suppressing anti-imperialistic ethnic nationalism, while the opposing forces advocated anti-imperialistic ethnic nationalism. South Korean leftist is does not recognize that the

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in August 2000, where the two countries agreed to work towards a peaceful reunification in the future. However, there are a number of hurdles in this process due to the large political and economic differences between the two countries and other state actors such as China, Russia, and the United

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But in the early 20th century the Japanese annexed Korea and launched a campaign to persuade the peninsula's people that they were of the same pure racial stock as the Japanese themselves, said Myers. Then, when Japan left Korea at the end of WWII, pro-Japanese collaborators Koreanized the notion of

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As part of the deterioration of relations between North Korea and the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, North Korea forced its male citizens who had married Soviet and Eastern European women to divorce, whereupon the women, a few hundred, were expelled from the country. North Korea is alleged to have

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holiday, which is celebrated each August, shares its date with the establishment of the South Korean state. However, celebrations during the holiday choose to forgo commemorations of the South Korean state or its establishment in favor of focusing and extolling other aspects. As a result, many South

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South Koreans' lack of state-based nationalism (or patriotism) manifests itself in various ways in the country's society. For example, there is no national holiday solely commemorating the state itself and many South Koreans do not know the exact date their country was founded. The closest analogue,

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It is said that one of the reasons the South Korean state during the 20th century decided to extol race-based nationalism over state nationalism was that being an authoritarian military junta at the time, it did not want to extol republican principles that might be used to criticize it in turn. That

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A poll by the Asan Institute for Policy Studies in 2015 found that only 5.4% of South Koreans in their twenties said they saw North Koreans as people sharing the same bloodline with South Koreans The poll also found that only 11 percent of South Koreans associated North Korea with Koreans, with most

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Nationalism in late 19th century Korea was a form of resistance movements, but with significant differences between the north and south. Since the intrusion by foreign powers in the late 19th century, Koreans have had to construct their identity in ways that pitted them against foreigners. They have

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It does not help that the claimed territory already has a large Korean presence, with ethnic Koreans constituting about a third of all Kando residents. At this stage it seems that their loyalties overwhelmingly remain with Beijing, but the Korean activity in the area is unnerving for Chinese policy

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that relegated the area to Chinese control. While the Manchurian claims have not received official attention in South Korea, claims for Gando were the subject of a bill introduced in 2004, at a time when China had been claiming that Balhae and Koguryo had been "minority states" within China and the

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The South Korean government has also played a role in fanning nationalism in this dispute. President Roh Moo-hyun began a speech on Korea-Japan relations in April 2006 by bluntly stating, "The island is our land" and "for Koreans, the island is a symbol of the complete recovery of sovereignty." The

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was passed in 2008 but revised in 2011. According to 2009, statistics published by South Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare, there were 144,385 couples of international marriage in South Korea as of May 2008. 88.4% of immigrants were female, and 61.9% were from China. Recently it has been argued

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in 2004, the Koreans discovered that both Koguryo and its quasi-successor state of Parhae are presented in the new Chinese-language books as parts of China, as "minority states" that existed within the supposedly single Chinese nation. Statements to this effect even appeared on the Chinese Foreign

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The government will revisit the entirety of our response with regard to the matter of Dokdo. Together with the distortion of Japanese history textbooks and visits to the Yasukuni shrine, the matter of Dokdo will be dealt with head on. It will be reviewed in the context of rectifying the historical

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We always knew anyway that there was no shortage of former collaborators in the North. The personality cult has long praised the Great Leader for giving them a second chance. In my own research I have shown that former pro-Japanese intellectuals of some notoriety made it with Kim's blessing to the

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One of the reasons put forth to explain South Koreans' lack of support or affinity for the South Korean state is due to a popular misconception that only North Korea purged its regime of pro-Japanese collaborators of the colonial period and that South Korea did not, while in reality the former did

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State-based nationalism (국가주의) in South Korea is weak, compared with the more salient race-based nationalism (민족주의). As a result, some commentators have described the South Korean state in the eyes of South Koreans as constituting "an unloved republic". Whereas in North Korea, most of its citizens

1240:. Japanese collaborators are said to have introduced the notion of racial unity in an effort to assert that Japanese and Koreans came from the same racial stock. After Japan relinquished control of Korea, Myers argues, the theory was subsequently adjusted to promote the idea of a pure Korean race. 971:

can be viewed in two different contexts. One encompasses various movements throughout history to maintain a Korean cultural identity, history, and ethnicity (or "race"). This ethnic nationalism was mainly forged in opposition to foreign incursion and rule. The second context encompasses how Korean

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father, became the first South Korean-born American to win the NFL Super Bowl's MVP award. This achievement threw him into the media spotlight in South Korea. When he traveled to South Korea for the first time, he raised unprecedented attention to the acceptance of "mixed-blood" children. He also

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flower) instead of republican or state ones. Thus, the South Korean flag is often seen by South Koreans as representing the "Korean race" rather than merely South Korea itself. As a result, the vast majority of South Koreans will almost always treat their national flag with reverence and respect,

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Due to traditional state support for race nationalism fostered during the 20th century, South Koreans have come to view positive achievements as being a result of inherent racial characteristics, whereas negative events are attributed to the incompetence and malevolence of the South Korean state:

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The term "pure blood" refers to the belief that Korean people are a pure race descended from a single ancestor. First invoked during the period of resistance to colonial rule, the idea of having pure blood gave Koreans an impetus for developing a sense of ethnic homogeneity and national pride, as

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With regard to Korean nationalism, the reunification of the two Koreas is a highly related issue. Ethnic nationalism that is prevalent in Korean society is likely to play a significant role in the unification process, if it does occur. As Gi-Wook Shin claims, "Ethnic consciousness would not only

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Korean nationalism has often been structured above a concept of "pure blood", or the belief that Korean people are a pure race descended from a single ancestor. Invoked during the period of resistance to colonial rule, the idea gave Koreans a sense of ethnic homogeneity and national pride, and a

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The Liancourt Rocks dispute has affected the Korean and Japanese perceptions of each other. According to a 2008 survey by Gallup Korea and the Japan Research Center, 20% of Koreans had friendly feelings towards Japan and 36% of Japanese the same towards Korea. When asked for the reason of their

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Due to Korea's colonial past, safeguarding the island has become equivalent to safeguarding the nation-state and its national identity. A territory's value and importance is not limited to its physical dimensions but also the psychological value it holds as a source of sovereignty and identity.

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praised the Act on Treatment of Foreigners, but also expressed a number of concerns. The committee was concerned "about the persistence of widespread societal discrimination against foreigners, including migrant workers and children born from inter-ethnic unions, in all areas of life, including

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Thanks in part to decades of skillful propaganda, North Koreans generally equate the race with their state, so that ethno-nationalism and state-loyalty are mutually enforcing. In this respect North Korea enjoys an important advantage over its rival, for in the Republic of Korea ethnonationalism

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Since long ago, the more radical Korean nationalist historians have paid much attention to the "Manchurian question", insisting that the vast lands of China's northeast, which once were realms of the Koguryo rulers, should be returned to the "lawful owner" - that is, to the present-day Korean

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The military has decided to omit the word 'minjok,' which refers to the Korean race, from the oath of enlistment for officers and soldiers, and replace it with 'the citizen.' The measure reflects the growing number of foreigners who gain Korean citizenship and of children from mixed marriages

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Korean schoolchildren in North and South learn that Japan invaded their fiercely patriotic country in 1905, spent forty years trying to destroy its language and culture, and withdrew without having made any significant headway. This version of history is just as uncritically accepted by most

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Later on in his speech Roh also mentions the Yasukuni Shrine and Japanese history textbook controversy, saying that they will be dealt with together. Having placed the Liancourt Rocks issue "in the context of rectifying the historical record between Korea and Japan" and "the safeguarding of

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This has not only complicated bilateral relations but heightened nationalist sentiments on both sides. In spite of generational change and the passage of time, the institutionalization of Korean collective memory is causing young Koreans to be as anti-Japanese, if not more so, than the older

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Ethnic nationalism emphasizes descent and race. Among many Koreans, both in the North and South, ethnicity is interpreted on a racial basis, with "blood", and is usually considered the key determinant in defining "Koreanness" in contemporary Korean nationalist thought. In South Korea, ethnic

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However, while some South Koreans are fascinated by the biracial sportsman, the majority of ordinary mixed-race people and migrant workers face various forms of discrimination and prejudice. In 2007, the "Korean pure blood theory" became an international issue when the U.N. Committee on the

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The booklet titled An Alternative Textbook of Modern and Contemporary Korean History (Daean Gyogwaseo Hanguk Geun-Hyeondae Sa) demonstrates something about that civil war. The publication adopts in full the historical interpretations of the book "Looking Again at History Around the Time of

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The principle of bloodline or "jus sanguinis" still defines the notion of Korean nationhood and citizenship, which are often inseparable in the mind of Koreans. In its formative years Koreans developed the ethnic base of nation without a corresponding attention to the political notion of

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Since 1954, the South Koreans have administered the islands but bickering on both sides involving nationalism and lingering historical acrimony has led to the current impasse. Adding to this problem is political pressure from conservative politicians and nationalist groups in both

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that South Korean society had already become a multicultural society, although foreigners make up for 3.4% of the South Korean population. As of 2011, ten ministries and agencies of South Korean government are supporting international couples and foreign workers in the country.

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donated US$ 1 million to establish the "Hines Ward Helping Hands Foundation", which the media called "a foundation to help mixed-race children like himself in South Korea, where they have suffered discrimination." Hines Ward was granted honorary South Korean citizenship.

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Following the introduction of the UN Law of the Sea in 1994, South Korea and Japan both began proceeding to set their new maritime boundaries, particularly in overlapping terrain in the East Sea/Sea of Japan, where the distance between some EEZ baselines was less than

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view their state and race as being the same thing, most South Koreans on the other hand tend to see the "Korean race" and their (South Korean) state as being separate entities due to the existence of a competing Korean state in North Korea. According to Korea scholar

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Koreans do not know the exact date their own state was established, in contrast to North Koreans, who do. In contrast, a holiday marking the mythological formation of the "Korean race" in 2333 BC is commemorated with a national holiday in South Korea each October.

4384:"Basically, the entire country is galvanized behind this incident," said a U.S. official in Seoul, speaking anonymously. "It will be forever brought up in news articles that we callously ran over these two girls. I don't think we are going to recover from this.". 2359:[The translations of 'nation' or 'nationalism' can be diverse, including 국가 or 국가주의, 국민 or 국민주의, and 민족 or 민족주의, the situation in which 민족 or 민족주의 were adopted as the dominant translation language was closely related to the colonization process of Korea.] 995:

manifests itself in various ways. For example, there is no national holiday in South Korea that commemorates the founding of the state itself, as there is a controversy on whether the Republic of Korea was established on April 11, 1919, with the founding of the

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Liberation" ("Haebang Jeonju Sa-ui Jae Insik"), published two years ago by "New Right" scholars and received with much fanfare by conservative newspapers. The authors of these two publications reject minjok, the Korean people, and believe in gukga, the state.

1962:(EEZ) borders was less than 400 nautical miles (700 km) apart. Tensions escalated in 1996 when both governments declared a 200-nautical-mile (400 km) EEZ that encompassed the island, which brought Japan-South Korean relations to an all-time low. 4580:

In late 2004, when the first round of the "history war" reached its height, a group of 59 South Korean lawmakers even introduced a bill that declared the 1909 Sino-Japanese treaty "null and void" and demanded recognition of Korean territorial rights over

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abducted foreign women in the 1970s to marry to foreign men that immigrated to North Korea in order to keep these men from having children with North Korean women. North Korea is accused of killing babies born to North Korean mothers and Chinese fathers.

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While Japanese scholars were pursuing colonialist aims in research on Korea culture, Korean scholars on the other hand began their own research in order to discover in the traditional culture the spiritual basis for the independence movement against

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Existing provisions in South Korean criminal law may be used to punish acts of racial discrimination, but were never used for that purpose until 2009, when the first case of a South Korean citizen verbally insulting a foreigner was brought to court.

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Although the change was inspired by the increase in multiethnic households, not by the drive to bolster state-patriotism per se, the left-wing media objected that the new oath "runs the high risk of calling forth violent and exclusive state-ism

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employment, marriage, housing, education and interpersonal relationships." It also noted that the terminology such as "pure blood" and "mixed blood" used in South Korea, including by the government, is widespread, and may reinforce concepts of

1740:'s authoritarian politics, while the term 민족주의 is considered a positive context, such as the anti-Japanese resistance independence movement in Japanese colonial era and the anti-American/anti-dictatorship democracy movement in the 1980s. 1038:

Historically, the central objectives of Korea's nationalist movement were the advancement and protection of Korea's ancient culture and national identity from foreign influence, and the fostering of the independence movement during

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Anglophones tend to use the words nation and state more or less interchangeably, but when one nation is divided into two states, it's important to stick to the Koreans' own practice of distinguishing clearly between nationalism

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The move is apparently a response to recent efforts by Chinese scholars to strengthen their claim over the heritage of Kojoson and other kingdoms such as Koguryo (37 B.C. - A.D. 668), which Korea states are part of its national

1970:(resentment) run deeply and can influence Korea's relations with its neighbors, allies, and enemies in ways not easily predicted by models of policy-making predicated on realpolitik or other geo-strategic or economic concerns." 1859:

The legacy of the colonial period of Korean history continues to fuel recriminations and demands for restitution in both Koreas. North and South Korea have both lodged severe protests against visits by Japanese officials to the

1043:. In order to obtain political and cultural autonomy, it first had to promote Korea's cultural dependency. For this reason, the nationalist movement demanded the restoration and preservation of Korea's traditional culture. The 1982:"Dokdo for us is not merely a matter pertaining to territorial rights over tiny islets but is emblematic of bringing closure to an unjust chapter in our history with Japan and of the full consolidation of Korea's sovereignty." 1474:, North Korea has attempted to foster a state-based patriotic nationalism, rather than merely towards a race of ethnicity. Unlike South Koreans, North Koreans tend to see the "Korean race" and their state as being coterminous. 2135:

control of the area. The term Greater Korea, sometimes used in nationalist works, usually encompasses those regions located. The claim for Gando is said to be stronger than the claim for the whole of Manchuria, due to later

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International Convention Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination urged better education on the pure blood theory is needed, especially for judicial workers such as police officers, lawyers, prosecutors and judges.

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According to him, the Korean people were descendants of Dangun Joseon, who merged with Buyo of Manchuria to form the Goguryeo people. This original blend, Shin contended, remained the ethnic or racial core of the Korean

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after the United States rejected Korea's claim to give sovereignty of the Liancourt Rocks islands, known as Dokdo or Tokto (독도/獨島, literally "solitary island") in Korean and Takeshima in Japanese, to Korea in the 1951.

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has strong salience as well, though unlike in South Korea, state nationalism and ethnic nationalism do not compete but rather co-exist and reinforce each other. This can be attributed to the state-sponsored ideology of

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In 1909, the Japanese, acting "on behalf" of the Koreans, agreed to complete Chinese sovereignty over the area. In recent years it became clear that a large number of Koreans were demanding the revision of the 1909

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is a component of North Korea's political system. The word literally means "main body" or "subject"; it has also been translated in North Korean sources as "independent stand" and the "spirit of self-reliance".

2093:, an expression of nostalgia for the north. In the early 20th century, Korean nationalist historians like Shin Chaeho, advocated a complete unification of Korean peninsula and Manchuria in order to restore the 4905: 1569:

and flag, have been cited as an example of North Korea's attempt to build a state-based nationalism, in contrast to South Korea's state symbols, which utilize overtly racialized motifs and ethnic symbolism.

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South Korean nationalism is something quite different from the patriotism toward the state that Americans feel. Identification with the Korean race is strong, while that with the Republic of Korea is weak.

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legitimize the drive for unification but it could also be a common ground, especially in the early stages of the unification process, that is needed to facilitate a smooth integration of the two systems."

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compared to other countries where citizens would desecrate their own national flags as political statements or in protest. This weak state-based nationalism was reflected in the pre-2011 South Korean

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Even today, Koreans maintain a strong sense of ethnic homogeneity based on shared blood and ancestry, and nationalism continues to function as a key resource in Korean politics and foreign relations.

1620:, etc). Historians do this even in English when discussing the Weimar Republic, where nationalism undermined support for the state — and for liberal democracy — just as it does in South Korea today. 3618: 1663:

past right-wing military dictatorships are "ethnic nationalism" (민족주의; ethnic-ism), and refers to them as "state nationalism" (국가주의; state-ism). Today, state nationalism is advocated by some

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in Korea, China particularly Manchuria and China Proper and Far East Russia. They formed 'governments in exile', armies, and secret groups to fight the imperial Japanese wherever they are.

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In 2010, the South Korean government changed the oath of enlistment of Korean soldiers, so that they do not swear allegiance anymore to the Korean race. Similarly, prior to 2007 the

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witnessed and participated in a wide range of nationalist actions over the past century, but all of them have been some form of resistance against foreign influences. During the

1051:, that began in the 1870s, could be seen as an early form of what would become the Korean nationalist resistance movement against foreign influences. It was succeeded by the 1995:

antipathy, most Koreans mentioned the territorial dispute over the island, and the Japanese the anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea. This is in contrast to a 2002 survey (post

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The new history books write that Kojoson was set up in 2333 B.C. and adds that "it is recorded by Samgukyusa and Tongguktonggam that Kojoson was established by Tangun."

646: 4911: 3189:"B.R. Myers Interview, Part II: Focus on North Korea's Ideology & Propaganda, Not Personalities | NKnet: Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights" 1565:

Even North Koreans who may not particularly admire their country's leaders will still be patriotic towards their state. The North Korean state's symbols, such as the

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During the Japanese occupation, Dangun nationalism played a central role in promoting national sentiment to resist foreign aggression and win independence. In the

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towards the North that was based on the hope that one day, the two countries would be re-united in the 1990s. The process towards this was started by the historic

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Because Korean nationalism is anti-Japanism, difficulties in the relationship remain prevalent despite seemingly compelling material forces for less friction ...

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issue of the island is clearly tied to the protection of the nation-state that was once taken away by Japan. President Roh emphasizes this point again by saying:

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The Korean nationality law is still based on jus sanguinis and legitimizes, consciously or unconsciously, ethnic discrimination against foreign migrant workers.

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Breen rates ethnicity, and more specifically "the belief in a unique bloodline", as the first standout characteristic of Korea's special brand of nationalism...

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Finally, in August 2004, the sides reached an agreement: the bureaucracies promised to refrain from waging "history wars", leaving arguments to the historians.

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In addition, the symbolic attachment of territory to national identity and pride has made the island dispute all the more intractable and difficult to resolve.

991:). This form of romantic "ethnic" nationalism often competes with and weakens the more formal and structured "state" national identity. South Koreans' lack of 1244:

people associating them with words like military, war or nuclear weapons. It also found that most South Koreans expressed deeper feelings of "closeness" with

7022: 3728: 3317: 3298:'Usually the South Korean left is blamed for the public's lack of patriotism,' Myers said. 'But it is the right who made blood nationalism a state religion.' 2871: 7827: 6990: 2769: 2722: 1885:. These issues continue to separate the two countries diplomatically, and provide fuel for nationalism in both Koreas as well as anti-Japanese sentiment. 7810: 4314:

record between Korea and Japan and historical awareness building, our history of self-reliance and independence, and the safeguarding of our sovereignty.

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presence in Gando after the fall of the Koguryo kingdom, the current area population's consisting of 1/3 ethnic Koreans, and the circumstances of the

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have emerged as a result of what some see as an attempt at historical negationism with the aim of whitewashing or ignoring Japan's war crimes during

8138: 4882: 1904:. Theoretical explanation for the link between Korean division and persistent anti-Japanese sentiment has been offered in scholarship utilizing an 4356: 1032: 830: 8753: 8102: 7893: 4961: 3762: 8455: 6995: 3645:"Report of the detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea – A/HRC/25/CRP.1" 3455: 2793: 1991:

said, "Where national memories are concerned, griefs are of more value than triumphs, for they impose duties, and require a common effort."

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Trump's rhetoric has also encouraged sympathy with Pyongyang in South Korea, where people balk at harsh criticism of their ethnic brethren.

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Historical Korean claims of Manchuria can be traced back to the late Joseon dynasty. It was common in late Joseon dynasty to write about

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Idea teaches that "man is the master of everything and decides everything", and the Korean people are the masters of Korea's revolution.

1153: 311: 1599:, while race-based nationalism in North Korea strengthens patriotism towards the state and vice versa, in South Korea it undermines it: 7637: 4059: 2998: 2660: 1999:) conducted by the Chosun Ilbo and Mainichi Shimbun, where 35% of Koreans and 69% of Japanese had friendly views of the other country. 865: 641: 8111: 8107: 8748: 8743: 4773: 3289: 161: 2599: 7103: 3775: 2357:'nation'과 'nationalism'의 번역어는 국민과 국민주의, 국가와 국가주의, 민족과 민족주의 등 다양할 수 있는데 이 중에서 민족과 민족주의가 지배적 번역어로 채택된 사정은 한국의 식민화 과정과 밀접하게 관련되는 것이었다. 5015: 2213:민족주의 (民族主義), which is most commonly used to refer to a Korean nationalist agenda in the Korean language, sometimes translates to " 7329: 5715: 4749: 3110: 2154: 2067:

Korean anti-Americanism after the war was fueled by American occupation of USFK troops and support for the authoritarian rule of

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movement and later a series of Korean resistance movements that led, in part, to the current status of the two Korean nations.

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he South Korean flag continues to function, at least in South Korea, not as a symbol of the state but as a symbol of the race.

2072: 1292:, though commentators have offered "race" and "ethnicity" as being the closest analogues; since the word for race in Korea is 8072: 6936: 6548: 6518: 5620: 3595: 2375: 2343: 1852:

as a core component of its ideology, even being described by some scholars as constituting an integral part of South Korea's

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whose remains are held there. South Koreans claim that a number of Korean women who worked near Japanese military bases as

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that would migrate from the North into the South and initial economic and political instability would need to be overcome.

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This can also be found as a chapter in a book called "Power and the Past: Collective Memory and International Relations".

4807: 4169:"Perpetual ontological crisis: national division, enduring anxieties and South Korea's discursive relationship with Japan" 3644: 3366: 7282: 1659:

was reworded in 2007 to use less racialist language, it was left-leaning South Koreans who notably objected to a change.

4702:

Perpetual ontological crisis: national division, enduring anxieties and South Korea's discursive relationship with Japan

3325: 2879: 7859: 7486: 7466: 7312: 6709: 4935: 299: 1538:

Unlike South Koreans, North Koreans generally believe that their (North Korean) state and the "Korean race" (English:

8405: 8316: 7963: 7676: 7362: 6245: 4787: 4729: 3030: 2921: 2562: 2493: 2370: 2189: 1824: 1656: 1261: 825: 658: 623: 7815: 3923: 3535: 1175: 1023: 7785: 5036: 2033:), aggravated especially by high-profile accidents or crimes by U.S. servicemembers, with various crimes including 2008: 1849: 1680: 1399: 870: 577: 196: 173: 3736: 3242: 8225: 7758: 7456: 6794: 6649: 5898: 5705: 4126:

The South needs to retire the conventional civic religion here, which is anti-Japanese pan-Korean nationalism ...

3343: 881: 875: 813: 2048:

especially ignited Anti-American passions. The ongoing U.S. military presence in South Korea, especially at the

60: 48: 8230: 7968: 7915: 7839: 7795: 7743: 7451: 7065: 6498: 6453: 5710: 5531: 3167: 3134: 1676: 429: 289: 4463:"China's Korean Autonomous Prefecture and China-Korea Border Politics | The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus" 2744:

Being Amerasian in South Korea: Purebloodness, Multiculturalism, and Living Alongside the U.S. Military Empire

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are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of

6588: 6583: 6513: 6473: 6458: 6240: 6195: 5815: 5463: 4834: 4007: 2768:

Cite error: The named reference "YuriWDoolan2012" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

2703: 997: 703: 4329:

For this is a matter where no compromise or surrender is possible, whatever the costs and sacrifices may be.

3519:

When people wave the South Korean flag, in other words, they wave the flag not of a country but of a people.

2721:

Cite error: The named reference "OathChosunIlbo" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

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Another legislation aimed at improving the integration of ethnic minorities into South Korean society, the

1205:

well as a potential catalyst for racial discrimination and prejudice. As a way of resisting colonial rule,

1064: 755: 321: 294: 7778: 6573: 3213: 2013:

Anti-Americanism in Korea began with the earliest contact between the two nations and continued after the

8768: 8738: 8082: 7849: 7476: 7007: 6210: 5433: 5383: 5029: 3564:

Post-War Korean Conservatism, Japanese Statism, and the Legacy of President Park Chung-hee in South Korea

1728:

and pre-2007 pledge of allegiance, both of which pledged allegiance to the "Korean race" over the state.

1664: 941: 818: 572: 83: 3051:, which they would translate for us as 'nationality,' but is much closer in the way they use it to race. 1546:) are analogous. Thus they strengthen each other rather than undermining the other like in South Korea: 8758: 7595: 7145: 6568: 6448: 5479: 4366: 3779: 3503: 2812: 1048: 1028: 539: 316: 4928:"North Korea's official propaganda promotes idea of racial purity and moral superiority, scholar says" 4927: 4247: 8778: 8566: 7537: 7135: 6929: 5742: 5438: 4995: 4641: 3797: 2179: 2057: 1893: 1699: 1170: 1071: 1040: 988: 887: 845: 840: 582: 529: 523: 399: 52: 20: 6528: 6250: 3386: 3105: 8773: 8631: 8626: 8616: 8020: 7231: 6845: 6503: 6307: 5219: 3563: 2274: 1843: 1196:. Despite its contemporary salience, ethnic Korean nationalism is a relatively recent development. 1192:

nationalism has salience to the point where it has been described as being a part of the country's

803: 284: 279: 156: 2913: 8549: 8274: 8195: 8178: 7869: 7125: 6287: 5759: 5663: 5574: 5489: 5368: 3713: 3693: 3459: 2450: 2045: 1959: 1917: 1668: 1415: 808: 737: 567: 106: 6865: 5820: 2119:(known in China as Jiandao), a region bordering China, North Korea, and Russia, and home to the 1266: 8517: 8294: 7832: 7571: 7266: 7027: 6235: 6125: 5903: 5867: 5749: 5594: 5443: 3964: 2084: 2053: 1345: 793: 608: 2221:". It is also referred to as 국가주의 (國家主義) or 국민주의 (國民主義) when referring to South Korean-based " 8512: 8375: 8358: 8338: 8323: 8284: 8010: 7958: 7768: 7374: 7341: 7292: 7209: 7055: 6558: 6523: 6508: 6387: 6215: 6205: 6170: 6165: 6150: 6130: 6094: 5877: 5847: 5837: 5827: 5722: 5501: 5458: 5428: 5406: 5353: 5276: 5187: 4861: 4701: 4140:"Sympathy for North Korea: Why South Koreans might just be willing to align with Kim Jong-un" 4034: 3632: 3602:

Korean ethnic nationalism which tended to be against authoritarian regimes and foreign powers

3413: 2184: 1758: 1754: 1710: 1566: 1471: 1104:, and the division persists to this day. The split is perpetuated by rival regimes, opposing 562: 121: 8267: 4117: 2905: 2664: 8601: 8556: 8527: 8415: 8353: 8301: 7939: 7641: 7425: 7236: 7060: 7002: 6974: 6922: 6764: 6563: 6412: 6372: 6347: 6190: 6160: 6145: 6135: 6104: 6099: 6089: 6063: 6024: 5918: 5795: 5790: 5769: 5732: 5700: 5668: 5658: 5637: 5564: 5448: 5363: 5323: 5150: 5097: 3531: 3391: 3313: 3238: 3209: 2901: 2867: 2656: 2595: 2194: 1905: 1897: 1692: 1592: 1406: 1125: 984: 722: 663: 274: 246: 168: 4636:

Wang, Jianwei. (2003). Muthiah Alagappa (ed.). "Territorial Disputes and Asian Security".

4087: 3293: 2609: 2510:"Global Citizenship a growing sentiment among citizens of emerging economies: Global Poll" 8: 8596: 8591: 8492: 8472: 8435: 8235: 8188: 7951: 7590: 7441: 7413: 7406: 7319: 7219: 7214: 6814: 6694: 6488: 6427: 6392: 6297: 6200: 6155: 6120: 6084: 6079: 6019: 6014: 6009: 5988: 5934: 5882: 5872: 5805: 5774: 5727: 5632: 5548: 5521: 5484: 5411: 5378: 5358: 5328: 5214: 5114: 4720: 4617:"Economic Dependence and the Dokdo/Takeshima Rocks Dispute Between South Korea and Japan" 3587: 3474: 2906: 2401:

Kim, Hee-sun (2007). "Musical Representation of Nationalism in Contemporary South Korea"

1996: 1714: 1583: 1463: 1380:) refers to a ritual or movement to achieve national solidarity based on the belief that 1097: 972:

nationalism changed after the partition in 1945. Today, the former tends to predominate.

732: 727: 326: 4651:"Rediscovering Manchuria: Sin Ch'ae-ho and the Politics of Territorial History in Korea" 3943: 3817: 1671:, while left-leaning forces are more inclined to anti-imperialistic ethnic nationalism. 1284:(민족, 民族, "race" or ethnicity) or Kyŏre(겨레), and narrated Korean history in terms of its 56: 8646: 8586: 8502: 8477: 8450: 8410: 8328: 8148: 8032: 7973: 7934: 7621: 7616: 7302: 7193: 7173: 6959: 6900: 6850: 6603: 6483: 6357: 6332: 6140: 6058: 6029: 5978: 5968: 5913: 5908: 5842: 5832: 5810: 5764: 5642: 5610: 5526: 5511: 5506: 5373: 5281: 5239: 5145: 5135: 5130: 5109: 5092: 5052: 4944:

Of Shrines and Hooligans: The Structure of the History Problem in East Asia after 9/11.

4680: 4672: 3928: 3022: 2604: 2218: 1901: 1805: 1645: 1596: 929: 917: 618: 482: 331: 251: 135: 6493: 4972:

Visions and Versions of Korean Nationalism and the ROK's Relations with its Neighbors.

4857: 4757: 3688: 3662: 3268: 2071:, and what was perceived as an American endorsement of the brutal tactics used in the 1830:

A poll from 2015 found that Koreans tend to amalgamate Korean ethnic nationalism with

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top of the cultural apparatus, where they exerted a formative influence on the North.

3163: 2917: 2558: 2489: 2431: 2222: 2014: 1951: 1718: 1341: 1232: 1087: 1074:, the Korean nationalists carried on the struggle for independence, fighting against 992: 782: 557: 269: 41: 4462: 3839:"Minority Rights Group International : South Korea : South Korea Overview" 1551:

militates against support for a state that is perceived as having betrayed the race.

8678: 8668: 8289: 8133: 8077: 8057: 7990: 7396: 7098: 7032: 6789: 6598: 6478: 5993: 5973: 5589: 5584: 5516: 5496: 5390: 5318: 5286: 5166: 5082: 4662: 4500: 4341: 4180: 3640: 2751: 2421: 2230: 2225:". Also, "ultra-nationalism" is called 극단적 민족주의 (極端的民族主義) or 국수주의 (國粹主義). 내셔널리즘 is 2174: 2169: 2141: 2049: 1872:

were forced to serve as sex slaves against their will for Japanese soldiers during

1784: 1237: 1113: 1100:

between north and south by the Allied powers in 1945 as part of the disarmament of

229: 191: 1733: 8717: 8487: 8467: 8425: 8420: 8363: 8348: 8311: 7929: 7898: 7888: 7874: 7748: 7699: 7645: 7549: 7527: 7504: 7379: 7357: 7336: 7307: 7297: 7287: 6969: 6964: 6769: 6739: 6264: 5673: 5579: 5416: 4778: 4361: 4252: 3802: 3373: 3348: 3156:

Lee, Kyo Duk (2004). "'Peaceful Utilization of the DMZ' as a National Strategy".

2698: 2253: 2112: 1923: 1889: 1861: 1361: 1211: 1149: 897: 744: 444: 424: 241: 215: 6819: 4628: 1000:, or on August 15, 1948, with the establishment of the South Korean Government. 798: 8663: 8658: 8497: 8482: 8460: 8440: 8400: 8333: 8092: 8015: 7864: 7844: 7822: 7723: 7585: 7401: 7369: 7140: 7130: 7110: 7081: 6724: 6704: 6272: 5421: 4734: 4423:. This is Hathaway's summary; it does not appear to be a direct quote from Moon 3129: 2338: 2264:[Race, language, and territory are not the constituent requirements of the 2068: 1853: 1737: 1249: 1193: 1187:

was. South Korea has the highest proportion given for "race or culture" at 23%.

1101: 1075: 1052: 502: 459: 389: 235: 209: 201: 4505: 4488: 4185: 4168: 3891: 3438: 2303: 1827:

was towards the "Korean race" rather than towards the country of South Korea.

1348:

that ensued, the South Korean government in 2007 incorporated the founding of

1183:

poll from 2016 of various countries, asking what the most important factor in

8732: 8621: 8611: 8522: 8430: 8380: 8343: 8306: 8062: 8037: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7985: 7566: 7246: 7183: 7178: 7157: 6367: 6362: 6317: 6312: 6292: 5615: 5291: 4692:

Chang Ūl-Byōng (November 1986). "Shin Ch'ae-ho's Nationalism and Anarchism".

4514: 4084: 4012: 3636: 3613: 2435: 2405:[Musical Representation of Nationalism in Contemporary South Korea]. 2316: 1869: 1865: 1848:

Contemporary Korean nationalism, at least in South Korea, often incorporates

1725: 1333: 1224: 1220: 1184: 775: 689: 682: 434: 361: 221: 55:

was found. You can help implement the merge by following the instructions at

4060:"South Korea as (Sub)Empire: Workers, Immigration, and Racialized Hierarchy" 101: 8698: 8606: 8395: 8390: 8252: 8220: 8087: 8067: 8052: 8047: 8027: 7980: 7668: 7532: 7188: 6896: 6784: 6634: 6397: 6382: 6352: 6322: 6282: 3026: 2164: 1988: 1955: 1927: 1882: 1873: 1435: 1429: 1312: 652: 497: 492: 464: 454: 439: 366: 356: 1504:

Idea gradually emerged as a systematic ideological doctrine in the 1960s.

8651: 8581: 8571: 8544: 8507: 8183: 8155: 8118: 8097: 8042: 7924: 7763: 7713: 7384: 7261: 7256: 7241: 7150: 7120: 6945: 6855: 6824: 6804: 6684: 6639: 6593: 6422: 6407: 6402: 6337: 6277: 5754: 5627: 2214: 2104: 2029:

has focused on the presence and behavior of American military personnel (

2022: 2018: 1936: 1688: 1505: 1482:, nationalism is incorporated as part of the state-sponsored ideology of 1479: 1424:

and the subject of independence were set as 'the descendants of Dangun'.

1277: 1270: 1206: 1145: 1141: 1004: 980: 696: 487: 449: 419: 409: 404: 394: 371: 4489:"Guest Editor's Introduction: Manchuria and Korea in East Asian History" 4229:"Anti-Japanese Sentiment among Graduates of South Korean Public Schools" 3868:"South Korea; Support for Multicultural Families Act Enacted – ヒューライツ大阪" 3625: 1763: 1336:. Shin launched a vision of the Korean nation as a historically defined 1236:

that the North Korean ideology of a purest race arose from 20th century

8673: 8636: 8576: 8539: 8533: 8205: 8200: 8123: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7576: 7542: 7012: 6870: 6714: 6644: 5140: 5102: 4676: 2426: 2026: 1780: 1768: 1643:

Brian Reynolds Myers, "South Korea's Collective Shrug" (May 27, 2010),

1328:, as the primordial ancestor of the Korean people and located the host 1310:

and history were mutually defining and as he says in the preface of the

1105: 835: 338: 3818:"Korean Laws in English – Act on the Treatment of Foreigners in Korea" 3619:

The Real North Korea: Life and politics in the failed Stalinist utopia

2908:

The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters

2755: 1578: 1458: 1320:, there is no history." Shin emphasized the ancientness of the Korean 1233:

The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters

8257: 8173: 7854: 7728: 7559: 7115: 6774: 6759: 6749: 6744: 6689: 6674: 5963: 5087: 5021: 3892:"Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination" 2986:

a pure blood line, promoting pride in a morally superior Korean race.

2287:르낭은 "공동체 삶을 지속하려는 욕구, 각자가 받은 유산을 발전시키고자 하는 의지가 중요하고, 이런 것이 존중될 때 '열린 2108: 1625:

Brian Reynolds Myers, "On Experts and Exegetes" (September 6, 2017),

1288:

history. There is no direct English language equivalent for the word

1245: 4721:"Special Message by President Roh Moo-hyun on Korea-Japan Relations" 4667: 4650: 1987:

sovereignty", compromise becomes impossible. As the French theorist

1705:

Even state symbols that are ostensibly state in nature, such as the

1409:, the Declaration of Independence marked the date of declaration as 1340:

or ethnicity entity. In an attempt to counter China's controversial

8712: 8688: 8641: 8143: 6734: 6659: 6533: 6417: 2128: 2124: 1831: 1395: 1386: 1349: 1216: 1109: 1015:

which utilizes ethnic identity to enhance state power and control.

613: 127: 6799: 4977:

U.S.-Korea Relations in the 21st Century Challenges and Prospects,

3504:"How Korea got cool: The continued rise of a country named Hanguk" 3456:"Taking North Korea at its Word | NK News - North Korea News" 2813:"How Korea got cool: The continued rise of a country named Hanguk" 7805: 6809: 6779: 6729: 6719: 6624: 6377: 6327: 5346: 5255: 5010: 3944:"Korean Laws in English – SUPPORT FOR MULTICULTURAL FAMILIES ACT" 3478: 2116: 2038: 1706: 1391: 1230:

Noted Korea scholar Brian Reynolds Myers argues in his 2010 book

1158: 1044: 788: 749: 4008:"Number of foreign residents in S. Korea triples over ten years" 7753: 7389: 6679: 6664: 6629: 6619: 3729:"MVP Ward Visit Exposes Korean Racism – OhmyNews International" 2226: 2137: 2132: 2096: 1467: 1381: 1325: 414: 6914: 4788:"South Korea's World Cup dream is over, but the party goes on" 2694:"New Pledge of Allegiance to Reflect Growing Multiculturalism" 1215:

in the 1920s, proclaiming that Korean descent is based on the

8683: 6829: 3663:"BBC NEWS – Asia-Pacific – N Korea 'kills detainees' babies'" 2061: 1940: 1484: 1453: 1371: 1219:

kingdom, formed from the intermingling of the descendants of

1010: 976:

potential catalyst for racial discrimination and prejudice.

141: 4992:

Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy

4800:"CNNSI.com - North Korea congratulates Seoul on Cup success" 4342:"The Nationalism Project - Ernest Renan Defining the Nation" 1966:

generation. For Koreans, "historical memory and feelings of

31: 2034: 2030: 1324:

history, elevated the status of the semi-legendary figure,

1302: 4878:

The Making of "Anti-American" Sentiment in Korea and Japan

3162:. Korean Institute for National Reunification. p. 4. 1801:

U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

1427:

After the establishment of the Republic of Korea in 1948,

1273:(1880–1936), founder of Korea's nationalist historiography 3269:"Pride of the People: South Korea and Korean Nationalism" 1466:. By eschewing racialized historical symbols such as the 1433:

officially became a national holiday in South Korea, and

1180: 4858:"THE HUMANITIES AND NATIONALIDENTITY: The Case of Korea" 51:, consensus to merge this article with content from 4719:

Office of the President, South Korea (April 25, 2006).

2999:"In South Korea, Reunification Call Misses the Jackpot" 2160:

Controversy over National Foundation Day in South Korea

1783:, who was born in Seoul to a South Korean mother and a 1047:(Eastern Learning) peasant movement, also known as the 3308: 3306: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2488:. California: Stanford University Press. p. 203. 1157:

States. Short-term problems such as a large number of

2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 1148:

under a single government. South Korea had adopted a

1140:) refers to the hypothetical future reunification of 3965:"Gov't extends definition of multicultural families" 3631: 3303: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2407:동양음악(Journal of the Asian Music Research Institute) 1717:contain racial nationalist references (such as the 3106:"Dangun Nationalism in Pre-Modern Period of Korea" 2833: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 1402:are representative Dangun nationalist ideologies. 4346:- Delivered as a lecture at the Sorbonne in 1882. 2750:(Thesis). The Ohio State University. p. 63. 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 8730: 4907:Ethnic pride source of prejudice, discrimination 4883:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 4432:Korea Between Empires, 1895-1919 By Andre Schmid 4357:"Friendliness Between Japan and Korea Withering" 3367:Cloudy forecast for Moon’s ‘Sunshine Policy 2.0’ 3021: 2107:Korean nationalist historians have claimed that 1795:In 2007, the South Korean government passed the 1058: 3204: 3202: 2729: 2624: 2078: 1950:, South Korea and Japan began to set their new 1679:, ceased to be a national holiday in 2008. The 1280:was the first historian to focus on the Korean 1033:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 831:Legitimacy Theory of the Provisional Government 3918: 3916: 3579: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2679: 7684: 6930: 5037: 4946:, Paper presented at the East Asian Seminar, 4292: 4290: 3472: 3047:The hum in their ideology is the Korean word 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2414:Journal of the Asian Music Research Institute 1954:, particularly in overlapping terrain in the 1943:to have more assertive territorial policies. 1508:outlined the three fundamental principles of 1255: 949: 7698: 4750:"Road deaths ignite Korean anti-Americanism" 4339: 3776:"U.N. Committee Hits Korea's Discrimination" 3686: 3583:A Representation of Nationhood in the Museum 3199: 2702:. South Korea. 18 April 2011. Archived from 1530:"self-defense in national defense" (자위, 自衛, 1442: 1375: 1365: 1135: 4852:(Berkeley: University of California Press). 4823:. Archived from the original on 2006-10-19. 4706:European Journal of International Relations 4173:European Journal of International Relations 3913: 3862: 3860: 2794:"Why South Korea is So Obsessed with Japan" 2776: 7691: 7677: 6937: 6923: 6895:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on 6539:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) 5044: 5030: 4960:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4287: 3798:"Koreans Reassess Concept of Blood Purity" 2571: 2530: 2451:"[임순만 칼럼] 광복절만 되면 왜 '건국절 논란'이 나오나" 2123:should be part of Korea, based on ancient 1926:dispute has been ongoing since the end of 1911: 1864:, which is seen as glorifying the Class A 1837: 1748: 1523:"self-sustenance in the economy" (자립, 自立, 956: 942: 893:Korean independence movement organizations 642:Anti-Imperialist National Democratic Front 4666: 4504: 4184: 3689:"Hines Ward scores big for social change" 3682: 3680: 3123: 3121: 2557:. California: Stanford University Press. 2425: 1352:of the year 2333 BCE into its textbooks. 4904:of Stanford University (2 August 2006), 4774:"New Textbook Stirs Debate Over Kojoson" 4137: 3886: 3884: 3857: 3501: 3441:. February 24, 2014 – via YouTube. 3266: 3231: 3183: 3181: 3179: 2810: 1762: 1577: 1457: 1439:became the basic ideology of education. 1265: 1174: 1022: 647:Committee for the Peaceful Reunification 8359:Ethiopian national identity nationalism 4842: 4806:. Reuters. July 1, 2002. Archived from 4730:"Anti-Americanism Grows in South Korea" 4493:International Journal of Korean History 4226: 3761:was invoked but never defined (see the 3651:from the original on February 27, 2014. 3450: 3448: 3318:"North Korea's state-loyalty advantage" 2872:"North Korea's state-loyalty advantage" 2378:'s: Korean-English Learners' Dictionary 2346:'s: Korean-English Learners' Dictionary 2155:Center for Historical Truth and Justice 1879:Japanese history textbook controversies 1877:by survivors on a weekly basis. Recent 1154:June 15th North–South Joint Declaration 1119: 604:Center for Historical Truth and Justice 312:June 15th North–South Joint Declaration 150: 8731: 8354:Eritrean national identity nationalism 6499:Galician independence movement (Spain) 5051: 4942:Berger, Thomas U. (October 28, 2005), 4728:Kristof, Nicholas D. (July 12, 1987). 4460: 4382:for the International Herald Tribune. 4166: 3986:"2009년 다문화가족 통계현황 (09년 4월현재):네이버 전문정보" 3677: 3118: 2740: 2002: 1813:Support for Multicultural Families Act 1199: 979:The dominant strand of nationalism in 7906:Ecuadorian-Peruvian-Bolivian unionism 7672: 6918: 6549:Patani United Liberation Organisation 6519:Inner Mongolian independence movement 5025: 4456: 4454: 3881: 3530: 3312: 3237: 3208: 3176: 2996: 2900: 2866: 2791: 2655: 2594: 2376:National Institute of Korean Language 2344:National Institute of Korean Language 1558:North Korea's state-loyalty advantage 1355: 1164: 1081: 8280:Federalisation of the European Union 6544:National Liberation Front of Corsica 6469:East Turkestan independence movement 4899: 4798: 4245: 4005: 3751: 3445: 3344:"[Column] Distorting nation" 3290:"South Korea: The Unloved Republic?" 2960: 2940: 2661:"South Korea: The Unloved Republic?" 2552: 2483: 2403:민족주의의 음악적 표상: 한국 전통 음악 담론과 연행에서 민족주의 2121:Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture 1743: 1516:"independence in politics" (자주, 自主, 25: 4989: 4970:Larsen, Kirk. (October 6–8, 2006), 4926:Cathy Cockrell (19 February 2010), 4486: 3768: 3756: 3570:. Studies 16-1 (April 2018), 57-76. 3568:The Korean Journal of International 3458:. February 13, 2016. Archived from 3159:The successor theory of North Korea 3155: 2974: 2767: 2720: 2502: 2448: 2400: 13: 4936:University of California, Berkeley 4925: 4850:The Politics of Korean Nationalism 4451: 4340:Ernest Renan (October 17, 2010) . 4138:Chotiner, Isaac (3 January 2018). 3580:Sang-hoon Jang (20 January 2020). 2980: 2052:(on a base previously used by the 1946:With the introduction of the 1994 1779:In 2006, American football player 307:July 4 South–North Joint Statement 14: 8790: 8754:North Korea–South Korea relations 8317:Unification of Albania and Kosovo 5003: 4875: 4785: 4727: 4420: 4405: 4394: 2190:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea 1825:South Korean pledge of allegiance 1657:South Korean pledge of allegiance 1608:) and patriotism / state spirit ( 1420:, and the identity of the Korean 1296:(인종), the correct translation of 1262:Korean nationalist historiography 1092:North Korea–South Korea relations 866:Activists for Korean independence 826:Korean nationalist historiography 659:Korean National Youth Association 637:21C Korea College Students' Union 8749:Foreign relations of South Korea 8744:Foreign relations of North Korea 5009: 4969: 4941: 4817:"The legacy of long-gone states" 4814: 4756:. August 1, 2002. Archived from 4708:, doi:10.1177/13540661221143925. 4649:Schmid, Andre. (February 1997). 4648: 4591: 4575: 4559: 4543: 4527: 4441: 4227:Barbari, Jamal (December 2017). 4215: 3782:. 19 August 2007. Archived from 3757:Cite error: The named reference 3709:"Ward kicks off his new charity" 3191:. April 23, 2012. Archived from 3062: 2876:Journal of International Affairs 2792:Kelly, Robert E. (4 June 2015). 2600:"South Korea's Collective Shrug" 2541: 2009:Anti-American sentiment in Korea 1400:Three Principles of the Equality 923: 911: 578:National Independence Federation 174:Three Principles of the Equality 100: 40:This article is currently being 30: 7850:Netherlands-Indonesian unionism 6944: 6650:Basque Country (greater region) 6509:Guangdong Independence Movement 4815:Dr Andrei Lankov (2006-09-16). 4691: 4603: 4585: 4569: 4553: 4537: 4521: 4480: 4435: 4426: 4414: 4399: 4388: 4373: 4349: 4333: 4318: 4302: 4272: 4260: 4239: 4220: 4209: 4193: 4160: 4131: 4110: 4083: 4077: 4052: 4027: 3999: 3978: 3957: 3936: 3831: 3810: 3790: 3721: 3717:. Associated Press. 2006-05-30. 3701: 3655: 3607: 3573: 3557: 3524: 3495: 3466: 3431: 3406: 3379: 3376:East Asia Forum (2017. 07. 20). 3360: 3336: 3282: 3260: 3149: 3098: 3078: 3073: 3067: 3056: 3035:Conversations with Bill Kristol 3031:"NICHOLAS EBERSTADT TRANSCRIPT" 3015: 2990: 2954: 2934: 2894: 2804: 2546: 1003:Romantic ethnic nationalism in 7969:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 7840:League of East European States 6454:Assyrian independence movement 4786:Brodkin, Jon (June 26, 2002). 4772:Kim Tong-hyung (23 Feb 2007), 4748: 4635: 4614: 4379: 4365:. May 17, 2007. Archived from 4278: 4266: 4199: 3135:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 2997:Cheng, Jonathan (2015-01-26). 2477: 2461: 2442: 2394: 2363: 2331: 2296: 2246: 2207: 1797:Act on Treatment of Foreigners 1573: 1447: 1376: 1366: 1136: 1: 8764:Nationalist movements in Asia 8189:Anglo-American unificationism 7203:Eastern and Southeastern Asia 6589:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement 6584:Tibetan independence movement 6514:Hawaiian sovereignty movement 6474:Faroese independence movement 6459:Catalan independence movement 4885:, May 6, 2003, archived from 4855: 4771: 4718: 4461:Lankov, Andrei (2007-07-01). 4324: 4308: 4296: 3508:The Times Literary Supplement 3127: 3084: 2817:The Times Literary Supplement 2741:Doolan, Yuri W. (June 2012). 2467: 2240: 2025:, anti-Americanism after the 1059:National resistance movements 998:Korean Provisional Government 8073:Polish-Czechoslovak unionism 7947:Federation of Arab Republics 7806:Israeli-Palestinian unionism 6670:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 6579:Taiwan independence movement 6554:Ryukyu independence movement 6464:Champa independence movement 6444:Alsace independence movement 4902:Asia-Pacific Research Center 4754:International Herald Tribune 4655:The Journal of Asian Studies 3932:. New York. 2 November 2009. 3536:"On that March First Speech" 3214:"Still the Unloved Republic" 2079:Manchuria and Gando disputes 1948:UN Law of the Sea Convention 1065:Korean independence movement 322:Korean independence movement 7: 8129:Rhodesia-Nyasaland unionism 7964:Jordania-Palestine unionism 7791:Hungarian-Romanian unionism 7734:Bulgarian-Romanian unionism 6534:Mapuche separatist movement 4608: 4594:for the Asia Times Online. 4578:for the Asia Times Online. 4562:for the Asia Times Online. 4546:for the Asia Times Online. 4530:for the Asia Times Online. 4444:for the Asia Times Online. 4246:Huer, Jon (22 March 2009). 3687:Chuck Finder (2006-04-09). 3475:"BR Myers - Current Issues" 3439:"BR Myers - Current Issues" 3414:"건국절 논란, 국가주의 vs 민족주의 사이에서" 3387:"겉은 '민족주의 극복' 속은 '극우 반공주의'" 2912:. Melville House. pp. 2555:Ethnic Nationalism in Korea 2486:Ethnic Nationalism in Korea 2148: 1027:No. 50, Ruijin No. 2 Road, 10: 8795: 7911:Peruvian-Bolivian unionism 7860:Romanian-moldovan unionism 7786:Greek-Yugoslavian unionism 7276:Central and Eastern Europe 6569:Silesian Autonomy Movement 6449:Assam separatist movements 5604:Northern & Middle Asia 4615:Min Gyo Koo. (Fall 2005). 4469:. The Asia Pacific Journal 4248:"Psychology of Korean Han" 4124:. SoundCloud. April 2017. 3780:Korean Broadcasting System 2717:entering military service. 2608:. New York. Archived from 2268:: Ernest Renan "What Is a 2082: 2006: 1915: 1841: 1752: 1451: 1390:, is a common ancestor of 1259: 1256:Nationalist historiography 1168: 1123: 1085: 1062: 1049:Donghak Peasant Revolution 1029:Huangpu District, Shanghai 1018: 728:Blue and Red National Flag 317:June 3 Resistance movement 18: 8697: 8164: 7801:Indian-Pakistani Unionism 7769:Fertile Crescent unionism 7759:Estonian-Finnish unionism 7719:Afghan-Pakistani unionism 7706: 7638:Border changes since 1914 7630: 7604: 7520: 7497: 7434: 7350: 7275: 7202: 7166: 7074: 7048: 6983: 6952: 6886: 6838: 6612: 6574:Székely autonomy movement 6436: 6263: 6228: 6183: 6113: 6072: 6054: 6047: 6002: 5959: 5952: 5927: 5891: 5863: 5856: 5783: 5693: 5686: 5651: 5603: 5557: 5472: 5399: 5311: 5304: 5269: 5248: 5207: 5200: 5180: 5159: 5123: 5075: 5068: 5059: 4996:Stanford University Press 4833:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4642:Stanford University Press 4506:10.22372/ijkh.2016.21.1.1 4487:Yun, Peter (2016-02-28). 4233:SIT | Digital Collections 4186:10.1177/13540661221143925 3243:"On Experts and Exegetes" 2961:Gi-wook Shin (2006 op-ed) 2941:Gi-wook Shin (2006 op-ed) 2180:Korean ethnic nationalism 1894:Pusan National University 1767:American football player 1700:bombardment of Yeonpyeong 1539: 1443:State-aligned nationalism 1252:than with North Koreans. 1171:Korean ethnic nationalism 1096:Korea was divided at the 888:Korean ethnic nationalism 583:Unified Progressive Party 530:Liberal Unification Party 53:Korean ethnic nationalism 21:Korean ethnic nationalism 8632:Senegambia Confederation 8617:Polynesian confederation 8021:Pan-European nationalism 7700:Pan-nationalist concepts 7313:unification with Moldova 6996:Turks and Caicos Islands 6504:Greenlandic independence 4983: 4118:"What North Korea Wants" 3502:Marshall, Colin (2017). 3473:O'Carroll, Chad (2014). 2811:Marshall, Colin (2017). 2542:Larsen, Kirk (2006 talk) 2409: 2402: 2275:The Korea Economic Daily 2200: 1316:, "if one dismisses the 1031:, the birthplace of the 987:in nature (specifically 624:Voluntary Agency Network 19:Not to be confused with 8550:United States of Poland 8275:East African Federation 8196:Antillean Confederation 8134:Soviet reunificationism 7870:Union of African States 7363:unification with Kosovo 4848:Lee, Chong-Sik (1963). 4712: 3714:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3694:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3372:31 October 2023 at the 3267:Jing Yin, Seow (2013). 2341:[Nationalism]. 2314:’ is the answer.]. 2046:Yangju highway incident 1960:exclusive economic zone 1958:(East Sea), where some 1918:Liancourt Rocks dispute 1912:Liancourt Rocks dispute 1850:anti-Japanese sentiment 1838:Anti-Japanese sentiment 1749:Race and Discrimination 568:Korea Nationalist Party 197:Anti-Japanese sentiment 107:Korean Unification Flag 8587:Misak-ı Millî (Turkey) 8295:West Indies Federation 8263:Danubian Confederation 7796:Gran Colombia unionism 7572:Greater Germanic Reich 7370:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6529:Māori protest movement 5014:Quotations related to 4856:RYU Tongshik (1999) . 4700:Deacon, Chris (2023). 4621:Harvard Asia Quarterly 4325:Speech by Roh Moo-hyun 4309:Speech by Roh Moo-hyun 4297:Speech by Roh Moo-hyun 4167:Deacon, Chris (2023). 3622:(Oxford 2015) page 20. 2870:(September 22, 2011). 2553:Shin, Gi-Wook (2006). 2484:Shin, Gi-Wook (2006). 2085:Goguryeo controversies 2054:Imperial Japanese Army 1984: 1772: 1667:forces, including the 1652: 1631: 1587: 1563: 1556:Brian Reynolds Myers, 1475: 1346:Goguryeo controversies 1274: 1188: 1134:Korean reunification ( 1035: 930:North Korea portal 918:South Korea portal 876:Anti-Chinese sentiment 794:Goguryeo controversies 609:Liberation Association 553:Democratic Labor Party 477:Activists (after 1945) 59:and the resolution on 8139:Switzerland expansion 8083:Saint Martin unionism 7959:Arab Islamic Republic 7774:Gaucho traditionalism 7560:Annexation of Austria 6559:Scottish independence 6524:Kashubian Association 6246:Indigenous Australian 4990:Gi-Wook Shin (2006). 4862:Kokugakuin University 4592:Lankov, Andrei (2006) 4576:Lankov, Andrei (2006) 4560:Lankov, Andrei (2006) 4544:Lankov, Andrei (2006) 4528:Lankov, Andrei (2006) 4442:Lankov, Andrei (2006) 3633:Kirby, Michael Donald 3532:Myers, Brian Reynolds 3462:on February 13, 2016. 3314:Myers, Brian Reynolds 3241:(September 6, 2017). 3239:Myers, Brian Reynolds 3212:(December 28, 2016). 3210:Myers, Brian Reynolds 2902:Myers, Brian Reynolds 2868:Myers, Brian Reynolds 2659:(14 September 2010). 2657:Myers, Brian Reynolds 2596:Myers, Brian Reynolds 2258:구성 요건 아니다: 에르네스트 르낭 《 2185:Racism in South Korea 2142:1909 Gando Convention 2091:old lands of Goguryeo 1980: 1799:. Later in 2007, the 1766: 1759:Racism in South Korea 1755:Racism in North Korea 1753:Further information: 1636: 1601: 1581: 1548: 1461: 1452:Further information: 1306:than race. For Shin, 1269: 1178: 1026: 563:Korean National Party 8602:Padanian nationalism 8582:Megali Idea (Greece) 8557:North American Union 8302:Franco-British Union 7974:Iraq-Kuwait unionism 7940:United Arab Republic 7220:annexation of Taiwan 6765:Marathi Abhimaangeet 6564:Siberian regionalism 4843:Academic/Educational 3733:english.ohmynews.com 3588:Taylor & Francis 2217:" and sometimes to " 2195:White Shirts Society 1906:ontological security 1898:Brian Reynolds Myers 1844:Japan–Korea disputes 1593:Brian Reynolds Myers 1407:March First Movement 1396:One-People Principle 1360:Dangun nationalism ( 1126:Korean reunification 1120:Korean reunification 804:Japan–Korea disputes 756:White-clothed people 664:White Shirts Society 275:Inter-Korean summits 8627:Sahel Confederation 8436:Greater Netherlands 8236:Imperial Federation 7952:Libyan-Syrian Union 7744:Central-americanism 7739:Canada-USA unionism 6856:American Indigenous 6489:Free Papua Movement 5899:Balkar and Karachay 5694:Southeastern Europe 5225:Indigenous Canadian 4889:on October 17, 2007 4810:on August 23, 2002. 4627:(4). Archived from 4216:Berger (2005 paper) 4122:Reuters War College 4035:"다문화가정 위한 올바른 정책방향" 3739:on 29 February 2012 3643:(7 February 2014). 3322:Free Online Library 3023:Eberstadt, Nicholas 2468:Ryu Tongshik (1999) 2233:word "nationalism". 2003:Anti-U.S. sentiment 1997:2002 FIFA World Cup 1952:maritime boundaries 1584:flag of South Korea 1464:flag of North Korea 1209:published his book 1200:Importance of blood 704:Voice of the People 631:Inactive or defunct 547:Inactive or defunct 327:June Tenth Movement 162:National Liberation 66:Process started in 8769:Korean irredentism 8739:Korean nationalism 8528:Greater Yugoslavia 8503:Greater Tamil Nadu 8411:Greater Mauritania 8329:Greater Bangladesh 8290:Caribbean Antilles 8179:African federation 8149:Hungarian Turanism 7935:United Arab States 7930:Hashemite unionism 7828:Hispanoamericanism 7104:Western Azerbaijan 7038:Dominican Republic 6901:ethnic nationalism 6604:Welsh independence 6484:Free Aceh Movement 5716:in North Macedonia 5558:South-eastern Asia 5053:Ethnic nationalism 5016:Korean nationalism 4369:on March 31, 2008. 3929:The New York Times 3195:on April 23, 2012. 2798:Real Clear Defense 2605:The New York Times 2449:임순만 (2023-08-11). 2219:ethnic nationalism 1902:Dongseo University 1806:racist superiority 1773: 1669:New Right Movement 1646:The New York Times 1597:Dongseo University 1588: 1476: 1356:Dangun nationalism 1275: 1189: 1165:Ethnic nationalism 1082:Partition of Korea 1036: 989:ethnic or "racial" 969:Korean nationalism 819:Korean Eastern Sea 619:Unification Church 332:March 1st Movement 252:Self-determination 93:Korean nationalism 16:Political ideology 8759:Politics of Korea 8726: 8725: 8446:Greater Palestine 8386:Greater Indonesia 8370:Galicia irredenta 8324:Greater Argentina 8248:Catalan Countries 8243:Cascadia movement 8216:Balkan Federation 8016:European unionism 7882:Sahel-Benin Union 7811:Latinoamericanism 7666: 7665: 7633:Related concepts: 6912: 6911: 6655:Catalan Countries 6259: 6258: 6224: 6223: 6179: 6178: 6043: 6042: 5948: 5947: 5682: 5681: 5300: 5299: 5196: 5195: 4979:Washington, D.C. 4948:Boston University 4821:Asia Times Online 4565:Ministry website. 3641:Darusman, Marzuki 3597:978-0-429-75396-1 3534:(March 4, 2019). 3130:"단군민족주의 (檀君民族主義)" 2706:on April 20, 2011 2612:on April 19, 2015 2229:notation for the 2223:state nationalism 2115:), in particular 2095:ancient lands of 2015:division of Korea 1892:, a professor at 1744:Particular issues 1595:, a professor at 1342:Northeast Project 1088:Division of Korea 993:state nationalism 966: 965: 783:The Cleanest Race 558:Independence Club 535:Progressive Party 270:Division of Korea 77: 76: 72: 8786: 8779:Cultural regions 8713:Hispanic peoples 8679:Whole Azerbaijan 8669:United Macedonia 8464: 8456:Greater Portugal 8339:Greater Bulgaria 8285:Greater Cambodia 8271: 8231:British unionism 8115: 8078:Reintegrationism 8058:Mediterraneanism 7991:Pan-Caucasianism 7919: 7902: 7836: 7819: 7782: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7670: 7669: 7617:Papua New Guinea 6939: 6932: 6925: 6916: 6915: 6905: 6790:Republika Srpska 6599:Walloon Movement 6479:Flemish Movement 6052: 6051: 5957: 5956: 5861: 5860: 5691: 5690: 5309: 5308: 5205: 5204: 5073: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5023: 5022: 5013: 4999: 4974: 4965: 4959: 4951: 4938: 4932:UC Berkeley News 4922: 4921: 4919: 4910:, archived from 4896: 4895: 4894: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4838: 4832: 4824: 4811: 4795: 4782: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4724: 4697: 4688: 4670: 4645: 4632: 4598: 4589: 4583: 4573: 4567: 4557: 4551: 4541: 4535: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4508: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4458: 4449: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4403: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4337: 4331: 4322: 4316: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4285: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4224: 4218: 4213: 4207: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4179:(4): 1041–1065. 4164: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4100: 4094: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3896: 3888: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3864: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3841:. 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Kelly 1862:Yasukuni Shrine 1846: 1840: 1761: 1751: 1746: 1707:national anthem 1651: 1642: 1630: 1624: 1576: 1567:national emblem 1562: 1555: 1456: 1450: 1445: 1413: 1358: 1264: 1258: 1212:Joseon Sanggosa 1202: 1173: 1167: 1150:sunshine policy 1128: 1122: 1094: 1086:Main articles: 1084: 1072:colonial period 1067: 1061: 1021: 962: 924: 922: 912: 910: 903: 902: 898:Sunshine Policy 861: 853: 852: 770: 762: 761: 745:Paektu Mountain 718: 710: 709: 677: 669: 668: 628: 596: 588: 587: 544: 516: 508: 507: 478: 470: 469: 445:Lyuh Woon-hyung 425:Kwon Young-ghil 385: 377: 376: 352: 344: 343: 265: 257: 256: 242:Postcolonialism 216:Korean diaspora 187: 179: 178: 117: 109: 92: 73: 67: 46: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8792: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8705: 8703: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8664:United Ireland 8661: 8659:United Armenia 8656: 8655: 8654: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8542: 8537: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8483:Greater Serbia 8480: 8475: 8473:Greater Russia 8470: 8465: 8453: 8451:Greater Poland 8448: 8443: 8441:Greater Norway 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8416:Greater Mexico 8413: 8408: 8403: 8401:Greater Israel 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8334:Greater Bosnia 8331: 8326: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8228: 8226:Basque Country 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8181: 8176: 8170: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8018: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7932: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7908: 7891: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7865:Pan-Africanism 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7845:Neo-Ottomanism 7842: 7837: 7825: 7823:Hellenoturkism 7820: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7724:Austro-Slavism 7721: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7696: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7673: 7664: 7663: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7535: 7530: 7524: 7522: 7521:Western Europe 7518: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7399: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7288:Czechoslovakia 7285: 7279: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7096: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6942: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6919: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6848: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6725:Karakalpakstan 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6705:East Turkestan 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6269: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6006: 6004: 6003:United Kingdom 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5953:Western Europe 5950: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5892:North Caucasus 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5857:Eastern Europe 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5784:Central Europe 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5765:Romani (Gypsy) 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5697: 5695: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5652:South Caucasus 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5621:South Mongolia 5613: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5414: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5209: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5049: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5005: 5004:External links 5002: 5001: 5000: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4967: 4939: 4923: 4900:Gi-Wook Shin, 4897: 4873: 4853: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4812: 4796: 4783: 4769: 4746: 4735:New York Times 4725: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4698: 4689: 4646: 4638:Asian Security 4633: 4631:on 2010-04-21. 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4584: 4568: 4552: 4536: 4520: 4479: 4450: 4434: 4425: 4413: 4410:New York Times 4406:Kristof (1987) 4398: 4387: 4372: 4348: 4332: 4317: 4301: 4286: 4271: 4259: 4238: 4219: 4208: 4192: 4159: 4130: 4109: 4089:Peaceful Korea 4085:Cha, Victor D. 4076: 4051: 4026: 3998: 3977: 3956: 3935: 3912: 3880: 3856: 3830: 3809: 3789: 3786:on 2004-10-27. 3767: 3750: 3720: 3700: 3676: 3654: 3637:Biserko, Sonja 3624: 3606: 3596: 3572: 3556: 3523: 3494: 3465: 3444: 3430: 3405: 3378: 3359: 3352:. 2008-04-02. 3335: 3302: 3281: 3259: 3230: 3198: 3175: 3168: 3148: 3117: 3097: 3077: 3066: 3055: 3014: 2989: 2973: 2953: 2933: 2922: 2893: 2832: 2803: 2775: 2728: 2678: 2623: 2570: 2563: 2545: 2529: 2501: 2494: 2476: 2460: 2441: 2393: 2362: 2330: 2295: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2083:Main article: 2080: 2077: 2069:Park Chung Hee 2058:Colonial Korea 2007:Main article: 2004: 2001: 1916:Main article: 1913: 1910: 1854:civil religion 1842:Main article: 1839: 1836: 1785:black American 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1738:Park Chung-hee 1681:Liberation Day 1640: 1622: 1614:kukka chŏngsin 1575: 1572: 1553: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1521: 1472:Rose of Sharon 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1384:, who founded 1357: 1354: 1260:Main article: 1257: 1254: 1201: 1198: 1194:civil religion 1169:Main article: 1166: 1163: 1124:Main article: 1121: 1118: 1116:in its scope. 1102:Imperial Japan 1083: 1080: 1076:Imperial Japan 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1053:Righteous Army 1020: 1017: 983:, tends to be 964: 963: 961: 960: 953: 946: 938: 935: 934: 933: 932: 920: 905: 904: 901: 900: 895: 890: 885: 878: 873: 868: 862: 860:Related topics 859: 858: 855: 854: 851: 850: 849: 848: 843: 833: 828: 823: 822: 821: 816: 811: 801: 796: 791: 786: 779: 771: 768: 767: 764: 763: 760: 759: 752: 747: 742: 741: 740: 735: 730: 719: 716: 715: 712: 711: 708: 707: 700: 693: 686: 678: 675: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 661: 656: 649: 644: 639: 627: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 543: 542: 540:Workers' Party 537: 532: 527: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 503:Sun Myung Moon 500: 495: 490: 485: 479: 476: 475: 472: 471: 468: 467: 462: 460:Park Chung Hee 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 390:Hwang Jang-yop 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 353: 350: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 336: 335: 334: 329: 319: 314: 309: 304: 303: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 272: 266: 263: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 249: 244: 239: 236:Minjok jeonggi 232: 227: 226: 225: 213: 206: 205: 204: 202:Decolonization 199: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 171: 166: 165: 164: 154: 147: 146: 145: 133: 132: 131: 118: 115: 114: 111: 110: 105: 97: 96: 88: 87: 75: 74: 61:the discussion 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8791: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8647:Triune Russia 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8622:Russian world 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8612:Patria Grande 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8523:Greater Yemen 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8498:Greater Syria 8496: 8494: 8493:Greater Spain 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8478:Greater Samoa 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8431:Greater Nepal 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8406:Greater Italy 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8381:Greater India 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8344:Greater China 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8307:Gran Colombia 8305: 8303: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8269: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8063:Pan-Mongolism 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8038:Pan-Indianism 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8006:Pan-Germanism 8004: 8002: 8001:Pan-Finnicism 7999: 7997: 7996:Pan-Celticism 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7986:Pan-Caribbean 7984: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7917: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7694: 7689: 7687: 7682: 7680: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7646:Reunification 7643: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7567:Pan-Germanism 7565: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7519: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167:Southern Asia 7165: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049:South America 7047: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7013:United States 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984:North America 6982: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6935: 6933: 6928: 6926: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6903: 6902: 6898: 6897:ethnic groups 6894: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6846:Local (China) 6844: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6710:Herzeg-Bosnia 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5490:in Bangladesh 5488: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473:Southern Asia 5471: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270:South America 5268: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5208:North America 5206: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5007: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4836: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4760:on 2007-06-13 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4694:Korea Journal 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4429: 4422: 4421:Wilson Center 4417: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4396: 4395:Wilson Center 4391: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4343: 4336: 4330: 4327:(April 2006) 4326: 4321: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4268: 4263: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4217: 4212: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4106: 4095:. p. 230 4091: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4040: 4039:큰 눈 큰 생각 큰 신문 4036: 4030: 4015: 4014: 4013:The Hankyoreh 4009: 4002: 3987: 3981: 3966: 3960: 3945: 3939: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3900: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3819: 3813: 3806:. 2007-09-02. 3805: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3764: 3754: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3704: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3681: 3664: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3614:Andrei Lankov 3610: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3576: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3520: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3484:September 11, 3480: 3476: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3440: 3434: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3382: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3277: 3276:ISIS Malaysia 3270: 3263: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3152: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3124: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3063:Schmid (1997) 3059: 3052: 3050: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027:Kristol, Bill 3024: 3018: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2968:and also see 2967: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2923:9781935554349 2919: 2915: 2910: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2829: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2771: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2724: 2718: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2566: 2564:0-8047-5407-1 2560: 2556: 2549: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2518: 2511: 2505: 2497: 2495:0-8047-5407-1 2491: 2487: 2480: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2397: 2390: 2379: 2377: 2372: 2371:"민족주의 (民族主義)" 2366: 2358: 2347: 2345: 2340: 2339:"민족주의 (民族主義)" 2334: 2319: 2318: 2317:JoongAng Ilbo 2313: 2309: 2307: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2060:) in central 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1888:According to 1886: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1870:comfort women 1867: 1866:war criminals 1863: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1734:Shōwa statism 1729: 1727: 1726:military oath 1722: 1721: 1716: 1715:national flag 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1648: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1585: 1580: 1571: 1568: 1559: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1373: 1363: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1300:is closer to 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1228: 1226: 1225:Buyeo kingdom 1222: 1221:Dangun Joseon 1218: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1197: 1195: 1186: 1185:self identity 1182: 1177: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1132: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1108:, and global 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:38th parallel 1093: 1089: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1066: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1041:Japanese rule 1034: 1030: 1025: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1006: 1001: 999: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 973: 970: 959: 954: 952: 947: 945: 940: 939: 937: 936: 931: 921: 919: 909: 908: 907: 906: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 883: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 863: 857: 856: 847: 844: 842: 839: 838: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 806: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 789:Gando dispute 787: 785: 784: 780: 778: 777: 776:Bukjin Tongil 773: 772: 766: 765: 757: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 725: 724: 721: 720: 714: 713: 706: 705: 701: 699: 698: 694: 692: 691: 690:Rodong Sinmun 687: 685: 684: 683:The Hankyoreh 680: 679: 673: 672: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 654: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 633: 632: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 600: 595:Organizations 592: 591: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 573:Liberal Party 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 550: 549: 548: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 525: 522: 521: 520: 512: 511: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 474: 473: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 435:Lee Jae-myung 433: 431: 430:Lee Beom-seok 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 381: 380: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 362:Choe Nam-seon 360: 358: 355: 354: 351:Intellectuals 348: 347: 340: 337: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 277: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 261: 260: 253: 250: 248: 247:Reunification 245: 243: 240: 238: 237: 233: 231: 228: 224: 223: 219: 218: 217: 214: 212: 211: 207: 203: 200: 198: 195: 194: 193: 190: 189: 183: 182: 175: 172: 170: 167: 163: 160: 159: 158: 155: 153: 152: 148: 144: 143: 139: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 125: 124: 123: 120: 119: 113: 112: 108: 103: 99: 98: 95: 90: 89: 85: 81: 80: 71: 62: 58: 54: 50: 45: 43: 37: 33: 28: 27: 22: 8607:Pashtunistan 8562:Latin Africa 8532: 8396:Greater Iraq 8391:Greater Iran 8368: 8253:Celtic union 8221:Baltoscandia 8103:Pan-Tatarism 8088:Scandinavism 8053:Pan-Latinism 8048:Pan-Islamism 8028:Panhispanism 7981:Pan-Asianism 7894:Pan-Andinism 7642:Partitionism 7636: 7635: 7632: 7189:Pashtunistan 7075:Western Asia 7008:Saint Martin 6975:South Africa 6892: 6891: 6820:Székely Land 6785:Pashtunistan 6635:Balawaristan 6408:South Slavic 6398:Scandinavian 5928:Volga Region 5542:in Sri Lanka 5400:Eastern Asia 5261:Puerto Rican 5076:North Africa 5060:Nationalisms 5018:at Wikiquote 4991: 4976: 4971: 4943: 4931: 4916:, retrieved 4912:the original 4906: 4891:, retrieved 4887:the original 4877: 4865:. Retrieved 4849: 4808:the original 4803: 4792:The Guardian 4791: 4777: 4762:. Retrieved 4758:the original 4739:. Retrieved 4733: 4705: 4693: 4661:(1): 26–46. 4658: 4654: 4637: 4629:the original 4624: 4620: 4604:Bibliography 4595: 4587: 4579: 4571: 4563: 4555: 4547: 4539: 4531: 4523: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4471:. Retrieved 4466: 4445: 4437: 4428: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4367:the original 4360: 4351: 4335: 4328: 4320: 4312: 4304: 4299:(April 2006) 4282: 4274: 4262: 4251: 4241: 4232: 4222: 4211: 4203: 4195: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4154: 4147:. Retrieved 4143: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4112: 4104: 4097:. Retrieved 4088: 4079: 4068:. Retrieved 4066:. 2015-04-01 4063: 4054: 4042:. Retrieved 4038: 4029: 4017:. Retrieved 4011: 4001: 3989:. Retrieved 3980: 3968:. Retrieved 3959: 3947:. Retrieved 3938: 3927: 3903:. Retrieved 3899:refworld.org 3898: 3871:. Retrieved 3847:. Retrieved 3843:the original 3833: 3821:. Retrieved 3812: 3801: 3792: 3784:the original 3770: 3753: 3741:. 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