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54:
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6006:
1239:. Eating on banana leaves is a custom thousands of years old, imparts a unique flavor to the food, and is considered healthy. Kongu Nadu cuisine does not involve marination of any raw material and as a result the food has a different taste and unique texture. The best quality turmeric is grown in the region and this is an important ingredient in the cuisine. The earlier Kongu people were mostly
664:
defeating the Cheras and
Pandyas, the entire region came under the Chola influence. While the region was directly under the control of the Imperial Cholas till 1064 CE, the Kongu Cholas who were probably vassals or viceroys of the Cholas, ruled the region autonomously later starting. These rulers
801:
The borders of the region are not well defined as the name has been in popular use to refer the region and has not been officially defined. The region covers an estimated area of 60,895 km (23,512 sq mi) of
Western and North-Western Tamil Nadu and includes the core districts of
1032:, ranging from discrimation based on caste, violent assault and honor killings have been reported from the region. In comparison to the southern or northern districts, the socio-economic and political divide between the Dalits and other intermediary castes is significant in the Kongu region.
2540:
1893:
2550:
1399:
There has been demands for the formation a separate state of Kongu Nadu, which would include western Tamil Nadu with sections of south east
Karnataka and east Kerala. Various political parties occasionally raise similar demand. Local
903:
flow through the region and are the important non-perennial sources of water. The topography also slopes gently from West to East resulting in major rivers in the region arising in the
Western Ghats and flowing east. The region has a
3993:
1390:
home to more than 10,000 garment manufacturing industries, employing over 600,000 people. As of 2021-22, Tiruppur exported garments worth 5.1 billion USD, contributing to nearly 54% of the all the textile exports from India.
1511:
912:
winds passing through the
Palghat gap, the region receives most of the rainfall in the months from June to August. After a warm and foggy September, the north-east monsoon starts from October, lasting until early November.
4717:
874:
bound by these mountain ranges. The plateau rises to 100 metres (330 ft) in the north and to more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in the south, forming a raised triangle within the downward-pointing triangle of the
2374:
4747:
1277:
is a popular dish prepared by simmering deep-fried mushrooms (usually chopped) in a spicy broth until it reaches a porridge-like consistency; the dish is served sprinkled with chopped onions and coriander leaves.
1878:
854:
or south eastern
Karnataka as part of the region. It shares its western and northern borders with states of Kerala and Karnataka respectively, while straddling other districts of Tamil Nadu on the other sides.
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3610:
4132:
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Kongu Nadu had a flourishing economy from ancient times and had trade contacts with foreign nations. Kodumanal was a 2,500-year-old industrial colony discovered by archaeologists, located along an
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4289:
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meaning "region" in Tamil. At various times, the region was known by different names such Chola-Kerala mandalam, Adhiraja mandalam, Ezhukarai nadu, Veerachola mandalam and
Onbathukarai nadu.
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1503:
4709:
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Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J.F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I.; Ghoddousi, A. (2020).
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is amongst the major information technology (IT) hubs of India and supplies two-thirds of India's requirements of motors and pumps, and is one of the largest exporters of
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870:
mountains in the region, which run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and
Karnataka. Majority of the region lies in the
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617:
between first and fourth centuries CE with the capital at
Karuvur. Chera dominance of the region began with the rule of the Palyanai Sel Kelu Kuttuvan, the son of
6447:
5980:
5972:
410:, who were the military governors of the Vijayanagara established their independent kingdom. In the latter part of the 18th century, the region came under the
3672:
3602:
4122:
3922:
3405:
4795:
3443:
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In the southern part of Mysore the Tamil language is at this day named the Kangee, from being best known to them as the language of the people of
Kangiam
3823:
1191:
with rice as its base and includes a unique collection of recipes created by the people residing in the Kongu region. The cuisine includes cereals like
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4279:
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used for many purposes and are the invariable accompaniments of these temples. Besides these, a South Indian temple usually has a tank called the
481:, who used to wear a garland made of konganam flowers, which were plentiful in this area. Kongu might have also been derived from the Tamil word
4511:
3472:
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1662:
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of 1956, which re-organized state boundaries, majority of the region became part of the new Madras state, which would become Tamil Nadu in 1969.
3149:
1757:
6010:
2303:
2209:
2180:
1918:
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literature from the first century CE as a thriving industrial and commercial center with other references to the people in the second century
4924:
4345:
4247:
4107:
3562:
Polilan; K. Gunathogai; Lena Kumar; Tagadur Sampath; Mutthamizh; G. Picchai Vallinayagam; D. Anbunidhi; K. V. Neduncheraladhan, eds. (2019).
2317:
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2691:
4322:
3895:
4684:
4378:
2713:
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3635:
The Kongu Country: Being the History of the Modern Districts of Coimbatore and Salem from the Earliest Times to the Coming of the British
3055:
2893:
922:
1851:
4773:
4658:
1468:
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population. Caste plays an important role in the region with common myths and ideas contributing to the formation of a caste identity.
926:
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5777:
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of south Karnataka due to historical and geographic continuity. The people of the region have a reputation for entrepreneurship. The
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1105:
with several Kural inscriptions and other historical records are found across the region. The 15th-century Jain inscriptions in the
3201:
1432:
Kongu Nadu generally refers to the core nine districts in Western Tamil Nadu. A few sources do include parts of other districts in
762:
the early 19th century. The region played a prominent role in the Second Polygar war (1801), when it was the area of operations of
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2059:
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2009:
1984:
1959:
1835:
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264:
69:
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279:. The region covers an area of roughly 60,895 km (23,512 sq mi) with a population of over 27.4 million.
5675:
1235:
as a staple. The traditional way of eating a meal involves being seated on the floor and having the food served on a
684:
683:
In the 13th century CE, after the death of Vikrama Chola II, the Pandyas annexed the region with the inscriptions at
4155:
3006:
2572:
Myers, Norman; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Mittermeier, Cristina G.; Da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B.; Kent, Jennifer (2000).
3661:
3377:
2143:
1408:
3498:
1051:), a dialect of Tamil, which is the predominantly spoken in the region. Tamil is the sole official language while
6128:
5660:
1599:
1548:
921:
There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in the region, resulting from its varied climates and geography.
692:
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954:
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4653:
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1113:
indicate shunning meat from Tirukkural which may indicate that the people of the region might have practiced
2834:
2573:
1952:
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel And Trade In The Indian Ocean By A Merchant Of The First Century
1783:
774:
688:
439:
2856:
6231:
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3193:
1404:
53:
3633:
5645:
5434:
4051:
930:
755:
431:
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3466:
3318:
1656:
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5665:
5640:
5414:
4416:(Report). Directorate of Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Government of India. pp. 32–33.
1742:
1228:
1168:
957:
are home to numerous migratory and local birds. The region has significant populations of endangered
782:
17:
3296:
597:
5526:
5186:
4975:
3250:
2432:
1823:
1544:
1504:"Campaign Reaches Fever Pitch in Revenue-Rich Kongu Nadu as DMK-Congress, AIADMK-BJP Battle it Out"
883:, a mountain pass across the Western Ghats connects the region to the west coast. The major rivers
447:
4355:
4257:
4225:
2327:
5650:
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5095:
5040:
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is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature of
969:
942:
851:
653:
143:
2541:"No 'Marriage' of Ideologies: Kongu Parties Find Raison D'être in Their Differences With Dalits"
5895:
5792:
5655:
5635:
5630:
4800:
4388:
2709:
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1134:
950:
566:, these were music syllables used in dance with further such sites discovered in Thadagam near
3955:
3039:
2886:
1055:
is an additional official language for communication purposes. Other languages spoken include
722:
governors of the erstwhile Vijayanagara empire who declared independence. They introduced the
489:, it might have eventually transformed to Kongu. The region was also known as Kongadesam with
5885:
5449:
5262:
4740:"Lok Sabha Elections 2014: Erode has potential to become a textile heaven says Narendra Modi"
3197:
1855:
1287:
1068:
735:
634:
526:
498:
392:
358:
331:
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2946:
The birds of southern India, including Madras, Malabar, Travancore, Cochin, Coorg and Mysore
2802:
2796:
1879:"Morphometric Status of Human Skeletal Remains From Kodumanal, Periyar District, Tamil Nadu"
6079:
5862:
5849:
5577:
5070:
2585:
1308:
is the staple food and major crop in the region. Some of the main crops cultivated include
1028:
influence the political and economic space in the region. Incidents of persecution against
1009:
934:
867:
819:
626:
245:
110:
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are the largest urban areas in the region. The majority of the people in the region speak
8:
6401:
5723:
5607:
5333:
5050:
5045:
4968:
3322:
3182:
2918:
2428:
993:
938:
876:
807:
803:
763:
739:
712:
641:
630:
618:
563:
415:
403:
260:, refers to the geographical region comprising the western and north-western part of the
98:
94:
3012:(Report). Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. 2007. Archived from
2640:
2589:
5946:
5787:
5763:
5748:
5500:
5383:
4477:
4127:
4102:
3369:
2609:
2297:
2203:
2174:
2135:
2127:
1784:"Technology of Iron and Steel in Kodumanal, an ancient industrial center in Tamil Nadu"
1658:
The Cauvery, a Living Museum: 16-17 September 1999, 5-6 March 2001, Seminar Proceedings
1615:
1204:
977:
485:, which meant edge or boundary. Since this area served as a border between the ancient
89:
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6292:
5941:
5834:
5818:
5368:
5358:
5156:
5100:
5090:
5080:
5075:
5055:
4934:
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4020:
3875:
3850:
3796:
3771:
3731:
3582:
3361:
3227:
3129:
3045:
2806:
2743:
2671:
2646:
2601:
2519:
2462:
2401:
2268:
2243:
2139:
2119:
2055:
2030:
2005:
1980:
1955:
1831:
1721:
1718:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
1621:
1212:
1072:
847:
839:
831:
827:
823:
759:
747:
731:
704:
677:
529:
435:
423:
411:
372:
319:
139:
131:
122:
118:
114:
4895:"Kongu Nadu, North Bengal: Is the threat of bifurcation a go-to weapon for the BJP?"
3603:"Dear Amish Tripathi, You're Wrong. Sati Was Never Just a 'Minor Practice' in India"
1273:(literally translated as Rice and dal) is a unique dish originated from the region.
1012:, the region had a population of over 27.4 million. The population is predominantly
629:
in the seventh century CE. Later, the region was ruled by various dynasties such as
6324:
6042:
5743:
5718:
5703:
5698:
5602:
5572:
5465:
5373:
3350:"Economic Change, Politics and Caste: The Case of the Kongu Nadu Munnetra Kazhagam"
3291:
3245:
2979:
2792:
2613:
2593:
2111:
1595:"The Society of Kongunadu Through the Inscriptions of Seven Kongu Saivaite Temples"
1291:
1240:
1125:
was also practiced in the region. The culture of the region was similar to that of
1052:
976:
reserves. Other threatened and endangered species found in the region include the
973:
962:
905:
602:
213:
4536:
1577:. International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilization. p. 20.
1101:
with utmost reverence, which remained as the chief administrative text during the
605:, showing the Chera emblem (Bow and arrow) along with the tiger signange of Cholas
6300:
6284:
6223:
6096:
6066:
5926:
5921:
5890:
5733:
5567:
5536:
5378:
5328:
5247:
4866:
4589:
1126:
1122:
1102:
1084:
1056:
1029:
892:
843:
708:
700:
645:
551:
542:
399:
367:
303:
229:
209:
135:
945:
was the first national park in India, established in 1940 and the region has 11
703:
having a matrimonial alliance with both Pandyas and Cholas. After the defeat of
6194:
6186:
6120:
5956:
5951:
5823:
5805:
5713:
5505:
5470:
5343:
5338:
5297:
5267:
5252:
5231:
5121:
5085:
5065:
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3927:
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1401:
1361:
1064:
997:
989:
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871:
835:
815:
811:
767:
696:
622:
537:
466:
407:
388:
362:
346:
327:
291:
217:
194:
126:
106:
102:
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532:
from the first century CE as a thriving industrial and commercial center. The
6436:
6255:
6202:
6178:
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5758:
5612:
5587:
5475:
5429:
5312:
5302:
5279:
5181:
4938:
3699:
3561:
3365:
3282:
3236:
2454:
2123:
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1304:
ran through the region. Agriculture is the primary occupation in the region.
1196:
1179:
and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.
1110:
1060:
966:
958:
888:
863:
859:
719:
614:
610:
587:
575:
438:
in the early nineteenth century. The region played a significant role in the
342:
299:
287:
283:
233:
3271:
2104:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
718:
After the Vijayanagara empire fell in 1646, the region was ruled by various
644:
gained influence over the region and were in alliance with the Pandyas. The
525:
show traces of civilization from 4th century BCE. Kodumanal is mentioned in
402:
conquered the region in the tenth century CE. It came under the rule of the
6393:
5931:
5911:
5872:
5800:
5753:
5728:
5597:
5582:
5562:
5531:
5495:
5485:
5409:
5363:
5216:
5211:
5116:
2605:
1317:
1297:
1208:
1188:
1106:
985:
896:
884:
778:
751:
730:(towns). In the latter part of the 18th century, the region came under the
547:
533:
522:
443:
427:
376:
307:
295:
3957:
A journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar
3109:
Singh, M.; Lindburg, D.G.; Udhayan, A.; Kumar, M.A.; Kumara, H.N. (1999).
2265:
A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar
933:
are common in the interior. The Western Ghats is one of the eight hottest
6332:
6276:
6149:
6136:
6034:
6026:
5961:
5844:
5839:
5708:
5510:
5490:
5348:
5307:
5272:
5171:
3013:
1379:
1250:
1236:
1200:
1118:
1040:
880:
743:
672:
657:
571:
451:
419:
354:
323:
198:
5025:
3373:
3349:
2131:
2099:
793:
770:
took control of the region from the British East India Company in 1857.
691:
in the region. The rule of the Pandyas came to an end with the death of
6385:
6353:
6247:
6210:
6104:
6088:
6050:
5880:
5857:
5810:
5738:
5404:
5399:
5176:
5141:
5136:
5126:
5005:
3984:"Snack Street combines taste of street food with hygiene of restaurant"
1743:"Traditional Gemstone Cutting Technology of Kongu Region in Tamil Nadu"
1433:
1383:
1375:
1262:
1232:
1137:
style. In Dravidian architecture, the temples considered of porches or
1097:
1021:
981:
661:
567:
350:
311:
268:
153:
74:
1540:
766:
who fought against the rule of British East India Company. Later, the
6340:
6263:
5916:
5541:
5444:
5439:
5015:
4929:
4833:
4710:"How can India replicate the success of Tiruppur in 75 other places?"
4383:
4350:
4317:
4252:
4220:
4188:
4160:
4070:
4046:
3988:
3154:
2597:
2571:
2369:
2322:
1923:
1689:
1441:
1364:
production in the country. Other major agricultural products include
1353:
1309:
1254:
1076:
591:
583:
559:
518:
514:
486:
384:
338:
272:
240:
225:
82:
2892:(Report). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. 2019.
1386:, as well as jewellery. Another major industry is textiles with the
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6361:
6239:
6112:
5854:
5797:
5424:
5419:
5221:
5206:
5196:
5191:
5146:
3845:
Molina, A.B.; Roa, V.N.; Van den Bergh, I.; Maghuyop, M.A. (2000).
3406:"In the name of caste, violence rules in Tamil Nadu's Kongu region"
1387:
1329:
649:
570:. The region was in the middle of a trade route leading across the
315:
3953:
5936:
5257:
5131:
1661:. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya. 2001. p. 407.
1365:
1357:
1266:
1220:
1160:
1143:
1080:
1025:
909:
723:
609:
While the region was ruled by tribal chieftains during the early
579:
550:
writings have been found on coins, seals and rings obtained from
454:
with majority of the region, forming a part of Tamil Nadu later.
380:
221:
4772:. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 7 August 2014.
6369:
5826:
5813:
5546:
5480:
5353:
5201:
5010:
4284:
3847:
Advancing banana and plantain R & D in Asia and the Pacific
3755:(3rd ed.). New Delhi: Low Price Publications. p. 309.
3536:(Report). Office of the Registrar General. pp. 12–14, 49.
2860:
2267:. Oxford University Press. pp. 7, 69, 179, 199, 214, 239.
1473:
1437:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1224:
1216:
1176:
1130:
1114:
1017:
513:
Kongu Nadu was one of the territorial divisions in the ancient
470:
276:
78:
3844:
3225:
3111:
Status survey of slender loris Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus
6377:
6173:
6157:
6058:
6005:
5829:
5166:
5161:
5151:
4960:
2225:
The imperial Pandyas: Mathematics reconstructs the chronology
1876:
1349:
1258:
1192:
1013:
866:
cutting through the region. Both mountain ranges meet at the
715:
defeated the Mughals and established sway over the region.
555:
494:
474:
261:
3566:(in Tamil) (1 ed.). Chennai: Periyar Enthusiasts Group.
1141:
preceding the door leading to the sanctum, Gate-pyramids or
908:
and depends on monsoons for rainfall. Due to the south-west
676:
Map of South India in 1909, showing the region as a part of
334:, disparity remains within various districts in the region.
6165:
5875:
5226:
3666:
3181:
Malviya, M.; Srivastav, A.; Nigam, P.; Tyagi, P.C. (2011).
2365:"Chinnamalai, a lesser-known freedom fighter of Kongu soil"
1369:
1305:
1246:
1164:
3180:
707:
of the Hoysalas, the region came under the control of the
3108:
3044:. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J. pp. 110–117.
3041:
Project Tiger: The reserves, the tigers, and their future
1781:
1341:
1227:. Millets were staple food items in the region until the
310:
rivers are the important non-perennial sources of water.
4539:. Department of Horticulture, Government of Tamil Nadu.
3436:"Western TN gaining notoriety as honour killing capital"
1977:
The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641
1822:
1147:
in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple and
652:, conquered the region in ninth century CE. Pandya king
330:. While the region is a significant contributor to the
4829:"India may have 50 states if all demands are conceded"
4649:"Tamil Nadu Poultry Industry Seeks Export Concessions"
3695:"German state keen to share expertise with Coimbatore"
2959:
Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Tim (30 November 2005).
2054:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 217.
660:, is known to have found asylum in the region. With
536:
from the region are mentioned in the 2nd century CE
501:. The region is also known as "Kongu Mandalam" with
4892:
4098:"Kongu Food Info by Times : Kongunadu Cuisine"
2574:"Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities"
1828:
Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture
477:, probably arising from the area's early residents
375:. The region served as the eastern entrance to the
2801:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp.
1877:Rami Reddy, V.; Chandrasekhar Reddy, B.K. (2004).
1265:is a sweet made with rice, chickpea, palm or cane
379:, on the principal trade route that extended from
4681:"India's Gems and Jewellery Market is Glittering"
4510:(Report). ICAR, Government of India. p. 64.
3347:
2242:(2nd ed.). New Age Publishers. p. 199.
1575:History of Kongu: Pre-historic period to 1300 A.D
282:The geography of the region is diverse, with the
6434:
4862:"BJP looks to downplay 'Kongu Nadu' controversy"
2694:. Sanctuary Asia. 5 January 2001. Archived from
469:words meaning "Kongu country". Kongu might mean
4796:"Murmurs on Tamil Nadu's bifurcation resurface"
4039:
3297:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en
3150:"Nilgiri tahr population over 3,000: WWF-India"
2958:
1171:of the Dravidian style. They are topped by the
797:Map of Tamil Nadu showing the Kongu Nadu region
6448:Proposed states and union territories of India
6011:Proposed states and union territories of India
3896:"The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves"
3795:. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 253.
3770:. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 762.
3527:Language – India, States and Union Territories
3496:
3251:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12559A17951402.en
1740:
6424:Current states and union territories of India
5988:
4976:
3954:Francis Hamilton; East India Company (1807).
3183:"Indian National Studbook of Nilgiri Langur (
1617:History of Travancore from the Earliest Times
621:. The region came under the influence of the
271:and in some instances, parts of southeastern
2948:. Chennai: Superintendent, Government Press.
2798:Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation
2793:"Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System"
2790:
2167:New Light on the History of the Kongu Cholas
2075:
2073:
2071:
1782:Sasisekaran, B.; Raghunatha Rao, B. (1999).
4893:Venkataramakrishnan, Rohan (17 July 2021).
4594:. Taylor & Francis. 2005. p. 291.
4343:
4310:
3874:. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 29.
3631:
3226:Singh, M.; Kumar, A.; Kumara, H.N. (2020).
2943:
2919:"Bio-Diversity and Wild Life in Tamil Nadu"
2287:
1592:
1336:and pulses. Other plantation crops include
862:runs south along the western side with the
726:under which the region was divided into 24
5995:
5981:
4983:
4969:
4625:. Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from
4370:
4153:
4042:"Changes in the Indian menu over the ages"
3960:. T. Cadell and W. Davies. pp. 330–.
3849:. Biodiversity International. p. 84.
3753:History of Indian and Eastern Architecture
3403:
2665:
2351:Rise and Fall of the Poligars of Tamilnadu
2302:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2222:
2208:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2179:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2164:
1919:"Megalithic site discovered near Thadagam"
1640:
1620:. Asian Educational Services. p. 33.
1572:
357:in the south. The region finds mention in
4120:
3920:
3766:Ching, Francis D.K.; et al. (2007).
3750:
3295:
3249:
2666:Dr. Jadoan, Atar Singh (September 2001).
2100:"The Service Retinues of the Chola Court"
2079:
2068:
2049:
699:ruled the region for sometime later with
4925:"Caste organisation bats for Kongu Nadu"
4411:Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2021
3815:
3576:
3399:
3397:
3395:
2348:
2193:
1974:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1469:"'Kongu Nadu' part of BJP's Grand Plan?"
1463:
1461:
1428:
1426:
1424:
925:are found along the Western Ghats while
792:
671:
596:
3500:Tamil̲umaiṅakilēcumāyirukakir̲a akarāti
3404:Thangavelu, Dharani (12 October 2018).
3348:Vijayabaskar, M; Wyatt, Andrew (2013).
2645:. Chennai: S.P.C.K. Press. p. 30.
2513:
2395:
2240:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
2024:
1614:Menon, P. Shungoonny (1 January 1998).
1498:
1496:
1394:
947:national parks and wildlife sanctuaries
669:and adopted Chola titles and surnames.
562:was dated to 4th Century CE and as per
168:60,895 km (23,512 sq mi)
14:
6435:
4704:
4702:
4561:
4423:from the original on 18 September 2023
4377:M, Soundariya Preetha (30 June 2007).
4337:
4240:
4040:Balasubramanian, D (21 October 2014).
4014:
3869:
3728:The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess
3725:
3471:. University of Michigan. p. 34.
3123:
3037:
2944:Baker, H.R.; Inglis, Chas. M. (1930).
2791:McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000).
2766:"Eastern Deccan Plateau Moist Forests"
2495:from the original on 29 September 2023
2453:
2262:
2093:
2091:
1949:
1685:"On how Kongu Nadu was a Jain bastion"
1568:
1566:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
734:, following a series of wars with the
5976:
4964:
4776:from the original on 1 September 2023
4750:from the original on 19 November 2015
4344:Vanavarayar, Shankar (21 June 2010).
4311:Subramanian, T. S (28 January 2007).
4304:
4208:
4196:from the original on 21 December 2016
4154:Kannadasan, Akila (2 November 2012).
3996:from the original on 21 December 2016
3819:Kongu Nadu, a History Up to A.D. 1400
3790:
3765:
3726:Harman, William P. (9 October 1992).
3497:Poezold, F; Simpson, William (1809).
3464:
3392:
2911:
2827:"Indo-Malayan Terrestrial Ecoregions"
2668:Military Geography of South-East Asia
2638:
2538:
2396:Hibbert, Christopher (1 March 2000).
1999:
1715:
1613:
1581:
1458:
1421:
6046:(Chhattisgarh/Madhya Pradesh/Odisha)
4770:"State wise number of Textile Mills"
4720:from the original on 1 December 2023
4473:"Turmeric at an all-time high price"
4280:"A 2,500-year-old industrial estate"
4181:
4078:from the original on 17 October 2015
3675:from the original on 19 January 2010
3329:from the original on 9 December 2023
3162:from the original on 8 February 2016
2899:from the original on 5 February 2020
2867:from the original on 18 January 2013
2772:from the original on 18 January 2008
2377:from the original on 7 December 2019
1931:from the original on 27 January 2024
1854:. Tamil Arts Academy. Archived from
1804:from the original on 27 January 2024
1791:Indian Journal of History of Science
1763:from the original on 27 January 2024
1750:Indian Journal of History of Science
1697:from the original on 23 October 2019
1649:
1493:
1300:trade route. A Chola highway called
1187:Kongu Nadu cuisine is predominantly
1095:The people of the region upheld the
777:in 1947, the region was part of the
558:. An inscription found in a cave in
406:by the 15th century after which the
4826:
4699:
4683:. Resource Investor. Archived from
4566:. Cornell Education. Archived from
4564:"Value Addition to Coffee in India"
4543:from the original on 31 August 2023
4517:from the original on 31 August 2023
4453:from the original on 31 August 2023
4182:Nath, Parthasarathy (27 May 2013).
4123:"Taste some cuisine from Kongunadu"
3923:"Taste some cuisine from Kongunadu"
3793:A Visual Dictionary of Architecture
3543:from the original on 24 August 2023
3503:(2nd ed.). Oxford University.
3283:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3237:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2620:from the original on 9 October 2013
2237:
2194:Chettiar, C.M. Ramachandra (1987).
2097:
2088:
2084:. Cosmo Books. pp. 95–96, 108.
2052:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
1593:Venkatraman, V. (20 January 2018).
1563:
1526:
24:
4481:. 29 December 2009. Archived from
4135:from the original on 9 August 2017
4066:"Kovakkai, Kongunadu and Quizzing"
4019:. Universities Press. p. 80.
3935:from the original on 9 August 2017
3730:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 6.
3662:"Is Coimbatore the next BPO city?"
3090:from the original on 2 August 2014
3058:from the original on 31 March 2024
2925:from the original on 10 April 2018
2518:. Pearson Education. p. 266.
2353:. University of Madras. p. 2.
2326:. 19 November 2005. Archived from
916:
517:. Archaeological excavations from
25:
6459:
4945:from the original on 17 July 2021
4905:from the original on 25 July 2021
4874:from the original on 18 July 2021
4808:from the original on 12 July 2021
4376:
4292:from the original on 4 March 2016
4256:. 21 January 2008. Archived from
4121:Nagarajan, Rema (26 March 2011).
3964:from the original on 20 June 2024
3921:Nagarajan, Rema (26 March 2011).
3902:from the original on 7 March 2016
3826:from the original on 15 July 2023
3642:from the original on 15 July 2023
3613:from the original on 10 July 2021
3507:from the original on 20 June 2024
3475:from the original on 20 June 2024
3416:from the original on 11 July 2021
3380:from the original on 11 July 2021
3207:from the original on 4 March 2016
2987:from the original on 3 March 2016
2716:from the original on 2 April 2015
2488:(Report). High Court of Tripura.
1899:from the original on 13 July 2011
1741:Rajan, K.; Athiyaman, N. (2004).
1551:from the original on 27 July 2023
1514:from the original on 11 July 2021
1481:from the original on 20 June 2024
838:. Some sources consider parts of
6078:
6004:
5024:
4917:
4886:
4854:
4842:from the original on 27 May 2024
4820:
4788:
4762:
4732:
4673:
4641:
4615:
4582:
4562:Yeboah, Salomey (8 March 2005).
4555:
4529:
4497:
4465:
4435:
4403:
4313:"Roman connection in Tamil Nadu"
4224:. 8 January 2009. Archived from
4015:Achaya, K.T. (1 November 2003).
3768:A Global History of Architecture
3581:. Gurgaon: Penguin. p. 44.
3126:Daroji-an ecological destination
2975:"India's tiger population rises"
1665:from the original on 8 July 2023
1409:Kongu Vellala Goundergal Peravai
1241:vegetarians for religious reason
1071:by the tribal population of the
601:Chola coins during the reign of
52:
4272:
4175:
4147:
4114:
4106:. 26 March 2011. Archived from
4090:
4058:
4033:
4008:
3976:
3947:
3914:
3888:
3863:
3838:
3809:
3784:
3759:
3744:
3719:
3687:
3654:
3625:
3595:
3570:
3555:
3519:
3490:
3458:
3428:
3341:
3311:
3265:
3219:
3174:
3142:
3117:
3102:
3070:
3031:
2999:
2967:
2952:
2937:
2879:
2849:
2819:
2784:
2758:
2728:
2702:
2684:
2659:
2642:The Nilgiri Guide And Directory
2632:
2565:
2532:
2507:
2483:States Reorganisation Act, 1956
2475:
2447:
2414:
2389:
2357:
2342:
2310:
2281:
2256:
2231:
2216:
2187:
2158:
2146:from the original on 9 May 2023
2043:
2018:
1993:
1968:
1943:
1911:
1870:
1844:
1816:
1775:
1734:
1709:
1677:
1600:Social Science Research Network
1003:
693:Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I
6038:(Madhya Pradesh/Uttar Pradesh)
6030:(Madhya Pradesh/Uttar Pradesh)
4990:
4657:. 28 June 2013. Archived from
3703:. 22 June 2007. Archived from
1634:
1607:
13:
1:
3898:. India Times. 9 March 2015.
3442:. 1 July 2019. Archived from
3354:Economic and Political Weekly
2740:Asia-Pacific Mountain Network
2670:. India: Anmol Publications.
2002:Kerala History and its Makers
1451:
1402:caste based political outfits
949:. Bird sanctuaries including
395:ruled over the region later.
3791:Ching, Francis D.K. (1995).
2539:Mohan, Rohini (9 May 2016).
2459:Change and Conflict in India
2238:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999).
2080:Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013).
2025:Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1968).
2000:Menon, A. Sreedhara (2011).
1830:. BiblioBazaar. p. 27.
1436:, and neighboring states of
788:
689:Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I
457:
440:Indian independence movement
29:Geographical region in India
7:
6373:(Goa/Karnataka/Maharashtra)
4447:National Geographic Society
3194:Wildlife Institute of India
2887:Biosphere Reserves in India
1979:. Oxford University Press.
1411:also supported the demand.
1405:Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam
1035:
10:
6464:
4216:"Kovai's Roman connection"
3751:Fergusson, James (1997) .
2318:"The land called Kongunad"
2263:Sastri, Nilakanta (1976).
2227:. Kumbakonam. p. 174.
2050:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2017).
1975:J. Innes, Miller (1998) .
1643:History of Kongu: Volume 1
1285:
1281:
1182:
1090:
937:in the world and a UNESCO
758:annexed the region to the
756:British East India Company
687:mentioning the victory of
508:
497:to mean the land ruled by
434:annexed the region to the
432:British East India Company
6421:
6352:
6275:
6222:
6148:
6087:
6076:
6017:
5904:
5776:
5689:
5621:
5555:
5519:
5458:
5392:
5321:
5288:
5240:
5109:
5033:
5022:
4998:
4379:"Tale of an ancient road"
3078:"Project Elephant Status"
2710:"Britannica Encyclopedia"
2516:Introduction to Geography
2461:. Macmillan. p. 75.
2165:Thangamani, M.R. (1982).
2116:10.1017/S0041977X0700081X
2029:. S. Chand. p. 570.
2004:. D C Books. p. 23.
1215:, and different kinds of
1133:in the region follow the
844:Tiruchirappalli districts
783:States Reorganisation Act
341:, it was the seat of the
239:
205:
190:
185:
177:
172:
164:
159:
149:
88:
68:
60:
51:
44:
34:
3638:. University of Madras.
3632:Arokiaswami, M. (1956).
3577:Sundaram, P. S. (1990).
3465:Silva, Severine (1963).
2400:. Penguin. p. 221.
2398:Great Mutiny: India 1857
1950:Schoff, Wilfred (1912).
1824:S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar
1545:Government of Tamil Nadu
1414:
493:, a variant of the term
465:is a combination of two
3870:Kalman, Bobbie (2009).
3113:. Oryx. pp. 31–37.
2961:Birds of Southern India
2768:. World Wildlife Fund.
2639:Eagan, J. S. C (1916).
2288:Arokiaswami, M (1956).
1716:Singh, Upinder (2009).
1641:Ramamurthy, V. (1986).
1573:Ramamurthy, V. (1986).
1541:Districts of Tamil Nadu
1231:increased the usage of
943:Mudumalai National Park
852:Chamarajanagar district
711:. In the 15th century,
578:and that extended from
5896:Virupakshi Hill Banana
5793:Coimbatore Wet Grinder
4801:The New Indian Express
4184:"A taste of tradition"
3290:: e.T15954A163991139.
3124:Kottur, Samad (2012).
3038:Panwar, H. S. (1987).
2692:"The Deccan Peninsula"
2546:The New Indian Express
2292:. Madras. p. 329.
2223:Sethuraman, N (1978).
2198:. Madras. p. 150.
1444:as part of the region.
965:, being home to three
798:
680:
656:, who was defeated by
613:, it was ruled by the
606:
353:in the south-east and
6443:Regions of Tamil Nadu
6100:(Bihar/Uttar Pradesh)
5886:Sirumalai Hill Banana
4827:PTI (4 August 2013).
4017:The story of our food
3816:Manickam, V. (2001).
3319:"Tamil Nadu religion"
3244:: e.T12559A17951402.
3198:Central Zoo Authority
3185:Trachypithecus johnii
2424:Constitution of India
2349:Rajayyan, K. (1974).
2196:History of Kongu Nadu
1288:Economy of Coimbatore
1286:Further information:
1269:, cardamom and ghee.
935:biodiversity hotspots
796:
675:
600:
383:in the west coast to
290:traversing along the
5863:Palani Panchamirtham
4687:on 26 September 2011
4570:on 19 September 2006
4325:on 19 September 2013
4248:"On the Roman Trail"
3822:. Makkal Veliyeedu.
3534:Census of India 2011
3007:Elephant Census 2005
2169:. Erode. p. 77.
1954:. South Asia Books.
1395:Demand for statehood
1302:Rajakesari Peruvazhi
1261:are popular dishes.
927:tropical dry forests
627:Arikesari Maravarman
625:during the reign of
521:on the banks of the
442:. It became part of
332:economy of the state
246:Indian Standard Time
6206:(Jammu and Kashmir)
6198:(Jammu and Kashmir)
6190:(Jammu and Kashmir)
4358:on 10 November 2012
4346:"Scripting history"
4260:on 10 November 2012
4110:on 5 November 2012.
4074:. 3 February 2011.
4054:on 6 December 2014.
3609:. 31 October 2018.
3323:Government of India
3086:. 2 February 2009.
2983:. 15 January 2015.
2831:National Geographic
2698:on 17 October 2006.
2590:2000Natur.403..853M
2429:Government of India
1927:. 9 December 2016.
1693:. 12 October 2017.
994:lion-tailed macaque
939:World Heritage Site
877:Indian subcontinent
775:Indian Independence
764:Dheeran Chinnamalai
724:Palayakkarar system
713:Vijayanagara empire
619:Uthiyan Cheralathan
564:Iravatham Mahadevan
448:Indian Independence
404:Vijayanagara Empire
206: • Others
46:Geographical region
6344:(Karnataka/Kerala)
5947:Vijayanagar Empire
5788:Bhavani Jamakkalam
4623:"Sericulture note"
4537:"Plantation crops"
4505:Sugracane in India
4478:The Economic Times
4228:on 25 January 2009
4128:The Times of India
4103:The Times of India
3872:India: The Culture
3579:Tiruvalluvar Kural
3468:Toponomy of Canara
3446:on 18 January 2022
3158:. 3 October 2015.
2098:Ali, Daud (2007).
2082:Perumāḷs of Kerala
1720:. Addison Wesley.
1175:, a bulbous stone
1121:as chief virtues.
978:grey slender loris
799:
681:
607:
191: • Major
178: • Total
165: • Total
6430:
6429:
6293:Kalyana-Karnataka
5970:
5969:
5942:Madurai Sultanate
5850:Palakkad Maddalam
5835:Nanjanagud Banana
5819:Kovai Cora Cotton
5772:
5771:
5415:Gopalaswamy Betta
5157:Gobichettipalayam
4746:. 17 April 2014.
4714:Business Standard
4654:Financial Express
4026:978-81-7371-293-7
3881:978-0-7787-9287-1
3856:978-9-7191-7513-1
3802:978-0-4712-8451-2
3777:978-0-4712-6892-5
3737:978-8-1208-0810-2
3707:on 8 January 2009
3588:978-0-14-400009-8
3564:Tiruvalluvar 2050
3135:978-9-3508-7269-7
3051:978-0-8155-1133-5
2812:978-0-1302-0263-5
2746:on 12 August 2007
2677:978-8-1261-1008-7
2652:978-1-1494-8220-9
2584:(6772): 853–858.
2525:978-8-131-70210-9
2468:978-0-8364-0222-3
2407:978-0-1400-4752-3
2373:. 2 August 2008.
2290:The Kongu Country
2274:978-0-1956-0686-7
2249:978-81-224-1198-0
2061:978-1-538-10686-0
2036:978-9-352-53132-5
2011:978-8-126-43782-5
1986:978-0-1981-4264-5
1961:978-8-1215-0699-1
1837:978-1-113-17175-7
1727:978-81-317-1120-0
1627:978-81-206-0169-7
1360:. and 85% of the
1073:Nilgiris district
923:Deciduous forests
848:Palakkad district
760:Madras Presidency
748:Anglo-Mysore Wars
732:Kingdom of Mysore
705:Veera Ballala III
678:Madras Presidency
436:Madras Presidency
424:Anglo-Mysore Wars
412:Kingdom of Mysore
387:in the east. The
373:Sangam literature
251:
250:
16:(Redirected from
6455:
6414:
6406:
6398:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6366:
6345:
6337:
6336:(Andhra Pradesh)
6329:
6321:
6313:
6305:
6297:
6289:
6268:
6260:
6252:
6244:
6243:(Assam/Nagaland)
6236:
6215:
6207:
6199:
6191:
6183:
6170:
6162:
6141:
6133:
6125:
6117:
6109:
6101:
6082:
6071:
6070:(Madhya Pradesh)
6063:
6062:(Madhya Pradesh)
6055:
6054:(Madhya Pradesh)
6047:
6039:
6031:
6009:
6008:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5974:
5973:
5681:Thanthai Periyar
5319:
5318:
5028:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4933:. 17 July 2021.
4921:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4870:. 17 July 2021.
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4415:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4387:. Archived from
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4354:. Archived from
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4321:. Archived from
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4050:. Archived from
4037:
4031:
4030:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3992:. 19 July 2013.
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3531:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3401:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3191:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3019:on 12 March 2012
3018:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2980:Deccan Chronicle
2971:
2965:
2964:
2963:. A&C Black.
2956:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2837:on 21 March 2001
2833:. Archived from
2823:
2817:
2816:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2742:. Archived from
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2598:10.1038/35002501
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2549:. Archived from
2536:
2530:
2529:
2514:Bergman (2008).
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2431:. Archived from
2418:
2412:
2411:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2066:
2065:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1788:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1603:. Rochester, NY.
1590:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1537:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1510:. 1 April 2019.
1500:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1477:. 13 July 2021.
1465:
1445:
1430:
1292:Economy of Salem
1229:Green Revolution
1030:Scheduled castes
974:Project Elephant
963:Indian elephants
906:tropical climate
695:in 1318 CE. The
685:Srirangam temple
256:, also known as
56:
32:
31:
21:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6417:
6412:
6404:
6396:
6388:
6380:
6372:
6364:
6348:
6343:
6335:
6327:
6319:
6311:
6303:
6295:
6287:
6271:
6266:
6258:
6250:
6242:
6234:
6224:Northeast India
6218:
6214:(Uttar Pradesh)
6213:
6205:
6197:
6189:
6182:(Uttar Pradesh)
6181:
6169:(Uttar Pradesh)
6168:
6161:(Uttar Pradesh)
6160:
6144:
6139:
6131:
6123:
6115:
6107:
6099:
6083:
6074:
6069:
6067:Vindhya Pradesh
6061:
6053:
6045:
6037:
6029:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5971:
5966:
5927:Medieval Cholas
5900:
5891:Toda Embroidery
5779:
5768:
5724:Kamarajar Sagar
5691:
5685:
5661:New Amarambalam
5623:
5622:Protected areas
5617:
5551:
5515:
5454:
5388:
5317:
5290:
5284:
5236:
5105:
5029:
5020:
4994:
4989:
4959:
4958:
4948:
4946:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4908:
4906:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4867:Hindustan Times
4860:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4825:
4821:
4811:
4809:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4777:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4753:
4751:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4661:on 2 April 2015
4647:
4646:
4642:
4632:
4630:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4591:South Asia 2006
4588:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4571:
4560:
4556:
4546:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4485:on 6 March 2016
4471:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4375:
4371:
4361:
4359:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4263:
4261:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4119:
4115:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4079:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3764:
3760:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3671:. 5 July 2008.
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3575:
3571:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3495:
3491:
3478:
3476:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3402:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3360:(48): 103–111.
3346:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3276:Panthera pardus
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3196:, Dehradun and
3189:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3122:
3118:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3052:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2957:
2953:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2857:"Western Ghats"
2855:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2736:"The Peninsula"
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2435:on 2 April 2012
2420:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2236:
2232:
2221:
2217:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2096:
2089:
2078:
2069:
2062:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1591:
1582:
1571:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1539:
1538:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1397:
1384:auto components
1294:
1284:
1185:
1103:medieval period
1093:
1038:
1006:
955:Nanjarayan Tank
919:
917:Flora and fauna
846:in Tamil Nadu,
791:
709:Delhi Sultanate
701:Vira Someshwara
665:bore the title
646:medieval Cholas
552:Amaravati river
543:Silappathikaram
511:
460:
400:medieval Cholas
368:Silappathikaram
337:In the ancient
326:, a variant of
136:Tiruchirappalli
129:
47:
40:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6461:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6407:
6399:
6391:
6383:
6375:
6367:
6358:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6338:
6330:
6322:
6314:
6306:
6298:
6290:
6281:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6261:
6253:
6245:
6237:
6228:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6208:
6200:
6192:
6184:
6176:
6171:
6163:
6154:
6152:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6134:
6126:
6118:
6110:
6102:
6093:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6064:
6056:
6048:
6040:
6032:
6023:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6000:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5977:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5957:Mysore kingdom
5954:
5952:Madurai Nayaks
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5881:Salem Venpattu
5878:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5821:
5816:
5808:
5806:Erode Turmeric
5803:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5764:Varattu Pallam
5761:
5756:
5751:
5749:Orathuppalayam
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5695:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5676:Sathyamangalam
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5471:Bharathappuzha
5468:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5298:Deccan plateau
5294:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5232:Udumalaipettai
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5122:Chamarajanagar
5119:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5096:Tiruchirapalli
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5041:Chamarajanagar
5037:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4956:
4916:
4885:
4853:
4819:
4787:
4761:
4731:
4698:
4672:
4640:
4629:on 27 May 2012
4614:
4601:978-1857433180
4600:
4581:
4554:
4528:
4496:
4464:
4434:
4402:
4391:on 3 July 2007
4369:
4336:
4303:
4271:
4239:
4207:
4174:
4146:
4113:
4089:
4057:
4032:
4025:
4007:
3975:
3946:
3928:Times of India
3913:
3887:
3880:
3862:
3855:
3837:
3808:
3801:
3783:
3776:
3758:
3743:
3736:
3718:
3686:
3653:
3624:
3594:
3587:
3569:
3554:
3518:
3489:
3457:
3427:
3391:
3340:
3310:
3264:
3230:Macaca silenus
3218:
3173:
3141:
3134:
3116:
3101:
3083:Times of India
3069:
3050:
3030:
2998:
2966:
2951:
2936:
2910:
2878:
2848:
2818:
2811:
2783:
2757:
2727:
2701:
2683:
2676:
2658:
2651:
2631:
2564:
2553:on 10 May 2016
2531:
2524:
2506:
2474:
2467:
2455:Thapar, Romesh
2446:
2413:
2406:
2388:
2356:
2341:
2330:on 28 May 2011
2309:
2280:
2273:
2255:
2248:
2230:
2215:
2186:
2157:
2110:(3): 487–509.
2087:
2067:
2060:
2042:
2035:
2017:
2010:
1992:
1985:
1967:
1960:
1942:
1910:
1892:(4): 104–112.
1886:Anthropologist
1869:
1843:
1836:
1815:
1774:
1756:(4): 385–414.
1733:
1726:
1708:
1676:
1648:
1633:
1626:
1606:
1580:
1562:
1525:
1492:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1396:
1393:
1362:natural rubber
1283:
1280:
1271:Ariseemparuppu
1184:
1181:
1149:Pillared halls
1092:
1089:
1037:
1034:
1016:with minority
1005:
1002:
998:Indian leopard
990:Nilgiri langur
918:
915:
879:'s coastline.
872:Deccan plateau
850:in Kerala and
790:
787:
768:British Empire
635:Western Gangas
510:
507:
499:Western Gangas
487:Tamil kingdoms
459:
456:
408:Madurai Nayaks
393:Western Gangas
328:Tamil language
292:Deccan plateau
258:Kongu Mandalam
249:
248:
243:
237:
236:
207:
203:
202:
192:
188:
187:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
144:Chamarajanagar
92:
86:
85:
72:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
49:
48:
45:
42:
41:
39:Kongu Mandalam
38:
35:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6460:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6425:
6420:
6413:(Maharashtra)
6411:
6408:
6403:
6400:
6395:
6392:
6389:(Maharashtra)
6387:
6384:
6379:
6376:
6371:
6368:
6365:(Maharashtra)
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6342:
6339:
6334:
6331:
6326:
6323:
6318:
6315:
6310:
6307:
6302:
6299:
6294:
6291:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6265:
6262:
6257:
6256:Karbi Anglong
6254:
6249:
6246:
6241:
6238:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6212:
6209:
6204:
6203:Panun Kashmir
6201:
6196:
6193:
6188:
6185:
6180:
6179:Harit Pradesh
6177:
6175:
6172:
6167:
6164:
6159:
6158:Awadh Pradesh
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6138:
6135:
6130:
6127:
6122:
6119:
6116:(West Bengal)
6114:
6111:
6108:(West Bengal)
6106:
6103:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6068:
6065:
6060:
6057:
6052:
6049:
6044:
6041:
6036:
6033:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6019:Central India
6016:
6012:
6007:
5998:
5993:
5991:
5986:
5984:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5775:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5759:Upper Bhavani
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:Perumal Malai
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5334:Biligiriranga
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5313:Western Ghats
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5303:Eastern Ghats
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5289:Geographical
5287:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:Udagamandalam
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5182:Komarapalayam
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4830:
4823:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4603:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4585:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4513:
4506:
4500:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4443:"Food Staple"
4438:
4419:
4412:
4406:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4373:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4340:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4156:"A rainy day"
4150:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4011:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3950:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3917:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3779:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3754:
3747:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3700:Business Line
3696:
3690:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3628:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3558:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3522:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3486:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3203:
3200:, New Delhi.
3199:
3195:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3105:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3015:
3008:
3002:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2940:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2895:
2888:
2882:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2491:
2484:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2421:"Article 1".
2417:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2305:
2299:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2027:Ancient India
2021:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1858:on 7 May 2012
1857:
1853:
1852:"Roman Karur"
1847:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1645:. p. 19.
1644:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:ancient Roman
1293:
1289:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:Hindu temples
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:Mysore region
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:(also called
1042:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:
967:Project Tiger
964:
960:
959:Bengal tigers
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
914:
911:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
869:
865:
864:Eastern Ghats
861:
860:Western Ghats
856:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
795:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:
674:
670:
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:Sangam period
604:
599:
595:
593:
589:
588:Mediterranean
585:
581:
577:
576:Western Ghats
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:
539:
535:
531:
528:
527:Patiṟṟuppattu
524:
520:
516:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:
364:
360:
359:Patiṟṟuppattu
356:
352:
349:in the east,
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Eastern Ghats
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
247:
244:
242:
238:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
184:
180:
176:
171:
167:
163:
158:
155:
152:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
43:
33:
27:
19:
6394:Maru Pradesh
6320:(Puducherry)
6312:(Tamil Nadu)
6308:
6166:Braj Pradesh
5932:Later Cholas
5912:Early Cholas
5868:Salem Fabric
5814:Malai Poondu
5778:Geographical
5744:Nallathangal
5719:Bhavanisagar
5699:Aathupalayam
5646:Karian Shola
5624:and reserves
5563:Agaya Gangai
5501:Parambikulam
5459:Major Rivers
5410:Elivai Malai
5384:Thirumoorthy
5217:Tiruchengode
5187:Mettupalayam
5091:The Nilgiris
4991:
4947:. Retrieved
4928:
4919:
4907:. Retrieved
4898:
4888:
4876:. Retrieved
4865:
4856:
4844:. Retrieved
4836:Businessline
4832:
4822:
4810:. Retrieved
4799:
4790:
4778:. Retrieved
4764:
4752:. Retrieved
4743:
4734:
4722:. Retrieved
4713:
4689:. Retrieved
4685:the original
4675:
4663:. Retrieved
4659:the original
4652:
4643:
4631:. Retrieved
4627:the original
4617:
4605:. Retrieved
4590:
4584:
4572:. Retrieved
4568:the original
4557:
4545:. Retrieved
4531:
4519:. Retrieved
4499:
4487:. Retrieved
4483:the original
4476:
4467:
4455:. Retrieved
4437:
4425:. Retrieved
4405:
4393:. Retrieved
4389:the original
4382:
4372:
4360:. Retrieved
4356:the original
4349:
4339:
4327:. Retrieved
4323:the original
4316:
4306:
4294:. Retrieved
4283:
4274:
4262:. Retrieved
4258:the original
4251:
4242:
4230:. Retrieved
4226:the original
4219:
4210:
4198:. Retrieved
4187:
4177:
4165:. Retrieved
4159:
4149:
4137:. Retrieved
4126:
4116:
4108:the original
4101:
4092:
4080:. Retrieved
4069:
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1472:
1398:
1380:wet grinders
1374:
1301:
1295:
1274:
1270:
1245:
1189:South Indian
1186:
1172:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1107:Ponsorimalai
1096:
1094:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1007:
1004:Demographics
986:Nilgiri tahr
920:
857:
800:
781:. After the
779:Madras State
772:
752:Polygar Wars
738:. After the
727:
717:
682:
666:
654:Rajasimha II
642:Kongu Cheras
639:
631:Rashtrakutas
608:
586:linking the
548:Tamil Brahmi
541:
534:Kosar people
523:Noyyal River
512:
502:
490:
482:
478:
462:
461:
444:Madras state
428:Polygar Wars
414:. After the
397:
377:Palakkad Gap
366:
336:
281:
275:and eastern
257:
253:
252:
150:Largest city
26:
6397:(Rajasthan)
6333:Rayalaseema
6304:(Karnataka)
6296:(Karnataka)
6288:(Karnataka)
6277:South India
6251:(Meghalaya)
6150:North India
6035:Bundelkhand
6027:Baghelkhand
5962:British Raj
5858:Mattan Rice
5845:Ooty varkey
5840:Nilgiri tea
5780:Indications
5734:Krishnagiri
5641:Grass Hills
5450:Velliangiri
5369:Pachaimalai
5308:Palghat Gap
5273:Kongu Tamil
5172:Krishnagiri
5110:Major towns
5071:Krishnagiri
4607:18 November
3547:8 September
3450:11 November
3303:12 November
3257:12 November
3094:24 February
3023:23 February
2871:21 February
2624:16 November
2439:31 December
2381:7 September
1903:11 December
1237:banana leaf
1119:non-killing
1041:Kongu Tamil
1010:2011 census
1008:As per the
931:scrub lands
881:Palghat Gap
820:Krishnagiri
744:Tipu Sultan
662:Raja Raja I
658:Parantaka I
572:Palghat gap
452:British Raj
420:Tipu Sultan
355:Pandya Nadu
347:Tondai Nadu
345:, bound by
324:Kongu Tamil
199:Kongu Tamil
111:Krishnagiri
90:District(s)
6437:Categories
6402:Saurashtra
6386:Marathwada
6354:West India
6309:Kongu Nadu
6211:Purvanchal
6105:Gorkhaland
6089:East India
6051:Mahakoshal
5811:Kodaikanal
5714:Amaravathi
5692:reservoirs
5603:Sengupathi
5573:Hogenakkal
5556:Waterfalls
5537:Kodaikanal
5435:Rangaswamy
5405:Doddabetta
5400:Bodhamalai
5374:Servarayan
5177:Kodaikanal
5142:Dharmapuri
5137:Dharapuram
5127:Coimbatore
5051:Dharmapuri
5046:Coimbatore
5006:Tamil Nadu
4992:Kongu Nadu
4780:23 January
4724:1 November
4329:28 October
3511:27 January
3479:27 January
3333:1 December
3128:. Drongo.
3062:27 January
2903:5 February
2150:27 January
1935:1 December
1808:1 December
1767:1 December
1701:5 December
1669:2 December
1555:1 December
1543:(Report).
1452:References
1434:Tamil Nadu
1376:Coimbatore
1233:Ponni rice
1213:kezhvaragu
1098:Tirukkural
996:, and the
982:sloth bear
972:and three
808:Dharmapuri
804:Coimbatore
603:Rajendra I
568:Coimbatore
530:literature
371:and other
351:Chola Nadu
312:Coimbatore
269:Tamil Nadu
254:Kongu Nadu
181:27,443,069
173:Population
154:Coimbatore
99:Dharmapuri
95:Coimbatore
75:Tamil Nadu
36:Kongu Nadu
6405:(Gujarat)
6381:(Gujarat)
6341:Tulu Nadu
6285:Karu Nadu
6267:(Tripura)
6264:Tipraland
6137:Rarhbhumi
5917:Kalabhras
5651:Mudumalai
5568:Catherine
5527:Avalanche
5466:Amaravati
5445:Vandaravu
5440:Ranipuram
5379:Sirumalai
5329:Anaimalai
5241:Languages
5034:Districts
5016:Karnataka
4939:0971-751X
4930:The Hindu
4834:The Hindu
4744:DNA India
4691:30 August
4574:5 October
4547:30 August
4521:30 August
4457:30 August
4427:30 August
4384:The Hindu
4351:The Hindu
4318:The Hindu
4253:The Hindu
4221:The Hindu
4200:1 October
4189:The Hindu
4161:The Hindu
4082:1 October
4071:The Hindu
4047:The Hindu
3989:The Hindu
3968:26 August
3366:0012-9976
3155:The Hindu
2921:. ENVIS.
2776:5 January
2370:The Hindu
2323:The Hindu
2298:cite book
2204:cite book
2175:cite book
2140:162530217
2124:0041-977X
1924:The Hindu
1690:The Hindu
1442:Karnataka
1354:areca nut
1310:sugarcane
1255:paniyaram
1157:Pushkarni
1135:Dravidian
1077:Malayalam
1022:Christian
893:Amaravati
789:Geography
592:East Asia
584:Arikamedu
560:Arachalur
554:bed near
519:Kodumanal
515:Tamilakam
463:Kongunadu
458:Etymology
450:from the
385:Arikamedu
339:Tamilakam
304:Amaravati
273:Karnataka
241:Time zone
226:Malayalam
186:Languages
130:Parts of
83:Karnataka
18:Kongunadu
6410:Vidarbha
6362:Khandesh
6328:(Kerala)
6317:Karaikal
6248:Garoland
6240:Dimaraji
6232:Bodoland
6140:(Odisha)
6124:(Odisha)
6113:Kamtapur
6043:Gondwana
5922:Pallavas
5855:Palakkad
5798:Dindigul
5754:Solaiyar
5729:Kodiveri
5690:Dams and
5656:Mukurthi
5636:Bandipur
5631:Anamalai
5608:Siruvani
5578:Kalhatti
5506:Siruvani
5425:Padagiri
5420:Mukurthi
5344:Kalrayan
5339:Chitteri
5291:features
5222:Tiruppur
5207:Pollachi
5197:Palakkad
5192:Namakkal
5147:Dindigul
5101:Tiruppur
5081:Palakkad
5076:Namakkal
5056:Dindigul
4943:Archived
4903:Archived
4872:Archived
4840:Archived
4806:Archived
4774:Archived
4754:20 March
4748:Archived
4718:Archived
4665:28 March
4633:20 March
4541:Archived
4512:Archived
4489:20 March
4451:Archived
4418:Archived
4290:Archived
4194:Archived
4133:Archived
4076:Archived
3994:Archived
3962:Archived
3933:Archived
3906:20 March
3900:Archived
3824:Archived
3673:Archived
3640:Archived
3611:Archived
3538:Archived
3505:Archived
3473:Archived
3414:Archived
3378:Archived
3374:23528935
3327:Archived
3211:19 March
3202:Archived
3166:19 March
3160:Archived
3088:Archived
3056:Archived
2991:19 March
2985:Archived
2929:15 March
2923:Archived
2894:Archived
2865:Archived
2841:15 April
2770:Archived
2750:19 March
2714:Archived
2618:Archived
2606:10706275
2490:Archived
2457:(1978).
2375:Archived
2144:Archived
2132:40378936
1929:Archived
1894:Archived
1826:(2009).
1799:Archived
1758:Archived
1695:Archived
1663:Archived
1549:Archived
1512:Archived
1479:Archived
1388:Tiruppur
1330:turmeric
1144:Gopurams
1139:Mantapas
1049:Kongalam
1036:Language
1026:Gounders
970:reserves
901:Siruvani
840:Dindigul
832:Tiruppur
828:Nilgiris
824:Namakkal
750:and the
728:Palayams
697:Hoysalas
667:Konattar
650:Aditya I
546:. Early
503:mandalam
426:and the
316:Tiruppur
140:Palakkad
132:Dindigul
123:Tiruppur
119:Nilgiris
115:Namakkal
70:State(s)
6325:Malabar
6259:(Assam)
6235:(Assam)
6195:Kashmir
6132:(Bihar)
6129:Mithila
6097:Bhojpur
5937:Pandyas
5905:History
5824:Negamam
5709:Almatti
5666:Nilgiri
5613:Vaideki
5588:Kiliyur
5532:Berijam
5476:Bhavani
5359:Nilgiri
5258:Kannada
5132:Coonoor
4949:18 July
4909:25 July
4878:18 July
4846:11 July
4167:7 March
4000:4 March
3830:10 July
3711:23 June
3679:23 June
3646:10 July
3617:10 July
3420:11 July
3384:11 July
2803:205–211
2720:8 March
2614:4414279
2586:Bibcode
1518:11 July
1366:poultry
1358:coconut
1334:millets
1282:Economy
1275:Kaalaan
1267:jaggery
1263:Opputtu
1221:millets
1183:Cuisine
1173:kalasam
1161:Gopuram
1153:Kalyani
1131:temples
1091:Culture
1081:Kannada
1053:English
951:Vellode
910:monsoon
889:Bhavani
868:Nilgiri
746:in the
648:led by
623:Pandyas
580:Muziris
574:in the
556:Karuvur
509:History
479:Kongars
422:in the
389:Pandyas
381:Muziris
300:Bhavani
284:Western
222:Kannada
214:English
61:Country
6370:Konkan
6301:Kodagu
5827:Cotton
5739:Mettur
5704:Aliyar
5671:Palani
5598:Monkey
5583:Katary
5547:Pykara
5496:Noyyal
5486:Kundha
5481:Kaveri
5364:Palani
5354:Mettur
5248:Badaga
5202:Palani
5011:Kerala
4937:
4899:Scroll
4812:1 July
4598:
4296:1 June
4285:Rediff
4264:9 June
4232:9 June
4139:14 May
4023:
3939:14 May
3878:
3853:
3799:
3774:
3734:
3607:News18
3585:
3440:dtNext
3372:
3364:
3132:
3048:
2861:UNESCO
2809:
2674:
2649:
2612:
2604:
2578:Nature
2557:1 June
2522:
2465:
2404:
2334:9 June
2271:
2246:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2058:
2033:
2008:
1983:
1958:
1834:
1724:
1624:
1508:News18
1485:1 June
1474:Rediff
1438:Kerala
1346:rubber
1338:coffee
1326:cotton
1322:banana
1318:chilli
1314:spices
1225:sesame
1217:pulses
1205:cholam
1177:finial
1159:. The
1115:ahimsa
1111:Mallur
1085:Telugu
1057:Badaga
1045:Kangee
1018:Muslim
897:Noyyal
885:Kaveri
773:After
754:, the
740:defeat
736:Nayaks
615:Cheras
471:nectar
430:, the
416:defeat
343:Cheras
308:Noyyal
296:Kaveri
294:. The
277:Kerala
262:Indian
230:Telugu
210:Badaga
79:Kerala
6378:Kutch
6187:Jammu
6174:Delhi
6121:Kosal
6059:Malwa
5873:Salem
5830:Saree
5801:Locks
5593:Law's
5520:Lakes
5511:Uppar
5491:Moyar
5393:Peaks
5349:Kolli
5322:Hills
5268:Tamil
5253:Irula
5212:Salem
5167:Karur
5162:Hosur
5152:Erode
5117:Attur
5086:Salem
5066:Karur
5061:Erode
4999:State
4515:(PDF)
4508:(PDF)
4421:(PDF)
4414:(PDF)
4395:9 May
4362:9 May
3669:-TV18
3541:(PDF)
3530:(PDF)
3370:JSTOR
3205:(PDF)
3190:(PDF)
3017:(PDF)
3010:(PDF)
2897:(PDF)
2890:(PDF)
2610:S2CID
2493:(PDF)
2486:(PDF)
2136:S2CID
2128:JSTOR
1897:(PDF)
1882:(PDF)
1862:3 May
1802:(PDF)
1797:(4).
1787:(PDF)
1761:(PDF)
1746:(PDF)
1415:Notes
1350:betel
1259:appam
1209:kambu
1201:samai
1193:maize
1165:Koils
1109:near
1065:Irula
1014:Hindu
836:Salem
816:Karur
812:Erode
720:Nayak
540:epic
538:Tamil
495:Ganga
491:Konga
483:Kangu
475:honey
467:Tamil
446:post
365:epic
363:Tamil
320:Salem
265:state
218:Irula
195:Tamil
127:Salem
107:Karur
103:Erode
64:India
5876:Sago
5542:Ooty
5280:Toda
5263:Kota
4951:2021
4935:ISSN
4911:2021
4880:2021
4848:2021
4814:2021
4782:2023
4756:2016
4726:2023
4693:2011
4667:2015
4635:2016
4609:2012
4596:ISBN
4576:2005
4549:2023
4523:2023
4491:2016
4459:2023
4429:2023
4397:2011
4364:2011
4331:2011
4298:2016
4266:2010
4234:2010
4202:2015
4169:2016
4141:2016
4084:2015
4021:ISBN
4002:2016
3970:2020
3941:2016
3908:2016
3876:ISBN
3851:ISBN
3832:2023
3797:ISBN
3772:ISBN
3732:ISBN
3713:2010
3681:2010
3667:CNBC
3648:2023
3619:2021
3583:ISBN
3549:2018
3513:2024
3481:2024
3452:2021
3422:2021
3410:mint
3386:2021
3362:ISSN
3335:2023
3305:2021
3288:2020
3259:2021
3242:2020
3213:2016
3168:2016
3130:ISBN
3096:2009
3064:2024
3046:ISBN
3025:2003
2993:2016
2931:2018
2905:2020
2873:2014
2843:2006
2807:ISBN
2778:2007
2752:2007
2722:2015
2672:ISBN
2647:ISBN
2626:2013
2602:PMID
2559:2016
2520:ISBN
2501:2023
2463:ISBN
2441:2015
2402:ISBN
2383:2008
2336:2010
2304:link
2269:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2210:link
2181:link
2152:2024
2120:ISSN
2056:ISBN
2031:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1937:2023
1905:2010
1864:2012
1832:ISBN
1810:2023
1769:2023
1722:ISBN
1703:2019
1671:2021
1622:ISBN
1557:2023
1520:2021
1487:2024
1440:and
1407:and
1382:and
1370:silk
1368:and
1356:and
1306:Rice
1290:and
1257:and
1251:dosa
1247:Idly
1223:and
1197:ragi
1167:and
1123:Sati
1117:and
1083:and
1075:and
1069:Kota
1067:and
1061:Toda
1020:and
961:and
953:and
929:and
899:and
858:The
834:and
640:The
633:and
398:The
391:and
318:and
306:and
286:and
234:Toda
160:Area
142:and
3292:doi
3246:doi
2594:doi
2582:403
2112:doi
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1342:tea
1155:or
1047:or
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