426:, the final time period in Hindu cosmology. Additionally, the Niyogis stated that the Komatis performed the Upanayana incorrectly due to the fact that the majority of them had it performed right before an man's marriage, rather than at age 24 which the orthodox texts state a Vaishya bachelor should have the ceremony conducted. They argued that since the Komatis could not be real Vaishyas and performed the Upanayana incorrectly, they had renounced their right to do so and that there was nothing they could do to atone for it. Legal battles ensued for decades, with British officials being unable to resolve the conflict and agitation between Komatis and Niyogis.
196:), the name of a Jain deity. This theory is supported by scholars such as C. Dwarakanath Gupta, and Jaisetty Ramanaiah; B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao also mentions this as the most reasonable of the theories, noting that it is a "derivation of the word from gomata, the great Jaina saint, which implies that they were followers of Gomata cult or were originally Jains". Gupta theorises the Komatis were originally traders from
31:
430:
activity in Madras. Most
Komatis were involved with the trade of oil, salt, grains, fruits and vegetables or were moneylenders or textile merchants. In 1905 the Komatis founded the South Indian Vaishya Sangam. The Komati community during the colonial period changed their name to the Arya Vaisya Community.
433:
By the 20th century, the
Komatis had begun calling themselves according to the orthodox rishi gotras, rather than their native 102 gotras, which were inappropriate in accordance with the rules for Vaishya gotras. Over the 19th century, many Komatis became wealthy and in the 1901 census, were the only
538:
Kalinga Vysyas are a group of
Komatis residing in Kalinga, they regions of ancient India was a flux of kingdoms and territories that made communities to constantly change and adapt to the social and religious currents of the time and speak Odia as their mother tongue . Kalinga Komatis were patrons
417:
that prohibited the
Komatis from performing their own Telugu versions of the Upanayana. They stated that since it was a well known fact that Komatis called themselves Vaishyas and their men wore the sacred thread, there was no reason prohibiting them from moving on to the orthodox Sanskrit versions
409:
Upanayana for younger bachelor men. The orthodox
Sanskrit version allowed Komatis to perform further orthodox rites, and Vaidiki Brahmins were fine in officiating them. By 1825, the two versions had mixed into a part-Telugu, part-Sanskrit ceremony. By the 1830s, the Komatis began to phase out their
383:
ceremony), the Maha-nad would disrupt the ceremonies. The leaders of the Maha-nad would invade the house of
Komatis and disrupt the sacrificial fire, rendering the ceremony useless. The Maha-nad would hire throngs of untouchables to attack the houses of Komatis and vandalise them with cattle bones,
611:
Beeri
Komatis are the larger set of Vysyas numbering over 1000 endogamous grouping, majority of them were not ready to abide by the solitary decision of the princess. Most were willing to fight the King Vishnuvardhana and some wanted to strengthen the existing alliances. This led to a fallout with
339:
After the arrival of
European trading companies, the Komati merchants were among the local traders that partnered with them. The British referred to them as "Committys" and often used the term generically for all merchants on the Coromandel coast. Among the "Committys" that the British dealt with
429:
In the 1800s, Komatis were involved with the indigo and cotton trade. Komatis were "founding import-export firms, particularly in timber, sugar and liquor, construction and engineering companies, and western style banks" by the late 1800s. Komatis were involved with modernizing the commercial
360:(tribals), and outcastes. The competition between the divisions gave rise to riots and disputes in 1652 and 1707. The British were able to settle the disputes between left-hand and right-hand caste divisions amicably by resettling members to designated areas in
370:
and the Maha-nad opposed the attempts of
Komatis to designate themselves as Vaishyas. The Maha-nad was a multi-caste secret assembly that was created to exact retribution for breaking the rules and rights of castes. The Maha-nad was led by Niyogi Brahmins,
1011:
Rao, Hanumantha B. S. L., 1973. Religion in Āndhra: a survey of religious developments in Āndhra from early times upto A.D. 1325, Part 1325, Issue 69 of
Archaeological series. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh, p.
762:
For ages, the traditional occupation of Komatis is business and money-lending. The two major sects among the Komati caste are Gavara Komati and Kalinga Komati. The Gavara Komatis are strict vegetarians while the Kalinga Komatis are
790:
N. Lakshmiy; D. A. Demarchi; P. Veerrajuy; T. V. Raoy (2002). "Population structure and genetic differentiation among the substructured Vysya caste population in comparison to the other populations of Andhra Pradesh, India".
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Telugu caste to be ranked as Vaishya. Spurred by this recognition, in 1905, prominent Komatis formed the Southern India Vysya Association, and in the 1921 census, tens of thousands of Komatis were recorded as Vaishyas.
204:
and followed the cult of Gomata. They later gave up Jainism and embraced Vedic Hinduism. Hanumantha Rao noted that the merchant classes preferred Jainism for gaining social status and respectability, and the erstwhile
400:
castes. From 1784–1825, the majority of Komatis conducted the Upanayana ceremonies according to the Kanyaki Purana, a late medieval Telugu text sacred to the Komatis. These Upanayana ceremonies were completely in
212:
An alternative etymology mentioned by Gupta derives the name of the caste from the name of a river. He states that the Komatis are said to have originally lived on the banks of Gomati, a local name for the
166:
and in smaller numbers in neighbouring states. The members of the Komati caste are commonly engaged as moneylenders, businessmen, and shopkeepers. The community consists of many sects who are followers of
547:. Kalinga Vysyas "worship deities belonging to both Vaishnavite and Saivite sects". Kalinga Vysyas are found in the old Kalinga country, from Visakhapatnam to "contiguous areas in Orissa state".
396:
who served as family priests for the Komatis were, unlike their Niyogi Brahmin counterparts, unconcerned with the idea that Komatis were infringing the boundaries between lower once-born and upper
293:
districts from 11th century refer to the merchants referred to as the "Lords of Penugonda". The wealthier sections of the Komatis were addressed as Setti, Chetti or Chettiyar, all derived from the
1993:
356:
merchants, who were referred to as the 'right-hand' caste division and who also led the right-hand castes. Other "right hand" castes included those of washermen, barbers, potters, tank-diggers,
313:, they moved to various parts of South India to further their businesses. During the empire's reign, they emerged as prominent merchants in South Indian trade, and sought to be considered as
413:
Lengthy legal battles ensued between the Vaidiki and Niyogi Brahmins on whether the Komatis were allowed to perform orthodox Vaishya rites. The Vaidikis argued that there was nothing in the
675:
The Komatis are the great trading caste found in almost all districts of Madras Presidency. They are further found in Karnataka and Maharastra states. The Komatis everywhere speak Telugu.
620:
Arya Vysyas are the largest subsect of Komatis, with Kalinga Vysyas being the second largest subsect. The Thrivarnika Vysyas are lesser in number than both Arya Vyyas and Kalinga Vysyas.
530:, the Vaisyas of Penugonda and 17 other towns belonged to a group of Vaisyas of 714 gotras. However, the 102 gotras of Gavaras separated out, and formed the Gavara Komati community.
494:(or Arya Vyshya) is a subset of the Komati caste. Arya Vysyas are traditionally vegetarian; ahimsa is important to Arya Vysyas. Orthodox Arya Vysyas follow rituals prescribed in the
461:
version of the Kanyaka Purana off of which the Kanyaka Purana is performed. Records are available for a Kanyaka Parameswari temple built on a garden owned by the Komati community in
526:
manuscripts provide a record of a copper plate grant of guru Bhaskaracharya (16th century CE), given by the 102 gotras which formed the Gavara grouping. According to the
340:
were the bulk sellers of cloth and other export commodities, money lenders and money changers, and the individual shop-keepers. The second Chief Merchant of the British
2012:
1077:
Jangam, Chinnaiah (22 June 2013). "The Story of a Jailed Prince; Feudal Roots of Democratic Politics in Andhra Pradesh". Economic & Political Weekly.
1797:
1333:
Satyanarayana, Adapa (2002). ""Birds of Passage": Migration of South Indian Laborers to Southeast Asia". Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group: 109–110.
757:
1301:
Satyanarayana, Adapa (2002). ""Birds of Passage": Migration of South Indian Laborers to Southeast Asia". Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group: 92.
1162:
555:
Thrivarnika Vysyas call themselves Thrivarnika Vaishnavites. They say that their community started in the 11th century at the time of Ramanuja.
472:
Komatis regard themselves as a `twice-born' caste, meaning that they are allowed to wear a sacred thread following an initiation ceremony (the
254:" has been used to refer to Komatis. The term "Komati" also has a denotation of "trader in the north of Madras and corresponded to chetty".
418:
of the Upanayana ceremony. The Niyogis argued that while they did indeed call themselves Vaishyas, they could not be real Vaishyas due to
233:("to be fox minded"), which references their business acumen. An origin story accepted by many in the community is mentioned in the
2057:
1616:
Lewandowski, Susan J. (1985). "Merchants and Kingship: An Interpretation of Indian Urban History". Journal of Urban History: 172.
1581:
Lewandowski, Susan J. (1985). "Merchants and Kingship: An Interpretation of Indian Urban History". Journal of Urban History: 170.
652:
The Komati (Vaisyas) is numerically a large trading caste in Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, and Karnataka. The Komatis speak Telugu.
128:
Arya Vysya (Ārya Vaiśya), Kalinga Komati (Kaliṅga Vaiśya), Thrivarnika Komati (Trivarṇika Vaiśya), Jain Komati (Jaina Kōmaṭi),
1865:
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1033:
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941:
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the Komatis not willing to fight or wage wars nor submit to the kings demands, the latter being the more powerful adversary.
405:
and conducted right before a Komati man's marriage, however a few wealthier Komati families were able to afford the orthodox
688:
453:– a late medieval sacred text in Telugu – is their key religious text. The Kanyaka Purana is an oral epic, and today the
1787:
Andhra Historical Research Society, 1964. Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 30, Parts 1-4, Pages 207-209.
641:
595:
style of architecture. Many temple grants, charities were done by wealthy Komati merchants, the discovery of the last
171:, namely the Gomata (Arya Vysya), the Thrivarnika, and the Kalinga, along with the Jaina Komatis who are followers of
2062:
2006:
1982:
1945:
1757:
1558:
229:
derived "Komati" from the Sanskrit term "Gomathi," believed to have the meaning of possessor or keeper of cows or
718:
647:
2037:
724:
1874:
Pandian, J. (October 1983). "Political Emblems of Caste Identity: An Interpretation of Tamil Caste Titles".
668:
192:
The affinity of the word "Komati" to "Gomata" has led to speculation that the word is derived from Gomata (
1940:. People of India: National series. Vol. 8. Anthropological Survey of India/Oxford University Press.
1391:
Brennig, Joseph J. (1977), "Chief Merchants and the European Enclaves of Seventeenth-Century Coromandel",
894:
While attempting to explain its origin, many stories have been invented, but none of them is satisfactory.
1966:
714:
502:. The community were formerly known as Komati Chettiars but now prefer to be referred to as Arya Vysyas.
352:
between the Tamil-speaking Beeri merchants, who formed the 'left-hand' caste division and the Komati and
275:
1961:. Vol. 1. Anthropological Survey of India. Anthropological Survey of India/Oxford University Press.
584:
511:
The Komati merchants along with Balijas became notable as trading communities during the period of the
442:
49:
1145:
Madras, Andhra Historical Research Society, Rajahmundry; Society, Andhra Historical Research (1964),
1903:
Harijan, Vikram (2008). "Disputes Among Labourer Castes in Madras in the Early Eighteenth Century".
1730:
1634:
1599:
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1351:
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1095:
189:
The origin of the word "Komati" is uncertain, and there are several speculative theories about it.
872:
The etymology of the word ' Komti ' is uncertain and throws no light upon the origin of the caste.
2052:
592:
271:
1653:
1177:
1052:
855:
1745:
1717:
1708:"Opportunity for natural selection among three endogamous subpopulations of Andhra Pradesh".
1621:
1586:
1546:
1499:
1366:
1338:
1306:
1118:
1082:
318:
217:. Yet another theory states that the name of the community is derived from the Telugu phrase
931:
1855:
1368:
The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel
462:
361:
349:
154:-speaking trading community which is a Vaishya community that is currently organised as a
8:
580:
512:
458:
310:
266:
was in use by the 11th century CE. The Komati merchants were associated with the town of
226:
1436:
Mines, Mattison (1992), "Individuality and Achievement in South Indian Social History",
591:
for monks and temples for Santhi Matha Vasavi throughout Central and South India in the
1931:
1912:
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1416:
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for upholding Ahimsa and avoiding wars. Komatis were patrons of Jainism and built many
419:
341:
197:
1109:
Bhattacharya, Bhaswati (2010). "Mutual Heritage of the Low Countries and South Asia".
2002:
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was a Komati called Kasi Viranna, appointed in 1669. There was fierce competition in
282:
177:
1882:(4). The George Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research: 190–197.
960:
Temples of South India: A Study of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Monuments of the Deccan
820:
1883:
1445:
1400:
1264:
1255:
Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2014), "Silk and Weavers of Silk in Medieval Peninsular India",
800:
393:
286:
1547:"Conflict Processing and Political Mobilization in Nineteenth Century South India"
1956:
1935:
1835:
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1146:
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999:
958:
907:
887:
835:
751:
643:
Growth and Development of Tirumala-Tirupati as a Dimension of Indian Civilization
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508:
Arya Vysyas worship deities that belong to "both Vaishnavite and Saivite sects".
402:
329:
290:
151:
73:
1837:
Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra
789:
222:
214:
159:
98:
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2046:
1809:
1268:
1048:
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No satisfactory origin and meaning of the word Komati could so far be traced.
568:
564:
454:
206:
77:
1857:
Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India
1551:
Religion and public culture: encounters and identities in modern South India
1205:
Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra: A.D. 1000-1600
1002:, p. 155. Volume 172 of Telugu Viśvavidyālaya pracuraṇa. Telugu University.
812:
379:. Whenever the Komatis attempted to perform orthodox rites (especially the
193:
2001:. London: Overseas Development Institute. pp. Glossary of castes, 4.
1746:"The Political Economy of Patronage, Preeminence and the State in Chennai"
1054:
The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume III of IV
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114:
35:
1916:
1491:
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106:
1457:
1412:
600:
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diet and engaging in trade. They venerate the princess Shanthi Matha
474:
423:
380:
267:
221:("persons engaged in the exchange of goods"). Colonial ethnographers
163:
110:
102:
1887:
175:. Traditionally, most Komatis are vegetarian due to their belief in
1113:(4). Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient: 656.
544:
540:
406:
372:
333:
294:
168:
59:
44:
596:
516:
357:
314:
251:
235:
209:
became Gomati or followers of the Gomata cult in medieval times.
201:
172:
63:
1179:
The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750
739:
Komatis by tradition are moneylenders, bankers, and shopkeepers.
422:. According to Hindu chronology, Vaishyas had become extinct in
305:. They also participated in long-distance trade networks called
30:
588:
466:
376:
367:
353:
345:
322:
118:
1958:
All India anthropometric survey: analysis of data. South Zone
414:
397:
385:
240:
155:
88:
1973:
Konduru: Structure and Integration in a South Indian Village
720:
Konduru: Structure and Integration in a South Indian Village
505:
Some sources say that "Vysyas" are also called Arya Vysyas.
1655:
The Meaning of the Local: Politics of Place in Urban India
1022:
Gupta, C. Dwarakanath; Bhaskar, Sepuri (1 December 1992),
1712:(1). Indian Journal of Human Genetics. January–June 2005.
1176:
Raychaudhuri, Tapan; Habib, Irfan; Kumar, Dharma (1982),
905:
892:. Andhra Historical Research Society. 1963. p. 212.
328:
During the pre-colonial period, Komatis migrated "to the
278:" considered as the Goddess of Komati or Vaishya Caste.
833:
364:
which is a small neighbourhood in the city of Chennai.
274:
of Andhra Pradesh. Also The deity in Penugonda temple "
1676:
1674:
1282:
1175:
575:. Komatis still practice many aspects of Jainism like
1169:
1000:
Socio-cultural history of ancient and medieval Andhra
857:
The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions
603:
stands testament to the Komati patronage of Jainism.
38:-era Komati mother and child, Madras Presidency, 1909
1937:
Communities, segments, synonyms, surnames and titles
1798:"Inscription on last Jain temple in Telangana found"
1611:
1609:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1236:
1224:
1212:
929:
853:
1671:
1652:Neve, Geert de; Donner, Henrike (24 January 2007),
1519:
158:. They are primarily found in the Indian states of
1970:
1553:. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. pp. 33–55.
956:
758:Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India
567:were traditionally Komati merchants spread across
1647:
1645:
1606:
1567:
1151:, Andhra Historical Research Society, p. 212
1138:
889:Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society
2044:
1995:Caste & Class Articulation of Andhra Pradesh
1015:
410:native Telugu Komati elements of their rituals.
309:(literally "the many"). During the times of the
1854:Yandell, Keith E. (2013), Paul, John J. (ed.),
690:Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective
1642:
1549:. In John Jeya Paul; Keith E. Yandell (eds.).
882:
880:
1954:
1332:
1300:
1144:
1480:"Proceedings of the Indian History Congress"
1195:
1161:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1108:
1021:
184:
1991:
1615:
1580:
963:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 247.
925:
923:
921:
919:
912:. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 88.
877:
860:. Asian Educational Services. p. 340.
262:There is epigraphic evidence that the term
1905:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1651:
1775:Socio-Cultural History of an Indian Caste
1254:
933:Socio-cultural History of an Indian Caste
392:, and cattle feces mixed with water. The
301:. Their trade associations bore the name
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1201:
1148:Journal of the Andhra Historical Society
1057:, Library of Alexandria, pp. 487–,
916:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
1965:
1902:
1873:
1853:
1692:
1477:
1390:
1047:
1041:
950:
713:
640:Naidu, Thalapaneni Subramanyam (1990).
498:, a religious text written in the late
2045:
1833:
1701:
1364:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1076:
936:. Mittal Publications. pp. 9–10.
686:
667:Murthy, B. E. V. V. Narasimha (1989).
666:
1930:
1772:
1743:
1680:
1544:
1531:
1525:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1288:
768:
662:
660:
639:
635:
633:
1911:. Indian History Congress: 309–315.
1781:
1486:. Indian History Congress: 309–315.
599:temple of the Komati era in present
550:
481:
1955:Sreenath, J.; Ahmad, S. H. (1989).
1750:Patronage as Politics in South Asia
673:. Mittal Publications. p. 92.
321:. During this time, the Komati and
13:
1992:Srinivasulu, K. (September 2002).
1924:
1777:. Mittal Publications. p. 12.
1426:
1371:, Orient Blackswan, pp. 62–,
986:Social mobility in Medieval Andhra
906:Śrīpāda Gōpālakr̥ṣṇamūrti (1963).
840:. Telugu University. p. 176.
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630:
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1748:. In Piliavsky, Anastasia (ed.).
1028:, Ashish Pub. House, p. 10,
687:Pandey, Alpana (11 August 2015).
317:, the third highest varna in the
1208:, Triveni Publishers, p. 58
834:B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao (1995).
533:
281:Inscriptions from the erstwhile
29:
2058:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh
1790:
1766:
1737:
1686:
1471:
1384:
1358:
1326:
1294:
1248:
1102:
1070:
1005:
992:
983:
977:
899:
670:Entrepreneurship in Small Towns
648:Anthropological Survey of India
615:
1752:. Cambridge University Press.
1182:, CUP Archive, pp. 120–,
847:
827:
744:
707:
680:
606:
558:
332:". Komatis also immigrated to
1:
930:C. Dwarakanath Gupta (1999).
854:Syed Siraj ul Hassan (1920).
725:University of Minnesota Press
623:
486:
457:is associated with a written
1658:, CRC Press, pp. 102–,
1365:Mukund, Kanakalatha (1999),
1257:The Medieval History Journal
1025:Vysyas: a sociological study
515:(1325-1565 CE), and desired
437:
7:
1840:, Oxford University Press,
1773:Gupta, Dwarakanath (1999).
957:Jaisetty Ramanaiah (1989).
469:in the early 18th century.
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2079:
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984:Rao, B. S. L. Hanumantha.
257:
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124:
94:
84:
69:
55:
43:
28:
23:
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1594:Cite journal requires
1507:Cite journal requires
1346:Cite journal requires
1314:Cite journal requires
1126:Cite journal requires
1090:Cite journal requires
272:West Godavari district
1202:Sundaram, K. (1968),
753:Census of India, 1961
1438:Modern Asian Studies
1393:Modern Asian Studies
80:(in Kalinga Kumutis)
1932:Singh, Kumar Suresh
760:. 1962. p. 7.
717:(8 February 1971).
513:Vijayanagara Empire
311:Vijayanagara Empire
243:gave them the name
543:and later to Lord
445:is considered the
342:East India Company
319:Hindu caste system
239:which states that
62: •
1867:978-1-136-81801-1
1847:978-0-19803-123-9
1665:978-1-135-39216-1
1378:978-81-250-1661-8
1189:978-0-521-22692-9
1064:978-1-4655-8303-1
1035:978-81-7024-450-9
970:978-81-7022-223-1
943:978-81-7099-726-9
867:978-81-206-0488-9
734:978-0-8166-5787-2
700:978-1-4828-5017-8
551:Thrivarnika Vysya
482:Komati sub-groups
330:Malayan peninsula
132:
131:
45:Kuladevi (female)
2070:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2011:. Archived from
2000:
1988:
1976:
1967:Hiebert, Paul G.
1962:
1951:
1920:
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1804:. 19 June 2016.
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998:B. S. L., 1995.
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787:
766:
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763:non-vegetarians.
748:
742:
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715:Hiebert, Paul G.
711:
705:
704:
684:
678:
677:
664:
655:
654:
637:
581:Lacto-vegetarian
420:Hindu chronology
394:Vaidiki Brahmins
247:("cow-minded").
33:
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2018:on 20 July 2006
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1925:Further reading
1888:10.2307/3317621
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368:Niyogi Brahmins
260:
187:
181:(nonviolence).
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2032:External links
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988:. p. 176.
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336:in the 1930s.
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236:Kanyaka Purana
223:Edgar Thurston
219:konu-ammu-atti
215:Godavari River
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1801:
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449:of Komatis.
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191:
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125:Subdivisions
18:
2022:20 December
1243:Talbot 2001
1231:Talbot 2001
1219:Talbot 2001
607:Beeri Vysya
573:south India
559:Jain Komati
500:Middle Ages
463:George Town
443:Vasavi Mata
390:human feces
362:George Town
350:George Town
115:Maharashtra
36:British Raj
2047:Categories
1681:Price 2000
1526:Price 2000
1289:Price 2000
799:(5): 539.
624:References
492:Arya Vysya
487:Arya Vysya
447:Kuladevata
398:twice born
325:competed.
250:The term "
107:Tamil Nadu
1815:15 August
1810:0971-751X
1802:The Hindu
1466:146390325
1421:145495867
1277:162729378
601:Telangana
593:Dravidian
524:Mackenzie
475:upanayana
438:Practices
424:Kali Yuga
381:Upanayana
373:Chettiars
307:pekkandru
268:Penugonda
164:Telangana
111:Karnataka
103:Telangana
70:Languages
56:Religions
1969:(1971).
1934:(1996).
1917:44147194
1492:44147194
1157:citation
1051:(1916),
821:32414548
813:12396373
545:Jaganath
541:Buddhism
519:status.
459:Sanskrit
407:Sanskrit
334:Malaysia
315:Vaishyas
299:Sreshthi
295:Sanskrit
283:Godavari
169:Hinduism
60:Hinduism
1896:3317621
1828:Sources
589:Basadis
569:central
517:Vaishya
377:Telagas
358:Yenadis
303:nagaram
287:Krishna
270:in the
258:History
245:Go-mati
231:Ko-mati
202:Jainism
173:Jainism
150:) is a
85:Country
64:Jainism
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577:Ahimsa
467:Madras
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375:, and
354:Balija
346:Madras
323:Balija
291:Guntur
264:Komati
252:Vaisya
207:Banias
178:ahimsa
152:Telugu
148:Kūmaṭi
144:Kūmūti
140:Kōmaṭi
136:Komati
119:Odisha
95:Region
74:Telugu
24:Komati
2016:(PDF)
1999:(PDF)
1913:JSTOR
1892:JSTOR
1488:JSTOR
1462:S2CID
1454:JSTOR
1417:S2CID
1409:JSTOR
1273:S2CID
817:S2CID
415:Vedas
386:blood
297:term
241:Shiva
198:Gauda
156:caste
89:India
2024:2011
2003:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1942:ISBN
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1817:2023
1806:ISSN
1754:ISBN
1731:help
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729:ISBN
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