425:
803:
653:
265:
78:
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497:
70:
821:
88:
4067:
857:
32:
1000:
893:
408:
875:
839:
4055:
519:'Hayward' is the most commonly available cultivar in stores. It is a large, egg-shaped fruit with a sweet flavour. 'Saanichton 12', from British Columbia, is somewhat more rectangular than 'Hayward' and comparably sweet, but the inner core of the fruit can be tough. 'Blake' can self-pollinate, but it has a smaller, more oval fruit and the flavour is considered inferior.
744:
southern it ripens in May. Four year-old plants can produce 15 tonnes of fruit per hectare (14,000 lb per acre) while eight year-old plants can produce 20 tonnes (18,000 lb per acre). The plants produce their maximum at eight to ten years old. The seasonal yields are variable; a heavy crop on a vine one season generally comes with a light crop the following season.
400:. Cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China in the early 20th century to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings occurred. After the Hayward variety was developed, the fruit became popular with British and American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during World War II. Kiwifruit were later exported, first to Great Britain and then to
774:(PSA) was first identified in Japan in the 1980s. This bacterial strain has been controlled and managed successfully in orchards in Asia. In 1992, it was found in northern Italy. In 2007/2008, economic losses were observed, as a more virulent strain became more dominant (PSA V). In 2010 it was found in New Zealand's
755:
Firm kiwifruit ripen after a few days to a week when stored at room temperature, but should not be kept in direct sunlight. Faster ripening occurs when placed in a paper bag with an apple, pear, or banana. Once a kiwifruit is ripe, however, it is preserved optimally when stored far from other fruits,
2135:
Kiwifruit may be eaten raw, made into juices, used in baked goods, prepared with meat or used as a garnish. The whole fruit, including the skin, is suitable for human consumption; however, the skin of the fuzzy varieties is often discarded due to its texture. Sliced kiwifruit has long been used as a
712:
In nature, the species are pollinated by birds and native bumblebees, which visit the flowers for pollen, not nectar. The female flowers produce fake anthers with what appears to be pollen on the tips in order to attract the pollinators, although these fake anthers lack the DNA and food value of the
743:
Kiwifruit vines require vigorous pruning, similar to that of grapevines. Fruit is borne on 'one-year-old and older' canes, but production declines as each cane ages. Canes should be pruned off and replaced after their third year. In the northern hemisphere the fruit ripens in
November, while in the
723:
Honey bees are inefficient cross-pollinators for kiwifruit because they practice “floral fidelity”. Each honey bee visits only a single type of flower in any foray and maybe only a few branches of a single plant. The pollen needed from a different plant (such as a male for a female kiwifruit) might
971:
In the 1980s, many countries outside New
Zealand began to grow and export kiwifruit. In Italy, the infrastructure and techniques required to support grape production were adapted to the kiwifruit. This, coupled with being close to the European kiwifruit market, led to Italians becoming the leading
708:
the female plant. For a good yield of fruit, one male vine for every three to eight female vines is considered adequate. Some varieties can self pollinate, but even they produce a greater and more reliable yield when pollinated by male kiwifruit. Cross-species pollination is often (but not always)
436:
comprises around 60 species. Their fruits are quite variable, although most are easily recognised as kiwifruit because of their appearance and shape. The skin of the fruit varies in size, hairiness and colour. The flesh varies in colour, juiciness, texture and taste. Some fruits are unpalatable,
739:
Kiwifruit is picked by hand and commercially grown on sturdy support structures, as it can produce several tonnes per hectare, more than the rather weak vines can support. These are generally equipped with a watering system for irrigation and frost protection in the spring.
720:, the principal ‘for-hire’ pollinator, but commercially grown kiwifruit is notoriously difficult to pollinate. The flowers are not very attractive to honey bees, in part because the flowers do not produce nectar and bees quickly learn to prefer flowers with nectar.
3573:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
731:, in which the honey bee populations are made so large (by placing hives in the orchards at a concentration of about 8 hives per hectare) that bees are forced to use this flower because of intense competition for all flowers within flight distance.
587:. One of the most attractive varieties has a red 'iris' around the centre of the fruit and yellow flesh outside. The yellow fruit obtains a higher market price and, being less hairy than the fuzzy kiwifruit, tastes better without peeling.
972:
producer of kiwifruit 'in 1989'. The growing season of
Italian kiwifruit does not overlap much with the New Zealand or the Chilean growing seasons, therefore direct competition between New Zealand or Chile was not a significant factor.
583:(yellow kiwi or golden kiwifruit) has a smooth, bronze skin, with a beak shape at the stem attachment. Flesh colour varies from bright green to a clear, intense yellow. This species is 'sweeter and more aromatic' in flavour compared to
778:
kiwifruit orchards in the North Island. The yellow-fleshed cultivars were particularly susceptible. New, resistant varieties were selected in research funded by the government and fruit growers so that the industry could continue.
171:. In the early 20th century, cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings occurred. The fruit became popular with British and American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during
160: in) in diameter. Kiwifruit has a thin, fuzzy, fibrous, tart but edible light brown skin and light green or golden flesh with rows of tiny, black, edible seeds. The fruit has a soft texture with a sweet and unique flavour.
3572:
704:, meaning a plant is either male or female. The male plants have flowers that produce pollen, the females receive the pollen to fertilise their ovules and grow fruit; most kiwifruit requires a male plant to
2245:
Allergy to kiwifruit was first described in 1981, and there have since been reports of the allergy presenting with numerous symptoms from localized oral allergy syndrome to life-threatening anaphylaxis.
2144:, a meringue-based dessert. Traditionally in China, kiwifruit was not eaten for pleasure, but was given as medicine to children to help them grow and to women who have given birth to help them recover.
415:
In New
Zealand during the 1940s and 1950s, the fruit became an agricultural commodity through the development of commercially viable cultivars, agricultural practices, shipping, storage, and marketing.
527:
Kiwi berries are edible fruits the size of a large grape, similar to fuzzy kiwifruit in taste and internal appearance but with a thin, smooth green skin. They are primarily produced by three species:
684:. This is done by grafting the fruit producing plant onto rootstock grown from seedlings or, if the plant is desired to be a true cultivar, rootstock grown from cuttings of a mature plant.
676:
take seven years before they flower, so determining whether the kiwi is fruit bearing or a pollinator is time-consuming. Therefore, most kiwifruits, with the exception of rootstock and new
672:
of their parents. Even if the same breeds are used for pollinators and fruit bearing plants, there is no guarantee that the fruit will have the same quality as the parent. Additionally,
512:(fuzzy kiwifruit): 'Hayward', 'Blake' and 'Saanichton 12'. They have a fuzzy, dull brown skin and bright green flesh. The familiar cultivar 'Hayward' was developed by Hayward Wright in
724:
never reach it were it not for the cross-pollination that principally occurs in the crowded colony; it is in the colonies that bees laden with different pollen literally cross paths.
2207:
in significant content. Gold kiwifruit has similar nutritional value to green kiwifruit, but contains higher vitamin C content (179% DV) and insignificant vitamin K content (table).
2479:
3548:
3750:
Kim M, Kim SC, Song KJ, Kim HB, Kim IJ, Song EY, Chun SJ (September 2010). "Transformation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes using a micro-cross section method in kiwifruit (
2163:. Actinidain also makes raw kiwifruit unsuitable for use in desserts containing milk or any other dairy products because the enzyme digests milk proteins. This applies to
552:
The cultivar 'Issai' is a hybrid of hardy kiwifruit and silver vine which can self-pollinate. Grown commercially because of its relatively large fruit, 'Issai' is less
2123:
1562:
2903:
2167:-based desserts, due to the fact that the actinidain will dissolve the proteins in gelatin, causing the dessert to either liquefy or prevent it from solidifying.
960:
Kiwifruit exports rapidly increased from the late '1960s to early 1970s' in New
Zealand. By 1976, exports exceeded the amount consumed domestically. Outside of
3180:
3231:
760:
gas they may emit, thereby tending to over-ripen even in the refrigerator. If stored appropriately, ripe kiwifruit normally keep for about one to two weeks.
2501:
484:
454:
3012:
983:
Institute (formerly HortResearch) during the decades of '1970–1999'. In 1990, the New
Zealand Kiwifruit Marketing Board opened an office for Europe in
2850:
229:; it is almost never used to refer to the fruit. Kiwifruit has since become a common name for all commercially grown green kiwifruit from the genus
2777:
3105:
3503:
3467:
Skallerud, Kare; Olsen, Svein (2011). "Export Market
Arrangements in Four New Zealand Agriculture Industries: An Institutional Perspective".
3149:
388:
Kiwifruit is native to central and eastern China. The first recorded description of the kiwifruit dates to 12th century China during the
2476:
752:
Fruit harvested when firm will ripen when stored properly for long periods. This allows fruit to be stored up to 8 weeks after harvest.
3904:
3580:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
782:
Scientists reported they had worked out the strain of PSA affecting kiwifruit from New
Zealand, Italy and Chile originated in China.
3416:
3540:
218:
with the risk of anthrax. The name was first registered by
Turners & Growers on 15 June 1959 and commercially adopted in 1974.
3718:"Characterization of the seed oils from kiwi (Actinidia chinensis), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) and guava (Psidium guajava)"
3283:
Butler, Margi I.; Stockwell, Peter A.; Black, Michael A.; Day, Robert C.; Lamont, Iain L.; Poulter, Russel T. M. (February 2013).
727:
To deal with these pollination challenges, some producers blow collected pollen over the female flowers. Most common, though, is
620:
have been used to develop orchards in China, resulting in partially successful legal efforts in China by Zespri to protect their
2751:
3060:
3037:
3700:
3627:
3585:
3441:
2806:
2574:
2428:
609:, was found to be more disease-resistant and most growers have now changed to this cultivar. 'Gold3', marketed by Zespri as
3716:
Piombo, Georges; Barouh, Nathalie; Barea, Bruno; Renaud, Boulanger; Brat, Pierre; Pina, Michel; Villeneuve, Pierre (2006).
3599:
3640:
Bekhit, A. A.; Hopkins, D. L.; Geesink, G; Bekhit, A. A.; Franks, P (2014). "Exogenous proteases for meat tenderization".
2933:
2697:
2257:
for some individuals, including children. The most common symptoms are unpleasant itching and soreness of the mouth, with
3257:
2911:
2591:
2352:
2985:
968:. The general name, "Zespri", has been used for marketing of all cultivars of kiwifruit from New Zealand since 2012.
965:
246:
516:, New Zealand, around 1924. It was initially grown in domestic gardens, but commercial planting began in the 1940s.
3206:
2959:
2530:
3235:
3038:"Cuttings of prized SunGold kiwifruits were smuggled to China and NZ growers are divided over what to do about it"
936:, led by China with 52% of the total. In China, kiwifruit is grown mainly in the mountainous area upstream of the
4127:
4117:
4022:
275:
3085:
590:
A commercially viable variety of this red-ringed kiwifruit, patented as EnzaRed, is a cultivar of the Chinese
4112:
3977:"Kiwifruit allergy across Europe: clinical manifestation and IgE recognition patterns to kiwifruit allergens"
289:
2854:
2119:
1558:
3847:
3536:
2450:
4059:
757:
3293:
from Recent Outbreaks of Kiwifruit Bacterial Canker Belong to Different Clones That Originated in China"
2616:
2110:
1549:
3102:
392:. As it was usually collected from the wild and consumed for medicinal purposes, the plant was rarely
3799:"Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: the macular pigment in human eyes"
640:
Kiwifruit can be grown in most temperate climates with adequate summer heat. Where fuzzy kiwifruit (
424:
3511:
980:
2729:
2378:
2175:
In a 100-gram (3.5 oz) amount, green kiwifruit provides 255 kilojoules (61 kilocalories) of
1994:
1433:
4107:
4097:
3683:
Boland, Mike (2013). "Kiwifruit Proteins and Enzymes". In Boland, Mike; Moughan, P. J. (eds.).
2320:
728:
549:. They are referred to as "kiwi berry, baby kiwi, dessert kiwi, grape kiwi, or cocktail kiwi".
3417:"New Zealand Kiwifruit Export Performance: Market Analysis and Revealed Comparative Advantage"
3351:"Kiwifruit production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"
3157:
1942:
1381:
2411:
Ward, Carol; Courtney, David (2013). "Kiwifruit: Taking Its Place in the Global Fruit Bowl".
1968:
1407:
621:
20:
3381:
3304:
2655:
2566:
2211:
2020:
1981:
1459:
1420:
775:
769:
681:
652:
602:
472:
8:
4071:
3717:
2487:
2122:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
2033:
1561:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1472:
535:
466:
448:
442:
3385:
3308:
3282:
2659:
4092:
4087:
3957:
3883:
3823:
3798:
3779:
3692:
3665:
3484:
3397:
3327:
3284:
2795:
2671:
2420:
2215:
2007:
1922:
1670:
1446:
1361:
1109:
553:
541:
513:
478:
167:. The first recorded description of the kiwifruit dates to the 12th century during the
3353:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024
214:) after being advised by a United States client that border officials might associate
4035:
4027:
3998:
3949:
3945:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3828:
3771:
3696:
3657:
3623:
3591:
3581:
3488:
3332:
3063:. University of California-Davis, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2015
2885:
2802:
2755:
2570:
2455:
2424:
2046:
1778:
1485:
1217:
349:
341:
77:
3961:
3887:
3783:
3401:
2675:
207:
4102:
3988:
3941:
3859:
3818:
3810:
3763:
3732:
3688:
3649:
3476:
3389:
3322:
3312:
2875:
2663:
2562:
2416:
1955:
1795:
1394:
1234:
629:
601:. This cultivar suffered significant losses in New Zealand in 2010–2013 due to the
529:
460:
320:
3932:
Lucas, J.S.; Lewis, S.A.; Hourihane, J.O. (2003). "Kiwi fruit allergy: a review".
3445:
3393:
2667:
437:
while others taste considerably better than the majority of commercial cultivars.
3905:"Allergy – Fruit and Vegetable Allergy | The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network"
3669:
3653:
3480:
3317:
3109:
2535:
2483:
2156:
264:
226:
613:
is not quite as sweet as 'Hort16A', and lacks its usually slightly pointed tip.
4122:
3993:
3976:
3575:
2937:
2876:
Yang, Hong-Li; Wang, Yan-Chang; Jiang, Zheng-Wang; Huang, Hong-Wen (2009). "".
2141:
1004:
976:
546:
397:
107:
3767:
572:
206:
In the late 1950s, a major New Zealand exporter began calling it "kiwifruit" (
4081:
4039:
4031:
3871:
2226:
2204:
2137:
1626:
1065:
188:
187:
Early varieties discovered and cultivated in China, were described in a 1904
4002:
3953:
3879:
3775:
3661:
3595:
3336:
3127:
3013:"Kiwi wars: the golden fruit fuelling a feud between New Zealand and China"
2989:
2889:
2397:– via Center for New Crops & Plant Products at Purdue University.
2386:
2223:
2180:
2059:
1602:
1498:
1041:
692:
393:
389:
327:
269:"Kiwifruit" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
172:
168:
3832:
3736:
3535:
2619:. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. 17 October 2012
496:
69:
3814:
3350:
2262:
2176:
1845:
1586:
1284:
1025:
961:
945:
826:
665:
567:
545:(silver vine). They are fast-growing, climbing vines, durable over their
175:, and later became commonly exported, first to Great Britain and then to
81:
2754:. Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences. Archived from
2740:. Alexandria, Virginia: ASHS Press; Purdue University. pp. 342–347.
2250:
2234:
2219:
2148:
1812:
1761:
1731:
1251:
1200:
1170:
669:
401:
196:
176:
129:
111:
2934:"Frequently Asked Questions: How Was Zespri Gold Kiwifruit Developed?"
87:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2160:
1900:
1887:
1874:
1724:
1339:
1326:
1313:
1163:
717:
705:
701:
661:
358:
116:
4066:
3103:
https://honeybeesuite.com/how-bees-transfer-pollen-between-flowers/
2258:
2254:
1744:
1183:
677:
673:
365:
121:
31:
3846:
Lucas, Jane SA; Lewis, Stella A.; Hourihane, Jonathan O'B (2003).
999:
407:
3372:
Huang, H.; Ferguson, A. R. (2001). "Review: Kiwifruit in China".
3080:
3078:
2589:
2184:
2164:
1861:
1704:
1300:
1143:
988:
984:
941:
937:
922:
446:(fuzzy kiwifruit). Other species that are commonly eaten include
2550:
2327:. Center for New Crops & Plant Products at Purdue University
964:, New Zealand kiwifruit are marketed under the brand-name label
504:(fuzzy kiwifruit) at the rear compared to the smaller kiwi berry
4054:
3931:
2230:
1828:
1728:
1267:
1167:
933:
862:
597:'Hort16A' is a golden kiwifruit cultivar marketed worldwide as
192:
3797:
Sommerburg O, Keunen JE, Bird AC, van Kuijk FJ (August 1998).
3234:. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. 8 November 2010. Archived from
3075:
2738:; In: Perspectives on new crops and new uses, J. Janick (ed.)"
132:: 5–8 centimetres (2–3 inches) in length and 4.5–5.5 cm (
3796:
3568:
3566:
1616:
1055:
949:
898:
844:
808:
164:
4020:
Vietmeyer, Noel D. (May 1987). "The Captivating Kiwifruit".
3414:
3181:"More virulent PSA strain a new worry for kiwifruit growers"
2813:
Grown commercially Issai is less hardy than most hardy kiwi.
880:
660:
Often in commercial farming, different breeds are used for
644:) is not hardy, other species can be grown as substitutes.
3639:
3563:
3541:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
624:. In 2021, Zespri estimated that around 5,000 hectares of
2828:
2188:
1646:
1085:
370:
3469:
Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing
3715:
2904:"Turners plugs its Enza red kiwifruit – grown in China"
932:
In 2022, world production of kiwifruit was 4.5 million
628:
orchards were being cultivated in China, mainly in the
233:. In the United States and Canada, the shortened name
3676:
3374:
New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science
2648:
New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science
346:
332:
3371:
2853:. New Zealand Exporter. 14 June 2010. Archived from
2637:
2590:
Bernadine C. Strik; Amanda J. Davis (1 March 2021).
2406:
2404:
1007:
with strawberries, passionfruit, kiwifruit and cream
979:
to refine the green kiwifruit was undertaken by the
709:
successful as long as bloom times are synchronised.
3845:
2700:. Eurofruit, Market Intelligence Ltd - Fruitnet.com
3577:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2794:
508:Most kiwifruit sold belongs to a few cultivars of
191:catalogue as having "...edible fruits the size of
3531:
3529:
2531:"How the Chinese Gooseberry Became the Kiwifruit"
2401:
1932:
1714:
1371:
1153:
440:The most commonly sold kiwifruit is derived from
4079:
225:alone either refers to the bird or is used as a
4026:. Vol. 171, no. 5. pp. 683–688.
2638:Huang, H.; Ferguson, A. R. (2003). "Kiwifruit (
605:bacterium. A new cultivar of golden kiwifruit,
3642:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
3526:
3466:
3262:Science Learning Hub – Pokapu Akoranga Putaiao
3250:
3122:
3120:
3118:
2851:"EnzaRed kiwifruit set to take on world stage"
1581:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
1020:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
237:is commonly used when referring to the fruit.
128:'Hayward') is oval, about the size of a large
3749:
294:
280:
3504:"Italy leads world as top producer of kiwis"
3415:Sayeeda Bano; Frank Scrimgeour (June 2011).
2896:
2843:
2695:
2646:) plantings and production in China, 2002".
2597:. Extension Service, Oregon State University
2410:
3115:
3004:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2556:
2210:Kiwifruit seed oil contains on average 62%
163:Kiwifruit is native to central and eastern
3981:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
3687:. Vol. 68. Elsevier. pp. 59–80.
3537:United States Food and Drug Administration
2782:. 1 January 1996 – via Google Books.
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2477:"E. H. Wilson, Yichang, and the Kiwifruit"
263:
4019:
3992:
3899:
3897:
3822:
3725:OCL – Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids
3501:
3326:
3316:
2960:"Golden times return for kiwifruit trade"
2823:
2821:
2698:"NZ kiwifruit: how a major brand emerged"
2499:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2415:. Vol. 68. Elsevier. pp. 1–14.
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
734:
3927:
3925:
3264:. Curious Minds – New Zealand Government
2727:
2712:
2557:Deverson, Tony; Kennedy, Graeme (2005).
2358:. Pacific Northwest Extension Publishing
2318:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
998:
691:
651:
571:
495:
423:
419:
406:
86:
76:
68:
30:
3685:Advances in Food and Nutrition Research
3495:
3343:
3010:
2792:
2682:
2413:Advances in Food and Nutrition Research
2346:
2344:
2342:
428:Kiwifruit 'Red Passion' with a red-ring
221:In New Zealand and Australia, the word
16:Edible berries native to northeast Asia
4080:
3894:
3709:
3682:
3204:
3178:
3055:
3053:
3051:
2869:
2818:
2793:Bowling, Barbara L. (1 January 2000).
2524:
2522:
2437:
2376:
559:
348:
102:outside New Zealand and Australia) or
3922:
2448:
2381:. In Janick, J.; Simon, J.E. (eds.).
2370:
2350:
2275:
955:
763:
3232:"Suspected Bacterial Vine Infection"
2744:
2631:
2567:10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001
2339:
2199:(34% DV), has a moderate content of
2191:(table). It is particularly rich in
2155:) which is commercially useful as a
994:
668:. Therefore, the seeds produced are
411:Close-up of Slice of Kiwifruit skin.
3048:
2528:
2519:
2261:as the most common severe symptom;
2111:Link to USDA FoodData Central entry
1550:Link to USDA FoodData Central entry
656:Kiwifruit growing on supported vine
13:
4013:
3974:
3693:10.1016/b978-0-12-394294-4.00004-3
3551:from the original on 27 March 2024
3444:. Zespri Kiwifruit. Archived from
2936:. Zespri Kiwifriut. Archived from
2910:. 24 February 2010. Archived from
2421:10.1016/b978-0-12-394294-4.00001-8
2325:In: Fruits of Warm Climates, 1987"
491:
14:
4139:
4047:
3621:Kiwifruit: Science and Management
3179:Watson, Peter (25 January 2011).
2559:The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary
247:Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand
4065:
4053:
3946:10.1046/j.0905-6157.2003.00095.x
3864:10.1046/j.0905-6157.2003.00095.x
3852:Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
3803:British Journal of Ophthalmology
3502:Wilkinson, Tracy (26 May 2008).
3258:"Kiwifruit and Psa – a timeline"
3086:"Kiwifruit pollination problems"
2779:Annual report ... annual meeting
891:
873:
855:
837:
819:
801:
3968:
3839:
3790:
3743:
3633:
3614:
3602:from the original on 9 May 2024
3460:
3434:
3408:
3365:
3276:
3224:
3207:"Relief for kiwifruit industry"
3205:Hembry, Owen (25 August 2011).
3198:
3172:
3142:
3096:
3030:
2978:
2952:
2926:
2786:
2770:
2609:
2583:
756:as it is very sensitive to the
700:Kiwifruit plants generally are
522:
371:
3848:"Kiwi fruit allergy: A review"
3011:McClure, Tess (18 June 2021).
2811:– via Internet Archive.
2696:Mike Knowles (25 April 2017).
2529:Lui, Kevin (8 February 2017).
2506:Te Aka Online Māori Dictionary
2493:
2470:
1015:Kiwifruit, Zespri SunGold, raw
687:
635:
347:
333:
295:
281:
1:
3394:10.1080/01140671.2001.9514154
2668:10.1080/01140671.2003.9514253
2268:
2253:found in kiwifruit can be an
944:. Other major producers were
785:
3654:10.1080/10408398.2011.623247
3481:10.1080/08974438.2011.621841
3318:10.1371/journal.pone.0057464
2797:The Berry Grower's Companion
2240:
2170:
2118:Percentages estimated using
1557:Percentages estimated using
182:
7:
3975:Le TM, et al. (2013).
2561:. Oxford University Press.
2500:Moorfield, John C. (2003).
2449:Green, Emily (8 May 2002).
664:, fruit bearing plants and
647:
556:than most hardy kiwifruit.
227:nickname for New Zealanders
10:
4144:
3994:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.09.009
3909:www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au
2218:. Kiwifruit pulp contains
1591:255 kJ (61 kcal)
1030:262 kJ (63 kcal)
747:
716:Kiwifruit growers rely on
616:Clones of the new variety
565:
458:(Chinese egg gooseberry),
244:
240:
195:, and the flavour of ripe
18:
3768:10.1007/s00299-010-0920-y
2377:Beutel, James A. (1990).
2351:Stirk, Bernadine (2005).
2117:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2058:
2045:
2032:
2019:
2006:
1993:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1899:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1844:
1827:
1811:
1794:
1777:
1760:
1743:
1723:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1580:
1556:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1393:
1380:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1299:
1283:
1266:
1250:
1233:
1216:
1199:
1182:
1162:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1054:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1019:
981:Plant & Food Research
919:
382:
364:
357:
340:
326:
319:
314:
310:
302:
288:
274:
262:
258:
253:
2988:. Zespri. Archived from
2908:National Business Review
2831:. Zespri Group Ltd. 2018
2829:"Zespri – Official Site"
2203:(10% DV), with no other
488:(hearty red kiwifruit).
276:Traditional Chinese
3934:Pediatr Allergy Immunol
3422:. University of Waikato
3108:20 January 2019 at the
3061:"Kiwifruit Propagation"
2730:"New Temperate Fruits:
2179:, is 83% water and 15%
2147:Raw kiwifruit contains
2120:US recommendations
1559:US recommendations
576:Golden kiwifruit Soreli
539:(Arctic kiwifruit) and
290:Simplified Chinese
199:", leading to the name
73:Kiwifruit cross section
19:For the TV series, see
4128:Culture of New Zealand
3211:The New Zealand Herald
3154:by MAF Biosecurity NZ"
3152:Kiwifruit vine disease
2124:the National Academies
1563:the National Academies
1008:
735:Maturation and harvest
729:saturation pollination
697:
657:
577:
505:
429:
412:
211:
110:of several species of
92:
91:Kiwifruit's morphology
84:
74:
66:
4118:Garden plants of Asia
3737:10.1051/ocl.2006.0026
2986:"Zespri SunGold New!"
2728:Ferguson, AR (1999).
2383:Advances in new crops
1689:Vitamins and minerals
1576:Kiwifruit, green, raw
1128:Vitamins and minerals
1002:
925:of the United Nations
695:
655:
622:intellectual property
575:
499:
427:
420:Species and cultivars
410:
245:Further information:
90:
80:
72:
55:A. indochinensis
34:
4113:Food plant cultivars
4062:at Wikimedia Commons
3815:10.1136/bjo.82.8.907
3287:Pseudomonas syringae
3090:Science Learning Hub
2212:alpha-linolenic acid
791:Kiwifruit production
776:Bay of Plenty Region
770:Pseudomonas syringae
476:(purple kiwifruit),
470:(Arctic kiwifruit),
452:(golden kiwifruit),
124:group of kiwifruit (
98:(often shortened to
35:Kiwifruit by species
4023:National Geographic
3752:Actinidia deliciosa
3386:2001NZJCH..29....1H
3309:2013PLoSO...857464B
3238:on 13 November 2010
3130:. The UK Food Guide
2857:on 16 February 2013
2758:on 23 December 2012
2736:Actinidia deliciosa
2732:Actinidia chinensis
2660:2003NZJCH..31..197H
2592:"Growing kiwifruit"
2353:"Growing Kiwifruit"
2323:Actinidia deliciosa
1796:Pantothenic acid (B
1577:
1235:Pantothenic acid (B
1016:
796:
696:Kiwifruit flowering
581:Actinidia chinensis
561:Actinidia chinensis
464:(hardy kiwifruit),
126:Actinidia deliciosa
3756:Plant Cell Reports
3448:on 11 January 2013
2940:on 17 January 2013
2640:Actinidia chinesis
2482:5 May 2017 at the
2389:. pp. 309–316
2216:omega-3 fatty acid
2183:, with negligible
2159:and possibly as a
2085:Other constituents
1575:
1524:Other constituents
1014:
1009:
956:Production history
790:
764:Pests and diseases
698:
658:
578:
506:
482:(silver vine) and
473:A. melanandra
430:
413:
201:Chinese gooseberry
120:. The most common
104:Chinese gooseberry
93:
85:
75:
67:
4058:Media related to
3762:(12): 1339–1349.
3702:978-0-12-394294-4
3628:978-0-908-59628-7
3587:978-0-309-48834-1
3508:Los Angeles Times
3185:The Dominion Post
3044:. ABC. June 2021.
2992:on 15 August 2014
2884:(12): 1265–1272.
2808:978-0-88192-489-3
2576:978-0-19-558451-6
2456:Los Angeles Times
2430:978-0-12-394294-4
2319:Morton J (2011).
2130:
2129:
2075:
2074:
1569:
1568:
1514:
1513:
995:Human consumption
930:
929:
926:
795:
680:, are propagated
585:A. deliciosa
510:A. deliciosa
467:A. kolomikta
449:A. chinensis
443:A. deliciosa
386:
385:
378:
377:
321:Standard Mandarin
47:A. deliciosa
43:A. chinensis
4135:
4070:Data related to
4069:
4057:
4043:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3929:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3722:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3637:
3631:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3514:on 13 April 2013
3510:. Archived from
3499:
3493:
3492:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3442:"Zespri History"
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3320:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3160:on 12 March 2017
3156:. Archived from
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3124:
3113:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3057:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2914:on 24 April 2012
2900:
2894:
2893:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2801:. Timber Press.
2800:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2725:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2693:
2680:
2679:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2497:
2491:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2316:
1936:
1849:
1832:
1816:
1799:
1782:
1765:
1748:
1725:Vitamin A equiv.
1718:
1685:
1684:
1578:
1574:
1375:
1288:
1271:
1255:
1238:
1221:
1204:
1187:
1164:Vitamin A equiv.
1157:
1124:
1123:
1017:
1013:
920:
897:
895:
894:
879:
877:
876:
861:
859:
858:
843:
841:
840:
825:
823:
822:
807:
805:
804:
797:
793:
789:
630:Sichuan province
530:Actinidia arguta
485:A. purpurea
479:A. polygama
455:A. coriacea
374:
373:
353:
352:
351:
336:
335:
312:
311:
298:
297:
284:
283:
267:
251:
250:
159:
158:
154:
151:
145:
144:
140:
137:
106:, is the edible
82:Yellow kiwifruit
61:, S =
59:A. polygama
53:, I =
51:A. eriantha
45:, D =
4143:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4078:
4077:
4050:
4016:
4014:Further reading
4011:
4010:
3973:
3969:
3930:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3903:
3902:
3895:
3844:
3840:
3795:
3791:
3754:cv. Hayward)".
3748:
3744:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3681:
3677:
3638:
3634:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3571:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3534:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3500:
3496:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3116:
3112:Honey Bee Suite
3110:Wayback Machine
3101:
3097:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3049:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2809:
2791:
2787:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2726:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2694:
2683:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2617:"Northern kiwi"
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2527:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2498:
2494:
2484:Wayback Machine
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2447:
2438:
2431:
2409:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2317:
2276:
2271:
2243:
2173:
2157:meat tenderizer
2133:
2132:
2131:
2113:
2108:
2066:
2053:
2040:
2027:
2014:
2001:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1949:
1937:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1868:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1797:
1789:
1780:
1772:
1763:
1755:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1719:
1690:
1679:
1674:
1655:
1650:
1611:
1606:
1571:
1570:
1552:
1547:
1505:
1492:
1479:
1466:
1453:
1440:
1427:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1376:
1346:
1333:
1320:
1307:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1236:
1228:
1219:
1211:
1202:
1194:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1158:
1129:
1118:
1113:
1094:
1089:
1050:
1045:
997:
958:
892:
890:
874:
872:
856:
854:
838:
836:
820:
818:
802:
800:
792:
788:
766:
750:
737:
690:
650:
638:
570:
564:
525:
494:
492:Fuzzy kiwifruit
422:
306:"macaque peach"
303:Literal meaning
270:
249:
243:
185:
156:
152:
149:
147:
142:
138:
135:
133:
36:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4141:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4076:
4075:
4074:at Wikispecies
4063:
4049:
4048:External links
4046:
4045:
4044:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4008:
3987:(1): 164–171.
3967:
3940:(6): 420–428.
3921:
3893:
3858:(6): 420–428.
3838:
3809:(8): 907–910.
3789:
3742:
3731:(2): 195–199.
3708:
3701:
3675:
3648:(8): 1012–31.
3632:
3613:
3586:
3562:
3525:
3494:
3475:(4): 310–329.
3459:
3433:
3407:
3364:
3342:
3275:
3249:
3223:
3197:
3171:
3141:
3114:
3095:
3074:
3047:
3029:
3003:
2977:
2951:
2925:
2895:
2880:(in Chinese).
2868:
2842:
2817:
2807:
2785:
2769:
2743:
2711:
2681:
2654:(3): 197–202.
2630:
2608:
2582:
2575:
2549:
2518:
2492:
2488:A. R. Ferguson
2469:
2451:"Kiwi, Act II"
2436:
2429:
2400:
2369:
2338:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2242:
2239:
2205:micronutrients
2195:(103% DV) and
2172:
2169:
2151:(also spelled
2128:
2127:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1010:
996:
993:
957:
954:
928:
927:
917:
916:
911:
905:
904:
901:
887:
886:
883:
869:
868:
865:
851:
850:
847:
833:
832:
829:
815:
814:
811:
787:
784:
765:
762:
749:
746:
736:
733:
713:male anthers.
689:
686:
649:
646:
637:
634:
566:Main article:
563:
558:
547:growing season
533:(hardy kiwi),
524:
521:
493:
490:
461:A. arguta
421:
418:
404:in the 1960s.
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
368:
362:
361:
359:Yue: Cantonese
355:
354:
344:
338:
337:
330:
324:
323:
317:
316:
315:Transcriptions
308:
307:
304:
300:
299:
292:
286:
285:
278:
272:
271:
268:
260:
259:
256:
255:
242:
239:
184:
181:
179:in the 1960s.
63:A. setosa
39:A. arguta
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4140:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4108:Chinese fruit
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:Edible fruits
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3926:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3569:
3567:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3352:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:(2): e57464.
3302:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3145:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2966:. 26 May 2014
2965:
2961:
2955:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2618:
2612:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2227:beta-carotene
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:carbohydrates
2178:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:digestive aid
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:whipped cream
2136:garnish atop
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1762:Riboflavin (B
1759:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:Dietary fiber
1624:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:Carbohydrates
1598:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1201:Riboflavin (B
1198:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1066:Dietary fiber
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:Carbohydrates
1037:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1006:
1001:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
967:
963:
953:
951:
947:
943:
940:, as well as
939:
938:Yangtze River
935:
924:
918:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
900:
889:
888:
884:
882:
871:
870:
866:
864:
853:
852:
848:
846:
835:
834:
830:
828:
817:
816:
812:
810:
799:
798:
783:
780:
777:
773:
771:
761:
759:
753:
745:
741:
732:
730:
725:
721:
719:
714:
710:
707:
703:
694:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
654:
645:
643:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
588:
586:
582:
574:
569:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
544:
543:
538:
537:
532:
531:
520:
517:
515:
511:
503:
498:
489:
487:
486:
481:
480:
475:
474:
469:
468:
463:
462:
457:
456:
451:
450:
445:
444:
438:
435:
426:
417:
409:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
381:
369:
367:
363:
360:
356:
350:
345:
343:
339:
331:
329:
325:
322:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
293:
291:
287:
279:
277:
273:
266:
261:
257:
252:
248:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:
114:in the genus
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
89:
83:
79:
71:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
29:
25:
23:
4021:
3984:
3980:
3970:
3937:
3933:
3912:. Retrieved
3908:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3728:
3724:
3711:
3684:
3678:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3620:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3576:
3553:. Retrieved
3544:
3516:. Retrieved
3512:the original
3507:
3497:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3450:. Retrieved
3446:the original
3436:
3424:. Retrieved
3410:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3355:. Retrieved
3345:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3266:. Retrieved
3261:
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3236:the original
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3210:
3200:
3188:. Retrieved
3184:
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3158:the original
3151:
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3128:"Kiwi fruit"
3098:
3089:
3065:. Retrieved
3041:
3032:
3020:. Retrieved
3017:The Guardian
3016:
3006:
2994:. Retrieved
2990:the original
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2963:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2928:
2916:. Retrieved
2912:the original
2907:
2898:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2855:the original
2845:
2835:10 September
2833:. Retrieved
2812:
2796:
2788:
2778:
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2756:the original
2752:"Hardy Kiwi"
2746:
2735:
2731:
2704:10 September
2702:. Retrieved
2651:
2647:
2644:A. deliciosa
2643:
2639:
2633:
2621:. Retrieved
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2585:
2558:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2534:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:
2495:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2454:
2412:
2393:11 September
2391:. Retrieved
2387:Timber Press
2382:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2329:. Retrieved
2322:
2321:"Kiwifruit:
2248:
2244:
2224:provitamin A
2209:
2174:
2152:
2146:
2134:
2089:
2084:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1669:
1645:
1601:
1528:
1523:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1108:
1084:
1040:
975:Much of the
974:
970:
959:
931:
913:
908:
794:2022, tonnes
781:
768:
767:
754:
751:
742:
738:
726:
722:
715:
711:
699:
659:
642:A. deliciosa
641:
639:
625:
617:
615:
610:
606:
598:
596:
591:
589:
584:
580:
579:
560:
551:
540:
536:A. kolomikta
534:
528:
526:
523:Kiwi berries
518:
509:
507:
502:A. deliciosa
501:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
439:
433:
431:
414:
390:Song dynasty
387:
328:Hanyu Pinyin
234:
230:
222:
220:
216:gooseberries
215:
205:
200:
197:gooseberries
186:
173:World War II
169:Song dynasty
162:
125:
115:
103:
99:
95:
94:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
28:
21:
3426:28 November
3380:(1): 1–14.
3216:4 September
3190:4 September
3164:18 February
2379:"Kiwifruit"
2265:may occur.
2263:anaphylaxis
2220:carotenoids
2177:food energy
1745:Thiamine (B
1184:Thiamine (B
962:Australasia
946:New Zealand
827:New Zealand
688:Pollination
670:crossbreeds
666:pollinators
636:Cultivation
599:Zespri Gold
568:Yellow kiwi
542:A. polygama
500:The larger
372:mei-hau-tou
112:woody vines
24:(TV series)
4082:Categories
4060:Kiwifruits
3914:15 October
3291:actinidiae
3242:9 November
2542:9 November
2511:9 November
2269:References
2251:actinidain
2235:zeaxanthin
2222:, such as
2149:actinidain
2008:Phosphorus
1732:zeaxanthin
1447:Phosphorus
1171:zeaxanthin
813:2,380,304
786:Production
772:actinidiae
718:honey bees
432:The genus
402:California
394:cultivated
177:California
4093:Actinidia
4088:Kiwifruit
4072:Actinidia
4040:643483454
4032:0027-9358
3872:1399-3038
3518:4 January
3489:154770824
3452:4 January
3134:4 January
2996:29 August
2970:29 August
2964:NZ Herald
2944:4 January
2918:4 January
2861:4 January
2762:4 January
2502:"huakiwi"
2462:4 January
2362:4 January
2241:Allergies
2201:vitamin E
2197:vitamin K
2193:vitamin C
2171:Nutrition
2153:actinidin
2021:Potassium
1995:Manganese
1982:Magnesium
1901:Vitamin K
1888:Vitamin E
1875:Vitamin C
1846:Vitamin B
1829:Folate (B
1813:Vitamin B
1779:Niacin (B
1460:Potassium
1434:Manganese
1421:Magnesium
1340:Vitamin K
1327:Vitamin E
1314:Vitamin C
1285:Vitamin B
1268:Folate (B
1252:Vitamin B
1218:Niacin (B
914:4,539,471
706:pollinate
702:dioecious
682:asexually
678:cultivars
674:seedlings
662:rootstock
594:variety.
592:hong yang
434:Actinidia
254:Kiwifruit
231:Actinidia
183:Etymology
130:hen's egg
117:Actinidia
96:Kiwifruit
22:Kiwifruit
4003:23141741
3962:26882598
3954:14675467
3888:26882598
3880:14675467
3784:23341156
3776:20842364
3662:24499119
3600:Archived
3596:30844154
3555:28 March
3549:Archived
3539:(2024).
3402:84613254
3357:6 August
3337:23555547
3297:PLOS ONE
3106:Archived
3042:ABC News
2890:20042395
2878:Yi Chuan
2676:86106541
2480:Archived
2259:wheezing
2255:allergen
2090:Quantity
2034:Selenium
2002:0.098 mg
1929:Quantity
1923:Minerals
1823:0.063 mg
1807:0.183 mg
1790:0.341 mg
1773:0.025 mg
1756:0.027 mg
1711:Quantity
1705:Vitamins
1529:Quantity
1473:Selenium
1441:0.048 mg
1402:0.151 mg
1368:Quantity
1362:Minerals
1321:161.3 mg
1262:0.079 mg
1229:0.231 mg
1212:0.074 mg
1150:Quantity
1144:Vitamins
977:breeding
921:Source:
903:114,533
885:294,571
867:320,270
849:523,120
831:603,522
758:ethylene
648:Breeding
514:Avondale
366:Jyutping
334:míhóutáo
122:cultivar
4103:Berries
3833:9828775
3824:1722697
3606:21 June
3382:Bibcode
3328:3583860
3305:Bibcode
3268:25 June
3067:14 July
3022:30 June
2656:Bibcode
2623:7 April
2601:7 April
2331:8 April
2185:protein
2165:gelatin
2142:pavlova
2067:0.14 mg
1976:0.31 mg
1963:0.13 mg
1943:Calcium
1908:40.3 μg
1895:1.46 mg
1882:92.7 mg
1862:Choline
1671:Protein
1610:14.66 g
1506:0.08 mg
1415:0.21 mg
1382:Calcium
1301:Choline
1295:0.08 μg
1246:0.12 mg
1110:Protein
1005:pavlova
989:Belgium
985:Antwerp
942:Sichuan
923:FAOSTAT
748:Storage
626:Sungold
618:SunGold
611:SunGold
241:History
212:huakiwi
193:walnuts
189:nursery
155:⁄
141:⁄
4038:
4030:
4001:
3960:
3952:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3831:
3821:
3782:
3774:
3699:
3668:
3660:
3630:p. 467
3626:
3594:
3584:
3487:
3400:
3335:
3325:
2888:
2805:
2674:
2573:
2427:
2231:lutein
2047:Sodium
2041:0.2 μg
2028:312 mg
1956:Copper
1869:7.8 mg
1738:122 μg
1729:lutein
1678:1.14 g
1654:0.52 g
1621:8.99 g
1617:Sugars
1587:Energy
1486:Sodium
1480:0.4 μg
1467:315 mg
1395:Copper
1347:6.1 μg
1334:1.4 mg
1308:1.9 mg
1168:lutein
1117:1.02 g
1093:0.28 g
1060:12.3 g
1056:Sugars
1049:15.8 g
1026:Energy
966:Zespri
934:tonnes
896:
878:
863:Greece
860:
842:
824:
806:
57:, P =
49:, E =
41:, C =
4123:Vines
3958:S2CID
3884:S2CID
3780:S2CID
3721:(PDF)
3670:57554
3666:S2CID
3485:S2CID
3420:(PDF)
3398:S2CID
2672:S2CID
2595:(PDF)
2356:(PDF)
2214:, an
2096:Water
2015:34 mg
1989:17 mg
1950:34 mg
1840:25 μg
1535:Water
1454:25 mg
1428:12 mg
1389:17 mg
1279:31 μg
1177:24 μg
1070:1.4 g
950:Italy
909:World
899:Chile
845:Italy
809:China
607:Gold3
554:hardy
208:Māori
165:China
108:berry
4036:OCLC
4028:ISSN
3999:PMID
3950:PMID
3916:2015
3876:PMID
3868:ISSN
3829:PMID
3772:PMID
3697:ISBN
3658:PMID
3624:ISBN
3608:2024
3592:PMID
3582:ISBN
3557:2024
3520:2013
3454:2013
3428:2012
3359:2024
3333:PMID
3289:pv.
3270:2021
3244:2010
3218:2011
3192:2011
3166:2014
3136:2013
3069:2015
3024:2021
2998:2014
2972:2014
2946:2013
2920:2013
2886:PMID
2863:2013
2837:2018
2803:ISBN
2764:2013
2734:and
2706:2018
2642:and
2625:2021
2603:2021
2571:ISBN
2544:2021
2536:TIME
2513:2021
2464:2013
2425:ISBN
2395:2018
2364:2013
2333:2014
2249:The
2233:and
2187:and
2099:83 g
2060:Zinc
2054:3 mg
1969:Iron
1880:103%
1856:0 μg
1538:82 g
1499:Zinc
1493:3 mg
1408:Iron
1319:179%
1195:0 mg
948:and
881:Iran
398:bred
235:kiwi
223:kiwi
100:kiwi
37:A =
3989:doi
3985:131
3942:doi
3860:doi
3819:PMC
3811:doi
3764:doi
3733:doi
3689:doi
3650:doi
3545:FDA
3477:doi
3390:doi
3323:PMC
3313:doi
2664:doi
2563:doi
2417:doi
2189:fat
2140:on
2026:10%
1961:14%
1934:%DV
1906:34%
1893:10%
1716:%DV
1647:Fat
1631:3 g
1465:11%
1400:17%
1373:%DV
1155:%DV
1086:Fat
603:PSA
396:or
342:IPA
296:猕猴桃
282:獼猴桃
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4034:.
3997:.
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3979:.
3956:.
3948:.
3938:14
3936:.
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3907:.
3896:^
3882:.
3874:.
3866:.
3856:14
3854:.
3850:.
3827:.
3817:.
3807:82
3805:.
3801:.
3778:.
3770:.
3760:29
3758:.
3729:13
3727:.
3723:.
3695:.
3664:.
3656:.
3646:54
3644:.
3598:.
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3396:.
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2229:,
2065:1%
2052:0%
2039:0%
2013:3%
2000:4%
1987:4%
1974:2%
1948:3%
1867:1%
1854:0%
1848:12
1838:6%
1821:4%
1805:4%
1788:2%
1771:2%
1754:2%
1504:1%
1491:0%
1478:1%
1452:2%
1439:2%
1426:3%
1413:1%
1387:1%
1345:5%
1332:9%
1306:0%
1293:3%
1287:12
1277:8%
1260:5%
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1227:1%
1210:6%
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