Scandinavian York - Knowledge

1240: 532: 802: 602:, for historians, as Cnut is not recorded on any written contemporary sources. Historians have posited several hypotheses. These include, "no coins have been found from Gunfriths reign so perhaps they could be his? ". As some of the coins had both Siefredus and Cnuts name on them "perhaps these are the same person?". Another possibility is that he was "a Danish noble, mentioned in Norse sources, who was assassinated in 902 after a very brief reign. So brief that there was not enough time to produce coins in quantity." 350: 79: 5628: 5616: 5364: 5604: 460:

the aid of the nobles. King Osbryht and Alla, having united their forces and formed an army, came to the city of York; on their approach the multitude of the shipmen immediately took flight. The Christians, perceiving their flight and terror, found that they themselves were the stronger party. They fought upon each side with much ferocity, and both kings fell. The rest who escaped made peace with the Danes.

735:, and although the annals indicated that Sihtric was reluctant to submit to Edward, he submitted to Æthelstan at Tamworth in January 926. Part of the agreement was that Sihtric should marry Æthelstan's sister Eadgyth also he should be baptised. According to Roger of Wendover, Sihtric was baptised but he "repudiated" the faith and rejected his bride shortly after, without the marriage being consummated. 962:. Edward became king but was killed under suspicious circumstances in 978. Æthelred replaced him as ruler and in 1002 he was told that the Danish men in his territory "would faithlessly take his life, and then all his councillors, and possess his kingdom afterwards". In response, he ordered the deaths of all Danes living in England. The orders were carried out on 13 November 1002 (now known as the 710:, Lady of the Mercians in early 918, but the negotiations were ended prematurely by her death in June of that year. Later in his reign, Ragnall submitted to Edward as overlord, but was allowed to keep his kingdom. Ragnall had three separate issues of coins produced while he ruled York the coins bearing the name RAIENALT, RACNOLDT or similar. He died late in 920 or early 921. 1350:"The whole speech of the Northumbrians, especially that of the men of York, grates so harshly upon the ear that it is completely unintelligible to us southerners. The reason for this is their proximity to barbaric tribes and their distance from the kings of the land who, whether English as once or Norman as now, are known to stay more often in the south than the north." 1129:, for Yorkshire, indicates the extent of the Norman takeover, most of the former landowners who survived the conquest, retained only a fraction of their estates, and then as tenants of a Norman lord. With 25 of William the Conquerors magnates holding 90% of the county's manors, the days when English kings appointed Scandinavian Earls of Northumbria were at an end. 728:, in violation of the terms of submission agreed between Ragnall and Edward. Edward the Elder died in 924. It seems that Sihtric took advantage of the situation to expand his kingdom. There is some numismatic evidence to support this as there are coins, from this time, minted at Lincoln, in the Kingdom of Mercia, as well those from York. 1083:. Although William had won the battle it took several years for the Normans to consolidate their rule over England. It is likely that the Conqueror exercised little authority north of the Humber during 1067 as he simply did not have the troops there to enforce his will although the northern earls did submit to him. 524:

since the arrival of the Vikings, however although it had become impoverished the amount of ecclesiastical artefacts that have been excavated in York, from various periods between the 7th and 11th centuries, indicate that the cathedral remained a religious centre throughout. Guthred died in 895 and was buried at

717:, who was a kinsman of Ragnall, and another Viking leader that had been expelled from the Kingdom of Dublin, in 902. Sihtric, however had returned to Ireland to retake Dublin and become their king. Then in 920 he travelled to York and joined Ragnall where in 921 Ragnall died and Sihtric replaced him as king. 924:

capitalizing on the deteriorating political situation in York, established himself as king. Eadred's response was to raid Northumbria and drive Eric out. Olaf Cuaran was reestablished as king from 950 to 952. Olaf's rule was short-lived as in 952 Eric removed him and then reigned in Northumbria till

751:

makes no mention of Gofraid, simply stating that Æthelstan succeeded Sihtric as King in Northumbria, and thereafter held a meeting with the other kings in Britain, establishing peace. A later account by William of Malmesbury tells a different story. In his version, Gofraid goes to Scotland following

1820:

In this article "Viking" is used in the modern sense, so the term is defined as "The inhabitants of Scandinavia, between the 7th and 11th centuries, before and after they achieved separate or more distinct identities... who left their homelands for a more exciting or better life." Discussions about

1367:

The English language contains many hundreds of words that have a Scandinavian origin. However, in Yorkshire and northern England there are thousands of words with Scandinavian roots. A contemporary local literary tradition plus the large amount of non-Norman population, indicated by the charters of

1329:

an administrative sub division of the Ridings in Yorkshire. The term is of Scandinavian origin and meant the taking of weapons; it later signified the clash of arms by which the people assembled in a local court expressed assent. In Scandinavian York it is likely that initially the Wapentakes were

813:

Although Æthelstan had integrated the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms into one unified England and suppressed opposition from the Vikings and their allies, when he died in 939, the Viking leader Olaf Guthfrithson (who had been defeated at Brunanburh) arrived from Dublin and took over Northumbria with minimal

459:

In those days, the nation of the Northumbrians had violently expelled from the kingdom the rightful king of their nation, Osbryht by name, and had placed at the head of the kingdom a certain tyrant, named Alla. When the pagans came upon the kingdom, the dissension was allayed by divine counsel and

1164:

in England by the early 8th century, and from the late 8th century, locally produced coins of this nature have been excavated in York. The bankrupt nature of the Northumbrian economy is illustrated by the continued production of small silver coins and eventually replacing them with copper pennies

494:

In 875/ 876 part of the Great Army returned, headed by Halfdan Ragnarsson. York was retaken and although Halfdan was proclaimed King of Northumbria, in reality he was only the ruler of southern Northumbria (Deira). Deira became known as the Kingdom of York (Jórvík) with Halfdan as its first king.

1259:

on them. The arrival of the pagan Vikings seems to have had little effect on the Christian religion, with the incoming Scandinavians converting to Christianity within a few decades of their arrival and largely adopting local burial customs, however there are stone crosses and grave markers, that

1194:

in the various boroughs around the country. The most important mints were in London, Winchester, Lincoln, Chester and York. They produced a standard design so that each coin could be used anywhere in England. The design was changed about every six years. This model for the production of currency

523:

became king in 883. Guthred was the first Christian Viking king of York. It is traditionally thought that Guthred's election was sponsored by Archbishop Wulfhere's religious community from Lindisfarne. Churches and religious centres in Northumbria had been systematically stripped of their wealth

450:

After Ivar the Boneless had annexed York, the two Anglo-Saxon leaders settled their differences, they joined forces and attempted to retake the city. When the Northumbrians attacked, the Vikings withdrew behind the crumbling Roman city walls, but the Anglo-Saxon leaders were both killed and the

2002:

The honorific title "Earl" was Anglo-Scandinavian in origin. At the time of the Norman Conquest Northumbria was one of only seven Earldoms for all of England. The earl was appointed by the king to rule a territory in his stead. The title of Earl was the highest rank below the king. In English

1175:. The minting of coinage in York was controlled by the Northumbrian monarch and the archbishop.The coins produced under command of the king seems to have stopped around 850 and Archbishop Wulfhere around 855. The Vikings reintroduced the minting of coins, in York, 1231:. Also, there was amber from the Baltic for the production of jewellery, and soapstone probably from Norway or Shetland, used to make large cooking pots. Wine was imported from the Rhineland and silk, used to make into caps for sale, came from Byzantium. 1569:'Is there nobody inside to open the door?' I hallooed, responsively. 'There's nobody but the mistress, and she'll not open it for you if you make your frightening din till night.' 'Why? Cannot you tell her whom I am, eh, Joseph?' 705:

in 918. It is not clear from the annals, who actually won the battle, but the outcome did allow Ragnall to establish himself as king at York. It seems that the people of York were unhappy with Ragnall as they promised obedience to

1883:

Asser actually uses the term "make peace". historians have suggested that this means paying the Vikings money or goods in return for peace. See Asser ch. 10 where he explicitly says that the men from Kent paid money in return for

1132:

After the Norman conquest there were several unsuccessful attempts by Scandinavian kings to regain control of England, the last of which took place in 1086. However raiding did continue and the last recorded one was in 1152, when

843:

The chronology of events for both Olaf Guthfrithson, Olaf Cuaranths and Ragnalls' reigns have been subject to debate however the annals for 944 all seem to agree that Edmund was able to expel the Viking leaders from Northumbria.

1700:. New streets, lined by regular building fronts for timber houses were added to an enlarging city between 900 and 935, dates arrived at by tree-ring chronology carried out on remaining posts preserved in anaerobic clay subsoil. 482:

as puppet ruler of Northumbria. Five years later, in 872, when the Great Army was elsewhere, the local Northumbrians capitalized on their absence by driving Wulfhere and Ecgberht out. The two exiles found refuge at the court of

760:. Gofraid and a Viking ally called Thurfrith led a force to York and besieged the city. Æthelstan counterattacked and Gofraid was captured. The city was then looted by the Anglo-Saxons and Gofraid allowed to return to Ireland. 1542:'Is there nobody inside to open the door?' I hallooed, responsively. 'There's nobbut t' missis; and shoo'll not oppen 't an ye mak' yer flaysome dins till neeght.' 'Why? Cannot you tell her whom I am, eh, Joseph?' 764:... at last came a suppliant to court. Being amicably received by the king, and sumptuously entertained for four days, he resought his ships; an incorrigible pirate, and accustomed to live in the water like a fish. 977:, to invade England in 1003. The onslaught continued until 1014 when Æthelred and his family were driven into exile and Sweyn installed as king of England. However he only reigned for five weeks before dying. 1222:

York was a major manufacturing centre particularly in metalwork, with Jórvík craftspeople sourcing their raw materials both near and far. There was gold and silver coming from Europe, copper and lead from the

788:

During his reign, Æthelstan integrated Northumbria into England and the design of the coinage was changed to conform with the standard English system. On some coins, produced at York, the mint-signature was

1334:

but confusingly later on the Wapentake itself was regarded as the direct equivalent to the Anglo-Saxon Hundred. Wapentakes lasted until 1974, when they were phased out by the Local Government Act 1972.

554:

coins. Some of the coins discovered have Siefredus's name on providing an indication to when he reigned. The coin evidence suggests that Siefredus succeeded Guthred and ruled from about 895 until 900.

1299:

Scandinavian Yorkshire was divided into three parts, for administration purposes, these were known as the North Riding, the West Riding and the East Riding. The name Riding derives from the Old Norse

1179:

895/896. These coins had a similar design to continental coins, some with short religious texts on them and others with the name of the mint where they were produced, for example EBRAICE for

984:

became the leader of the Danish army and Æthelred returned to England. Æthelred drove Cnut out of England and back to Denmark. Then in 1015, Cnut relaunched the campaign against England.

1589:

After the Norman Conquest, the frequency of Anglo-Scandinavian place-names and the absence of Norman-French place-names indicate that the Norman settlers were purely of the top rank.

328:

during the period of Scandinavian domination from late 9th century until it was annexed and integrated into England after the Norman Conquest; in particular, it is used to refer to

1016:

became the last Scandinavian Earl of Northumbria when he succeeded Erik in about 1033. He governed for 22 years without difficulty. On Siward's death in 1055, the king of England,

872:

This year king Edmund ravaged all Cumberland, and granted it all to Malcolm king of the Scots, on the condition, that he should be his fellow-worker as well by sea as by land.

570:

When these events so happened, Sigferth the pirate arrived from the land of the Northumbrians with a large fleet, ravaged twice and afterwards sailed back to his own homeland.

405:

The Vikings had been raiding the coasts of England from the late 8th century, but in 865 a Viking army landed with the intention of conquering rather than just raiding. The

1063:. The people of York submitted to Tostig and Hardrada who did not occupy the city. Five days later Tostig and Hadrada were defeated and killed, by Harold Godwinson, at the 1993:

The annals suggest that Edmund was killed by an outlaw, but some modern historians, for example Kevin Halloran have suggested it might have been a political assassination.

542:

replaced Guthred as ruler of Jórvík and although not a great deal is known about him there has been some information provided by coin evidence. A substantial find in the

1098:'s army with Tostig, against Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. He had managed to escape after Harald's defeat. When Copsi offered homage to William at 6568: 5666: 4519: 283: 258: 1010:, had been murdered, probably on Cnut's orders. Although a Scandinavian king ruled all of England. Northumbria was not well integrated into the rest of the country. 6603: 781:), Constantine II, King of Scotland, and Owain, King of Strathclyde invaded England. The invaders were stopped and defeated by Æthelstan, and his allies, at the 6537: 4748: 3918:

Fafinski, Mateusz (2014). "The moving centre: trade and travel in York from Roman to Anglo-Saxon Times". In Gale R. Owen-Crocker; Brian W. Schneider (eds.).

1207:

Archaeological evidence indicates that Jórvík had a busy international trade with thriving workshops, and well-established mints. York was part of the wider

1094:, a supporter of Tostig, was a native of Northumbria and his family had a history of being rulers of Bernicia, and at times Northumbria. Copsi had fought in 4672: 4076: 3821: 3480: 1774:

After the excavation, the York Archaeological Trust took the decision to recreate the excavated part of Jórvík on the Coppergate site, and this is now the

667:

area. Edward and his allies responded by attacking East Anglia. Edward's Kentish allies engaged Æthelwold's army, and in this battle Æthelwold was killed.

4283: 3679: 1183:(York). Although where the mint was located, in York has not been found, a workshop that produced and tested the dies has been identified at Coppergate. 675:

Edward followed up his attack on East Anglia with raids into the Viking kingdom. The following year the Vikings retaliated, led by their new joint kings

747:

left Dublin and headed to Northumbria to replace Sihtric as king but his attempt to rule was unsuccessful, and he was driven out by King Æthelstan. The

634:. Edward's forces besieged Æthelwold's position, forcing him to flee. He went to York, where the locals accepted him as king, in 901. According to the 226: 1002:

using a system of governance based on the Scandinavian system of the time. He appointed his most trusted followers as earls, with the Norwegian

4916: 377:. The Romans withdrew around 407 and the Anglo-Saxons occupied the settlement from the early 7th century. Post-Roman York was in the kingdom of 6583: 5659: 785:. After this, although Æthelstan's relationship with Northumbria was not an easy one, his hold on it remained secure until his death in 939. 598:

on them, the coin evidence suggests that he reigned between 900 and 905. He is listed as ruler of York but has proved to be something of a

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J.A. Cannon suggests that Ivar and his half-brother Halfdan, that seized York in 867, were raiders from the Viking kingdom of Dublin.

998:

Ironside died just a few weeks after the treaty. Cnut then became king of all England. He divided England into four semi-independent

487:. The revolt was short lived with the Vikings regaining control of York in 873. Wulfhere was recalled to the See but the Anglo-Saxon 1821:

the Anglo-Scandinavian archaeology in York has called them both "Danes" and "Norwegian" so "Viking" is a useful inclusive shorthand.

840:

also with Edmund as sponsor. Both Olaf and Ragnall are called king, but it is uncertain whether they were co-rulers or rival kings.

5408: 1692:), recorded in the late fourteenth century was possibly the royal residence. It is in the area immediately outside the site of the 995:. After the battle, Cnut made a treaty with Edmund whereby Edmund would be king of Wessex and Cnut would rule the rest of England. 679:

their intention was to raid Mercia and Wessex but were intercepted and killed when they met a joint army from Wessex and Mercia at

642:... he stole away by night, and sought the army in North-humbria; and they received him for their king, and became obedient to him. 1975:

Smyth has suggested that this was an act of defiance by Sihtric, indicating to Edward that he would not submit to him like Ragnall

1216: 1735:

were familiar enough and respected enough for a counterfeit to have passed in trade. Both these items, as well as a large human

1275:. In England, the incidence of them is most dense in northern Yorkshire, suggesting that the form was initiated in this region. 821:

joined him in York. In 941 Olaf Guthfrithson invaded Mercia and East Anglia The Archbishops of York and Canterbury mediated and

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in Yorkshire has been found although there is coin evidence minted during Ragnall I's reign, from the 10th century, that had

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Hall, Richard (2001). "A kingdom too far: York in the early tenth century". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.).

1566:'What do you want?' he shouted. 'The master's down in the fold . Go round the end of the barn if you want to speak to him.' 1539:

What are ye for?' he shouted. 'T' maister's down i' t' fowld. Go round by th' end o' t' laith, if ye went to spake to him.'

805:

A penny from York minted in Olaf Sihtricsson's time, the moneyer was Æthelfrith. The obverse shows a bird, presumed to be a

6598: 5675: 4816: 4626: 4272: 4129: 3927: 3718: 3699: 434:, made its way north to Northumbria where the Anglo-Saxons were embroiled in a civil war. In 862 the ruler of Northumbria, 832:

says that Olaf Cuaran was baptised, with Edmund as sponsor, and that same year, another king of Northumbria, was named as

5353: 4909: 947:

in 954. The whole area was then governed by earls, from the local nobility, who were appointed by the kings of England.

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is often expected at a Viking site and at Jórvík an impractical and presumably symbolic axehead of amber was found. A

1102:

in 1067, William rewarded him by making him earl of Northumbria. After just five weeks as earl, Copsi was murdered by

4846: 4797: 4692: 4600: 4577: 4412: 4318: 4230: 4209: 4190: 4110: 4023: 4002: 3965: 3946: 3883: 3862: 3657: 3638: 3543: 3462: 659:

describes how he raised a fleet and landed first in Essex, then went on to East Anglia where he persuaded their king

5772: 4741: 5797: 5462: 1707:

meaning street. One of the best known of these is Coppergate, which translates as the "street of the woodworkers".

1535:, where the servant Josephs dialogue is written in dialect. An example, quoting Joseph from Chapter 2 of the book: 332:, the city controlled by these kings and earls. The Kingdom of Jórvík was closely associated with the longer-lived 5147: 4827: 516:

Halfdan's reign did not last long, as he was killed, trying to assert his claim to the Kingdom of Dublin, in 877.

5608: 5436: 4925: 4539: 4328:

McFadden, Brian (2001). "The Social Context of Narrative Disruption in 'The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle.'".

1320: 1190:, reformed the monetary system to give Anglo-Saxon England a uniform currency. This involved approximately sixty 587:, is that Siefriedus is the same as the jarl Sichfrith who lay claim to the Kingdom of Dublin in that same year. 17: 4657: 2023:

and historian, analysed Joseph's dialect and confirmed that it is authentic for that specific area of Yorkshire.

1307:. They were created during the Scandinavian period but continued until 1974, when they were abolished under the 1051:

returned to Westminster at Easter 1066. In September 1066 Tostig was back on the scene this time with his ally,

6573: 5574: 5375: 4902: 4290: 3668: 1962: 1902:

The term Kufic coins, in a Viking hoard, refer to a collection of Oriental coins that are both Muslim (such as

1684:

Place-names can give an indication to what an area was used for. For example, in York, the Old Norse placename

1267:

Hogbacks were introduced in 10th century, they are a house-shaped stone with a bowed roof ridge and often with

1239: 6593: 6317: 6087: 6041: 5569: 1021: 721: 5192: 1251:

Christianity had been established in Northumbria by the end of the 7th century. Very little evidence of the

599: 6578: 6473: 3694:. The Vikings in Cleveland. Vol. 4. Centre for the Study of the Viking Age, University of Nottingham. 1956: 1862:, Lonsdale and Cravenshire (modern Lancashire north of the Ribble and parts of Cumberland and Westmorland). 1228: 503:

Halfdene apportioned the lands of North-humbria: and they thenceforth continued ploughing and tilling them.

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in central York. This demonstrated that, in the 10th century, Jórvík's trading connections reached to the

630:

ascended the throne of Wessex. However, Æthelwold made a bid for power, seizing his fathers old estate in

6613: 6497: 5533: 5467: 1208: 1029: 1013: 5162: 3857:. Borthwick Papers. Vol. 33. York: University of York. Borthwick Institute of Historical Research. 6326: 6296: 963: 442:. Ivar the Boneless was able to capitalize on the Anglo-Saxons disarray and captured York in 866/ 867. 1696:, the east gatehouse of the Roman encampment, perpetuated today as King's Square, which nucleates the 6356: 6341: 5917: 5589: 5564: 5441: 5421: 5230: 1716: 1331: 1308: 1111: 1064: 531: 479: 6157: 5197: 559: 6588: 6230: 6200: 5791: 5723: 5426: 5416: 5383: 5305: 5250: 5112: 1720: 828:

It is probable that Olaf Guthfrithson died in 942 and was replaced by Olaf Cuaran. Then in 943 the

694: 655:Æthelwold did not stay in York long; in 903 he began a campaign to regain the crown of Wessex. The 539: 1171:) while the other English kingdoms were producing the larger standard silver penny established by 900:, he "subdued all Northumberland under his power" and obtained oaths of obedience from the Scots. 6119: 6035: 5346: 5260: 5177: 5167: 5137: 5132: 5107: 5102: 4720: 4618: 1767:, during this time, it is known that there was an accommodation with the church as Christian and 1689: 1103: 611: 5982: 5714: 4961: 959: 6439: 5235: 5202: 5122: 5117: 5085: 4971: 3900: 1303:

meaning "third part". Under Scandinavian rule each Riding was a unitary authority with its own

1107: 1003: 951: 857: 435: 90: 5702: 5207: 4857: 4768: 1260:

introduced Scandinavian motifs to the designs and instituted new forms, notably the so-called

439: 6290: 5935: 5929: 5187: 5172: 5152: 5142: 5049: 4996: 1740: 1125:, he laid waste Yorkshire and eventually replaced its nobility with his own trusted men. The 1122: 865: 757: 660: 407: 5825: 5064: 3556:

Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation

1703:

Many of the city of York's street names end in "~gate". The name derives from the Old Norse

1059:. On the 20 September 1066 the allies defeated, the northern earls, Morcar and Edwin at the 615: 6242: 6212: 6194: 6131: 6095: 6081: 5559: 5549: 5483: 5457: 5315: 5127: 5039: 4991: 4986: 4966: 4587:

Stack, Gilbert (2005). Stephen Morillo; Diane Korngiebel (eds.). "A Lost Law of Henry II".

3760: 1775: 1134: 1017: 904: 833: 801: 782: 680: 452: 386: 163: 42: 31: 5029: 4658:"The anonymous Anglo-Viking issue with Sword and Hammer types and the coinage of Sitric I" 4039:

Halloran, Keith (2015). "A Murder at Pucklechurch: The Death of King Edmund, 26 May 946".

8: 6248: 6236: 6218: 6206: 6029: 5493: 5255: 1920: 1859: 1261: 1196: 1068: 944: 934: 702: 591: 6169: 5891: 5879: 5295: 5285: 5074: 4570:

Scandinavian York and Dublin: the history and archaeology of two related Viking kingdoms

943:

Scandinavian domination came to an end when Eadred's forces killed Eric Bloodaxe at the

744: 686: 6547: 6507: 6331: 6302: 6175: 6151: 6071: 5958: 5873: 5632: 5579: 5339: 5310: 5275: 5270: 5240: 4951: 4884: 4353: 4345: 4056: 1919:

dates this to 905, while Cannon and Hargreaves tentatively identify this battle as the

1252: 1187: 1076: 1007: 992: 825:, Æthelstan's successor, surrendered much of the south-east Midlands and Lincolnshire. 676: 431: 416: 317: 6467: 6350: 6107: 6101: 5988: 5952: 5923: 5885: 5708: 5615: 5554: 5528: 5300: 4976: 4863: 4842: 4812: 4793: 4774: 4688: 4622: 4596: 4573: 4554: 4486: 4465: 4446: 4427: 4408: 4389: 4370: 4357: 4314: 4268: 4264: 4245: 4226: 4205: 4186: 4163: 4144: 4125: 4106: 4060: 4019: 3998: 3961: 3942: 3923: 3904: 3879: 3858: 3792: 3764: 3733: 3714: 3695: 3653: 3634: 3617: 3598: 3579: 3560: 3539: 3520: 3458: 3441: 1787: 1532: 1344: 1294: 1060: 955: 778: 484: 427: 420: 333: 4052: 1311:, although the East Riding of Yorkshire was revived as a unitary authority in 1996. 1247:, North Riding of Yorkshire. Elongated rounded stones with beasts clasping each end. 1121:

William's response was brutal. During the winter of 1069, in an action known as the

1115: 550:, contained approximately 8,000 Anglo-Scandinavian coins as well as continental and 6542: 6396: 6284: 6278: 6137: 6113: 5741: 5735: 5644: 5620: 4956: 4889: 4337: 4081: 4048: 3826: 3756: 3485: 1728: 1559: 1304: 1256: 1044: 1025: 853: 698: 693:

and was probably one of the Vikings expelled from Dublin in 902. He fought against

627: 623: 475: 5024: 4093: 3977: 3845: 3504: 2036:. Various goods from China including silk and coins, would pass through Samarkand. 714: 373:. The Roman settlement was regularly planned, well defended and contained a stone 6522: 6421: 6224: 6053: 6023: 5909: 5842: 5508: 5393: 5388: 5059: 4946: 4703: 4636: 4220: 3894: 3873: 3554: 1831: 1797: 1099: 1095: 1052: 1037: 988: 974: 970: 584: 478:, "made peace" with the Vikings. The Vikings appointed a compliant native prince 390: 202: 5331: 5290: 1528: 1047:

became King of England. He visited York early in his reign and according to the

6532: 6502: 6047: 5848: 5785: 5696: 5398: 5044: 4085: 3830: 3489: 1172: 1161: 753: 707: 563: 547: 301: 276: 121: 6163: 4341: 4070: 3815: 3517:

Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources

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The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and its Transformation 1000–1135

3621: 2020: 1839: 1802: 1748: 1649: 1634: 1572:'Not me. I'll not have anything to do with it,' muttered the head, vanishing. 1244: 1126: 1114:, bought the earldom from William. He was not long in power before he joined 921: 562:

has led some historians to suggest that Siefriedus maybe the same person, as

543: 366: 5034: 4981: 896:

who immediately turned his attention to Northumbria, where according to the

3692:

What do we think of the Vikings and what did the Vikings think of Cleveland

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Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (2001). Lapidge, Michael (ed.).

1843: 1760: 1268: 886: 837: 525: 137: 132: 35: 5747: 4894: 4544:. Vol. I. Translated by J. A. Giles. London: Henry G. Bohn. 3515:(1983). "Life of King Alfred". In Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (eds.). 2536: 1006:

appointed to the Earldom of Northumbria. The previous Earl of Northumbria

814:

opposition. Coins minted at York during his reign show the Raven motif.

732: 393:

consecrated in 780. The settlement became the Anglo-Saxon trading port of

6427: 6125: 5856: 5518: 2016: 2004: 1138: 818: 349: 263: 108: 78: 46: 4727:. Victoria County History. London: British History Online. pp. 2–24 4349: 2584: 5830: 5265: 3985: 1724: 1272: 3896:

Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014

2120: 2118: 663:

to help him in his campaign. The combined armies raided Wessex in the

6527: 5488: 5367: 4122:

Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles; Their Nature and Legacy

3960:(Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3956:

Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1986).

3690:

Butler, Jo Shortt (2014). O'Donoghue, Heather; Vohra, Pragya (eds.).

2033: 1932:Æthelweard Chronicle says that there was a third joint king known as 1736: 1732: 664: 631: 325: 104: 5280: 3791:. The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford University Press. 3305: 2003:

counties where there was no earl in charge the king would appoint a

1933: 1527:

An example, in literature, of the Yorkshire dialect can be found in

1075:

on 28 September and on 13 October Harold of England fought his last

1020:, chose a West Saxon to govern Yorkshire, in place of Siward's son, 30:"Jorvik" redirects here. For the museum and visitor attraction, see 5970: 5069: 4934: 3455:

Alfred the Great: War, Kingship, and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England

3293: 2279: 2115: 2048: 1768: 1619: 1224: 1212: 1156: 1080: 1072: 822: 725: 382: 353:

A map of the routes taken by the Great Heathen Army from 865 to 878

151: 126: 1368:

the time, was the basis of the distinct modern Yorkshire dialect.

6384: 6270: 6186: 5976: 5861: 5245: 4485:. The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford United Press. 4015:

British Isles: Viking Raids and Settlement in Britain and Ireland

2942: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 1851: 1847: 1756: 1545:'Nor-ne me! I'll hae no hend wi't,' muttered the head, vanishing. 1191: 1141:

looted places on the east coast of Britain, including Yorkshire.

1110:. When, in turn, the usurping Osulf was also killed, his cousin, 999: 954:

died suddenly. The succession was contested between his two sons

622:

from 865 to 871. Following his father's death, in 871, his uncle

520: 488: 358: 155: 94: 2207: 1984:

The Mercians were integrated into the English army at this time.

690: 474:

The remaining Northumbrian leaders, probably led by archbishop,

224: 6433: 6415: 5753: 5431: 4809:

The Deeds of the Bishops of England (Gesta Pontificum Anglorum)

2130: 2103: 2060: 1903: 1855: 1792: 1697: 1167: 1056: 1033: 987:

Meanwhile, in 1016 Æthelred died and was succeeded by his son,

893: 619: 389:

was baptized there in 627 and the first Anglo-Saxon archbishop

374: 4885:

Brenda Ralph Lewis & David Nash Ford, "York: Viking Times"

3976: 2819: 2807: 2713: 2650: 2417: 2369: 1040:). The northerners choice of new earl was accepted by Edward. 991:. Edmund and his forces were decisively beaten by Cnut at the 5513: 5503: 5097: 5054: 5012: 5001: 3512: 3163: 3161: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2640: 2638: 2526: 2524: 2032:

Samarkand was part of a major trading route now known as the

1752: 1744: 1591: 1091: 909: 806: 551: 378: 220: 4018:, Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.), Oxford University, 2446: 2161: 2159: 2157: 5964: 5836: 2749: 2499: 2497: 2407: 2405: 2347: 2345: 981: 938: 796: 590:

The Cuerdale Hoard also contained some coins with the name

329: 167: 3158: 3122: 3050: 2932: 2930: 2891: 2831: 2785: 2783: 2761: 2689: 2635: 2521: 916: 6070: 4222:

Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture: Northern Yorkshire

3377: 2667: 2665: 2548: 2296: 2294: 2154: 385:

to form the kingdom of Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon king

4811:. Translated by David G. Preest. London: Boydell Press. 3283: 3281: 3026: 2954: 2494: 2470: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2402: 2342: 2306: 2231: 2219: 2171: 1763:. Although little is known about the internal events of 1731:

and beyond: a cap made of silk survives, and coins from

4826:

William of Malmesbury (1847). Giles, J. A. (ed.).

4704:"The Readers Guide to Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights" 4309:

McCrum, Robert; Cran, William; MacNeil, Robert (1986).

3178: 3176: 3086: 3038: 2927: 2795: 2780: 2737: 2701: 2572: 2267: 852:

In 945, Edmund invaded Cumbria and blinded two sons of

566:, who had previously been raiding the coast of Wessex. 6538:

Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom

3955: 3413: 3203: 3193: 3191: 2725: 2662: 2623: 2601: 2599: 2390: 2357: 2330: 2291: 2285: 2255: 2142: 1743:, were famously recovered in York a millennium later. 419:). They landed in East Anglia where the locals, under 4825: 4806: 3576:

England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075 -1225

3365: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3278: 3266: 3239: 3002: 2915: 2903: 2590: 2458: 2429: 1359: 903:

In 947 Eadred went to the Anglo-Scandinavian town of

769: 670: 381:; it was taken over in 655 by its northern neighbour 5674: 4747:. Viking Age York: Trade. The Jorvik Viking Centre. 3875:

Conquest, Anarchy and Lordship: Yorkshire, 1066–1154

3401: 3389: 3317: 3256: 3254: 3215: 3173: 3134: 3074: 3062: 3014: 2966: 2855: 2560: 2243: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2072: 777:

In 937 a coalition of Vikings (led by Gofraid's son

4538:Roger of Wendover (1854). Giles, J. A. (ed.). 4012:Hall, Richard (2012), Silberman, Neil Asher (ed.), 3188: 3146: 3098: 2879: 2867: 2677: 2611: 2596: 2318: 2195: 626:became king. When Alfred died in 899. Alfred's son 4787: 4384:Metcalf, D. M. (1982). James Campbell (ed.). 4069: 3878:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 3814: 3650:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 3473: 3311: 2843: 2509: 2183: 1945:Ímar is probably synonymous with Ivar the Boneless 519:There was an interregnum after Halfdan died until 369:it became the provincial capital and bishopric of 89:The kingdom of York, forming the southern part of 6569:States and territories disestablished in the 950s 5361: 4725:A History of the County of York: the City of York 4701: 4641:Church Historians of England, volume III, part II 4537: 4308: 3647: 3631:The Struggle for Mastery : Britain 1066-1284 3299: 3251: 3227: 3110: 2990: 2542: 2213: 2124: 2084: 2054: 1577: 605: 6560: 4634: 3708: 2978: 2813: 2719: 2656: 2482: 2384: 1960:suggests the Vikings won the battle whereas the 1893:Some sources suggest that he died in 894 or 896. 1137:taking advantage of the confusion caused by the 1028:, was unpopular with locals. In 1065 Tostig was 756:with Æthelstan, Constantine II of Scotland, and 583:A further hypothesis, proposed by the historian 466: 3728:Campbell, James (1991). Campbell, James (ed.). 928: 907:, where Archbishop Wulfan and the Northumbrian 423:, "made peace" with them in return for horses. 324:) is a term used by historians for what is now 6604:States and territories established in the 870s 4635:Symeon of Durham (1855). Stevenson, J. (ed.). 4289:. The British Numistic Society. Archived from 3920:The Anglo-Saxons: The World through their Eyes 3475:"Uhtred, earl of Bamburgh (d. 1016), magnate." 1936:, this is not supported by the other sources. 689:was York's next ruler, he was the grandson of 27:Historical Norse colony in present-day England 5660: 5347: 4910: 4551:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings 4219:Lang, James T. (1984). Rosemary Cramp (ed.). 3669:"The Coinage of Athelstan, 924-939: A survey" 969:It is thought that the massacre provoked the 4479:Pierce, Marc (2010). Robert E. Bjork (ed.). 4080:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3984:. London: G. Bell and Sons Ltd. – via 3825:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3574:Bartlett, Robert (2000). J.M.Roberts (ed.). 3484:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1520:John Waddington-Feather. Yorkshire Dialect. 1043:After Edward the Confessor's death in 1066, 546:, during the 19th century, now known as the 445: 4924: 4572:. Vol. 2. Dublin: Templekieran Press. 3533: 2109: 1676:A.D Mills Dictionary of English Place-Names 1211:with one route leading to Norway by way of 5667: 5653: 5354: 5340: 4917: 4903: 4687:. Machester: Manchester University Press. 4637:"The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham" 4158:John, Eric (1991). Campbell, James (ed.). 3812: 3559:. Princeton University Press. p. 39. 2261: 1879: 1877: 1710: 738: 465:The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham, 451:Northumbrians defeated during the ensuing 77: 6518:List of English words of Old Norse origin 3628: 2837: 1834:of what is now Yorkshire (referred to as 455:on 21 March 867. Symeon of Durham wrote: 93:, and to the south of it the rest of the 4440: 4327: 4038: 3917: 3727: 3573: 3167: 2948: 2936: 2897: 2861: 2755: 2066: 1238: 1086: 800: 797:Restoration of Scandinavian rule 939–944 752:Sihtric's death, to attend a meeting at 530: 348: 4766: 4739: 4718: 4655: 4609: 4383: 4258: 4239: 4176: 4077:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3892: 3822:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3709:Cannon, John; Hargreaves, Anne (2009). 3481:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3436:Æthelweard (1962). Campbell, A. (ed.). 3221: 3182: 3128: 3056: 3044: 2960: 2921: 2909: 2774: 2695: 2644: 2629: 2554: 2530: 2503: 2476: 2464: 2440: 2411: 2363: 2351: 1923:in 903 (s.v. "AEthelwald" and "Oeric"). 1874: 1243:Hogbacks in All Saints Church, Brompton 917:Scandinavian rule reestablished 947–954 847: 491:became ruler, as Ecgberht died in 873. 14: 6561: 4841:. Berkeley: University of California. 4643:. Translated by J. Stevenson. Seeley's 4548: 4478: 4421: 4281: 4119: 3871: 3784: 3746: 3689: 3209: 3092: 3080: 3008: 2885: 2849: 2336: 2249: 2189: 2165: 2097: 2078: 1605: 1602: 1597: 1195:remained unchanged until the reign of 1118:in rebellion against William in 1068. 6584:Former countries in the British Isles 5648: 5335: 4898: 4855: 4754:from the original on 27 February 2023 4586: 4567: 4525:from the original on 27 February 2023 4506: 4459: 4426:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4402: 4388:. The Anglo Saxons. London: Penguin. 4364: 4199: 4162:. The Anglo Saxons. London: Penguin. 4138: 3974: 3939:The Sutton Companion to Local History 3936: 3852: 3666: 3592: 3552: 3511: 3452: 3407: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3272: 3245: 3140: 3116: 3104: 3032: 2972: 2873: 2825: 2801: 2789: 2743: 2731: 2707: 2671: 2617: 2578: 2566: 2515: 2423: 2396: 2312: 2300: 2273: 2237: 2225: 2201: 2177: 2148: 2136: 1374:in Yorkshire with Scandinavian roots 1353:(William of Malmesbury 12th century.) 1271:long sides, many were accompanied by 1217:Dnieper and Volga rivers to Byzantium 877: 647: 508: 4836: 4682: 4462:Emily Bronte and the Haworth Dialect 4218: 4157: 4067: 4011: 3992: 3761:10.1093/acref/9780199550371.001.0001 3538:. London: Wiedenfield and Nicolson. 3471: 3419: 3395: 3233: 3197: 3152: 2984: 2683: 2605: 2488: 2324: 1824: 1771:objects have survived side-by-side. 1338: 864:he "granted" all of Strathclyde, to 5603: 4770:1016 The Danish Conquest of England 4100: 3685:from the original on 14 March 2023. 3440:. London: Thomas Nelson & Son. 3287: 3260: 3068: 3020: 2996: 793:, the Old English name for York. 24: 4678:from the original on 6 March 2023. 4183:University of North Carolina Press 3872:Dalton, Paul; et al. (2002). 1199:, around two hundred years later. 885:In 946 Edmund was assassinated at 671:Scandinavian rule restored 903–926 400: 25: 6625: 4878: 4859:From Pictland to Alba: 789 – 1070 4829:William of Malmesbury's Chronicle 4719:Tillott, P. M., ed. (1961). 4405:Dictionary of English Place-Names 4367:Yorkshire a Very Peculiar History 4261:Aethelred II: King of the English 3595:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society 3534:Ayto, John; Crofton, Ian (2005). 1755:shell indicates contact with the 1283: 743:In 927 Sihtric died. His brother 344: 5798:Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire 5788:, Lady of the Mercians (911–918) 5676:Viking activity in Great Britain 5627: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5463:Topographical areas of Yorkshire 5362: 4124:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. 3922:. Archaeopress. pp. 71–77. 3616:. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 2026: 2010: 1030:deposed by the northern nobility 281: 256: 4890:Timeline of Anglo-Saxon England 4284:"The Kufic coins from Cuerdale" 4053:10.1179/0047729X15Z.00000000051 3753:A Dictionary of British History 3711:The Kings and Queens of Britain 3428: 3300:McCrum, Cran & MacNeil 1986 2125:Blair, Keynes & Scragg 2001 2055:Blair, Keynes & Scragg 2001 1996: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1948: 1939: 1926: 1909: 1896: 1887: 1321:List of wapentakes in Yorkshire 731:Edward was replaced by his son 5773:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians 4862:. Edinburgh University Press. 4807:William of Malmesbury (2002). 3958:Handbook of British Chronology 3453:Abels, Richard Philip (1998). 1963:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba 1865: 1814: 1215:and another to Sweden via the 606:A West Saxon rules Northumbria 13: 1: 6498:"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem) 6477: 6443: 5992: 5895: 5776: 4792:. Shrewsbury: Feather Books. 4553:(3rd ed.). Oxford: OUP. 4464:. Yorkshire Dialect Society. 4441:Palliser, D. M. (2014). 4143:. Stroud: The History Press. 2042: 1842:) before 1086 also contained 1584: 1314: 1176: 1154:Small silver coins, known as 980:After Sweyn's death, his son 6609:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) 6474:Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum 4721:"Before the Norman Conquest" 4685:The Medieval English Borough 4518:. The Jorvik Viking Centre. 4177:Kapelle, William E. (1979). 4094:UK public library membership 3846:UK public library membership 3505:UK public library membership 2814:Cannon & Hargreaves 2009 2720:Cannon & Hargreaves 2009 2657:Cannon & Hargreaves 2009 2385:Cannon & Hargreaves 2009 1957:Historia de Sancto Cuthberto 1723:in and around the street of 1372:Examples of words still used 1330:formed by groups of smaller 929:The Earldom of York 954–1066 7: 6599:Viking Age populated places 4788:Waddington-Feather (2003). 4313:. London: Faber and Faber. 4225:. Oxford University Press. 3755:. Oxford University Press. 3611: 3536:Brewers England and Ireland 3438:The Chronicle of Æthelweard 1781: 1550: 1234: 1209:Scandinavian trading system 1144: 950:In 975 the king of England 868:in return for an alliance. 357:York was first recorded by 10: 6630: 5468:Cities, towns and villages 4702:The Readers Guide (2023). 4665:British Numismatic Journal 4403:Mills, A. D. (1998). 4202:The Earliest English Kings 4200:Kirby, D. P. (2000). 3975:Giles, J. A. (1914). 3667:Blunt, C. E. (1974). 3435: 2591:William of Malmesbury 1847 2452: 1694:porta principalis sinistra 1360:William of Malmesbury 2002 1342: 1318: 1292: 1288: 1149: 932: 770:William of Malmesbury 1847 575: 411:described the army as the 339: 40: 29: 6490: 6460: 6405: 6377: 6370: 6340: 6316: 6269: 6263:Second invasion: 980–1012 6262: 6185: 6063: 6016: 6009: 5945: 5918:Ecgberht I of Northumbria 5818: 5811: 5765: 5689: 5682: 5598: 5542: 5476: 5450: 5407: 5374: 5216: 5083: 5010: 4932: 4773:. BoD – Books on Demand. 4740:Tweddle, Dominic (2017). 4568:Smyth, Alfred P. (1979). 4507:Pirie, Elizabeth (2017). 4342:10.1017/S0263675101000047 4282:Lowick, Nicholas (1976). 3995:Edward the Elder, 899–924 3979:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 3629:Carpenter, David (2004). 1717:York Archaeological Trust 1670: 1593:Scandinavian place-names 1514: 1309:Local Government Act 1972 1278: 1253:old Viking pagan religion 1065:Battle of Stamford Bridge 535:Silver penny of Siefredus 446:Scandinavian rule 866–901 297: 235: 216: 212: 199: 189: 185: 177: 162: 147: 114: 100: 85: 76: 62: 55: 5792:Odda, Ealdorman of Devon 5711:of East Anglia (855–869) 5590:God's Own County/Country 5384:East Riding of Yorkshire 4832:. London: Henry G. Bohn. 4369:. Brighton: Book House. 4242:Cnut: The North Sea King 3853:Cramp, Rosemary (1967). 3676:British Numistic Society 2007:to govern in his place. 1808: 1202: 866:Malcom king of the Scots 860:. Then according to the 558:The medieval chronicler 540:Siefredus of Northumbria 336:throughout this period. 34:. For the asteroid, see 6126:Sea Battle near Swanage 6036:Battle of Hingston Down 5316:Ragnall II Guthfrithson 4926:Monarchs of Northumbria 4619:Oxford University Press 4589:Haskins Society Journal 4509:"Coins and coin making" 4443:Medieval York: 600-1540 4141:The Onslaught of Spears 4139:James, Jeffrey (2013). 4120:Hutton, Ronald (1991). 4047:(1 ed.): 120–129. 3937:Friar, Stephen (2004). 3893:Downham, Clare (2007). 3855:Anglian and Viking York 3813:Costambeys, M. (2004). 3312:Waddington-Feather 2003 2110:Ayto & Crofton 2005 1715:From 1976 to 1981, the 1711:Archaeological findings 1079:on the Sussex coast at 964:St Brice's Day massacre 892:Edmund was replaced by 739:West Saxon rule 927–939 361:around the year 150 as 321: 225: 6064:First invasion 865–896 5565:On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at 5534:Dogger Bank earthquake 4837:Wood, Frances (2002). 4549:Sawyer, Peter (2001). 4259:Lavelle, Ryan (2008). 4240:Lavelle, Ryan (2017). 4181:. Raleigh-Durham, NC: 4086:10.1093/ref:odnb/49264 3901:Dunedin Academic Press 3831:10.1093/ref:odnb/49260 3612:Brontë, Emily (1911). 3553:Bagge, Sverre (2014). 3490:10.1093/ref:odnb/25543 2543:Roger of Wendover 1854 2214:Roger of Wendover 1854 1719:conducted a five-year 1582: 1578:The Readers Guide 2023 1556: 1365: 1248: 1219:and the Muslim world. 1108:Eadulf III of Bernicia 883: 810: 809:, the reverse a cross. 775: 653: 581: 536: 514: 472: 438:, had been deposed by 354: 6574:954 disestablishments 6017:Viking raids: 793–850 5936:Eohric of East Anglia 5930:Ceolwulf II of Mercia 5717:(978–1013, 1014–1016) 4767:Ullditz, Per (2014). 4460:Petyt, K. M. (1970). 4422:Oliver, Neil (2012). 4103:Yorkshire from AD1000 4071:"Ragnall (d. 920/21)" 3997:. London: Routledge. 3941:. Sutton Publishing. 3747:Cannon, John (2015). 3652:. London: Blackwell. 3457:. New York: Longman. 2112:, pp. 1231–1232. 1917:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1741:Lloyds Bank coprolite 1564: 1553:, Chapter 2 pp. 24–25 1537: 1348: 1242: 1123:Harrying of the North 1087:Norman rule post 1066 1049:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 898:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 870: 862:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 830:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 804: 762: 758:Owen I of Strathclyde 749:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 677:Eowils and Halfdan II 657:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 640: 636:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 568: 534: 501: 497:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 467:Symeon of Durham 1855 457: 421:Edmund of East Anglia 408:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 352: 101:Common languages 6594:History of Yorkshire 6170:Battle of Fearnhamme 6132:Battle of Chippenham 6096:Battle of Englefield 5715:Æthelred the Unready 5543:Culture and heritage 5458:Geology of Yorkshire 4856:Woolf, Alex (2007). 4683:Tait, James (1999). 4656:Stewart, I. (1982). 4365:Malam, John (2016). 4311:The Story of English 4267:. pp. 104–109. 4068:Hart, Cyril (2004). 3593:Blair, John (2005). 3519:. Penguin Classics. 1776:Jorvik Viking Centre 1135:Eystein II of Norway 1018:Edward the Confessor 848:English rule 944–947 834:Ragnall Guthfrithson 783:Battle of Brunanburh 413:"mycel heathen here" 387:Edwin of Northumbria 32:Jorvik Viking Centre 6579:Anglo-Norse England 6088:Siege of Nottingham 6042:Battle of Rochester 5703:Ælla of Northumbria 5376:Ceremonial counties 5301:Olaf I Guthfrithson 4706:. The Readers Guide 4615:Anglo-Saxon England 4330:Anglo-Saxon England 4244:. London: Penguin. 4105:. London: Longman. 4101:Hey, David (1986). 3785:Cannon, J. (2009). 3732:. London: Penguin. 3633:. London: Penguin. 3386:, pp. 401–407. 3131:, pp. 204–205. 3059:, pp. 103–106. 2777:, pp. 112–113. 2758:, pp. 120–129. 2698:, pp. 111–112. 2647:, pp. 107–111. 2593:, pp. 132–134. 2533:, pp. 108–116. 2315:, pp. 313–314. 2240:, pp. 174–175. 2228:, pp. 142–143. 2180:, pp. 161–164. 2168:, pp. 169–170. 2127:, pp. 497–499. 2057:, pp. 460–461. 1921:Battle of the Holme 1594: 1375: 1325:From the Old Norse 1069:William of Normandy 1024:. Edward's choice, 993:Battle of Ashingdon 945:Battle of Stainmore 935:Earl of Northumbria 913:submitted to him. 817:In 940, his cousin 713:The next ruler was 703:Battle of Corbridge 440:Ælla of Northumbria 6614:875 establishments 6548:Vale of York Hoard 6508:England runestones 6378:Viking settlements 6176:Battle of Benfleet 6152:Battle of Edington 6072:Great Heathen Army 5959:Halfdan Ragnarsson 5870:(947–948, 952–954) 5409:Historic divisions 5219:Viking Northumbria 4541:Flowers of History 4424:Vikings. A History 4296:on 6 November 2022 3816:"Hálfdan (d. 877)" 2900:, pp. 91–114. 2557:, pp. 99–100. 1966:suggest they lost. 1592: 1371: 1262:Hogback gravestone 1249: 1032:and replaced with 854:Domnall mac Eógain 811: 537: 432:Halfdan Ragnarsson 417:Great Heathen Army 375:legionary fortress 355: 107: • 64:Kingdom of Jórvík: 6556: 6555: 6468:Treaty of Wedmore 6456: 6455: 6366: 6365: 6342:Harald's invasion 6312: 6311: 6258: 6257: 6147: 6146: 6120:Battle of Reading 6108:Battle of Meretun 6102:Battle of Ashdown 6005: 6004: 5989:Thorkell the Tall 5953:Ivar the Boneless 5924:Burgred of Mercia 5886:Olaf Guthfrithson 5807: 5806: 5709:Edmund the Martyr 5642: 5641: 5575:Flags and symbols 5529:Wars of the Roses 5329: 5328: 4869:978-0-7486-1234-5 4790:Yorkshire Dialect 4780:978-87-7145-720-9 4560:978-0-19-285434-6 4492:978-0-19-866262-4 4452:978-0-19-925584-9 4433:978-0-297-86787-6 4395:978-0-140-14395-9 4386:Anglo Saxon Coins 4376:978-1-907184-57-4 4265:The History Press 4251:978-0-141-99936-4 4169:978-0-140-14395-9 4150:978-0-7524-8872-1 4092:(Subscription or 3910:978-1-903765-89-0 3844:(Subscription or 3798:978-0-19-956763-8 3770:978-0-19-955037-1 3739:978-0-140-14395-9 3614:Wuthering Heights 3604:978-0-19-921117-3 3585:978-0-19-925101-8 3566:978-1-4008-5010-5 3526:978-0-14-044409-4 3503:(Subscription or 3472:Aird, W. (2004). 3422:, pp. 13–14. 3314:, pp. 14–15. 3302:, pp. 71–72. 3290:, pp. 28–29. 3170:, pp. 71–77. 3095:, pp. 31–32. 3071:, pp. 19–29. 3023:, pp. 24–25. 2963:, pp. 16–17. 2840:, pp. 63–64. 2734:, pp. 52–53. 2674:, pp. 51–53. 2506:, pp. 97–99. 2479:, pp. 91–95. 2414:, pp. 79–89. 2399:, pp. 33–37. 2354:, pp. 78–79. 2303:, pp. 14–15. 2286:Fryde et al. 1986 2139:, p. 244 Note 79. 1906:) and non-Muslim. 1788:Coppergate Helmet 1682: 1681: 1533:Wuthering Heights 1525: 1524: 1354: 1345:Yorkshire dialect 1339:Yorkshire dialect 1295:Riding (division) 1229:tin from Cornwall 1139:English civil war 1061:Battle of Fulford 779:Olaf Guthfrithson 683:on 5 August 910. 614:, was the son of 495:According to the 485:Burgred of Mercia 428:Ivar the Boneless 426:The army, led by 334:Kingdom of Dublin 310:Scandinavian York 307: 306: 293: 292: 289: 288: 269: 268: 57:Scandinavian York 16:(Redirected from 6621: 6543:Silverdale Hoard 6482: 6479: 6448: 6445: 6397:North Sea Empire 6375: 6374: 6285:Battle of Pinhoe 6267: 6266: 6183: 6182: 6158:Battle of London 6138:Battle of Cynwit 6114:Battle of Basing 6068: 6067: 6014: 6013: 5997: 5994: 5900: 5897: 5892:Ragnall ua Ímair 5880:Gofraid ua Ímair 5816: 5815: 5781: 5778: 5742:Edward the Elder 5736:Alfred the Great 5687: 5686: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5646: 5645: 5630: 5629: 5618: 5606: 5605: 5366: 5365: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5333: 5332: 5224: 5091: 5018: 4940: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4873: 4852: 4833: 4822: 4818:978-08511-5884-6 4803: 4784: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4753: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4698: 4679: 4677: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4631: 4628:978-01982-1716-9 4606: 4595:. Boydel Press. 4583: 4564: 4545: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4475: 4456: 4437: 4418: 4399: 4380: 4361: 4324: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4295: 4288: 4278: 4274:978-07524-4678-3 4255: 4236: 4215: 4196: 4173: 4160:The Age of Edgar 4154: 4135: 4131:9-780631-18946-6 4116: 4097: 4089: 4073: 4064: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4008: 3989: 3983: 3971: 3952: 3933: 3929:978-1407-31262-0 3914: 3889: 3868: 3849: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3788:York, kingdom of 3781: 3779: 3777: 3743: 3730:The Anglo Saxons 3724: 3720:978-0191-72725-2 3705: 3701:9-7808535-8301-1 3686: 3684: 3673: 3663: 3644: 3625: 3608: 3589: 3570: 3549: 3530: 3508: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3477: 3468: 3449: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3186: 3180: 3171: 3165: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3047:, pp. 2–24. 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2951:, p. 199 p. 209. 2946: 2940: 2934: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2828:, A. 948 A. 949. 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2778: 2772: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2545:, p. 245 AD 925. 2540: 2534: 2528: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2427: 2426:, A. 904 A. 905. 2421: 2415: 2409: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2340: 2339:, pp. 1–28. 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2037: 2030: 2024: 2014: 2008: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1930: 1924: 1913: 1907: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1828: 1822: 1818: 1729:Byzantine Empire 1595: 1580: 1562:the meaning is: 1560:standard English 1554: 1376: 1370: 1363: 1352: 1273:standing crosses 1178: 1067:. Shortly after 1045:Harold Godwinson 1036:(the brother of 1026:Tostig Godwinson 881: 773: 699:King of Scotland 651: 628:Edward the Elder 624:Alfred the Great 610:The next ruler, 579: 512: 470: 430:and his brother 285: 284: 273: 272: 260: 259: 253: 252: 237: 236: 230: 81: 53: 52: 21: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6589:History of York 6559: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6486: 6480: 6452: 6446: 6401: 6362: 6357:Stamford Bridge 6336: 6318:Cnut's invasion 6308: 6254: 6231:Second Stamford 6181: 6164:Siege of Exeter 6143: 6074: 6059: 6054:Battle of Aclea 6030:Isle of Sheppey 6001: 5995: 5941: 5910:Sweyn Forkbeard 5898: 5843:Harold Harefoot 5803: 5779: 5761: 5678: 5673: 5643: 5638: 5594: 5538: 5472: 5446: 5403: 5394:South Yorkshire 5389:North Yorkshire 5370: 5363: 5360: 5330: 5325: 5222: 5221: 5212: 5089: 5088: 5079: 5016: 5015: 5006: 4938: 4937: 4928: 4923: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4849: 4819: 4800: 4781: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4742:"Foreign Trade" 4730: 4728: 4709: 4707: 4695: 4675: 4660: 4646: 4644: 4629: 4603: 4580: 4561: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4516:Viking Age York 4511: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4472: 4453: 4445:. Oxford: OUP. 4434: 4415: 4407:. Oxford: OUP. 4396: 4377: 4321: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4275: 4252: 4233: 4212: 4193: 4170: 4151: 4132: 4113: 4091: 4041:Midland History 4030: 4028: 4026: 4005: 3968: 3949: 3930: 3911: 3886: 3865: 3843: 3835: 3833: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3740: 3721: 3713:. Oxford: OUP. 3702: 3682: 3671: 3660: 3641: 3605: 3597:. Oxford: OUP. 3586: 3578:. London: OUP. 3567: 3546: 3527: 3502: 3494: 3492: 3465: 3431: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3011:, pp. 7–8. 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2453:Æthelweard 1962 2451: 2447: 2439: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2262:Costambeys 2004 2260: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2085: 2081:, pp. 3–4. 2077: 2073: 2069:, p. 51 Note 1. 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2031: 2027: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1931: 1927: 1914: 1910: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1832:Historic County 1829: 1825: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1798:History of York 1784: 1713: 1677: 1672:Glossary source 1599: 1598:Settlement name 1587: 1581: 1576: 1555: 1549: 1373: 1364: 1358: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1323: 1317: 1297: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1237: 1205: 1152: 1147: 1096:Harald Hardrada 1089: 1053:Harald Hardrada 1038:Edwin of Mercia 1004:Erik of Hlathir 989:Edmund Ironside 975:Sweyn Forkbeard 971:king of Denmark 941: 931: 919: 882: 876: 850: 799: 774: 768: 741: 720:Sihtric raided 673: 652: 646: 608: 585:Alfred P. Smyth 580: 576:Æthelweard 1962 574: 513: 507: 471: 464: 448: 403: 401:Viking invasion 391:Ecgbert of York 347: 342: 282: 257: 205: 203:Norman Conquest 192: 166: 154: 143: 135: 124: 68: 66: 58: 49: 43:Kings of Jórvík 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Kingdom of York 15: 12: 11: 5: 6627: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6533:Ragnar Lodbrok 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6503:Cuerdale Hoard 6500: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6471: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6412: 6410: 6408:petty kingdoms 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6388: 6381: 6379: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6354: 6347: 6345: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6300: 6297:St Brice's Day 6294: 6288: 6282: 6275: 6273: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6201:First Stamford 6198: 6191: 6189: 6180: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6092: 6091: 6085: 6082:Battle of York 6078: 6076: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6020: 6018: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5849:Svein Knutsson 5846: 5840: 5834: 5822: 5820: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5697:Offa of Mercia 5693: 5691: 5690:Major monarchs 5684: 5680: 5679: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5624: 5612: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5399:West Yorkshire 5396: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5359: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5311:Olaf II Cuaran 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5291:Sitric I Caech 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5148:Æthelwald Moll 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4930: 4929: 4922: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4879:External links 4877: 4875: 4874: 4868: 4853: 4847: 4834: 4823: 4817: 4804: 4798: 4785: 4779: 4764: 4737: 4716: 4699: 4693: 4680: 4653: 4632: 4627: 4617:(3 ed.), 4611:Stenton, Frank 4607: 4601: 4584: 4578: 4565: 4559: 4546: 4535: 4504: 4491: 4476: 4471:978-0950171005 4470: 4457: 4451: 4438: 4432: 4419: 4413: 4400: 4394: 4381: 4375: 4362: 4325: 4319: 4306: 4279: 4273: 4256: 4250: 4237: 4231: 4216: 4210: 4197: 4191: 4174: 4168: 4155: 4149: 4136: 4130: 4117: 4111: 4098: 4065: 4036: 4024: 4009: 4003: 3990: 3972: 3966: 3953: 3947: 3934: 3928: 3915: 3909: 3890: 3884: 3869: 3863: 3850: 3810: 3797: 3782: 3769: 3744: 3738: 3725: 3719: 3706: 3700: 3687: 3664: 3658: 3645: 3639: 3626: 3609: 3603: 3590: 3584: 3571: 3565: 3550: 3544: 3531: 3525: 3509: 3469: 3463: 3450: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3412: 3400: 3398:, p. 194. 3388: 3376: 3374:, p. 214. 3364: 3362:, p. 302. 3352: 3350:, p. 399. 3340: 3338:, p. 373. 3328: 3316: 3304: 3292: 3277: 3275:, p. 465. 3265: 3250: 3248:, p. 357. 3238: 3226: 3214: 3212:, p. 282. 3202: 3187: 3172: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3097: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2975:, p. 196. 2965: 2953: 2941: 2939:, p. 199. 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2838:Carpenter 2004 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2779: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2688: 2686:, p. 168. 2676: 2661: 2649: 2634: 2632:, p. 102. 2622: 2610: 2608:, p. 164. 2595: 2583: 2571: 2569:, p. 151. 2559: 2547: 2535: 2520: 2508: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2428: 2416: 2401: 2389: 2368: 2366:, p. 199. 2356: 2341: 2329: 2327:, p. 188. 2317: 2305: 2290: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2242: 2230: 2218: 2216:, p. 207. 2206: 2194: 2182: 2170: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2114: 2102: 2083: 2071: 2059: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2025: 2009: 1995: 1986: 1977: 1968: 1947: 1938: 1925: 1908: 1895: 1886: 1873: 1864: 1823: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1783: 1780: 1712: 1709: 1680: 1679: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1586: 1583: 1574: 1547: 1523: 1522: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1356: 1343:Main article: 1340: 1337: 1319:Main article: 1316: 1313: 1293:Main article: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1284:Administration 1282: 1280: 1277: 1236: 1233: 1204: 1201: 1173:Offa of Mercia 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1116:Edgar Ætheling 1106:, son of Earl 1088: 1085: 930: 927: 918: 915: 874: 849: 846: 798: 795: 766: 740: 737: 672: 669: 644: 618:, the king of 607: 604: 578:, p. 50 A. 895 572: 548:Cuerdale Hoard 505: 462: 447: 444: 402: 399: 346: 345:Pre-Viking age 343: 341: 338: 305: 304: 302:United Kingdom 299: 295: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 279: 277:Norman England 270: 267: 266: 261: 249: 248: 243: 233: 232: 218: 214: 213: 210: 209: 206: 200: 197: 196: 193: 191:• Formed 190: 187: 186: 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 171: 160: 159: 149: 145: 144: 142: 141: 130: 122:Norse paganism 118: 116: 112: 111: 102: 98: 97: 87: 83: 82: 74: 73: 60: 59: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6626: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6513:Furness Hoard 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6369: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6008: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946:Major leaders 5944: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5874:Amlaíb Cuarán 5872: 5869: 5868:Eric Bloodaxe 5866: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766:Major leaders 5764: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5665: 5663: 5658: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5635: 5634: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5585:Yorkshire Day 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5442:High Sheriffs 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5357: 5352: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5322: 5321:Eric Bloodaxe 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5223:867–954 5220: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5090:642–867 5087: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5017:560–679 5014: 5009: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4939:547–670 4936: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4854: 4850: 4848:0-520-24340-4 4844: 4840: 4839:The Silk Road 4835: 4831: 4830: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4799:1-84175-107-3 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4765: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4694:0-7190-0339-3 4690: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4602:1-84383-255-0 4598: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4579:0-391-01049-2 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4536: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4505: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4414:0-19-280074-4 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4320:0-571-13828-4 4316: 4312: 4307: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4232:0-19-726256-2 4228: 4224: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4211:9780415242110 4207: 4204:. Routledge. 4203: 4198: 4194: 4192:0-8078-1371-0 4188: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4112:0-582-49211-4 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4027: 4025:9780199735785 4021: 4017: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4004:0-415-21496-3 4000: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3973: 3969: 3967:0-521-56350-X 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3948:0-7509-2723-2 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3899:. Edinburgh: 3898: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3885:0-521-52464-4 3881: 3877: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3864:0-9007-0124-2 3860: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3783: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3659:0-631-22492-0 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3640:0-140-14824-8 3636: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3545:0-304-35385-X 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3466: 3464:0-582-04047-7 3460: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3433: 3421: 3416: 3410:, p. 53. 3409: 3404: 3397: 3392: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3368: 3361: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3326:, p. 28. 3325: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3200:, p. 21. 3199: 3194: 3192: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3168:Fafinski 2014 3164: 3162: 3155:, p. 28. 3154: 3149: 3143:, p. 96. 3142: 3137: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3107:, p. 39. 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3083:, p. 19. 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3005: 2999:, p. 24. 2998: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2949:Campbell 1991 2945: 2938: 2937:Campbell 1991 2933: 2931: 2924:, p. 30. 2923: 2918: 2912:, p. 99. 2911: 2906: 2899: 2898:McFadden 2001 2894: 2887: 2882: 2876:, p. 55. 2875: 2870: 2863: 2862:Bartlett 2000 2858: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2816:, p. 68. 2815: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2757: 2756:Halloran 2015 2752: 2745: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2722:, p. 69. 2721: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2659:, p. 67. 2658: 2653: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2631: 2626: 2620:, p. 89. 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2592: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2568: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2539: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2490: 2485: 2478: 2473: 2467:, p. 92. 2466: 2461: 2454: 2449: 2443:, p. 87. 2442: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2425: 2420: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2398: 2393: 2387:, p. 65. 2386: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2365: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2314: 2309: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2287: 2282: 2275: 2270: 2263: 2258: 2252:, p. 55. 2251: 2246: 2239: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2204:, p. 25. 2203: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2150: 2145: 2138: 2133: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2080: 2075: 2068: 2067:Palliser 2014 2063: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2035: 2029: 2022: 2021:sociolinguist 2018: 2013: 2006: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1942: 1935: 1929: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1868: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1840:Domesday book 1837: 1833: 1827: 1817: 1813: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739:known as the 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1686:Konungsgurtha 1678: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1650:Scagglethorpe 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1635:Yockenthwaite 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1596: 1590: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1369: 1362:, p. 139 1361: 1355: 1346: 1336: 1333: 1328: 1322: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1258: 1257:Thor's hammer 1254: 1246: 1241: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1186:In about 973 1184: 1182: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1130: 1128: 1127:Domesday Book 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 985: 983: 978: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 940: 936: 926: 923: 922:Eric Bloodaxe 914: 912: 911: 906: 901: 899: 895: 890: 888: 879: 873: 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 845: 841: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 820: 815: 808: 803: 794: 792: 786: 784: 780: 772:, p. 133 771: 765: 761: 759: 755: 750: 746: 736: 734: 729: 727: 723: 718: 716: 711: 709: 704: 700: 696: 695:Constantín II 692: 688: 684: 682: 678: 668: 666: 662: 658: 649: 643: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 603: 601: 597: 593: 588: 586: 577: 571: 567: 565: 561: 556: 553: 549: 545: 544:Ribble Valley 541: 533: 529: 527: 522: 517: 510: 504: 500: 498: 492: 490: 486: 481: 477: 469:, p. 470 468: 461: 456: 454: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 351: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 303: 300: 298:Today part of 296: 280: 278: 275: 274: 271: 265: 262: 255: 254: 251: 250: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 234: 229: 228: 222: 219: 215: 211: 207: 204: 198: 194: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 150: 146: 139: 134: 131: 128: 123: 120: 119: 117: 113: 110: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75: 71: 65: 61: 54: 51: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 6390: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5523: 5422:North Riding 5296:Guthfrith II 5218: 4858: 4838: 4828: 4808: 4789: 4769: 4756:. Retrieved 4729:. Retrieved 4724: 4708:. Retrieved 4684: 4668: 4664: 4645:. Retrieved 4640: 4614: 4592: 4588: 4569: 4550: 4540: 4527:. Retrieved 4515: 4496:. Retrieved 4481: 4461: 4442: 4423: 4404: 4385: 4366: 4333: 4329: 4310: 4300:19 September 4298:. Retrieved 4291:the original 4260: 4241: 4221: 4201: 4178: 4159: 4140: 4121: 4102: 4075: 4044: 4040: 4029:, retrieved 4014: 3994: 3978: 3957: 3938: 3919: 3895: 3874: 3854: 3834:. Retrieved 3820: 3802:. Retrieved 3787: 3776:15 September 3774:. Retrieved 3752: 3729: 3710: 3691: 3675: 3649: 3630: 3613: 3594: 3575: 3555: 3535: 3516: 3493:. Retrieved 3479: 3454: 3437: 3429:Bibliography 3415: 3403: 3391: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3295: 3268: 3263:, p. 4. 3241: 3229: 3222:Stewart 1982 3217: 3205: 3183:Tweddle 2017 3148: 3136: 3129:Metcalf 1982 3124: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3064: 3057:Kapelle 1979 3052: 3045:Tillott 1961 3040: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2961:Lavelle 2017 2956: 2944: 2922:Stenton 1971 2917: 2910:Lavelle 2008 2905: 2893: 2888:, p. 7. 2881: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2775:Downham 2007 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2696:Downham 2007 2691: 2679: 2652: 2645:Downham 2007 2630:Downham 2007 2625: 2613: 2586: 2574: 2562: 2555:Downham 2007 2550: 2538: 2531:Stewart 1982 2518:, p. 2. 2511: 2504:Downham 2007 2484: 2477:Downham 2007 2472: 2465:Downham 2007 2460: 2448: 2441:Downham 2007 2419: 2412:Downham 2007 2392: 2364:Ullditz 2014 2359: 2352:Downham 2007 2332: 2320: 2308: 2288:, p. 7. 2281: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2173: 2144: 2132: 2105: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2028: 2012: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1961: 1955: 1954:For example 1950: 1941: 1928: 1916: 1911: 1898: 1889: 1867: 1844:Amounderness 1836:Eurvivscrire 1835: 1826: 1816: 1773: 1764: 1761:Persian Gulf 1714: 1704: 1702: 1693: 1685: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1656: 1641: 1626: 1611: 1588: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1557: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1529:Emily Brontë 1526: 1519: 1515: 1486:to lie down 1366: 1349: 1326: 1324: 1300: 1298: 1266: 1250: 1245:-in-Allerton 1221: 1206: 1185: 1180: 1166: 1155: 1153: 1131: 1120: 1090: 1048: 1042: 1012: 997: 986: 979: 968: 949: 942: 920: 908: 902: 897: 891: 887:Pucklechurch 884: 871: 861: 851: 842: 829: 827: 816: 812: 790: 787: 776: 763: 748: 742: 730: 719: 712: 685: 674: 656: 654: 641: 635: 609: 595: 589: 582: 569: 557: 538: 526:York Minster 518: 515: 502: 496: 493: 473: 458: 449: 425: 412: 406: 404: 394: 370: 365:. Under the 362: 356: 313: 309: 308: 246:Succeeded by 245: 240: 138:Anglo-Saxons 133:Christianity 69: 63: 50: 36:16083 Jorvik 6523:Norse–Gaels 6440:East Anglia 6428:Northumbria 6320:(1015–1016) 6291:First Alton 6271:The Danelaw 6187:The Danelaw 6166:(893, 1001) 6024:Lindisfarne 5912:(1013–1014) 5857:Northumbria 5851:(1030–1035) 5845:(1035–1040) 5839:(1016–1035) 5833:(1035–1042) 5683:Anglo-Saxon 5609:WikiProject 5519:Northumbria 5427:West Riding 5417:East Riding 5246:Guthfrith I 5193:Æthelred II 5086:Northumbria 4758:24 February 4529:23 February 3836:18 February 3804:17 February 3210:Hutton 1991 3093:Butler 2014 3081:Dalton 2002 3009:Dalton 2002 2886:Dalton 2002 2850:Pierce 2010 2337:Lowick 1976 2250:Sawyer 2001 2190:Cannon 2015 2166:Oliver 2012 2098:Cannon 2009 2079:Dalton 2002 2017:K. M. Petyt 2005:Shire-Reeve 1858:, parts of 1690:Kings Court 1551:Brontë 1911 858:Strathclyde 836:and he was 819:Olaf Cuaran 314:Viking York 264:Northumbria 241:Preceded by 170:(after 954) 158:(after 954) 109:Old English 91:Northumbria 47:Northumbria 6563:Categories 6481: 890 6447: 550 6243:Brunanburh 6213:Tettenhall 6195:Buttington 6048:Carhampton 5996: 970 5899: 914 5831:Harthacnut 5800:(855–?877) 5780: 881 5580:White Rose 5494:Parisiorum 5437:Wapentakes 5276:Halfdan II 5266:Airdeconut 5183:Ælfwald II 5158:Æthelred I 5035:Æthelfrith 4982:Æthelfrith 4972:Frithuwald 4671:: 108–16. 4647:27 January 4336:: 91–114. 4096:required.) 3986:Wikisource 3848:required.) 3507:required.) 3446:1148187876 3408:Malam 2016 3384:Mills 1998 3372:Mills 1998 3360:Mills 1998 3348:Mills 1998 3336:Mills 1998 3324:Petyt 1970 3273:Friar 2004 3246:Friar 2004 3141:Stack 2005 3117:Pirie 2017 3105:Bagge 2014 3035:, A. 1066. 3033:Giles 1914 2973:James 2013 2874:James 2013 2826:Giles 1914 2802:Giles 1914 2790:Giles 1914 2744:Giles 1914 2732:James 2013 2708:Giles 1914 2672:James 2013 2618:Blunt 1974 2579:Giles 1914 2567:Woolf 2007 2516:Smyth 1979 2424:Giles 1914 2397:Smyth 1979 2313:Blair 2005 2301:Cramp 1967 2274:Giles 1914 2238:Kirby 2000 2226:Abels 1998 2202:Asser 1983 2178:Kirby 2000 2149:Giles 1914 2137:Asser 1983 2043:References 1725:Coppergate 1721:excavation 1616:Farm, town 1585:Placenames 1398:busy with 1315:Wapentakes 1305:assemblies 1188:King Edgar 1165:(known as 1112:Cospatrick 1071:landed at 933:See also: 878:Giles 1914 856:, king of 681:Tettenhall 648:Giles 1914 560:Æthelweard 509:Giles 1914 148:Government 41:See also: 6528:Old Norse 6436:(527–918) 6430:(653–954) 6424:(410–825) 6418:(519–927) 6393:(866–954) 6387:(865–896) 6327:Brentford 6249:Stainmore 6237:Corbridge 6219:Tempsford 6207:The Holme 5985:(892–896) 5979:(874–890) 5973:(865–870) 5967:(865–878) 5961:(865–877) 5955:(865–870) 5938:(917–927) 5932:(874–880) 5926:(852–874) 5920:(867–872) 5888:(939–941) 5882:(921–934) 5876:(941–944) 5864:(883–895) 5826:Knýtlinga 5786:Æthelflæd 5750:(924–939) 5748:Æthelstan 5744:(899–924) 5738:(871–899) 5732:(839–858) 5730:Æthelwulf 5726:(802–839) 5705:(unk–867) 5699:(757–796) 5499:Britannia 5489:Brigantia 5451:Geography 5368:Yorkshire 5306:Sitric II 5286:Ragnall I 5261:Æthelwold 5251:Siefredus 5241:Halfdan I 5217:Kings of 5163:Ælfwald I 5113:Eadwulf I 5108:Ealdfrith 5084:Kings of 5065:Œthelwald 5011:Kings of 4933:Kings of 4710:25 August 4358:162206692 4061:159505197 3622:644347763 3420:Wood 2002 3396:Hall 2001 3234:Hall 2012 3198:Lang 1984 3153:Tait 1999 2985:Aird 2004 2804:, A. 947. 2792:, A. 946. 2746:, A. 945. 2710:, A. 943. 2684:John 1991 2606:John 1991 2581:, A. 926. 2489:Hart 2004 2455:, A. 909. 2325:Hall 2001 2276:, A. 875. 2034:Silk road 1747:from the 1737:coprolite 1733:Samarkand 1661:Homestead 1510:to touch 1494:pour out 1406:hillside 1301:þriðjungr 838:confirmed 733:Æthelstan 722:Davenport 708:Æthelflæd 701:, in the 687:Ragnall I 665:Cricklade 632:Wimbourne 612:Æthelwold 600:conundrum 564:Sichfrith 326:Yorkshire 318:Old Norse 115:Religion 105:Old Norse 6461:Treaties 6406:English 6332:Assandun 6303:Ringmere 6075:(865–78) 5971:Hvitserk 5906:England 5819:Monarchs 5756:(946–954 5724:Ecgberht 5720:Wessex: 5633:Category 5231:Ecgberht 5178:Eardwulf 5168:Osred II 5138:Eadberht 5133:Ceolwulf 5103:Ecgfrith 5075:Ælfwine 5070:Alhfrith 5030:Æthelric 4992:Eanfrith 4967:Theodric 4962:Æthelric 4935:Bernicia 4749:Archived 4731:25 March 4673:Archived 4613:(1971), 4520:Archived 4498:30 March 4350:44510544 4031:28 March 3680:Archived 3495:19 March 3288:Hey 1986 3261:Hey 1986 3069:Hey 1986 3021:Hey 1986 2997:Hey 1986 2151:, A.866. 1860:Copeland 1803:Uí Ímair 1782:See also 1665:Langtoft 1631:Clearing 1627:~thwaite 1620:Wetherby 1606:Example 1600:ends in 1575:— 1548:— 1462:rubbish 1390:to earn 1357:— 1332:Hundreds 1327:vápnatak 1235:Religion 1225:Pennines 1213:Shetland 1197:Henry II 1192:moneyers 1181:Eboracum 1157:sceattas 1145:Commerce 1081:Hastings 1073:Pevensey 1022:Waltheof 1000:earldoms 960:Æthelred 905:Tanshelf 880:, A. 945 875:— 823:Edmund I 767:— 726:Cheshire 650:, A. 901 645:— 616:Æthelred 573:— 511:, A. 876 506:— 480:Ecgberht 476:Wulfhere 463:— 395:Eoforwic 383:Bernicia 371:Eburacum 363:Eborakon 217:Currency 152:Monarchy 136:(mostly 127:Norsemen 125:(mostly 72:954–1066 70:Earldom: 6491:Culture 6385:Danelaw 6351:Fulford 6010:Battles 5983:Hastein 5977:Guthrum 5862:Guthred 5560:Tourism 5555:Dialect 5550:Culture 5484:History 5477:History 5236:Ricsige 5203:Osberht 5198:Redwulf 5153:Ealhred 5123:Coenred 5118:Osred I 1904:dirhams 1852:Furness 1848:Cartmel 1838:in the 1759:or the 1757:Red Sea 1705:"~gata" 1642:~thorpe 1454:church 1446:valley 1430:stream 1289:Ridings 1160:, were 1150:Coinage 1100:Barking 791:Eforwic 745:Gofraid 715:Sihtric 521:Guthred 489:Ricsige 436:Osberht 359:Ptolemy 340:History 227:peninga 201:• 178:History 156:Earldom 95:Danelaw 67:865–954 6434:Mercia 6416:Wessex 6391:Jorvik 6371:Places 6359:(1066) 6353:(1066) 6344:(1066) 6305:(1010) 6299:(1002) 6293:(1001) 6287:(1001) 6279:Maldon 5998:–1024) 5812:Viking 5754:Eadred 5621:Portal 5570:People 5524:Jórvík 5509:Ebrauc 5432:Ainsty 5281:Ingwær 5271:Eowils 5188:Eanred 5173:Osbald 5143:Oswulf 5060:Oswine 5050:Oswald 4997:Oswald 4952:Glappa 4866: 4845: 4815: 4796: 4777: 4691: 4625: 4599: 4576: 4557: 4489: 4468: 4449: 4430: 4411: 4392: 4373: 4356: 4348: 4317: 4271: 4248: 4229: 4208: 4189: 4166: 4147: 4128: 4109: 4090: 4059: 4022: 4001: 3981: 3964: 3945: 3926: 3907: 3882: 3861: 3842: 3795: 3767: 3749:"Ælle" 3736: 3717: 3698: 3656: 3637: 3620: 3601: 3582: 3563: 3542: 3523: 3501: 3461: 3444: 1934:Ingwær 1884:peace. 1856:Kendal 1793:Ebrauc 1765:Jórvík 1753:cowrie 1749:Baltic 1698:Ainsty 1646:Hamlet 1603:Means 1516:Source 1414:child 1382:Means 1279:Legacy 1168:stycas 1162:minted 1077:battle 1057:Norway 1034:Morcar 1014:Siward 1008:Uhtred 956:Edward 894:Eadred 661:Eohric 620:Wessex 453:battle 367:Romans 322:Jórvík 181: 173: 86:Status 6470:(886) 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5208:Ælla 5025:Ælla 4957:Adda 4864:ISBN 4843:ISBN 4813:ISBN 4794:ISBN 4775:ISBN 4760:2023 4733:2023 4712:2023 4689:ISBN 4649:2007 4623:ISBN 4597:ISBN 4574:ISBN 4555:ISBN 4531:2023 4500:2023 4487:ISBN 4482:Jarl 4466:ISBN 4447:ISBN 4428:ISBN 4409:ISBN 4390:ISBN 4371:ISBN 4315:ISBN 4302:2024 4269:ISBN 4246:ISBN 4227:ISBN 4206:ISBN 4187:ISBN 4164:ISBN 4145:ISBN 4126:ISBN 4107:ISBN 4033:2023 4020:ISBN 3999:ISBN 3962:ISBN 3943:ISBN 3924:ISBN 3905:ISBN 3880:ISBN 3859:ISBN 3838:2023 3806:2023 3793:ISBN 3778:2020 3765:ISBN 3734:ISBN 3715:ISBN 3696:ISBN 3654:ISBN 3635:ISBN 3618:OCLC 3599:ISBN 3580:ISBN 3561:ISBN 3540:ISBN 3521:ISBN 3497:2023 3459:ISBN 3442:OCLC 2019:the 1915:The 1830:The 1499:wark 1491:teem 1470:ear 1451:kirk 1443:dale 1427:beck 1411:barn 1403:fall 1227:and 982:Cnut 958:and 939:Jarl 937:and 691:Ímar 592:Cnut 330:York 208:1066 168:Earl 164:King 45:and 4947:Ida 4338:doi 4082:doi 4049:doi 3827:doi 3757:doi 3486:doi 1612:~by 1558:In 1531:'s 1507:tig 1483:lig 1467:lug 1459:ket 1264:. 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