History of England

74: 1503: 3786: 6134:(2000): " ... immigration in the nucleus of the Anglo-Saxon settlement does not seem aptly described in terms of the "elite-dominance model.To all appearances, the settlement was carried out by small, agriculture-oriented kinship groups. This process corresponds more closely to a classic settler model. The absence of early evidence of a socially demarcated elite underscores the supposition that such an elite did not play a substantial role. Rich burials such as are well known from Denmark have no counterparts in England until the 6th century. At best, the elite-dominance model might apply in the peripheral areas of the settlement territory, where an immigration predominantly comprised of men and the existence of hybrid cultural forms might support it." 5059: 4299: 6179:, ed. Brenda J. Baker and Takeyuki Tsuda, pp. 45–48: "In a fairly precisely defined region in eastern England, centered on Norfolk and Lincolnshire, a significant number of people from the other side of the north sea do seem to have arrived in the fifth century and established territories where Germanic material culture and, especially, burial practices were dominant. This forms the basis for the "Anglian" zone of later Anglo-Saxon England. The population may indeed have included a substantial number of people with Germanic ancestry as well as an as yet unspecifiable proportion of the native British population ... There was not one "Anglo-Saxon migration" that had the same impact in all of England ..." 4934: 1208:, began with the introduction of farming, ultimately from the Middle East, around 4000 BC. It is not known whether this was caused by a substantial folk movement or native adoption of foreign practices or both. People began to lead a more settled lifestyle. Monumental collective tombs were built for the dead in the form of chambered cairns and long barrows. Towards the end of the period, other kinds of monumental stone alignments begin to appear, such as Stonehenge; their cosmic alignments show a preoccupation with the sky and planets. Flint technology produced a number of highly artistic pieces as well as purely practical. More extensive woodland clearance was done for fields and pastures. The 1385: 2887: 6153:: "In fact, part of eastern Britain may have already been losing a significant portion of its rural population, as evidence from East Anglia – amassed and analyzed by local archaeologists – may suggest. In this area at least, and possibly more widely in eastern Britain, large tracts of land appear to have been deserted in the late fourth century, possibly including whole "small towns" and villages. This does not seem to have been a localised change in settlement location, size or character but genuine desertion ... The areas where we have most indications of an intrusive Germanic culture are precisely those where we have most evidence of late fourth-century abandonment." 3872:

after all the effort it had taken to remarry. Gradually, he came to develop a disliking of his new queen for her strange behaviour. In 1536, when Anne was pregnant again, Henry was badly injured in a jousting accident. Shaken by this, the queen gave birth prematurely to a stillborn boy. By now, the king was convinced that his marriage was hexed, and having already found a new queen, Jane Seymour, he put Anne in the Tower of London on charges of witchcraft. Afterwards, she was beheaded along with five men (her brother included) accused of adultery with her. The marriage was then declared invalid, so that Elizabeth, just like her half sister, became a bastard.

1921:. A 2003 study with samples coming from larger towns, found a large variance in amounts of continental "Germanic" ancestry in different parts of England. In the study, such markers typically ranged from 20% and 45% in southern England, with East Anglia, the east Midlands, and Yorkshire having over 50%. North German and Danish genetic frequencies were indistinguishable, thus precluding any ability to distinguish between the genetic influence of the Anglo-Saxon source populations and the later, and better documented, influx of Danish Vikings. The mean value of continental Germanic genetic input in this study was calculated at 54 per cent. 3754:, but in 1493, when they went to war with France, England was dragged into the conflict. Impoverished and his hold on power insecure, Henry had no desire for war. He quickly reached an understanding with the French and renounced all claims to their territory except the port of Calais, realizing also that he could not stop them from incorporating the Duchy of Brittany. In return, the French agreed to recognize him as king and stop sheltering pretenders. Shortly afterwards, they became preoccupied with adventures in Italy. Henry also reached an understanding with Scotland, agreeing to marry his daughter Margaret to that country's king 4020:, and King of Spain when Charles abdicated in 1556. The union was difficult because Mary was already in her late 30s and Philip was a Catholic and a foreigner, and so not very welcome in England. This wedding also provoked hostility from France, already at war with Spain and now fearing being encircled by the Habsburgs. Calais, the last English outpost on the Continent, was then taken by France. King Philip (1527–1598) had very little power, although he did protect Elizabeth. He was not popular in England, and spent little time there. Mary eventually became pregnant, or at least believed herself to be. In reality, she may have had 3144: 3923: 6166:, Boydell and Brewer Press (2015), pp. 174–178: "There is by now, however, an admission that no single model is suitable for Anglo-Saxon England in its entirety. Regional variation may well provide the key to resolution, with something more akin to mass migration in the southeast, gradually spreading into elite dominance in the north and west. I accord with this compromise between the debates insofar as large-scale migration seems highly likely for at least East Anglia and parts of Lincolnshire. At the same time, however, it is dubious that these people migrated as a coherent Anglian group." 4504: 4218: 4532: 1742: 4700:. For example, the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament, levy taxes without parliamentary consent, infringe the right to petition, raise a standing army during peacetime without parliamentary consent, deny the right to bear arms to Protestant subjects, unduly interfere with parliamentary elections, punish members of either House of Parliament for anything said during debates, require excessive bail or inflict cruel and unusual punishments. William was opposed to such constraints, but chose to avoid conflict with Parliament and agreed to the statute. 3411: 1532: 1875:

in more peripheral areas to the northwest, much of the native population likely remained in place as the incomers took over as elites. In a study of place names in northeastern England and southern Scotland, Bethany Fox concluded that Anglian migrants settled in large numbers in river valleys, such as those of the Tyne and the Tweed, with the Britons in the less fertile hill country becoming acculturated over a longer period. Fox interprets the process by which English came to dominate this region as "a synthesis of mass-migration and elite-takeover models."

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drilled and led by experienced captains and sergeants. By May 1588 the London bands were drilling weekly. To give warning of the enemy's approach, beacons were built, manned twenty-four hours a day by four men. Once the beacons were lit, 72,000 men could be mobilised on the south coast, with another 46,000 protecting London. For the many Englishmen caught up in the Armada the experience must have been very profound and frightening. Some shared the intimacy of beacon watching, hoping for the best, but ready to light their warning fires in case of the worst.

4946: 1452: 4109: 1971: 4512: 4610: 4601:, outside of politics and religion, the 1640s and 1650s saw a revived economy characterised by growth in manufacturing, the elaboration of financial and credit instruments, and the commercialisation of communication. The gentry found time for leisure activities, such as horse racing and bowling. In the high culture important innovations included the development of a mass market for music, increased scientific research, and an expansion of publishing. All the trends were discussed in depth at the newly established coffee houses. 2647: 1520: 3123: 5031:. The 1894 Act formed an official system of civil parishes, separated from the ecclesiastical parishes, to carry on some of these responsibilities (others being transferred to the district/county councils). However, the civil parishes were not a complete third tier of local government. Instead, they were 'community councils' for smaller, rural settlements, which did not have a local government district to themselves. Where urban parish councils had previously existed, they were absorbed into the new urban districts. 1334: 4039: 1983: 1890: 1322: 2906: 1730: 3039: 5189:) to examine the issues, and make recommendations on where unitary authorities should be established. It was considered too expensive to make the system entirely unitary, and also there would doubtlessly be cases where the two-tier system functioned well. The commission recommended that many counties be moved to completely unitary systems; that some cities become unitary authorities, but that the remainder of their parent counties remain two-tier; and that in some counties the 2717: 2335: 4993:, since the major boundary changes of 1974). The counties themselves had had some boundary changes in the preceding 50 years, mainly to remove enclaves and exclaves. The act called for the creation of statutory counties, based on the ancient/historic counties, but completely corrected for enclaves and exclaves, and adjusted so that each settlement was completely within one county. These statutory counties were to be used for non-administrative functions: 3655: 2578: 2784: 1666: 1141: 8794: 4620: 3096:, was considered a disaster by other nobles. A man who preferred to engage in activities like thatching and ditch-digging and associating with the lower class rather than the activities considered appropriate for the upper class such as jousting, hunting, or the usual entertainments of kings, he spent most of his reign trying in vain to control the nobility, who in return showed continual hostility to him. Meanwhile, the Scottish leader 4395:. These were questions of the relative power of the monarch and Parliament and to what extent one should control the other. Some historians think that Thomas Cromwell affected a "Tudor Revolution" in government, and it is certain that Parliament became more important during his chancellorship. Other historians argue that the "Tudor Revolution" extended to the end of Elizabeth's reign, when the work was all consolidated. Although the 3740:, a Flemish youth who posed as Edward IV's son Richard. Again with support from Margaret of Burgundy, he invaded England four times from 1495 to 1497 before he was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Both Warbeck and the Earl of Warwick were dangerous even in captivity, and Henry executed them in 1499 before Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain would allow their daughter Catherine to come to England and marry his son Arthur. 2216: 808: 2457: 4422: 2147: 1256: 73: 1305:

as swords and axes. Settlement became increasingly permanent and intensive. Towards the end of the Bronze Age, many examples of very fine metalwork began to be deposited in rivers, presumably for ritual reasons and perhaps reflecting a progressive change in emphasis from the sky to the earth, as a rising population put increasing pressure on the land. England largely became bound up with the

1175: 7155: 3678:. Henry engaged in a number of administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives. He paid very close attention to detail and, instead of spending lavishly, concentrated on raising new revenues. Henry was successful in restoring power and stability to the nation's monarchy following the civil war. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the 4779:. Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in fact two separate Crowns resting on the same head. There had been three attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689 to unite the two countries by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early 18th century that the idea had the will of both political establishments behind them, albeit for rather different reasons. 2600:, a survey of the entire population and their lands and property for tax purposes, which reveals that within 20 years of the conquest the English ruling class had been almost entirely dispossessed and replaced by Norman landholders, who monopolised all senior positions in the government and the Church. William and his nobles spoke and conducted court in 4837: 2304:, in the hope of strengthening England. Then he made a great error: in 1002 he ordered the massacre of all the Danes in England. In response, Sweyn began a decade of devastating attacks on England. Northern England, with its sizable Danish population, sided with Sweyn. By 1013, London, Oxford, and Winchester had fallen to the Danes. Æthelred fled to 1574:), before he returned to Rome for his triumph. The Catuvellauni held sway over most of the southeastern corner of England; eleven local rulers surrendered, a number of client kingdoms were established, and the rest became a Roman province with Camulodunum as its capital. Over the next four years, the territory was consolidated and the future emperor 6227:: "The second migration, which attracted incomers from other Germanic tribes, offers a different picture for Northumbria, and more specifically Bernicia, where there was a noticeable Celtic contribution to art, culture and possibly socio-military organisation. It appears that the immigrants took over the institutions of the local population here." 6463:; Hunter-Mann, Kurt; Montgomery, Janet; Müldner, Gundula; McLaughlin, Russell L.; Teasdale, Matthew D.; Van Rheenen, Wouter; Veldink, Jan H.; Van Den Berg, Leonard H.; Hardiman, Orla; Carroll, Maureen; Roskams, Steve; Oxley, John; Morgan, Colleen; Thomas, Mark G.; Barnes, Ian; McDonnell, Christine; Collins, Matthew J.; Bradley, Daniel G. (2016). 4447:, called James I and VI. He was the first monarch to rule the entire island of Britain, but the countries remained separate politically. Upon taking power, James made peace with Spain, and for the first half of the 17th century, England remained largely inactive in European politics. Several assassination attempts were made on James, notably the 4915:

infrastructure saw dramatic increases in mortality, crime, and social deprivation. (Many Sunday schools for pre-working-age children (5 or 6) had funeral clubs to pay for each other's funeral arrangements.) The process of industrialisation threatened many livelihoods, which prompted some to sabotage factories. These saboteurs were known as "

3999:(1516–1558) took the throne amidst popular demonstration in her favour in London, which contemporaries described as the largest show of affection for a Tudor monarch. Mary had never been expected to hold the throne, at least not since Edward was born. She was a devoted Catholic who believed that she could reverse the Reformation. 3662:. At left, Henry VII, with Prince Arthur behind him, then Prince Henry (later Henry VIII), and Prince Edmund, who did not survive early childhood. To the right is Elizabeth of York, with Princess Margaret, then Princess Elizabeth who didn't survive childhood, Princess Mary, and Princess Katherine, who died shortly after her birth. 3843:: "If a man taketh his brother's wife, he hath committed adultery; they shall be childless". However, Catherine insisted that she and Arthur never consummated their brief marriage and that the prohibition did not apply here. The timing of Henry's case was very unfortunate; it was 1527 and the Pope had been imprisoned by emperor 4100:). She fled to England, where Elizabeth immediately had her arrested. Mary spent the next 19 years in confinement, but proved too dangerous to keep alive, as the Catholic powers in Europe considered her the legitimate ruler of England. She was eventually tried for treason, sentenced to death, and beheaded in February 1587. 2246:, whose decisive victories over the Danes in East Anglia in 910 and 911 were followed by a crushing victory at Tempsford in 917. These military gains allowed Edward to fully incorporate Mercia into his kingdom and add East Anglia to his conquests. Edward then set about reinforcing his northern borders against the Danish 1193:, and the evidence suggests that their societies were increasingly complex and they were manipulating their environment and prey in new ways, possibly selective burning of then omnipresent woodland to create clearings for herds to gather and then hunt them. Hunting was mainly done with simple projectile weapons such as 5252:

the government has floated the idea of voluntary mergers of local councils, avoiding a costly reorganisation but achieving desired reform. For instance, the guiding principles of the government's "New Localism" demand levels of efficiency not present in the current over-duplicated two-tier structure.

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A prolonged agricultural depression in Britain at the end of the 19th century, together with the introduction in the 20th century of increasingly heavy levels of taxation on inherited wealth, put an end to agricultural land as the primary source of wealth for the upper classes. Many estates were sold

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The statutory counties formed the basis for the so-called 'administrative counties'. However, it was felt that large cities and primarily rural areas in the same county could not be well administered by the same body. Thus, 59 "counties in themselves", or 'county boroughs', were created to administer

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During the 1800s, the need for local administration greatly increased, prompting piecemeal adjustments. The sanitary districts and parish councils had legal status, but were not part of the mechanism of government. They were run by volunteers; often no-one could be held responsible for the failure to

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and Catholics; historian Robert Bucholz paraphrasing historian Conrad Russell, suggested that the genius of the Church of England was that it "thinks Protestant but looks Catholic." She managed to offend neither to a large extent, although she clamped down on Catholics towards the end of her reign as

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Upon becoming king, Henry inherited a government severely weakened and degraded by the Wars of the Roses. The treasury was empty, having been drained by Edward IV's Woodville in-laws after his death. Through a tight fiscal policy and sometimes ruthless tax collection and confiscations, Henry refilled

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and claimed to have scored a number of victories, but he never penetrated further than Hertfordshire and could not establish a province. However, his invasions mark a turning-point in British history. Control of trade, the flow of resources and prestige goods, became ever more important to the elites

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These invasions constituted movements of a few people who established themselves as a warrior elite atop existing native systems, rather than replacing them. The Belgic invasion was much larger than the Parisian settlement, but the continuity of pottery style shows that the native population remained

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became widespread across the country. Its continuity suggests it was not accompanied by substantial movement of population; crucially, only a single Hallstatt burial is known from Britain, and even here the evidence is inconclusive. On the whole, burials largely disappear across England, and the dead

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to withdraw powers to restrict the spending of councils. The campaign's tactic was that councils whose budgets were restricted would refuse to set any budget at all for the financial year 1985–86, requiring the Government to intervene directly in providing local services, or to concede. However, all

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and increased output per worker allowed steam-based factories to undercut production of traditional cottage industries. Much of the agricultural workforce was uprooted from the countryside and moved into large urban centres of production. The consequent overcrowding into areas with little supporting

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In 1530, Catherine was banished from court and spent the rest of her life (until her death in 1536) alone in an isolated manor home, barred from contact with Mary. Secret correspondence continued thanks to her ladies-in-waiting. Their marriage was declared invalid, making Mary an illegitimate child.

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An emerging view is that the scale of the Anglo-Saxon settlement varied across England, and that as such it cannot be described by any one process in particular. Mass migration and population shift seem to be most applicable in the core areas of settlement such as East Anglia and Lincolnshire, while

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Since so few contemporary sources exist, the events of the fifth and sixth centuries are difficult to ascertain. As such, the nature of the Anglo-Saxon settlements is debated by historians, archaeologists and linguists. The traditional view, that the Anglo-Saxons drove the Romano-British inhabitants

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In foreign policy, Elizabeth played against each other the major powers France and Spain, as well as the papacy and Scotland. These were all Catholic and each wanted to end Protestantism in England. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs and only half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective,

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in 1598. Also, the English had been expelled from their last outposts on the continent. Due to these reasons, the centuries long conflict with France was largely suspended for most of Elizabeth's reign. England during this period had a centralised, organised and effective government, largely due to

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The reign of Henry II represents a reversion in power from the barony to the monarchical state in England; it also saw a similar redistribution of legislative power from the Church, again to the monarchical state. This period also presaged a properly constituted legislation and a radical shift away

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was critical in establishing Anglo-Saxon rule in 577. Saxon mercenaries existed in Britain since before the late Roman period, but the main influx of population probably happened after the fifth century. The precise nature of these invasions is not fully known; there are doubts about the legitimacy

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evacuated the city before the rebels sacked and burned it; the fire was so hot that a ten-inch layer of melted red clay remains 15 feet below London's streets. In the end, the rebels were said to have killed 70,000 Romans and Roman sympathisers. Paulinus gathered what was left of the Roman army. In

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The Bronze Age saw a shift of emphasis from the communal to the individual, and the rise of increasingly powerful elites whose power came from their prowess as hunters and warriors and their controlling the flow of precious resources to manipulate tin and copper into high-status bronze objects such

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In parts of Scotland and Ireland, Catholics loyal to James remained determined to see him restored to the throne, and staged a series of bloody uprisings. As a result, any failure to pledge loyalty to the victorious King William was severely dealt with. The most infamous example of this policy was

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secretly in January 1533, just as his divorce from Catherine was finalised. They had a second, public wedding. Anne soon became pregnant and may have already been when they wed. But on 7 September 1533, she gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth. The king was devastated at his failure to obtain a son

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Eventually, Catherine was no longer able to have any more children. The king became increasingly nervous about the possibility of his daughter Mary inheriting the throne, as England's one experience with a female sovereign, Matilda in the 12th century, had been a catastrophe. He eventually decided

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in 1350. Although the Castilian crossbowmen killed many of the enemy, the English gradually got the better of the encounter. In spite of Edward's success, however, Winchelsea was only a flash in a conflict that raged between the English and the Spanish for over 200 years, coming to a head with the

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in 991. More Danish attacks followed, and their victories were frequent. Æthelred's control over his nobles began to falter, and he grew increasingly desperate. His solution was to pay off the Danes: for almost 20 years he paid increasingly large sums to the Danish nobles to keep them from English

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Contact with the continent was less than in the Bronze Age but still significant. Goods continued to move to England, with a possible hiatus around 350 to 150 BC. There were a few armed invasions of hordes of migrating Celts. There are two known invasions. Around 300 BC, a group from the

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were known since the Late Bronze Age, but a huge number were constructed during 600–400 BC, particularly in the South, while after about 400 BC new forts were rarely built and many ceased to be regularly inhabited, while a few forts become more and more intensively occupied, suggesting a

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The Armada was not just a naval campaign. The build-up of land forces to resist a Spanish invasion has been described as an administrative feat of massive scope. A survey taken in November and December 1587 showed 130,000 men in the militia, of whom 44,000 were members of the trained bands, being

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The Regency Council tried to install Henry VI as the King of France, as provided by the Treaty of Troyes signed by his father, and led English forces to take over areas of France. It appeared they might succeed due to the poor political position of the son of Charles VI, who had claimed to be the

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diverged into the multiple distinct ethnic groups such as Welsh, Cornish and Breton, but they were still tied by language, religion and culture. They spoke the Brittonic language, a Celtic language which is the ancestor of the modern Brittonic languages. The Atlantic trade system had by this time

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created a second tier of local government. Henceforth, all administrative counties and county boroughs would be divided into either rural or urban districts, allowing more localised administration. The municipal boroughs reformed after 1835 were brought into this system as special cases of urban

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Henry's paranoia and suspicion worsened in his last years. The number of executions during his 38-year reign numbered tens of thousands. His domestic policies had strengthened royal authority to the detriment of the aristocracy, and led to a safer realm, but his foreign policy adventures did not

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There is some evidence that Henry was unsure of his own hopes and the oath to make Matilda his heir. Probably Henry hoped Matilda would have a son and step aside as Queen Mother. Upon Henry's death, the Norman and English barons ignored Matilda's claim to the throne, and thus through a series of

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resulted in the most uniform and simplified system of local government which has been used in England. They effectively wiped away everything that had gone before, and built an administrative system from scratch. All previous administrative districts—statutory counties, administrative counties,

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is considered to mark the end of the Middle Ages in England, although Henry did not introduce any new concept of monarchy, and for most of his reign his hold on power was tenuous. He claimed the throne by conquest and God's judgement in battle. Parliament quickly recognised him as king, but the

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reinforced physical segregation and demanded a previously notional requirement to wear square white badges. Henry III also backed an accusation of child murder in Lincoln, ordering a Jew Copin to be executed and 91 Jews to be arrested for trial; 18 were killed. Popular superstitious fears were

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Stephen was captured, and his government fell. Matilda was proclaimed queen but was soon at odds with her subjects and was expelled from London. The war continued until 1148, when Matilda returned to France. Stephen reigned unopposed until his death in 1154, although his hold on the throne was

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Upon being crowned, on Christmas Day 1066, William immediately began consolidating his power. By 1067, he faced revolts on all sides and spent four years crushing them. He then imposed his superiority over Scotland and Wales, forcing them to recognise him as overlord. Economic growth and state

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Two studies published in 2016, based on data collected from skeletons found in Iron Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon era graves in Cambridgeshire and Yorkshire, concluded that the ancestry of the modern English population contains large contributions from both Anglo-Saxon migrants and Romano-British

3894:. He also hoped to obtain another son in case something should happen to Edward. Anne proved a dull, unattractive woman and Henry did not consummate the marriage. He quickly divorced her, and she remained in England as a kind of adopted sister to him. He married again, to a 19-year-old named 2979:

His reign was punctuated by many rebellions and civil wars, often provoked by incompetence and mismanagement in government and Henry's perceived over-reliance on French courtiers (thus restricting the influence of the English nobility). One of these rebellions—led by a disaffected courtier,

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This uniform two-tier system lasted only 12 years. In 1986, the metropolitan county councils and Greater London were abolished. This restored autonomy (in effect the old county borough status) to the metropolitan and London boroughs. The Local Government Act (1992) established a commission

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began, lasting from 1455 to 1485. Although the fighting was very sporadic and small, there was a general breakdown in the power of the Crown. The royal court and Parliament moved to Coventry, in the Lancastrian heartlands, which thus became the capital of England until 1461. Henry's cousin

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Over the next 20 years, the borders expanded slightly, but the governor Agricola incorporated into the province the last pockets of independence in Wales and Northern England. He also led a campaign into Scotland which was recalled by Emperor Domitian. The border gradually formed along the

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in the reign of Henry VIII, that is, expanding the role of the government and effecting common law and administration throughout England. During the reign of Elizabeth and shortly afterwards, the population grew significantly: from three million in 1564 to nearly five million in 1616.

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that had been received. On 6 October 2010, during the Conservative Party Conference, it was revealed that 22 had been given the provisional 'green light' to proceed and others may later be accepted with amendments. Twenty-four bids were announced as successful on 28 October 2010.

2639:, where it was worked into cloth. Medieval foreign policy was as much shaped by relations with the Flemish textile industry as it was by dynastic adventures in western France. An English textile industry was established in the 15th century, providing the basis for rapid English 2916:

Over the course of his reign, a combination of higher taxes, unsuccessful wars and conflict with the Pope made King John unpopular with his barons. In 1215, some of the most important barons rebelled against him. He met their leaders along with their French and Scot allies at

1932:, that the similarity between English and continental Germanic DNA could have originated from earlier prehistoric migrations, researchers have begun to use data collected from ancient burials to ascertain the level of Anglo-Saxon contribution to the modern English gene pool. 3196:

reigned 1327–1377, restored royal authority and went on to transform England into the most efficient military power in Europe. His reign saw vital developments in legislature and government—in particular the evolution of the English parliament—as well as the ravages of the

2865:, which it remained until the 14th century when the Kingdom rejected the overlordship of the Holy See and re-established its sovereignty. The first anti-Semitic pogroms occurred in the wake of Richard's crusades, in 1189-90, in York and elsewhere. In York, 150 Jews died. 7081: 3831:(despite being Henry's other brother-in-law), activated his alliance with the French and declared war on England. While Henry was dallying in France, Catherine, who was serving as regent in his absence, and his advisers were left to deal with this threat. At the 4135:

was first used in 1572 and often thereafter to mark the Elizabethan age as a renaissance that inspired national pride through classical ideals, international expansion, and naval triumph over the hated Spanish foe. In terms of the entire century, the historian

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or Celtic Britons were settled in England. The Celtic people of early England were the majority of the population, beside other smaller ethnic groups in Great Britain. They existed like this from the British Iron Age into the Middle Ages, when it was

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Britain, we are told, is inhabited by tribes which are autochthonous and preserve in their ways of living the ancient manner of life. They use chariots, for instance, in their wars, even as tradition tells us the old Greek heroes did in the Trojan

2627:, international war, occasional insurrection, and widespread political intrigue among the aristocratic and monarchic elite. England was more than self-sufficient in cereals, dairy products, beef and mutton. Its international economy was based on 4343:

in 1588 associated Elizabeth's name with what is popularly viewed as one of the greatest victories in English history. Her enemies failed to combine and Elizabeth's foreign policy successfully navigated all the dangers. The following year, an

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amounted to little more than the existing Catholic Church, but led by the king rather than the Pope. It took a number of years for the separation from Rome to be completed, and many were executed for resisting the king's religious policies.

4481:. This was the beginning of colonialism by England in North America. Many English settled then in North America for religious or economic reasons. Approximately 70% of English immigrants to North America who came between 1630 and 1660 were 3308:

that spread all over Europe, arrived in England in 1348 and killed as much as a third to half the population. Military conflicts during this period were usually with domestic neighbours such as the Welsh, Irish, and Scots, and included the

5248:) was established. Rejection in a referendum of a proposed North-East Assembly in 2004 effectively scrapped those plans. A pre-condition of having a regional assembly was for the whole area to move to unitary authority status. Since the 3956:

giving him much of the power of a monarch by March 1547. He took the title of Protector. While some see him as a high-minded idealist, his stay in power culminated in a crisis in 1549 when many counties of the realm were up in protest.

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soon collapsed, and William was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066. For five years, he faced a series of rebellions in various parts of England and a half-hearted Danish invasion, but he subdued them and established an enduring regime.

2212:. Alfred was immediately confronted with the task of defending Wessex against the Danes. He spent the first five years of his reign paying the invaders off. In 878, Alfred's forces were overwhelmed at Chippenham in a surprise attack. 1289:, following migration of new people from the continent. According to Olalde et al. (2018), after 2500 BC Britain's Neolithic population was largely replaced by this new Bell Beaker population, that was genetically related to the 3602:

in the Tower of London. The two were never seen again. It was widely believed that Richard III had them murdered and he was reviled as a treacherous fiend, which limited his ability to govern during his brief reign. In summer 1485,

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out of what is now England, was subject to reappraisal in the later twentieth century. One suggestion is that the invaders were smaller in number, drawn from an elite class of male warriors that gradually acculturated the natives.

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gave land to powerful noble families, including many people of royal lineage. Because land was equivalent to power, these powerful men could try to claim the crown. When Edward III died in 1377, he was succeeded by his grandson,

3981:. Northumberland proceeded to adopt the power for himself, but he was more conciliatory and the Council accepted him. During Edward's reign England changed from being a Catholic nation to a Protestant one, in schism from Rome. 6393:

Schiffels, Stephan; Haak, Wolfgang; Paajanen, Pirita; Llamas, Bastien; Popescu, Elizabeth; Loe, Louise; Clarke, Rachel; Lyons, Alice; Mortimer, Richard; Sayer, Duncan; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Cooper, Alan; Durbin, Richard (2016).

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wrote of his voyage of discovery to the island around 325 BC. Both of these texts are now lost; although quoted by later writers, not enough survives to inform the archaeological interpretation to any significant degree.

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began his reign with much optimism. The handsome, athletic young king stood in sharp contrast to his wary, miserly father. Henry's lavish court quickly drained the treasury of the fortune he inherited. He married the widowed

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invited by a majority of the English barons to replace John as king in London in May 1216. John travelled around the country to oppose the rebel forces, directing, among other operations, a two-month siege of the rebel-held

4589:

succeeded him in the office but he was forced to abdicate within a year. For a while it seemed as if a new civil war would begin as the New Model Army split into factions. Troops stationed in Scotland under the command of

2814:. Henry II destroyed the remaining adulterine castles and expanded his power through various means and to different levels into Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Flanders, Nantes, Brittany, Quercy, Toulouse, Bourges and Auvergne. 6145: 4052:

came to the throne. Her reign restored a sort of order to the realm after the turbulent reigns of Edward VI and Mary I. The religious issue which had divided the country since Henry VIII was in a way put to rest by the

2239:. Alfred then set about strengthening the defences of Wessex, building a new navy—60 vessels strong. Alfred's success bought Wessex and Mercia years of peace and sparked economic recovery in previously ravaged areas. 1578:

led a campaign into the Southwest where he subjugated two more tribes. By AD 54 the border had been pushed back to the Severn and the Trent, and campaigns were underway to subjugate Northern England and Wales.

6270:

Capelli, C.; Redhead, N.; Abernethy, J.K.; Gatrix, F.; Wilson, J.F.; Moen, T.; Hervig, T.; Richards, M.; Stumpf, M.P.H.; Underhill, P.A.; Bradshaw, P.; Shaha, A.; Thomas, M.G.; Bradman, N.; Goldstein, D.B. (2003).

3905:

In 1542, the king started a new campaign in France, but unlike in 1512, he only managed with great difficulty. He only conquered the city of Boulogne, which France retook in 1549. Scotland also declared war and at

2049:

records Æthelberht of Kent as being dominant at the close of the 6th century, but power seems to have shifted northwards to the kingdom of Northumbria, which was formed from the amalgamation of Bernicia and Deira.

2499:, but due to his youth and apparent lack of powerful supporters, he did not play a major part in the struggles of 1066, although he was made king for a short time by the Witan after the death of Harold Godwinson. 5212:

was passed. This firmly separated all local authority areas (whether unitary or two-tier), from the geographical concept of a county as high level spatial unit. The lieutenancies it established became known as

6208:

55.1 (2011): 1–28: "A third model, that of "elite transfer," has been suggested for Bernicia where a small group of immigrants may have replaced the British elite and took over the kingdom as a going concern."

3108:, a knight of humble birth. While it has been widely believed that Edward was a homosexual because of his closeness to Gaveston, there is no concrete evidence of this. The king's enemies, including his cousin 1171:. Low sea-levels meant that Britain was attached to the continent for much of this earliest period of history, and varying temperatures over tens of thousands of years meant that it was not always inhabited. 5281:

the functions of the county and district councils were combined into a single authority; and in two counties the powers of the county council were absorbed into a significantly reduced number of districts.

3525:. They married in 1421. Henry died of dysentery in 1422, leaving a number of unfulfilled plans, including his plan to take over as King of France and to lead a crusade to retake Jerusalem from the Muslims. 2929:), which imposed legal limits on the king's personal powers. But as soon as hostilities ceased, John received approval from the Pope to break his word because he had made it under duress. This provoked the 8022: 3898:. But when it became known that she was neither a virgin at the wedding, nor a faithful wife afterwards, she ended up on the scaffold and the marriage declared invalid. His sixth and last marriage was to 1159:. Archaeological evidence indicates that what was to become England was colonised by humans long before the rest of the British Isles because of its more hospitable climate between and during the various 4982:, nor was this appropriate. Finally, there was a desire to see local administration performed by elected officials, as in the reformed municipal boroughs. By 1888, these shortcomings were clear, and the 5176:

The aim of the act was to establish a uniform two tier system across the country. Onto the blank canvas, new counties were created to cover the entire country; many of these were obviously based on the

1488:

of Southern Britain; Rome steadily became the biggest player in all their dealings, as the provider of great wealth and patronage. In retrospect, a full-scale invasion and annexation was inevitable.

1917:

immigration from the European continent, affecting 50%–100% of the male gene pool in central England. This was based on the similarity of the DNA collected from small English towns to that found in

4562:

in June 1645 effectively destroyed the king's forces. Charles surrendered to the Scottish army at Newark. He was eventually handed over to the English Parliament in early 1647. He escaped, and the

4348:, also known as the Counter Armada or the Drake–Norris Expedition, of a similar size to the Spanish one, was sent against Spain in order to drive home the advantage that England had gained, Led by 4794:

said "What began as a hostile merger, would end in a full partnership in the most powerful going concern in the world ... it was one of the most astonishing transformations in European history."

2727:

On 22 December 1135, Stephen was anointed king with implicit support by the church and nation. Matilda and her own son waited in France until she sparked the civil war from 1139 to 1153 known as

3085:. This banned Jews from their previous role in making loans, and demanded that they work as merchants, farmers, craftsmen or soldiers. This was unrealistic, and failed. Edward's solution was to 11214: 5205:

15 councils which initially refused to set a rate eventually did so, and the campaign failed to change Government policy. Powers to restrict council budgets have remained in place ever since.

4844:, were passed in Britain in the first half of the 19th century. Children younger than nine were not allowed to work and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours. 11296: 11016: 3914:

increase England's prestige abroad and wrecked royal finances and the national economy, and embittered the Irish. He died in January 1547 at age 55 and was succeeded by his son, Edward VI.

4275:

recalled that his mother was so frightened that she prematurely gave birth to twins, of whom he was one. All were terrified about what might happen if the Spanish invaded. Stories of the

2960:, was only 9 years old when he became king (1216–1272). He spent much of his reign fighting the barons over Magna Carta and the royal rights, and was eventually forced to call the first " 4170:

The Elizabethan Age is viewed so highly largely because of the periods before and after. It was a brief period of largely internal peace after the horrible violence and disorder of the

8176: 4631:

returning to London. However, the power of the crown was less than before the Civil War. By the 18th century, England rivaled the Netherlands as one of the freest countries in Europe.

2058:

remained a very powerful kingdom, especially under Penda. Two defeats ended Northumbrian dominance: the Battle of the Trent in 679 against Mercia, and Nechtanesmere in 685 against the

4974:

created a second tier of local government. All administrative counties and county boroughs were divided into either rural or urban districts, allowing more localised administration.

2376:

and on coins suggest a still more widespread dominance. His expansion aroused ill-feeling among the other kingdoms of Britain, and he defeated a combined Scottish-Viking army at the

4295:

drowned, burned, or with guts hanging out as if they had been used for an anatomy lesson. Few Englishmen, women and children doubted they faced similar fates had the Armada landed.

4883: 4084:

in 1569, she was effective in reducing the power of the old nobility and expanding the power of her government. Elizabeth's government did much to consolidate the work begun under

4073:. This created endless worries over her succession, especially in the 1560s when she nearly died of smallpox. It has been often rumoured that she had a number of lovers (including 3587:, brought Henry back to power. Six months later, Edward defeated and killed Warwick in battle and reclaimed the throne. Henry was imprisoned in the Tower of London and died there. 8625: 2372:Æthelstan continued the expansion of his father and aunt and was the first king to achieve direct rulership of what we would now consider England. The titles attributed to him in 3835:

on 9 September 1513, the Scots were completely defeated. James and most of the Scottish nobles were killed. When Henry returned from France, he was given credit for the victory.

1108:

in the 20th century, mainly caused by the weakening of Great Britain's power in the two World Wars; almost all of the empire's overseas territories became independent countries.

990:

settled in large parts of what is now England. During this period, several rulers attempted to unite the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, an effort that led to the emergence of the

7507: 1313:

developed or spread to England as part of this system; by the end of the Iron Age there is much evidence that they were spoken across all England and western parts of Britain.

5814: 3973:

simultaneously created a crisis while invasion from Scotland and France were feared. Somerset, disliked by the Regency Council for being autocratic, was removed from power by

2747:

uneasy. As soon as he regained power, he began to demolish the adulterine castles, but kept a few castles standing, which put him at odds with his heir. His contested reign,

5429: 2054:

probably held dominance over much of Britain, though Bede's Northumbrian bias should be kept in mind. Due to succession crises, Northumbrian hegemony was not constant, and

12221: 3879:, who became pregnant almost as quickly. On 12 October 1537, she gave birth to a healthy boy, Edward, which was greeted with huge celebrations. However, the queen died of 2868:

From 1212 onwards, John had a constant policy of maintaining close relations with the Pope, which partially explains how he persuaded the Pope to reject the legitimacy of

2798:'s son, Henry, resumed the invasion; he was already Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy and Duke of Aquitaine when he landed in England. When Stephen's son and heir apparent 1163:

of the distant past. This earliest evidence, from Happisburgh in Norfolk, includes the oldest hominid artefacts found in Britain, and points to dates of more than 800,000

3598:, declared Edward IV's marriage bigamous, making all his children illegitimate. Richard III was then declared king, and Edward V and his 10-year-old brother Richard were 3086: 5350: 4159:

and many others composed plays that broke free of England's past style of theatre. It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad, while back at home, the Protestant

3485: 3062:(reigned 1272–1307) was rather more successful. Edward enacted numerous laws strengthening the powers of his government, and he summoned the first officially sanctioned 1594:(modern-day Colchester, London and St. Albans respectively) to the ground. There is some archaeological evidence that the same happened at Winchester. The Second Legion 6319: 1301:. While the migration of these Beaker peoples must have been accompanied by a language shift, the Celtic languages were probably introduced by later Celtic migrations. 1084:(1653–1659). The Stuarts returned to the restored throne in 1660, though continued questions over religion and power resulted in the deposition of another Stuart king, 11079: 11054: 10438: 9112: 6195:: "... I believe that the linguistic evidence favors the traditional view, at least for the south-east and for the southern North Sea coastal lands, i.e. East Anglia." 5044: 3743:

In 1497, Henry defeated Cornish rebels marching on London. The rest of his reign was relatively peaceful, despite worries about succession after the death of his wife

257: 1472:, begin to eclipse the old hillforts, and an elite whose position is based on battle prowess and the ability to manipulate resources re-appears much more distinctly. 1033:(1337–1453), a series of conflicts involving the peoples of both nations. Following the Hundred Years' Wars, England became embroiled in its own succession wars. The 11036: 9090: 4966:

was the first systematic attempt to impose a standardised system of local government in England. The system was based on the existing counties (today known as the

1189:. Rising sea-levels cut off Britain from the continent for the last time around 6500 BC. The population by then, as in the rest of the world, was exclusively 230: 5050:

or broken up, and this trend was accelerated by the introduction of protection for agricultural tenancies, encouraging outright sales, from the mid-20th century.

4782:

The Acts took effect on 1 May 1707. On this date, the English Parliament and the Scottish Parliament united to form the Parliament of Great Britain, based in the

3706:

Yorkists were far from defeated. Nonetheless, he married Edward IV's eldest daughter Elizabeth in January 1486, thereby uniting the houses of York and Lancaster.

11084: 10443: 9117: 5122: 3709:

Most of the European rulers did not believe Henry would survive long, and were thus willing to shelter claimants against him. The first plot against him was the

262: 3532:, became king in 1422 as an infant. His reign was marked by constant turmoil due to his political weaknesses. While he was growing up, England was ruled by the 2227:

It was only now, with the independence of Wessex hanging by a thread, that Alfred emerged as a great king. In May 878 he led a force that defeated the Danes at

11112: 8665: 8104: 5555: 5379: 5262: 3995:

on the throne and marry her to his son, so that he could remain the power behind the throne. His plot failed in a matter of days, Jane Grey was beheaded, and

2361:

of (what was left of) Mercia, began a programme of expansion, building forts and towns on an Alfredian model. On Æthelred's death, his wife (Edward's sister)

2077:. However, a rising Wessex, and challenges from smaller kingdoms, kept Mercian power in check, and by the early 9th century the "Mercian Supremacy" was over. 9769: 5270: 1714:, composed in the 6th century, states that when the Roman army departed the Isle of Britannia in the 4th century AD, the indigenous Britons were invaded by 6999: 5082: 3815:. Although England was an ally of Spain, one of France's principal enemies, the war was mostly about Henry's desire for personal glory, despite his sister 3733:, where the loyalty of some of the royal troops to Henry was questionable. The king, realizing that Simnel was a dupe, employed him in the royal kitchen. 3686:

reached England through Italian courtiers, who reintroduced artistic, educational and scholarly debate from classical antiquity. England began to develop

11603: 11568: 11558: 8078: 5913: 4654:

consisted of attempts to prevent accession of James, heir to Charles II, because he was Catholic. After Charles II died in 1685 and his younger brother,

2705:(also known as Empress Maud, Henry I's daughter) as his heir. England was far less than enthusiastic to accept an outsider, and a woman, as their ruler. 8355: 12061: 11613: 11134: 5103:. This would give England a local Parliament like those already functioning for Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. This issue is referred to as the 8631:

Letters of the Kings of England, now first collected from the originals in royal archives, and from other authentic sources, private as well as public

4888:

Following the formation of Great Britain, the history of England is no longer the history of a sovereign nation, but rather the history of one of the

3701:'s accession to the throne in 1485, the Wars of the Roses came to an end, and Tudors would continue to rule England for 118 years. Traditionally, the 121: 11961: 11276: 11069: 5040: 250: 5872: 2684:

who got practical training to be king. Henry worked hard to reform and stabilise the country and smooth the differences between the Anglo-Saxon and

11563: 11124: 5434: 865:

in 1927, was re-dated in 2011 to between 41,000 and 44,000 years old. Continuous human habitation in England dates to around 13,000 years ago (see

3501:

succeeded to the throne in 1413. He renewed hostilities with France and began a set of military campaigns which are considered a new phase of the

1092:(1688). England, which had subsumed Wales in the 16th century under Henry VIII, united with Scotland in 1707 to form a new sovereign state called 12525: 11553: 10981: 7474: 3478: 3166:. Despite their tiny force, they quickly rallied support for their cause. The king fled London, and his companion since Piers Gaveston's death, 1025:

was signed and Parliament became established. Anti-Semitism rose to great heights, and in 1290, England became the first country to permanently

11849: 11660: 11176: 8031: 5424: 5302: 5298: 5186: 2613: 6719: 6699: 4253:(a large and wealthy port on the north coast of Colombia that was the centre of the silver trade). Philip II tried to invade England with the 1677:

In the wake of the breakdown of Roman rule in Britain from the middle of the fourth century, present day England was progressively settled by

11625: 11271: 11049: 5467: 4760:. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate independent states, with separate legislatures but 4489:

planters transported about 100,000 indentured servants, who accounted for more than 75% of all European immigrants to Virginia and Maryland.

4069:

Despite the need for an heir, Elizabeth declined to marry, despite offers from a number of suitors across Europe, including the Swedish king

240: 8447:

London: Methuen; 12 vol to 1957; reprinted 2011; the most comprehensive collection on political, constitutional, economic and social topics

7267:

Edward first styled himself "King of France" in 1337, though he did not officially assume the title until 1340; Prestwich (2005), pp. 307–8.

3823:. The war accomplished little. The English army suffered badly from disease, and Henry was not even present at the one notable victory, the 12485: 11956: 11735: 11339: 5499:

Note: Be sure to check the box in the upper right corner of this entry, providing a list of all notable eras within the history of England.

836: 2445:. Edward's failure to produce an heir caused a furious conflict over the succession on his death in 1066. His struggles for power against 1400:

Around this time the earliest mentions of Britain appear in the annals of history. The first historical mention of the region is from the

11901: 11712: 9196: 5305:

to local authority and business leaders, inviting proposals to replace regional development agencies in their areas by 6 September 2010.

4857: 1201:. Bow and arrow was known in Western Europe since at least 9000 BC. The climate continued to warm and the population probably rose. 9100: 7407: 7352: 6662: 3590:

Edward died in 1483, only 40 years old, his reign having gone a little way to restoring the power of the Crown. His eldest son and heir

3225:. Edward's later years were marked by international failure and domestic strife, largely as a result of his inactivity and poor health. 3174:

and imprisoned in Gloucestershire until he was murdered some time in the autumn of 1327, presumably by agents of Isabella and Mortimer.

11911: 11854: 11386: 11329: 10709: 8658: 3548:

began a military effort to prevent the English from gaining control of France. The French forces regained control of French territory.

3471: 7511: 4574:

Gate in London, making England a republic. This shocked the rest of Europe. The king argued to the end that only God could judge him.

3839:

that it was necessary to divorce Catherine and find a new queen. To persuade the Church to allow this, Henry cited the passage in the

12250: 11144: 9762: 6937: 2369:

brought up in the Mercian court. On Edward's death, Æthelstan succeeded to the Mercian kingdom, and, after some uncertainty, Wessex.

306: 5811: 5657: 3012:. This hostility, violence and controversy was the background to the increasingly oppressive measures that followed under Edward I. 2743:(i.e. castles erected without government permission), which were hated by the peasants, who were forced to build and maintain them. 1185:

England has been continuously inhabited since the last Ice Age ended around 9000 BC, the beginning of the Middle Stone Age, or

11896: 11755: 11707: 10174: 4391:

is seen as a decisive one which set up many important questions which would have to be answered in the next century and during the

3005: 2981: 2572: 8620: 8590:

Select charters and other illustrations of English constitutional history from the earliest times to the reign of Edward the First

11477: 11286: 11117: 7534: 6108:

Ward-Perkins, Bryan. "Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?." The English Historical Review 115.462 (2000): page 523.

3777:

as heir. When the king himself died in 1509, the position of the Tudors was secure at last, and his son succeeded him unopposed.

3363: 3344:. Richard's autocratic and arrogant methods only served to alienate the nobility more, and his forceful dispossession in 1399 by 1484: 434: 5069:

Following years of political and military agitation for 'Home Rule' for Ireland, the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 established the

4328:, who preyed on Spanish merchant ships carrying gold and silver from the New World. Drake himself became a hero—being the first 3682:

had long-lasting benefit to the economy of England. He restored the nation's finances and strengthened its judicial system. The

3100:

began retaking all the territory conquered by Edward I. In 1314, the English army was disastrously defeated by the Scots at the

1502: 12238: 11812: 11541: 11509: 11349: 11334: 11324: 11149: 11139: 11129: 11102: 10222: 9162: 9018: 7970: 7667: 5550: 5462: 5240:, planning instead to introduce eight regional assemblies around England to devolve power to the regions. In the event, only a 5116: 4928: 4901: 3785: 2269:

The dominance and independence of England was maintained by the kings that followed. It was not until 978 and the accession of

3607:, the last Lancastrian male, returned from exile in France and landed in Wales. Henry then defeated and killed Richard III at 2739:, conquered Normandy but did not cross the channel to help his wife. During this breakdown of central authority, nobles built 11931: 11504: 10597: 8651: 8188: 7634: 7578: 7544: 7484: 7291: 7138: 7050: 6977: 6810: 6380: 6272: 3615: 3444: 2308:

and Sweyn seized the throne. Sweyn suddenly died in 1014, and Æthelred returned to England, confronted by Sweyn's successor,

1224:

to the winter of 3807–3806 BC; it is thought to have been a primarily religious structure. Archaeological evidence from

106: 8861: 4375:

monarchy in England. In return, England ended its financial and military support for the Dutch rebellion, ongoing since the

3402: 2849:

as part of his ransom, and defending his French territories against Philip II of France. His successor, his younger brother

1755:

Seven kingdoms are traditionally identified as being established by these migrants. Three were clustered in the South east:

11798: 11620: 11281: 11254: 9755: 9054: 8910: 8149: 5345: 5249: 5162: 4250: 3945: 3105: 2795: 2736: 1884: 7582: 5683: 3119:

may have resulted in half a million deaths in England due to hunger and disease, more than 10 per cent of the population.

1285:

began around 2500 BC with the appearance of bronze objects. This coincides with the appearance of the characteristic

11971: 11916: 11859: 11778: 11722: 11690: 11524: 11209: 10974: 9711: 9037: 8572: 5384: 5225: 4329: 4312:

poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France and Ireland. She risked war with Spain by supporting the "

2453:

whom Edward introduced to English politics to bolster his own position caused each to vie for control of Edward's reign.

1468:

in place. Yet, it was accompanied by significant socio-economic change. Proto-urban, or even urban settlements, known as

30: 9065: 7573:

Robert Bucholz, Newton Key, via Google Books, John Wiley & Sons Publishers, 31 December 2019 – History – 472 pages,

4167:

was repulsed. It was also the end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland.

2701:

Henry I had required the leading barons, ecclesiastics and officials in Normandy and England, to take an oath to accept

2677:

in 1100. Henry was also known as "Henry Beauclerc" because he received a formal education, unlike his older brother and

11946: 11926: 11869: 11834: 11482: 11450: 11414: 10815: 9897: 9565: 9124: 9049: 9000: 8802: 8209: 4818: 3883:

ten days later. Henry genuinely mourned her death, and at his own passing nine years later, he was buried next to her.

3439: 1562:, in battles at the Medway and the Thames. Togodumnus was killed, and Caratacus fled to Wales. The Roman force, led by 6852: 5799: 5013:

the urban centres of England. These were part of the statutory counties, but not part of the administrative counties.

1615:, at the end of which Boudicca was utterly defeated. It was said that 80,000 rebels were killed, but only 400 Romans. 11941: 11839: 11494: 11487: 11354: 11319: 11304: 11204: 10832: 10551: 10293: 9827: 9129: 8995: 8946: 8371: 8333: 8321: 8255: 7920: 7798: 7757: 7376: 7256: 7230: 6994: 6780: 6571: 5744: 4336: 3533: 3185: 3159: 2698:

in November 1120, undermined his reforms. This problem regarding succession cast a long shadow over English history.

1660: 1355: 945: 622: 8593: 7777: 6375:

Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story: Constable and Robinson, London.

6146:"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD" 2999:

Henry III's policies towards Jews began with relative tolerance, but became gradually more restrictive. In 1253 the

2358: 2312:. However, in 1016, Æthelred also suddenly died. Cnut swiftly defeated the remaining Saxons, killing Æthelred's son 12026: 11578: 11536: 11460: 11455: 11359: 11237: 10908: 9696: 9291: 9007: 8990: 8956: 8951: 8875: 8311: 8056: 6061: 5629: 5452: 5328: 4674: 4187: 4054: 3751: 3714: 3584: 2985: 2250:. Edward's rapid conquest of the English kingdoms meant Wessex received homage from those that remained, including 829: 8850: 3851:. Because he could not divorce in these circumstances, Henry seceded from the Church, in what became known as the 2112:

were the main polities of south Britain. Other small kingdoms were also politically important across this period:

2069:, the two most powerful kings, achieved high status; indeed, Offa was considered the overlord of south Britain by 1726:

to the island to repel them but after they vanquished the Scots and Picts, the Saxons turned against the Britons.

12089: 11906: 11844: 11770: 11465: 11314: 11261: 11224: 11189: 11163: 11064: 10433: 10217: 9721: 9324: 9189: 8934: 8929: 5584: 5294: 4889: 2568: 654: 296: 245: 145: 128: 5058: 4298: 3902:, who was more his nursemaid than anything else, as his health was failing since his jousting accident in 1536. 3725:(the real Warwick was locked up in the Tower of London), he led an army of 2,000 German mercenaries paid for by 3366:. The king's success in putting down these rebellions was due partly to the military ability of his eldest son, 2964:" in 1264. He was also unsuccessful on the continent, where he endeavoured to re-establish English control over 1384: 1072:(1649) and the establishment of a series of republican governments—first, a Parliamentary republic known as the 12036: 11824: 11750: 11645: 11598: 11514: 11434: 11394: 11184: 10967: 10798: 10283: 9508: 9341: 9279: 8968: 8924: 7691: 6344: 5991: 5821: 5769: 5589: 5570: 5419: 4581:, then scored decisive victories against Royalist armies in Ireland and Scotland. Cromwell was given the title 4321: 4246: 3551:

In 1437, Henry VI came of age and began to actively rule as king. To forge peace, he married French noblewoman

3395: 3272: 2732: 1643: 714: 326: 321: 291: 116: 17: 8082: 6889: 6749: 4748:

were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed by both parliaments in 1707, which dissolved them in order to form a

4283:

raped, tortured and murdered as many as 17,000 civilians, were grist for playwrights and pamphleteers such as

2180:, and many other non-recorded raids probably occurred before this. Records do show the first Viking attack on 12478: 12245: 12051: 11981: 11951: 11921: 11886: 11788: 11760: 11678: 11586: 11470: 11249: 10999: 10247: 10141: 10034: 9847: 9716: 9625: 9074: 8978: 8973: 8733: 8691: 8545:

Readings in English History Drawn from the Original Sources Intended to Illustrate a Short History of England

5394: 5009:. With the advent of elected councils, the offices of lord lieutenant and sheriff became largely ceremonial. 4933: 4873: 4864:

to form a single political entity. The English parliament at Westminster became the parliament of the Union.

4017: 3978: 3949: 3844: 3710: 3580: 3116: 3071: 2799: 2651: 2510: 2434:, Sweyn's son, to become king of England. Under his rule the kingdom became the centre of government for the 744: 459: 8127: 3004:

fuelled, and Catholic theological hostility combined with Baronial abuse of loan arrangements, resulting in

2205: 12364: 12288: 12260: 12206: 12009: 11999: 11936: 11891: 11864: 11717: 11702: 11399: 11374: 11309: 11199: 10839: 10753: 10242: 10167: 10100: 9872: 9042: 8894: 8701: 8682: 8674: 7999: 5389: 5338: 5309: 5290: 5218: 5178: 4990: 4967: 4798: 4472: 4081: 3974: 3812: 3449: 1847:, who from 785 had influence over most of Anglo-Saxon England. Since Offa's death in 796, the supremacy of 1631: 1586:, the tribes rebelled against the Romans. At first, the rebels had great success. They burned Camulodunum, 960:, established several kingdoms that became the primary powers in present-day England and parts of southern 941: 589: 479: 316: 281: 4197:

had ended due to foreign domination of the peninsula. France was embroiled in religious battles until the

4002:

Returning England to Catholicism led to the burnings of 274 Protestants, which are recorded especially in

2886: 2841:"the Lion Heart" (also known as "the absent king"), was preoccupied with foreign wars, taking part in the 2608:

by the aristocracy endured for centuries and left an indelible mark in the development of modern English.

12520: 12255: 12233: 12201: 12196: 12178: 12119: 12041: 12031: 11966: 11829: 11793: 11591: 11369: 11008: 10898: 10853: 10714: 10232: 10227: 10207: 9675: 9670: 9286: 8941: 8752: 8578: 5594: 5457: 5286: 5237: 5200:

was a campaign within English local councils in 1985 which aimed to force the Conservative government of

5153:), which were to have both a metropolitan council and district councils. This report was accepted by the 5100: 5089: 4753: 4379:(1585), and had to end its wartime disruption of Spanish trans-Atlantic shipping and colonial expansion. 4186:

and the monarchy during the 17th century. The Protestant/Catholic divide was settled, for a time, by the

3816: 2204:

in 871, a second invading army landed, leaving the Saxons on a defensive footing. At much the same time,

1123: 822: 519: 83: 53: 6613:

Lawson, M. K. (1984). "The Collection of Danegeld and Heregeld in the Reigns of Aethelred II and Cnut".

4978:

undertake the required duties. Furthermore, the increased "county business" could not be handled by the

4852:

formally assimilated Ireland within the British political process and from 1 January 1801 created a new

3370:, who later became king (though the son managed to seize much effective power from his father in 1410). 2065:

The so-called "Mercian Supremacy" dominated the 8th century, though it was not constant. Aethelbald and

2038:

on the continent took off in the 8th century, leading to the Christianisation of practically all of the

12315: 12216: 12056: 10893: 10861: 10724: 10664: 10546: 10541: 10115: 10067: 9959: 9954: 9731: 9726: 9182: 8985: 8919: 8764: 8411:, highly useful bibliography of 1000+ scholarly books, articles and book reviews published before 1970. 4693: 4566:

began, but the New Model Army quickly secured the country. The capture and trial of Charles led to the

3750:

Henry VII's foreign policy was peaceful. He had made an alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor

3619: 3387: 3167: 2593: 2413: 2392:, who ruled the same expanse as Æthelstan, consolidated the kingdom, which remained united thereafter. 1734: 1190: 998: 749: 559: 534: 529: 449: 389: 101: 5217:, since they were no longer administrative divisions. The counties represent a compromise between the 4140:(1988) argues that "England was economically healthier, more expansive, and more optimistic under the 3351:

Henry spent much of his reign defending himself against plots, rebellions and assassination attempts.

3287:

spread across large parts of England. It was suppressed by Richard II, with the death of 1500 rebels.

3205:, he declared himself rightful heir to the French throne in 1338, but his claim was denied due to the 3171: 12451: 12211: 12016: 11989: 11499: 11379: 10704: 10556: 9701: 9455: 9416: 8360: 7108:

The Welsh Wars of Edward I. a Contribution to Mediaeval Military History, Based on Original Documents

5536: 5233: 5169: 5016: 4983: 4971: 4963: 4830: 4810: 4772: 3257: 3218: 2596:

led to a profound change in the history of the English state. William ordered the compilation of the

2522: 1543: 1448:. And from around 150–100 BC, groups of Belgae began to control significant parts of the South. 926: 609: 599: 524: 494: 454: 394: 4906:

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, technological advances and mechanisation resulted in the

3163: 2084:, though this term has now fallen out of academic use. The term arose because the seven kingdoms of 12349: 11879: 11519: 11266: 10793: 10699: 10669: 10614: 10566: 10072: 9919: 8963: 5448: 5414: 4938: 4749: 4563: 4396: 3702: 3434: 3170:, was publicly tried and executed. Edward was captured, charged with breaking his coronation oath, 2778: 2281:) both launched devastating invasions of England. Anglo-Saxon forces were resoundingly defeated at 2007: 1965: 1608: 1367:

effectively collapsed, although England maintained contacts across the channel with France, as the

1093: 709: 579: 564: 474: 469: 349: 5704: 4884:

History of local government in England § The evolution of modern local government (1832–1974)

2441:

Cnut was succeeded by his sons, but in 1042 the native dynasty was restored with the accession of

1309:, which created a cultural continuum over a large part of Western Europe. It is possible that the 12494: 12407: 12228: 12163: 11874: 11531: 10805: 10679: 10278: 10160: 10077: 10039: 9706: 9364: 9105: 8889: 8885: 7840: 7170: 5565: 5369: 5278: 5158: 4986:

was the first systematic attempt to create a standardised system of local government in England.

4717: 4543: 4425: 3766: 3722: 3415: 3143: 2666: 2532: 2003: 1836: 1205: 1135: 1073: 584: 499: 374: 186: 37: 5972: 3922: 3762:

the treasury by the time of his death. He also effectively rebuilt the machinery of government.

2419: 2293: 2270: 853:

became inhabited more than 800,000 years ago, as the discovery of stone tools and footprints at

12344: 11409: 10822: 10734: 10604: 10469: 10464: 10019: 9530: 9359: 8880: 7654: 7397: 7342: 7337: 5209: 5197: 5142: 4712:

continued into the mid-18th century until the son of the last Catholic claimant to the throne,

4663: 4635: 4567: 4364: 4360: 4249:(the capital of Spain's American empire and the present-day capital of the Dominican Republic) 4211: 4042: 3595: 3296: 3063: 3047: 2810:) to succeed Stephen and guarantee peace between them. The union was retrospectively named the 2446: 2409: 2247: 2193: 2189: 2097: 1812: 1796: 1776: 1772: 1065: 764: 634: 594: 539: 439: 311: 150: 7749: 6798: 3354:

Rebellions continued throughout the first ten years of Henry's reign, including the revolt of

12499: 12339: 12295: 12158: 11744: 10871: 10866: 10810: 10619: 9989: 9949: 9929: 9909: 9812: 9610: 9475: 7279: 7247: 6803:

The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach

6175:

Catherine Hills, "The Anglo-Saxon Migration: An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption," in

5520: 5323: 5126: 5104: 5062: 4907: 4783: 4721: 4688:

In December 1689, one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the

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Edward III died of a stroke on 21 June 1377, and was succeeded by his ten-year-old grandson,

3213:. Following some initial setbacks, the war went exceptionally well for England; victories at 3210: 3193: 3181: 3177: 3101: 3033: 3029: 3009: 2989: 2961: 2850: 2681: 2670: 2605: 2465: 2168: 1999: 1864: 1430: 1326: 1298: 1097: 1030: 1006: 759: 739: 719: 699: 674: 659: 629: 549: 509: 489: 414: 7741: 6191:"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English" 6190: 5647: 4531: 4302:

The Spanish Armada and English ships in August 1588, (unknown, 16th-century, English School)

3222: 2713:, Henry's favourite nephew, was welcomed by many in England and Normandy as their new king. 2548: 2496: 2011: 12359: 12300: 12265: 12153: 12126: 11637: 10827: 10781: 10684: 10609: 10536: 10519: 10495: 10105: 9924: 9665: 9660: 9600: 9535: 9440: 9147: 9027: 8826: 8821: 7953: 6476: 6407: 6287: 5481: 5274: 4639: 4547: 4535: 4411: 4313: 4268:"New Ballet on the strange whippes which the Spanyards had prepared to whippe English men" 4203: 4137: 4097: 4093: 3828: 3755: 3698: 3675: 3640: 3604: 3599: 3572: 3518: 3237: 3147: 3137: 3093: 3082: 3051: 3025: 2957: 2951: 2934: 2930: 2838: 2767: 2710: 2640: 2503: 2442: 2401: 2377: 2373: 2051: 2015: 1832: 1741: 1152: 1069: 1046: 1014: 784: 769: 754: 694: 684: 604: 464: 379: 7813:

Hiram Morgan, 'Teaching the Armada: An Introduction to the Anglo-Spanish War, 1585-1604',

7161: 5928: 5670: 5648: 5024:

which created in 1875 (with adjustments, so that districts did not overlap two counties).

4585:

in 1653, making him 'king in all but name' to his critics. After he died in 1658, his son

4359:

The War ended with both sides seeking peace in order to stop the costly conflict with the

4024:. Her death in November 1558 was greeted with huge celebrations in the streets of London. 2266:. These conquests led to his adopting the title 'King of the English' for the first time. 1835:

in 655. Northumbria's power began to wane after 685 with the defeat and death of its king

8: 12436: 12354: 12332: 12327: 12310: 12305: 12283: 12173: 12131: 10788: 10741: 10580: 10531: 10359: 10354: 10263: 10125: 10110: 10057: 10004: 9999: 9974: 9832: 9630: 9560: 9503: 9420: 9246: 8845: 8811: 8780: 8770: 8718: 8713: 8706: 7853: 6942: 6256: 5604: 5599: 5531: 5399: 5333: 5229: 5214: 5130: 5074: 4826: 4768: 4745: 4709: 4705: 4689: 4682: 4667: 4478: 4444: 4194: 4175: 4156: 4152: 4148: 3958: 3852: 3848: 3824: 3801: 3774: 3770: 3644: 3529: 3522: 3510: 3459: 3423: 3345: 3322: 3280: 3276: 3202: 3109: 3075: 3059: 3021: 2807: 2529: 2492: 2480: 2035: 1995: 1987: 1925: 1863:

in 825. Four years later, he received submission and tribute from the Northumbrian king,

1531: 1401: 1306: 1290: 1286: 1237: 1117: 1089: 1085: 979: 870: 858: 789: 779: 729: 664: 639: 554: 404: 399: 367: 201: 169: 91: 10095: 9747: 8634: 7854:

Leaving England: The Social Background of Indentured Servants in the Seventeenth Century

6480: 6411: 6291: 5173:

county boroughs, municipal boroughs, counties corporate, civil parishes—were abolished.

4945: 4339:. When Spain tried to invade and conquer England it was a fiasco, and the defeat of the 3847:, Catherine's nephew and the most powerful man in Europe, for siding with his archenemy 2758:. In trying to appease Scottish and Welsh raiders, he handed over large tracts of land. 2380:. However, the unification of England was not a certainty. Under Æthelstan's successors 1550:. They landed in Kent with four legions and defeated two armies led by the kings of the 1009:, ruled England for over half a century before the period of succession crisis known as 12431: 12387: 12168: 12146: 12141: 12021: 11194: 10934: 10776: 10633: 10592: 10561: 10500: 10379: 10311: 10029: 9979: 9939: 9892: 9887: 9877: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9837: 9822: 9817: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9736: 9640: 9424: 9376: 9371: 9274: 9264: 9221: 9213: 9152: 8831: 8759: 8728: 8382: 8105:"Supporting economic growth through local enterprise partnerships and enterprise zones" 6630: 6510: 6497: 6464: 6441: 6428: 6395: 6311: 5560: 5526: 5486: 5404: 5138: 4911: 4861: 4849: 4822: 4764:, starting with James I of England (also James VI of Scotland)) into a single kingdom. 4741: 4737: 4725: 4713: 4659: 4482: 4226: 4013: 3576: 3498: 3454: 3367: 3330: 3155: 2858: 2854: 2662: 2582: 2544: 2427: 2423: 2228: 2185: 2121: 1860: 1788: 1603: 1524: 1451: 1282: 1268: 1241: 1042: 1026: 991: 882: 774: 704: 649: 644: 569: 544: 514: 409: 384: 344: 301: 196: 8301: 6563: 6299: 4910:

which transformed a largely agrarian society and caused considerable social upheaval.

4786:

in London, the home of the English Parliament. Hence, the Acts are referred to as the

3318: 3214: 3081:

Edward I is also known for his policies first persecuting Jews, particularly the 1275

1970: 1566:, waited for Claudius to come and lead the final march on the Catuvellauni capital at 12446: 12392: 11994: 10746: 10479: 10474: 10374: 10326: 10120: 10062: 10024: 10014: 9994: 9984: 9969: 9964: 9944: 9914: 9882: 9867: 9842: 9778: 9615: 9590: 9570: 9550: 9540: 9430: 9412: 9381: 9314: 9231: 9205: 8899: 8838: 8775: 8723: 8367: 8341: 8329: 8317: 8251: 8205: 8184: 7916: 7794: 7753: 7742: 7711: 7687: 7574: 7540: 7480: 7372: 7287: 7252: 7226: 7134: 7111: 7046: 6973: 6806: 6776: 6567: 6502: 6433: 6396:"Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history" 6376: 6303: 5765: 5740: 5266: 5201: 5154: 5021: 4697: 4524: 4511: 4498: 4392: 4376: 4368: 4349: 4280: 4230: 4179: 4171: 4058: 3996: 3859: 3840: 3832: 3805: 3744: 3567: 3552: 3383: 2846: 2740: 2495:

all asserted claims to the throne. By far the strongest hereditary claim was that of

2388:

the English kings repeatedly lost and regained control of Northumbria. Nevertheless,

2365:

ruled as "Lady of the Mercians" and continued expansion. It seems Edward had his son

2201: 2109: 2105: 1961: 1702: 1654: 1624: 1536: 1368: 1061: 1034: 1018: 1002: 724: 689: 574: 504: 429: 424: 181: 111: 8607:

Great Britain: the lion at home; a documentary history of domestic policy, 1689–1973

7665: 6626: 6514: 6445: 6362: 6219: 4692:, was passed. The Bill, which restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier 4609: 4108: 4096:, who was a devoted Catholic and so was forced to abdicate her throne (Scotland had 3566:

Henry could not control the feuding nobles, and a series of civil wars known as the

3410: 2045:

Throughout the 7th and 8th centuries, power fluctuated between the larger kingdoms.

12441: 12424: 12419: 12402: 12382: 12188: 11041: 10943: 10883: 10768: 10689: 10459: 10009: 9934: 9904: 9605: 9520: 9465: 9435: 9386: 9346: 9329: 9319: 9254: 9226: 9095: 8740: 8230: 7631: 7004: 6622: 6492: 6484: 6423: 6415: 6295: 5409: 5078: 5070: 5004: 4979: 4814: 4655: 4651: 4586: 4559: 4284: 3895: 3880: 3726: 3691: 3514: 3229: 3126: 3097: 3067: 3000: 2939: 2891: 2827: 2720: 2518: 2488: 2472: 2435: 2418:

There were renewed Scandinavian attacks on England at the end of the 10th century.

2405: 2389: 2385: 2354: 2350: 2346:, showing King Æthelstan presenting a copy of the book to the saint himself. c. 930 2329: 2301: 2282: 2274: 2243: 2209: 2141: 2101: 1902: 1852: 1764: 1678: 1595: 1425: 1393: 1346: 1338: 1310: 1245: 1221: 1081: 972:. The Anglo-Saxons warred with British successor states in western Britain and the 969: 957: 894: 734: 679: 669: 444: 419: 235: 191: 8081:. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. 7 September 2010. Archived from 7027: 6315: 4151:

and saw the flowering of poetry, music and literature. The era is most famous for

3355: 3333:) represents the last major armed attempt by the Welsh to throw off English rule. 3326: 3122: 12114: 12004: 11695: 11655: 10876: 10674: 10364: 10316: 10237: 9645: 9620: 9408: 9391: 9236: 8405:

Modern Historians on British History 1485–1945: A Critical Bibliography 1945–1969

7671: 7638: 5818: 5241: 5000: 4879: 4853: 4802: 4757: 4578: 4440: 4276: 4198: 4085: 4033: 4008: 3730: 3623: 3556: 3506: 3379: 3359: 3314: 3301: 3268: 3233: 3232:—a Spanish kingdom whose navy had taken to raiding English merchant ships in the 2996:, yet Louis did not capitalise on his victory, respecting his opponent's rights. 2969: 2899: 2803: 2791: 2702: 2674: 2655: 2586: 2536: 2484: 2313: 2278: 2259: 2093: 2039: 2019: 1828: 1760: 1404:, a sailing manual for merchants thought to date to the 6th century BC, and 1333: 1294: 1225: 1217: 1213: 1168: 1077: 794: 484: 286: 164: 133: 7012: 6465:"Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons" 5873:"How new archaeological discovery in Yorkshire could rewrite British prehistory" 4332:

between 1577 and 1580, having plundered Spanish settlements and treasure ships.

4038: 2731:. In the autumn of 1139, she invaded England with her illegitimate half-brother 2010:, took office in 597. In 601, he baptised the first Christian Anglo-Saxon king, 1542:

After Caesar's expeditions, the Romans began a serious and sustained attempt to

11727: 11608: 11546: 11107: 10990: 10948: 10729: 10719: 10321: 9595: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9555: 9545: 9460: 9403: 9296: 9259: 8643: 7615: 7599: 7165: 7008: 6912: 5732: 5515: 5093: 4775:

inherited the English throne from his double first cousin twice removed, Queen

4761: 4678: 4582: 4555: 4486: 4460: 4456: 4436: 4345: 4340: 4317: 4254: 4164: 4021: 3992: 3953: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3737: 3718: 3671: 3659: 3608: 3305: 3250: 3246: 2811: 2689: 2646: 2431: 2426:, though he recovered it following the latter's death. However, Æthelred's son 2362: 2309: 2074: 2073:. His power is illustrated by the fact that he summoned the resources to build 2066: 1982: 1975: 1953: 1889: 1844: 1686: 1612: 1563: 1444:

tribe apparently took over East Yorkshire, establishing the highly distinctive

1441: 1363: 1350: 1264: 1198: 1164: 1160: 1105: 1101: 1057: 949: 906: 898: 812: 354: 6826: 6556: 6238: 5898: 4833:

were attempted, also with the intention of placing the Stuarts on the throne.

3804:, and they had several children, but none survived infancy except a daughter, 2905: 2475:

became king, probably appointed by Edward on his deathbed and endorsed by the

1519: 12514: 11783: 11344: 11242: 11232: 11031: 11026: 10649: 10505: 10412: 10407: 10349: 10268: 9691: 9490: 9157: 9085: 9080: 8870: 8243: 7908: 7402: 7347: 7115: 5491: 5150: 5020:

districts. The urban and rural districts were based on, and incorporated the

4806: 4432: 4399:

declined after Elizabeth's death, it was very effective while she was alive.

4325: 4272: 4234: 4141: 4074: 3679: 3038: 2993: 2853:, lost much of those territories including Normandy following the disastrous 2842: 2831: 2823: 2685: 2678: 2601: 2597: 2031: 1901:

Genetic testing has been used to find evidence of large scale immigration of

1497: 1476: 1445: 1321: 1064:

took place between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists, which resulted in

1050: 1038: 934: 225: 220: 176: 96: 6363:"Integration versus apartheid in post-Roman Britain: A response to Pattison" 5081:

as part of the United Kingdom. The country's official name thus became "The

4829:

broke out in an attempt to restore the Stuart monarchy, but failed. Several

3729:

into England. They were defeated and de la Pole was killed at the difficult

1729: 857:

in Norfolk have indicated. The earliest evidence for early modern humans in

11650: 11021: 10903: 10758: 10384: 10369: 10344: 10336: 9650: 9480: 9351: 9269: 9032: 8745: 8638: 8306: 7966: 7392: 6506: 6437: 6307: 5028: 4996: 4841: 4791: 4591: 4388: 3985: 3876: 3687: 3667: 3634: 2909: 2561: 2220: 2162:, on the south-west coast. The first major attack in Britain was in 793 at 1994:

Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England began around 600 AD, influenced by

1682: 1551: 1359: 1220:

known in Northern Europe and among the oldest roads in the world, dated by

1178: 1156: 982:-speaking parts of northern Britain), as well as with each other. Raids by 953: 930: 918: 862: 208: 159: 10959: 6720:"Feudal Strength!: Henry II and the struggle for royal control in England" 4190:, and parliament was not yet strong enough to challenge royal absolutism. 3260:, which is claimed to be the oldest alliance in the world still in force. 2716: 2366: 2325: 2316:

in the process. Cnut seized the throne, crowning himself King of England.

2255: 2188:) upset the political and social geography of Britain and Ireland. In 867 2184:

taking place in 794. The arrival of the Vikings (in particular the Danish

1611:, 10,000 Romans faced nearly 100,000 warriors somewhere along the line of 1602:, refused to move for fear of revolt among the locals. Londinium governor 12136: 12066: 10659: 10402: 10394: 9635: 9513: 9498: 9470: 9306: 8345: 7865: 7703: 7421:

Sydney Anglo, "Ill of the dead: The posthumous reputation of Henry VII",

6460: 5125:

was wound up in 1966, and replaced with a Royal Commission (known as the

4776: 4598: 4367:. It amounted to an acknowledgement by Spain that its hopes of restoring 4288: 4210:. Economically, the country began to benefit greatly from the new era of 4160: 4124: 4049: 3868: 3683: 3545: 3198: 2922: 2881: 2869: 2748: 2728: 2620: 2507: 2449:, the claims of Cnut's Scandinavian successors, and the ambitions of the 2172:. However, by then the Vikings were almost certainly well-established in 2163: 2085: 2070: 1945: 1929: 1914: 1567: 1480: 1373: 1260: 1209: 1037:

pitted two branches of the House of Plantagenet against one another, the

1022: 1010: 965: 922: 866: 854: 213: 8430:

Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing Since 1966

8408: 8275: 7873: 7426: 6488: 6419: 6239:"The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland" 5915:

Arrival of Beaker folk changed Britain for ever, ancient DNA study shows

5900:

The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe

5735:(1992). "Englishness and Medieval Anglo-Jewry". In Kushner, Tony (ed.). 4817:, who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother, 4677:

and succeeded in being crowned. James tried to retake the throne in the

4546:

broke out in 1642, largely due to ongoing conflicts between James' son,

3717:, hatched another attempt the following year. Using a peasant boy named 2521:

defeated the invaders and killed Harald III of Norway and Tostig at the

10915: 10654: 9398: 8197: 7941: 7715: 7411:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 511. 7356:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 535. 7003:(online ed.), Oxford University Press (published September 2010), 6065: 5146: 5134: 4372: 4207: 4193:

England was also well off compared to the other nations of Europe. The

3654: 3563:

in August 1453, Henry fell into mental breakdown until Christmas 1454.

3241: 3078:, though this developed into a costly and drawn-out military campaign. 2694: 2137: 2117: 1894: 1670: 1591: 1571: 1559: 1186: 1144: 1060:, England became a colonial power. During the rule of the Stuarts, the 1013:(1135–1154). Following the Anarchy, England came under the rule of the 974: 886: 874: 7396: 7341: 6634: 5760:

Skinner, Patricia (2003). "Introduction". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.).

3583:. Edward was later briefly expelled from the throne in 1470–1471 when 3521:. The Treaty also provided that he would marry Charles VI's daughter, 3517:, Henry V was given the power to succeed the current ruler of France, 2577: 2334: 2258:, who extended the borders of Wessex northward, in 927 conquering the 1349:

is conventionally said to begin around 800 BC. At this time, the

12414: 12322: 10417: 10288: 9445: 8793: 5364: 4571: 4520: 4448: 4242: 4132: 4003: 3941: 3927: 3820: 3713:

of 1486, which presented no serious threat. But Richard III's nephew

3317:

allies. Notable English victories in the Hundred Years' War included

3284: 3206: 2973: 2918: 2819: 2783: 2632: 2624: 2540: 2081: 1957: 1665: 1620: 1587: 1575: 1555: 1506: 1460: 1456: 1140: 914: 878: 9174: 8552:

Select English historical documents of the ninth and tenth centuries

8547:(1935), 850 pp. (strongest on political & constitutional topics) 8181:

Anglo-Norman Studies XLIV: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2021

7276:"...major victories such as Sluis (1340) and Winchelesea (1350)..." 5630:"First humans arrived in Britain 250,000 years earlier than thought" 4731: 4619: 4061:. Much of Elizabeth's success was in balancing the interests of the 2834:

once did, and the Norman nobles interacted with their French peers.

2543:, Harold's exhausted army was defeated and Harold was killed at the 948:, which historians often regard as the origin of England and of the 12275: 10152: 9655: 9450: 8284:

An environmental history of Britain since the industrial revolution

7282:. In Christopher Fletcher; Jean-Philippe Genet; John Watts (eds.). 6601:

Alfred the great: war, kingship and culture I'm Anglo-Saxon England

4516: 4452: 4080:

Elizabeth maintained relative government stability. Apart from the

4070: 4062: 3970: 3591: 3373: 3043: 2984:—was notable for its assembly of one of the earliest precursors to 2965: 2862: 2636: 2628: 2514: 2381: 2305: 2297: 2287: 2263: 2215: 2177: 1856: 1816: 1780: 1698: 1583: 1547: 1409: 1377: 1228:

indicates that salt was being manufactured there in the Neolithic.

987: 961: 7508:"Royal Navy History, Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy" 7451: 7284:

Government and Political Life in England and France, c.1300–c.1500

6970:

The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284

5269:

were created in areas which previously had a 'two-tier' system of

5165:, and on a manifesto that committed them to a two-tier structure. 4658:

was crowned, various factions pressed for his Protestant daughter

4431:

When Elizabeth died, her closest male Protestant relative was the

3509:. He won several notable victories over the French, including the 2992:, Henry III made war against Louis IX and was defeated during the 2395: 12101: 10273: 10183: 9525: 9336: 8326:

A History of Britain, Volume 2: The Wars of the British 1603–1776

7976: 6458: 5374: 5133:

for the whole of England, apart from three metropolitan areas of

4949: 4916: 4292: 4262: 3559:. Hostilities with France resumed in 1449. When England lost the 3074:

and attempted to use a succession dispute to gain control of the

2456: 2450: 2251: 2232: 2133: 1747: 1405: 1194: 983: 890: 850: 36:"English history" redirects here. For the Jon English album, see 10694: 7248:

The savage wars of peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian trap

5157:

government of the time despite considerable opposition, but the

4989:

The system was based on the existing counties (now known as the

4421: 4266: 3988:

in 1553 and died that August, at the age of 15 years, 8 months.

3944:

was only nine years old when he became king in 1547. His uncle,

12397: 5308:

On 7 September 2010, details were released of 56 proposals for

4163:

became more acceptable to the people, most certainly after the

3180:, son of Edward II, was crowned at age 14 after his father was 3089:. This was the first statewide, permanent expulsion in Europe. 2752: 2254:

in Wales and Scotland. His dominance was reinforced by his son

2236: 2208:, king of Wessex died and was succeeded by his younger brother 2197: 2173: 2159: 2155: 2113: 2089: 2055: 2027: 1949: 1918: 1848: 1824: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1787:. Other smaller kingdoms seem to have existed as well, such as 1768: 1756: 1723: 1707: 1690: 1599: 1469: 1372:

were disposed of in a way which is archaeologically invisible:

910: 8059:. Department of Communities and Local Government. 29 June 2010 7174:. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 161-174. 5181:, but there were some major changes, especially in the north. 4724:, the "Bonnie Prince Charlie" of legend, were defeated at the 4463:, which caused more antipathy in England towards Catholicism. 4123:

The Elizabethan era was the epoch in English history of Queen

2830:

aristocracies developed, though not to the same degree as the

2273:

that the Danish threat resurfaced. Two powerful Danish kings (

2146: 1706:

of historical accounts due to a lack of archaeological finds.

1627:

built in AD 138, despite temporary forays into Scotland.

1255: 12374: 6269: 6204:

Härke, Heinrich. "Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis."

5430:

List of articles about local government in the United Kingdom

5245: 3966: 3594:, aged 12, could not succeed him because the king's brother, 2926: 2755: 2476: 2461: 2059: 2023: 1840: 1820: 1795:

in the southwest. Eventually, the kingdoms were dominated by

1784: 1719: 1715: 1694: 1630:

The Romans and their culture stayed in charge for 350 years.

1582:

But in AD 60, under the leadership of the warrior-queen

902: 8600:

Great Britain Foreign Policy & Span of Empire, 1689–1971

5684:"Jawbone Is Earliest Evidence Of Modern Humans In NW Europe" 4237:

to maraud in response to a Spanish embargo. Drake surprised

3325:. The final defeat of the uprising led by the Welsh prince, 3275:

in 1382, and ruled until he was deposed by his first cousin

3188:. At age 17, he led a successful coup against Mortimer, the 2845:, being captured while returning and pledging fealty to the 1878: 1174: 8079:"New Local Enterprise Partnerships criss-cross the country" 6392: 5474: 5351:

List of rulers of the United Kingdom and predecessor states

4507:

First English Civil War at the Battle of Marston Moor, 1644

4238: 4174:, and battles between Catholics and Protestants during the 2547:

on 14 October. Further opposition to William in support of

2339: 2235:, was forced to accept Christian baptism and withdraw from 2181: 2046: 1389: 1100:, which started in England, Great Britain ruled a colonial 5671:"Earliest footprints outside Africa discovered in Norfolk" 4836: 3890:

for a political alliance with her Protestant brother, the

2635:

of northern England was exported to the textile cities of

2127: 1751:, set in 6th century Scandinavia, composed c. 700–1000 AD. 1104:, the largest in recorded history. Following a process of 10888: 9777: 8177:"Crusaders and Jews: The York Massacre of 1190 Revisited" 7585:, retrieved 27 March 2020, see pages 102, 104, 107, 122–3 7190: 6805:. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 251–271. 5110: 3773:, died of illness at age 15, leaving his younger brother 2921:, near London on 15 June 1215 to seal the Great Charter ( 7868:, "Locating the 1650s in England's seventeenth century" 7043:

The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History

5783: 5781: 4970:, since the major boundary changes of 1974). Later, the 4127:'s reign (1558–1603). Historians often depict it as the 3575:, deposed Henry in 1461 to become Edward IV following a 8374:

very well written; reflects perspective of 1930s; 595pp

8314:: At the Edge of the World, 3500 BC – 1603 AD 7744:

This Seat of Mars: War and the British Isles, 1485–1746

7277: 7064: 7062: 5053: 3008:'s supporters targeting of Jewish communities in their 1718:, their neighbours to the north (now Scotland) and the 10439:

Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

8633:

by J O Halliwell-Phillipps, London, H. Colburn, 1846.

8621:"Finding primary resources for modern British history" 8175:

Maier, Christoph T. (2022), Church, Stephen D. (ed.),

6361:

Härke, Heinrich; Thomas, Mark G; Stumpf, Michael P H.

6257:"Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration" 6047:

Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume I to 1790

5556:

2009 structural changes to local government in England

5380:

History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

5045:

Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

4867: 4371:

in England were at an end and it had to recognise the

3984:

Edward showed great promise but fell violently ill of

3886:

The king married a fourth time in 1540, to the German

2802:

died in 1153, Stephen made an agreement with Henry of

2787:

Tomb of Richard I of England and Isabella of Angoulême

2422:

ruled a long reign but ultimately lost his kingdom to

2231:. The victory was so complete that the Danish leader, 258:

Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

8520:

Handcock, William D., and George Malcolm Young. eds.

8233:; short scholarly biographies of all the major people 8150:"Live blog: Sub-national economic growth white paper" 7969:(presenter) (22 May 2001). "Britannia Incorporated". 6963: 6961: 5841: 5839: 5778: 4229:

and Elizabeth erupted into war. Elizabeth signed the

3158:, travelled to her native France and, with her lover 2751:, and lawlessness saw a major swing in power towards 2560:"Norman England" redirects here. For the writer, see 1913:

found that English Y DNA data showed signs of a mass

1151:

The time from Britain's first inhabitation until the

7202: 7059: 6850: 6819: 6198: 5715: 5713: 5083:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

4455:

of 1603, and most famously, on 5 November 1605, the

4265:, a London silkweaver, played on their fears in his 3192:

ruler of the country, and began his personal reign.

2200:

managed to contain the Vikings by defeating them at

12088: 10444:

Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

7583:

Early Modern England 1485–1714: A Narrative History

7439:

Henry VII's New Men and the Making of Tudor England

6938:"Library of Congress: Magna Carta: Muse and Mentor" 5224:While the 1997 Labour government devolved power to 4642:for 5 days which destroyed about 15,000 buildings. 1843:. Mercian power reached its peak under the rule of 263:

Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

7887:Perspectives on 17th Century West European History 6958: 6555: 5860:Europe's Lost World: The Rediscovery of Doggerland 5836: 5129:). In 1969 it recommended a system of single-tier 4119:, showing Elizabeth I borne along by her courtiers 8014: 7270: 6870: 6680: 5710: 5503: 5441: 4840:The first general laws against child labour, the 4767:The two countries had shared a monarch since the 4732:Formation of Great Britain and the United Kingdom 2761: 1939: 1767:. The Midlands were dominated by the kingdoms of 986:became frequent after about AD 800, and the 12512: 8673: 8480:English Historical Documents: Volume 5 1485–1558 7045:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 104. 6717: 6086:Stenton, Frank. "Anglo-Saxon England". OUP, 1971 5435:Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics 4147:This "golden age" represented the apogee of the 3374:15th century – Henry V and the Wars of the Roses 3104:. Edward also showered favours on his companion 2300:in 1001 through marriage to the Duke's daughter 1076:(1649–1653), then a military dictatorship under 1017:, a dynasty which later inherited claims to the 8494:English historical documents. 5::(B). 1603–1660 8492:Coward, Barry, and David Charles Douglas, eds. 8289:Clayton, David Roberts, and Douglas R. Bisson. 8125: 7309:1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History 5357: 5027:The Act also provided for the establishment of 4594:eventually marched on London to restore order. 2604:, in both Normandy and England. The use of the 2396:England under the Danes and the Norman conquest 1147:, erected in several stages from c.3000–2500 BC 1049:ended the War of the Roses and established the 999:Norman expedition invaded and conquered England 968:language, which largely displaced the previous 8569:Educational Charters and Documents 598 to 1909 8559:Select historical documents of the Middle Ages 8338:A History of Britain – The Complete Collection 7569: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7220: 7068: 7040: 6910: 6034:Roman Britain: A History From Beginning to End 5673:. (2014). BBC News. Retrieved 7 February 2014. 5425:Administrative geography of the United Kingdom 5303:Department for Business, Innovation and Skills 5299:Department of Communities and Local Government 5236:, it refused to create a devolved Assembly or 4604: 4459:, by a group of Catholic conspirators, led by 3228:For many years, trouble had been brewing with 3209:. This started what would become known as the 3154:Edward's downfall came in 1326 when his wife, 10975: 10168: 9763: 9190: 8659: 8142: 8049: 6360: 5802:nationalarchives.gov.uk, accessed 2 July 2011 5468:Historical and alternative regions of England 5297:. On 29 June 2010 a letter was sent from the 5041:Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979) 4627:The monarchy was restored in 1660, with King 4178:; and it preceded the violent turmoil of the 3479: 925:, etc.) in the south east. In AD 43 the 830: 8204:(Second ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 8119: 7817:, Vol. 14, No. 5 (Sep. - Oct., 2006), p. 43. 6345:"A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles" 6273:"A Y chromosome census of the British Isles" 6164:The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England 5764:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 1–11. 4291:. The former remembered seeing civilians at 3329:, in 1412 by Prince Henry (who later became 3201:. After defeating, but not subjugating, the 2487:(aided by Harold Godwin's estranged brother 10989: 8485:Archer, Ian W., and F. Douglas Price, eds. 8459:English historical documents. 4.. 1327–1485 8071: 7828:Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598-1621 7708:English Literature in the Sixteenth Century 7630:(Oxford History of England) (2nd ed. 1959) 7560: 7147: 6369: 6059: 5099:There is a movement in England to create a 4858:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 4666:to replace him in what became known as the 4241:, Spain, in October, then proceeded to the 3940:Although he showed piety and intelligence, 1924:In response to arguments, such as those of 1815:eventually extended its control north into 1029:. A succession crisis in France led to the 873:. The region has numerous remains from the 10982: 10968: 10175: 10161: 9770: 9756: 9197: 9183: 8666: 8652: 8506:Horn, David Bayne, and Mary Ransome, eds. 8183:, Boydell & Brewer, pp. 105–120, 8020: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7286:. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. 6770: 5993:The Library of History of Diodorus Siculus 5939: 5623: 5621: 5034: 4443:, who became King James I of England in a 3486: 3472: 3112:, captured and murdered Gaveston in 1312. 2723:. The Norman cathedral was built 1093–1133 2513:with a force of around 15,000 men and 300 2242:Alfred's success was sustained by his son 837: 823: 8583:Sources of English Constitutional History 8538:An introduction to the English historians 8524:(Vol. 9. Psychology Press, 1995, reprint) 8517:(Vol. 8. Psychology Press, 1995, reprint) 8503:(Vol. 6. Psychology Press, 1995, reprint) 8475:(Vol. 1. Psychology Press, 1996, Reprint) 8461:(Vol. 4. Psychology Press, 1995, Reprint) 8454:(Vol. 2. Psychology Press, 1995, Reprint) 8293:(2 vol. 2nd ed. Pearson Higher Ed, 2013). 8128:"LEPs: 22 bald men fighting over a comb?" 7793:. Cornell University Press. p. 351. 7371:. Cornell University Press. p. 351. 6967: 6890:"The Pope cancels the Magna Carta (1215)" 6496: 6427: 6217: 5929:"Ancient Britons 'replaced' by newcomers" 4554:. The defeat of the Royalist army by the 4402:Elizabeth died in 1603 at the age of 69. 3611:on 22 August, and was crowned Henry VII. 2857:in 1214, despite having in 1212 made the 2353:died in 899 and was succeeded by his son 2262:and leading a land and naval invasion of 1879:Genetic markers of Anglo-Saxon migrations 1648: 307:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 7983: 7944:parliament.uk. Retrieved 7 October 2008. 7884: 7856:", The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. 7336: 7196: 7184: 7128: 7041:Hillaby, Joe; Hillaby, Caroline (2013). 6992: 6117:Higham, Nicholas J. and Ryan, Martin J. 5787: 5731: 5475:Overviews of significant historical eras 5057: 4944: 4932: 4895: 4835: 4618: 4608: 4530: 4510: 4502: 4420: 4297: 4216: 4144:" than at any time in a thousand years. 4107: 4037: 3921: 3784: 3674:in England that began with the reign of 3653: 3142: 3121: 3037: 2904: 2885: 2782: 2715: 2645: 2614:beginning of Jewish settlement in London 2576: 2573:Government in Norman and Angevin England 2455: 2333: 2214: 2145: 1981: 1969: 1888: 1740: 1728: 1664: 1623:road in Northern England, solidified by 1546:in AD 43, at the behest of Emperor 1530: 1518: 1501: 1450: 1383: 1332: 1325:View of the ramparts of the hillfort of 1320: 1254: 1173: 1139: 8529:English historical documents, 1874–1914 8522:English Historical Documents, 1833–1874 8515:English historical documents, 1783–1832 8508:English historical documents, 1714–1783 8501:English Historical Documents, 1660–1714 8487:English Historical Documents: 1558–1603 8466:English Historical Documents: 1189–1327 8452:English historical documents, 1042–1189 8398:The Oxford Companion to British History 8227:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7902: 7893: 7807: 7788: 7739: 7720: 7612:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7596:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7366: 7208: 7000:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6775:(1st ed.). London: Edward Arnold. 6660: 5833:Union with England Act 1707, Article II 5759: 5618: 5577: 5187:Local Government Commission for England 5088:England, as part of the UK, joined the 5007:, justices, militia, coroner, or other" 3917: 3364:Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland 2128:Viking challenge and the rise of Wessex 14: 12526:History of the United Kingdom by topic 12513: 8473:English Historical Documents, 500–1042 8276:Review by Jeffrey G. Williamson online 7321: 7239: 7159: 7105: 6796: 6612: 6064:. University of Oxford. Archived from 5926: 5737:The Jewish Heritage in British History 5627: 5551:History of local government in England 5463:Timeline of British diplomatic history 5221:and the counties established in 1974. 5117:History of local government in England 5111:Political history and local government 4929:History of local government in England 4902:Economic history of the United Kingdom 4860:, which united Great Britain with the 4645: 4416: 4330:Englishman to circumnavigate the world 2319: 2080:This period has been described as the 1293:of central and eastern Europe and the 12087: 10963: 10156: 9779:History of current European countries 9751: 9204: 9178: 8647: 8468:(Taylor & Francis, 1995, Reprint) 8238:A social history of England 1851–1990 8174: 7843:". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). 7610:Glyn Redworth, "Philip (1527–1598)", 7306: 7280:"Kings, Nobles and Military Networks" 6876: 6799:"The Battle of Bouvines 27 July 1214" 6649:Kings and Queens of the British Isles 5858:V Gaffney, S Fitch and D Smith 2009, 5508: 5096:in 1993. The UK left the EU in 2020. 4279:in 1576, in which the Spanish led by 3690:, and exploration intensified in the 3616:English historians in the Middle Ages 3258:alliance with the Kingdom of Portugal 2772: 1859:before defeating the Mercians at the 1791:in what is now Lincolnshire, and the 1637: 10182: 8196: 7774:The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I 7391: 7133:. Stroud: Tempus. pp. 112–139. 7131:Expulsion: England's Jewish solution 6853:"A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND" 6686: 6553: 6542:From Roman Britain to Norman England 6143: 5719: 5645: 5346:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 5054:General history and political issues 4492: 4337:major war came with Spain, 1585–1603 4225:In 1585 worsening relations between 3946:Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset 1885:Genetic history of the British Isles 1779:which unified two earlier kingdoms, 9712:History of the Mediterranean region 9113:Post-war period (political history) 8614: 7820: 7472: 7454:. Tudorhistory.org. 5 February 2012 7221:Kathryn Warner (19 February 2015). 6724:Senior Honors Theses & Projects 6236: 5660:from the original on 2 January 2022 5543: 5385:History of the British constitution 4941:in London in the early 19th century 4922: 4868:Modern England, 18th–19th centuries 4382: 4257:in 1588 but was famously defeated. 3991:Northumberland made plans to place 2438:which included Denmark and Norway. 1722:(now Ireland). Britons invited the 1634:are ubiquitous throughout England. 1381:degree of regional centralisation. 1231: 861:, a jawbone discovered in Devon at 138: 31:History of England (disambiguation) 24: 8554:(Cambridge University Press, 2011) 8510:(Vol. 7. Routledge, 1996, reprint) 8437: 8270:British Economic Growth, 1270–1870 8219: 8126:Allister Hayman (6 October 2010). 7594:Ann Weikel, "Mary I (1516–1558)", 7278:Steven Gunn; Armand Jamme (2015). 7223:Edward II: The Unconventional King 6651:(The Times Books, 2002), pp.32–35. 6188: 5265:were made whereby a number of new 5065:celebrations in London, 8 May 1945 4696:, established restrictions on the 4306: 4271:(1588). The political philosopher 4221:Sir Francis Drake's voyage 1585–86 4131:in English history. The symbol of 4103: 4092:The queen ran afoul of her cousin 4077:), but there is no hard evidence. 3811:In 1512, the young king started a 3670:coincides with the dynasty of the 2430:died shortly afterwards, allowing 1712:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae 1681:groups. Collectively known as the 1459:, called "King of the Britons" by 1167:. These earliest inhabitants were 1155:is known as the Old Stone Age, or 317:History of the politics of England 25: 12537: 8423:Reader's Guide to British History 8416:Changing Views on British History 8389: 7889:. New York: McNash. p. 1229. 7748:. Yale University Press. p. 7686:, Oxford University Press, p. 32 7628:The Reign of Elizabeth, 1558–1603 7532: 7251:". Alan Macfarlane (1997). p.66. 6701:THE 'ANGEVIN EMPIRE', 1150s–1230s 6459:Martiniano, Rui; Caffell, Anwen; 5927:Rincon, Paul (21 February 2018). 5812:The Union of the Parliaments 1707 5649:"Clues of Britain's First Humans" 5256: 5017:In 1894, the Local Government Act 4634:In 1665, London was swept by the 4577:The New Model Army, commanded by 3819:being married to the French king 2555: 2357:. Edward, and his brother-in-law 2286:coasts. These payments, known as 1661:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain 946:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain 312:History of the economy of England 9697:Bibliography of European history 9292:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 9118:Post-war period (social history) 8792: 8550:Harmer, Florence Elizabeth. ed. 8202:A history of the Jews in England 8097: 7992: 7959: 7947: 7935: 7926: 7878: 7859: 7846: 7833: 7782: 7766: 7702:From the 1944 Clark lectures by 7539:. Forgotten Books. p. 176. 7153: 6972:. London: Penguin. p. 310. 6801:. In Halfond, Gregory I. (ed.). 6325:from the original on 8 July 2021 5329:Parliament of the United Kingdom 4720:. The Jacobite forces of Prince 4188:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 4066:war with Catholic Spain loomed. 4055:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 3715:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 3628: 3585:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 3409: 2688:societies. The loss of his son, 2290:, crippled the English economy. 1491: 806: 72: 12090:Countries of the United Kingdom 11190:Countries of the United Kingdom 9722:History of Western civilization 9325:Christianity in the Middle Ages 8816: 8581:and Frederick G. Marcham, eds. 8250:Oxford University Press, 1999, 8057:"Local enterprise partnerships" 7696: 7676: 7659: 7643: 7620: 7604: 7588: 7526: 7500: 7466: 7444: 7431: 7415: 7385: 7360: 7330: 7315: 7300: 7261: 7214: 7178: 7122: 7110:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 7099: 7074: 7034: 6986: 6930: 6904: 6882: 6844: 6789: 6764: 6742: 6711: 6692: 6654: 6641: 6606: 6593: 6580: 6547: 6534: 6521: 6452: 6386: 6354: 6337: 6263: 6249: 6230: 6211: 6182: 6169: 6156: 6137: 6124: 6111: 6102: 6089: 6080: 6053: 6039: 6026: 6013: 6008:Iron Age Communities in Britain 6000: 5983: 5965: 5952: 5920: 5906: 5891: 5865: 5852: 5827: 5585:History of education in England 5295:June 2010 United Kingdom budget 5263:new changes to local government 5077:) as a separate state, leaving 4890:countries of the United Kingdom 4405: 4012:. Mary then married her cousin 3596:Richard III, Duke of Gloucester 3015: 2861:a tribute-paying vassal of the 2569:England in the High Middle Ages 1855:who extended control west into 1376:is a widely cited possibility. 1122:For a chronological guide, see 1056:Under the Tudors and the later 297:History of education in England 11185:Counties of the United Kingdom 9566:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 9509:Christianity in the modern era 9280:Christianity in late antiquity 8414:Furber, Elizabeth Chapin, ed. 8300:(1936), comprehensive survey. 6121:(Yale University Press, 2013). 5822:Learning and Teaching Scotland 5805: 5793: 5753: 5739:. Frank Cass. pp. 42–59. 5725: 5698: 5676: 5646:Wade, Nicholas (7 July 2010). 5590:History of the Jews in England 5571:Unitary authorities of England 5504:Related English history topics 5442:Historical lists and timelines 5420:Politics of the United Kingdom 5293:were announced as part of the 4027: 3362:in 1400, and the rebellion of 3290: 3273:Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor 3240:against a Castilian fleet off 2988:. In addition to fighting the 2875: 2762:England under the Plantagenets 2669:, succeeded his elder brother 2154:The first recorded landing of 2022:, died in 655. The last pagan 1940:Heptarchy and Christianisation 1644:History of Anglo-Saxon England 1523:Remains of the Roman baths at 897:, all of Britain south of the 292:Government in medieval England 13: 1: 9717:History of the European Union 8557:Henderson, Ernest Flagg, ed. 8352:The English and their History 8030:. HM Treasury. Archived from 7975:. Episode 10. 3 minutes in. 7479:. A&C Black. p. 65. 6851:Rev. M. W. Patterson (1929). 6730:. Eastern Michigan University 6627:10.1093/ehr/XCIX.CCCXCIII.721 6615:The English Historical Review 6300:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7 5611: 5453:British monarchs' family tree 5395:History of the United Kingdom 5310:local enterprise partnerships 5291:local enterprise partnerships 5287:regional development agencies 5168:The reforms arising from the 4953: 4874:History of the United Kingdom 4363:in 1604, which validated the 4233:with the Dutch and permitted 4113: 3979:Lord President Northumberland 3931: 3780: 3711:Stafford and Lovell rebellion 3313:against the French and their 3221:led to the highly favourable 3130: 1673:ship burial, 625 AD (replica) 1510: 1272: 1250: 1111: 937:until the early 5th century. 849:The territory today known as 11957:Universal basic income (UBI) 8675:History of the British Isles 8450:Douglas, David Charles. ed. 8445:English historical documents 8381:(1954) comprehensive survey 8379:The Age of Reform: 1815–1870 8364:Shortened History of England 8130:. Local Government Chronicle 7028:UK public library membership 6968:Carpenter, David A. (2004). 6218:Kortlandt, Frederik (2018). 6021:Roman Britain: A New History 5390:History of the British Isles 5358:Related historical overviews 5339:English monarchs family tree 5170:Local Government Act of 1972 4664:Prince William III of Orange 4623:The Great Fire London, 1666. 4473:English overseas possessions 4082:Revolt of the Northern Earls 3910:was again totally defeated. 3649: 3555:in 1445, as provided in the 3450:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 2945: 1807:in the 8th century and then 1669:Anglo-Saxon helmet from the 1329:(450 BC), as they look today 1129: 942:end of Roman rule in Britain 933:maintained control of their 282:English overseas possessions 7: 11962:Water supply and sanitation 11661:Weapons of mass destruction 11646:His Majesty's Naval Service 10715:English language in England 10710:Innovations and discoveries 10434:Postwar Britain (1945–1979) 9676:Russian invasion of Ukraine 9287:Crisis of the Third Century 8575:over 400 pp. on Middle Ages 8268:Broadberry, Stephen et al. 8021:Mark Hoban (22 June 2010). 7841:Africans, Slavery, and Race 7614:, online edition, May 2011 7598:, online edition, Jan 2008 6750:"Imprisonment of Richard I" 5628:Sample, Ian (7 July 2010). 5595:Military history of England 5458:Timeline of English history 5316: 5123:Local Government Commission 5101:devolved English Parliament 5090:European Economic Community 4805:. She was succeeded by her 4797:In 1714 ended the reign of 4754:Parliament of Great Britain 4605:Restoration of the monarchy 4466: 4057:, which re-established the 4048:After Mary I died in 1558, 3455:Blanche, Electress Palatine 3256:In 1373, England signed an 2896:Cotton MS. Augustus II. 106 2890:One of only four surviving 2612:finances were aided by the 2296:then made an alliance with 1998:from the northwest and the 1827:whose first powerful King, 1316: 1124:Timeline of English history 10: 12542: 12057:Stereotypes of the British 9732:Military history of Europe 9727:Maritime history of Europe 8489:(Routledge, 2011, reprint) 8482:(Routledge, 1995, Reprint) 8457:Myers, Alec Reginald, ed. 8265:(The History Press, 2013). 8168: 7885:Sandifer, Preston (2011). 7791:Europe Divided (1559–1598) 7369:Europe Divided (1559–1598) 7129:Huscroft, Richard (2006). 7069:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 6752:. Encyclopaedia Britannica 6177:Migrations and Disruptions 5163:June 1970 general election 5114: 5092:in 1973, which became the 5038: 4926: 4899: 4877: 4871: 4801:, the last monarch of the 4790:. On the Union, historian 4681:, but was defeated at the 4673:In November 1688, William 4538:, who was beheaded in 1649 4515:Maps of territory held by 4496: 4479:establishment at Jamestown 4470: 4409: 4267: 4098:recently become Protestant 4031: 3875:Henry immediately married 3736:A more serious threat was 3638: 3632: 3620:List of English chronicles 3613: 3581:Battle of Mortimer's Cross 3460:Philippa, Queen of Denmark 3388:Great Slump (15th century) 3377: 3294: 3019: 2949: 2879: 2776: 2765: 2566: 2559: 2511:landed in Northern England 2460:Anglo-Saxon king with his 2414:Norman conquest of England 2399: 2323: 2166:monastery as given by the 2131: 1943: 1906: 1882: 1658: 1652: 1641: 1495: 1235: 1191:anatomically modern humans 1133: 1121: 1115: 956:, a collection of various 107:Economy in the Middle Ages 35: 28: 12472: 12373: 12274: 12222:First Minister and deputy 12187: 12100: 12096: 12083: 12079: 11980: 11820: 11811: 11769: 11686: 11677: 11636: 11577: 11446: 11442: 11433: 11295: 11223: 11175: 11171: 11162: 11095: 11007: 10998: 10928: 10852: 10767: 10645: 10641: 10632: 10588: 10579: 10527: 10518: 10488: 10452: 10426: 10393: 10335: 10304: 10256: 10200: 10191: 10134: 10086: 10048: 9785: 9702:Genetic history of Europe 9684: 9489: 9305: 9245: 9212: 9139: 9064: 9017: 8909: 8860: 8801: 8790: 8681: 8496:(Routledge, 2010 reprint) 7740:Carlton, Charles (2011). 7324:The Conquest of the Ocean 6993:Ridgeway, Huw W. (2004), 6771:Gillingham, John (1984). 6718:Jordan Paul Carr (2007). 6132:Archaeology and Migration 5537:Social history of England 5141:(Greater Manchester) and 5127:Redcliffe-Maud commission 4972:Local Government Act 1894 4964:Local Government Act 1888 4773:King James VI of Scotland 4477:In 1607 England built an 3403:Second House of Lancaster 3117:Great Famine of 1315–1317 2933:and a French invasion by 2631:, in which wool from the 2535:in a campaign called the 2523:Battle of Stamford Bridge 927:Roman conquest of Britain 11850:Environmental inequality 10794:The Football Association 8592:(Clarendon Press, 1870) 8428:Schlatter, Richard, ed. 8263:A new history of England 7872:(1996) 81#263 pp 359–83 7536:England Under the Tudors 7225:. Amnberley Publishing. 7106:Morris, John E. (1901). 7082:"Changes under Edward I" 6858:. Longmans, Green and Co 5762:Jews in Medieval Britain 5449:List of British monarchs 5415:Kingdom of Great Britain 4939:Billingsgate Fish Market 4831:planned French invasions 4788:Union of the Parliaments 4750:Kingdom of Great Britain 4564:Second English Civil War 4112:The Procession Picture, 3765:In 1501, the king's son 3703:Battle of Bosworth Field 3445:Thomas, Duke of Clarence 3435:Henry V, King of England 2779:Angevin kings of England 2464:. Biblical scene in the 2008:Archbishop of Canterbury 1966:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 1632:Traces of their presence 1297:of the eastern European 435:East Riding of Yorkshire 350:Kingdom of Great Britain 10279:History of Anglo-Saxons 9707:History of Christianity 8947:Early medieval Scotland 8602:(4 Vol, 1983), 3425 pp. 8002:. The National Archives 7778:excerpt and text search 7655:excerpt and text search 7408:Encyclopædia Britannica 7398:"English History" 7353:Encyclopædia Britannica 7343:"English History" 7338:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson 7171:The Jewish Encyclopedia 7160:Jacobs, Joseph (1903). 6995:"Henry III (1207–1272)" 6917:Encyclopedia Brittanica 6590:(Hildreth Press, 2008). 6554:Rees, Rosemary (2002). 6062:"The Origins of Wessex" 5566:Subdivisions of England 5370:Commonwealth of Nations 5035:20th and 21st centuries 4544:First English Civil War 4426:King James I of England 3723:Edward, Earl of Warwick 3416:Armorial of Plantagenet 3358:, who declared himself 3348:increased the turmoil. 3087:expel Jews from England 2667:William I the Conqueror 2034:was killed in 686. The 1733:Kingdoms and tribes in 1362:. After some time, the 1136:Neolithic British Isles 1074:Commonwealth of England 11736:Science and technology 10605:Elizabethan government 10470:Kingdom of East Anglia 10465:Kingdom of Northumbria 9828:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9531:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8991:Early medieval Ireland 8957:Late medieval Scotland 8952:High medieval Scotland 8925:Early medieval England 8609:(4 vol 1974), 1396 pp. 8513:Aspinall, Arthur. ed. 8499:Browning, Andrew. ed. 8282:Clapp, Brian William. 7899:Van der Kiste, 114–115 7322:Lavery, Brian (2013). 7168:; et al. (eds.). 7009:10.1093/ref:odnb/12950 5990:"Book 5, chapter 24". 5973:"The Battersea Shield" 5824:, accessed 2 July 2011 5817:2 January 2012 at the 5523:– historical estimates 5244:(and directly elected 5238:parliament for England 5198:rate-capping rebellion 5066: 4959: 4942: 4845: 4752:governed by a unified 4718:final campaign in 1745 4624: 4616: 4568:execution of Charles I 4539: 4528: 4508: 4428: 4365:status quo ante bellum 4303: 4222: 4120: 4045: 3937: 3858:The newly established 3793: 3663: 3297:Black Death in England 3151: 3140: 3064:Parliaments of England 3055: 2935:Prince Louis of France 2913: 2902: 2788: 2724: 2692:, in the wreck of the 2659: 2623:were characterised by 2589: 2539:. After marching from 2528:On 28 September 1066, 2469: 2447:Godwin, Earl of Wessex 2347: 2248:kingdom of Northumbria 2224: 2151: 1991: 1979: 1898: 1851:was established under 1752: 1738: 1674: 1649:Anglo-Saxon migrations 1539: 1528: 1516: 1475:In 55 and 54 BC, 1464: 1437: 1397: 1342: 1330: 1278: 1204:The New Stone Age, or 1182: 1148: 1021:. During this period, 964:. They introduced the 151:Black Death in England 11713:Free trade agreements 10811:Rugby Football League 10294:Settlement of Britain 9611:Industrial Revolution 9038:Early modern Scotland 9001:Late medieval Ireland 8996:High medieval Ireland 8935:Late medieval England 8930:High medieval England 8886:Protohistoric Ireland 8588:Stubbs, William, ed. 8567:Leach, Arthur F. ed. 8478:Williams, Charles H. 8464:Rothwell, Harry, ed. 8400:(2nd ed. 2002) 1142pp 8366:(Penguin Books 1942) 7989:Lodge (1832), pp. 7–8 7789:Elliott, J H (1982). 7710:(Oxford, 1954) p. 1, 7367:Elliott, J H (1982). 7307:Grant, R. G. (2017). 6831:Catholic Encyclopedia 6797:France, John (2015). 6707:. 2019. pp. 1–2. 6562:. Heinemann. p. 6527:Frank Merry Stenton, 6469:Nature Communications 6400:Nature Communications 6237:Fox, Bethany (2007). 6220:"Relative Chronology" 6144:Dark, Ken R. (2003). 6119:The Anglo-Saxon World 5897:Olalde etal. (2018), 5521:Population of England 5324:Parliament of England 5250:2005 general election 5115:Further information: 5105:West Lothian question 5063:Victory in Europe Day 5061: 4948: 4936: 4927:Further information: 4908:Industrial Revolution 4896:Industrial Revolution 4878:Further information: 4839: 4784:Palace of Westminster 4762:with the same monarch 4722:Charles Edward Stuart 4638:, and in 1666 by the 4622: 4612: 4558:of Parliament at the 4534: 4514: 4506: 4497:Further information: 4471:Further information: 4424: 4301: 4220: 4111: 4041: 3963:Prayer Book Rebellion 3925: 3788: 3657: 3639:Further information: 3542:Charles VII of France 3505:, referred to as the 3440:John, Duke of Bedford 3378:Further information: 3146: 3125: 3102:Battle of Bannockburn 3041: 3034:Richard II of England 3030:Edward III of England 2908: 2889: 2786: 2766:Further information: 2719: 2649: 2606:Anglo-Norman language 2580: 2567:Further information: 2466:Old English Hexateuch 2459: 2337: 2218: 2169:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2158:took place in 787 in 2149: 2000:Roman Catholic Church 1985: 1973: 1892: 1744: 1732: 1668: 1659:Further information: 1534: 1522: 1505: 1481:his campaigns in Gaul 1454: 1431:Bibliotheca historica 1415: 1387: 1336: 1324: 1307:Atlantic trade system 1299:Pontic-Caspian Steppe 1258: 1216:is one of the oldest 1177: 1143: 1098:Industrial Revolution 1007:William the Conqueror 994:by the 10th century. 935:province of Britannia 901:was inhabited by the 869:), at the end of the 12062:World Heritage Sites 11855:Environmental issues 11559:Female party leaders 11200:Overseas territories 10828:Rugby Football Union 10496:House of Plantagenet 9666:European debt crisis 9661:European integration 9601:Age of Enlightenment 9441:Republic of Florence 9148:House of Plantagenet 9050:Early modern Ireland 9033:Early modern England 9028:Early modern Britain 8969:Early medieval Wales 8827:Prehistoric Shetland 8822:Prehistoric Scotland 8605:Wiener, Joel H. ed. 8598:Weiner, Joel H. ed. 8536:Beard, Charles, ed. 8471:Whitelock, Dorothy. 8425:(2 vol 2003), 1610pp 8312:A History of Britain 8291:A History of England 8248:The Isles, A History 8236:Bédarida, François. 8085:on 13 September 2010 7972:A History of Britain 7913:The Isles: A History 7616:accessed 25 Aug 2011 7600:accessed 25 Aug 2011 6911:Doris Mary Stenton. 6588:Early wars of Wessex 6540:Peter Hayes Sawyer, 6206:Medieval Archaeology 6049:. 2013. p. 162. 6019:Guy de la Bedoyere, 5800:Uniting the kingdom? 5578:Historical subtopics 5482:House of Plantagenet 5289:and the creation of 4984:Local Government Act 4850:Act of Union of 1800 4694:Declaration of Right 4412:Early modern Britain 4247:sacked Santo Domingo 4182:and battles between 4094:Mary, Queen of Scots 3918:Edward VI and Mary I 3829:James IV of Scotland 3727:Margaret of Burgundy 3641:Early Modern Britain 3573:Edward, Duke of York 3544:. However, in 1429, 3519:Charles VI of France 3279:in 1399. In 1381, a 3148:Canterbury Cathedral 3138:The Canterbury Tales 3083:Statute of the Jewry 3052:University of Oxford 3026:Edward II of England 2952:Henry III of England 2822:. In his reign, new 2768:House of Plantagenet 2733:Robert of Gloucester 2665:, the fourth son of 2641:capital accumulation 2504:Harald III of Norway 2443:Edward the Confessor 2402:Ethelred the Unready 2378:Battle of Brunanburh 2271:Æthelred the Unready 2196:fell in 869. Though 2052:Edwin of Northumbria 2002:from the southeast. 1893:Shoulder clasp from 1839:at the hands of the 1811:in the 9th century. 1803:in the 7th century, 1153:Last Glacial Maximum 1015:House of Plantagenet 905:people known as the 29:For other uses, see 10380:Union with Scotland 10360:English Reformation 10355:English Renaissance 10284:Anglo-Saxon England 10049:States with limited 9631:Revolutions of 1848 9561:Early modern France 9342:Anglo-Saxon England 9247:Classical antiquity 9125:Late modern Ireland 9019:Early modern period 8979:Late medieval Wales 8974:High medieval Wales 8846:Prehistoric Ireland 8817:Prehistoric England 8812:Prehistoric Britain 8626:Connected Histories 8543:Cheyney, Edward P. 8527:Douglas, D. C. ed. 8421:Loades, David, ed. 7670:23 May 2008 at the 7637:22 May 2012 at the 7473:Hay, Denys (1988). 7423:Renaissance Studies 6943:Library of Congress 6827:"Pope Innocent III" 6529:Anglo-Saxon England 6489:10.1038/ncomms10326 6481:2016NatCo...710326M 6420:10.1038/ncomms10408 6412:2016NatCo...710408S 6292:2003CBio...13..979C 6130:Stefan Burmeister, 5605:Anglo-Saxon England 5600:English nationalism 5532:Politics of England 5400:History of Scotland 5334:Monarchs of England 5267:unitary authorities 5215:ceremonial counties 5131:unitary authorities 5075:Republic of Ireland 4827:Jacobite rebellions 4769:Union of the Crowns 4746:Kingdom of Scotland 4710:Jacobite rebellions 4706:Massacre of Glencoe 4683:Battle of the Boyne 4668:Glorious Revolution 4646:Glorious Revolution 4570:in January 1649 at 4523:(green) during the 4483:indentured servants 4445:Union of the Crowns 4417:Union of the Crowns 4195:Italian Renaissance 4176:English Reformation 4157:William Shakespeare 4149:English Renaissance 3961:in Norfolk and the 3853:English Reformation 3849:Francis I of France 3825:Battle of the Spurs 3802:Catherine of Aragon 3775:Henry, Duke of York 3771:Catherine of Aragon 3645:English Renaissance 3523:Catherine of Valois 3511:Battle of Agincourt 3238:major naval victory 3203:Kingdom of Scotland 3110:Thomas of Lancaster 3076:Kingdom of Scotland 3054:, 13th–14th century 3022:Edward I of England 2912:, 12th–13th century 2837:Henry's successor, 2737:Geoffroy V of Anjou 2530:William of Normandy 2502:In September 1066, 2493:Sweyn II of Denmark 2481:William of Normandy 2344:Life of St Cuthbert 2320:English unification 2192:fell to the Danes; 2124:and Middle Anglia. 2036:Anglo-Saxon mission 1996:Celtic Christianity 1988:Lindisfarne Gospels 1986:Folio 27r from the 1926:Stephen Oppenheimer 1775:. To the north was 1402:Massaliote Periplus 1291:Corded Ware culture 1287:Bell Beaker culture 1238:Bell Beaker culture 1118:Prehistoric Britain 1090:Glorious Revolution 871:Last Glacial Period 859:Northwestern Europe 202:Glorious Revolution 170:English Renaissance 122:English unification 92:Prehistoric Britain 12521:History of England 11756:Telecommunications 11708:Economic geography 11564:Political scandals 11195:Crown Dependencies 10909:Saint George's Day 10501:House of Lancaster 10312:Kingdom of England 10213:History of England 9737:Crusading movement 9641:Russian Revolution 9476:Hundred Years' War 9372:Maritime republics 9275:Early Christianity 9265:Hellenistic period 9222:Paleolithic Europe 9153:House of Lancaster 9106:World Wars (Wales) 9066:Late modern period 9043:Early modern Wales 8832:Prehistoric Orkney 8803:Prehistoric period 8328:BBC/Miramax, 2001 8316:BBC/Miramax, 2000 8298:England, 1870–1914 8240:. Routledge, 2013. 8037:on 15 October 2012 8000:"1833 Factory Act" 7830:(New Haven, 2000). 7514:on 18 January 2012 7476:Renaissance essays 7187:, pp. 140–160 7071:, pp. 104–107 6773:The Angevin Empire 6599:Richard P. Ables, 6544:(Routledge, 2002). 5654:The New York Times 5561:Regions of England 5527:Culture of England 5509:Societal overviews 5487:House of Lancaster 5405:History of Ireland 5159:Conservative Party 5067: 5022:sanitary districts 4960: 4943: 4912:Economies of scale 4862:Kingdom of Ireland 4846: 4742:Kingdom of England 4726:Battle of Culloden 4714:James III and VIII 4625: 4617: 4540: 4529: 4509: 4429: 4304: 4227:Philip II of Spain 4223: 4121: 4046: 3977:, who is known as 3938: 3794: 3664: 3561:Hundred Years' War 3534:Regency government 3503:Hundred Years' War 3311:Hundred Years' War 3253:in 1588 and 1589. 3223:Treaty of Brétigny 3211:Hundred Years' War 3184:by his mother and 3152: 3141: 3056: 2990:Second Barons' War 2914: 2903: 2898:, property of the 2894:of the 1215 text, 2859:Kingdom of England 2855:Battle of Bouvines 2789: 2773:The first Angevins 2741:adulterine castles 2725: 2660: 2590: 2583:Battle of Hastings 2549:Edgar the Ætheling 2545:Battle of Hastings 2497:Edgar the Ætheling 2470: 2428:Edmund II Ironside 2348: 2277:and later his son 2225: 2223:, late 9th century 2186:Great Heathen Army 2152: 2018:Anglo-Saxon king, 2012:Æthelberht of Kent 1992: 1980: 1899: 1861:Battle of Ellendun 1823:. It also subdued 1753: 1739: 1675: 1638:Anglo-Saxon period 1604:Suetonius Paulinus 1540: 1529: 1517: 1465: 1398: 1343: 1331: 1279: 1242:Bronze Age Britain 1183: 1149: 1045:. The Lancastrian 1043:House of Lancaster 1031:Hundred Years' War 992:Kingdom of England 970:Brittonic language 813:England portal 460:Greater Manchester 345:Kingdom of England 302:History of English 117:Anglo-Saxon period 12508: 12507: 12468: 12467: 12464: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12075: 12074: 11807: 11806: 11673: 11672: 11669: 11668: 11554:Political parties 11478:Foreign relations 11429: 11428: 11425: 11424: 11158: 11157: 11135:Mass surveillance 11113:Foreign relations 11046:Second World War 10957: 10956: 10924: 10923: 10848: 10847: 10754:Science education 10747:Church of England 10628: 10627: 10575: 10574: 10514: 10513: 10480:Kingdom of Sussex 10475:Kingdom of Mercia 10327:Wars of the Roses 10150: 10149: 9745: 9744: 9671:COVID-19 pandemic 9616:French Revolution 9591:Habsburg monarchy 9571:Cossack Hetmanate 9551:Portuguese Empire 9541:Absolute monarchy 9536:Thirty Years' War 9431:Holy Roman Empire 9356:Bulgarian Empire 9315:Early Middle Ages 9232:Bronze Age Europe 9206:History of Europe 9172: 9171: 9055:Early modern Mann 8942:Medieval Scotland 8900:Sub-Roman Britain 8895:End of Roman rule 8839:Prehistoric Wales 8296:Ensor, R. C. K. 8286:(Routledge, 2014) 8190:978-1-80010-631-4 8152:. 28 October 2010 7954:Act of Union 1707 7579:978-1-4051-6275-3 7546:978-1-60620-939-4 7486:978-0-907628-96-5 7425:1 (1987): 27–47. 7293:978-1-107-08990-7 7199:, pp. 44–45. 7140:978-0-752-43729-3 7052:978-0-23027-816-5 7026:(Subscription or 7015:on 18 August 2013 6979:978-0-14-014824-4 6946:. 6 November 2014 6892:. Concordat Watch 6812:978-1-4724-1958-3 6586:Albany F. Major, 6381:978-1-84529-158-7 6189:Coates, Richard. 6060:Hamerow, Helena. 5960:The Ancient Celts 5686:. 2 November 2011 5285:The abolition of 5219:historic counties 5210:Lieutenancies Act 5202:Margaret Thatcher 5179:historic counties 4991:historic counties 4968:historic counties 4756:according to the 4698:royal prerogative 4525:English Civil War 4499:English Civil War 4493:English Civil War 4393:English Civil War 4377:Treaty of Nonsuch 4369:Roman Catholicism 4350:Sir Francis Drake 4231:Treaty of Nonsuch 4180:English Civil War 4172:Wars of the Roses 4059:Church of England 4018:Emperor Charles V 3950:Henry VIII's will 3860:Church of England 3841:Book of Leviticus 3833:Battle of Flodden 3769:, having married 3745:Elizabeth of York 3568:Wars of the Roses 3553:Margaret of Anjou 3540:rightful king as 3496: 3495: 3384:Wars of the Roses 3368:Henry of Monmouth 3304:, an epidemic of 3136:–1400, author of 3006:Simon de Montfort 2982:Simon de Montfort 2931:First Barons' War 2847:Holy Roman Empire 2581:Depiction of the 2410:Eiríkr Hákonarson 1962:Gregorian mission 1703:Battle of Deorham 1685:, these included 1655:Sub-Roman Britain 1369:Hallstatt culture 1341:(detail), 350 BC. 1062:English Civil War 1035:Wars of the Roses 1019:Kingdom of France 1005:, established by 913:tribes (e.g. the 909:, including some 847: 846: 182:English Civil War 112:Sub-Roman Britain 16:(Redirected from 12533: 12488: 12481: 12189:Northern Ireland 12098: 12097: 12085: 12084: 12081: 12080: 11818: 11817: 11731: 11684: 11683: 11542:House of Commons 11510:Local government 11444: 11443: 11440: 11439: 11350:Renewable energy 11335:hydroelectricity 11173: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11005: 11004: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10961: 10960: 10937: 10899:Royal supporters 10700:Landscape garden 10670:Country clothing 10643: 10642: 10639: 10638: 10586: 10585: 10525: 10524: 10460:Kingdom of Essex 10223:Local government 10198: 10197: 10177: 10170: 10163: 10154: 10153: 10087:Dependencies and 9786:Sovereign states 9772: 9765: 9758: 9749: 9748: 9606:Great Divergence 9521:Age of Discovery 9466:Late Middle Ages 9436:High Middle Ages 9347:Byzantine Empire 9330:Christianization 9320:Migration Period 9255:Classical Greece 9227:Neolithic Europe 9199: 9192: 9185: 9176: 9175: 9130:Late modern Mann 9101:Second World War 9086:Edwardian period 9081:Victorian period 8986:Medieval Ireland 8920:Medieval England 8862:Classical period 8851:Prehistoric Mann 8796: 8753:Northern Ireland 8668: 8661: 8654: 8645: 8644: 8632: 8615:External sources 8579:Stephenson, Carl 8377:Woodward, E. L. 8340:on DVD BBC 2002 8215: 8193: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8036: 8029: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8007: 7996: 7990: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7930: 7924: 7906: 7900: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7882: 7876: 7863: 7857: 7850: 7844: 7837: 7831: 7824: 7818: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7786: 7780: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7747: 7737: 7718: 7700: 7694: 7682:John Guy (1988) 7680: 7674: 7663: 7657: 7647: 7641: 7624: 7618: 7608: 7602: 7592: 7586: 7571: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7533:Smith, Goldwin. 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7510:. 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Martin, 6160: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6141: 6135: 6128: 6122: 6115: 6109: 6106: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6043: 6037: 6030: 6024: 6017: 6011: 6006:Barry Cunliffe, 6004: 5998: 5997: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5969: 5963: 5958:Barry Cunliffe, 5956: 5950: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5924: 5918: 5910: 5904: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5869: 5863: 5856: 5850: 5843: 5834: 5831: 5825: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5776: 5775: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5708: 5705:The Anglo-Saxons 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5651: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5625: 5544:Local government 5410:History of Wales 5234:Northern Ireland 5079:Northern Ireland 5071:Irish Free State 5005:custos rotulorum 4980:quarter sessions 4958: 4955: 4923:Local governance 4823:James VI & I 4815:House of Hanover 4662:and her husband 4656:James II and VII 4652:Exclusion Crisis 4587:Richard Cromwell 4560:Battle of Naseby 4521:Parliamentarians 4383:End of Tudor era 4361:Treaty of London 4285:George Gascoigne 4270: 4269: 4118: 4115: 3959:Kett's Rebellion 3936: 3933: 3896:Catherine Howard 3881:puerperal sepsis 3692:Age of Discovery 3658:Portrait of the 3515:Treaty of Troyes 3488: 3481: 3474: 3426: 3413: 3392: 3391: 3281:Peasants' Revolt 3135: 3132: 3127:Geoffrey Chaucer 3068:Model Parliament 3001:Statute of Jewry 2940:Rochester Castle 2892:exemplifications 2828:Anglo-Aquitanian 2721:Durham Cathedral 2519:Harold Godwinson 2473:Harold Godwinson 2436:North Sea empire 2424:Sweyn of Denmark 2406:Canute the Great 2355:Edward the Elder 2351:Alfred of Wessex 2338:Frontispiece of 2330:Edgar of England 2275:Harold Bluetooth 2142:Alfred the Great 1978:, 8th century AD 1903:Germanic peoples 1831:, was killed by 1737:, c. AD 600 1515: 1512: 1509:(Roman London), 1455:Bronze coins of 1435: 1426:Diodorus Siculus 1339:Battersea Shield 1311:Celtic languages 1277: 1274: 1269:Early Bronze Age 1246:British Iron Age 1232:Later Prehistory 1222:dendrochronology 1218:timber trackways 1169:hunter-gatherers 1157:Palaeolithic era 1096:. Following the 1082:the Protectorate 978:(Old North; the 958:Germanic peoples 944:facilitated the 839: 832: 825: 811: 810: 809: 520:Northamptonshire 241:Second World War 146:Late Middle Ages 129:High Middle Ages 76: 66: 48: 47: 21: 12541: 12540: 12536: 12535: 12534: 12532: 12531: 12530: 12511: 12510: 12509: 12504: 12491: 12484: 12477: 12456: 12369: 12270: 12183: 12092: 12071: 11976: 11932:Public holidays 11912:Life expectancy 11803: 11765: 11745:London Exchange 11741:Stock exchanges 11729: 11728:Pound sterling 11696:Bank of England 11665: 11656:Royal Air Force 11632: 11573: 11505:Law enforcement 11421: 11330:hydraulic frac. 11291: 11272:Lakes and lochs 11219: 11215:Former colonies 11154: 11150:Women's history 11125:Law enforcement 11091: 11037:First World War 10994: 10988: 10958: 10953: 10940: 10933: 10920: 10894:Royal standards 10844: 10763: 10624: 10571: 10510: 10484: 10448: 10422: 10389: 10365:Elizabethan era 10331: 10317:Norman Conquest 10300: 10252: 10238:English society 10187: 10181: 10151: 10146: 10130: 10088: 10082: 10068:Northern Cyprus 10050: 10044: 9960:North Macedonia 9781: 9776: 9746: 9741: 9680: 9646:Interwar period 9621:Napoleonic Wars 9485: 9456:Mongol invasion 9409:Crown of Aragon 9301: 9241: 9237:Iron Age Europe 9208: 9203: 9173: 9168: 9167: 9135: 9134: 9096:Interwar period 9091:First World War 9060: 9059: 9013: 9012: 8911:Medieval period 8905: 8904: 8856: 8855: 8797: 8788: 8787: 8771:Channel Islands 8707:Isles of Scilly 8677: 8672: 8630: 8617: 8612: 8540:(1906) excerpts 8440: 8438:Primary sources 8435: 8392: 8387: 8361:Trevelyan, G.M. 8354:(2014) 1040 pp 8350:Tombs, Robert, 8261:Black, Jeremy. 8222: 8220:Further reading 8212: 8191: 8171: 8166: 8165: 8155: 8153: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8133: 8131: 8124: 8120: 8110: 8108: 8103: 8102: 8098: 8088: 8086: 8077: 8076: 8072: 8062: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8050: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8027: 8019: 8015: 8005: 8003: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7988: 7984: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7952: 7948: 7940: 7936: 7932:Troost, 212–214 7931: 7927: 7907: 7903: 7898: 7894: 7883: 7879: 7864: 7860: 7851: 7847: 7838: 7834: 7825: 7821: 7815:History Ireland 7812: 7808: 7801: 7787: 7783: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7738: 7721: 7701: 7697: 7681: 7677: 7672:Wayback Machine 7664: 7660: 7648: 7644: 7639:Wayback Machine 7625: 7621: 7609: 7605: 7593: 7589: 7572: 7561: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7471: 7467: 7457: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7436: 7432: 7420: 7416: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7365: 7361: 7335: 7331: 7320: 7316: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7275: 7271: 7266: 7262: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7219: 7215: 7207: 7203: 7195: 7191: 7183: 7179: 7166:Singer, Isidore 7154: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7127: 7123: 7104: 7100: 7090: 7088: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7039: 7035: 7025: 7018: 7016: 6991: 6987: 6980: 6966: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6921: 6919: 6909: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6833: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6769: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6748: 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5707:, BBC – History 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5663: 5661: 5638: 5636: 5626: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5580: 5575: 5546: 5541: 5511: 5506: 5496: 5477: 5472: 5444: 5439: 5360: 5355: 5319: 5259: 5242:London Assembly 5193:should remain. 5119: 5113: 5056: 5047: 5039:Main articles: 5037: 4956: 4931: 4925: 4904: 4898: 4886: 4880:English society 4876: 4870: 4803:House of Stuart 4758:Treaty of Union 4734: 4675:invaded England 4648: 4614:King Charles II 4607: 4579:Oliver Cromwell 4501: 4495: 4475: 4469: 4441:House of Stuart 4419: 4414: 4408: 4385: 4354:Sir John Norris 4352:as admiral and 4309: 4307:Foreign affairs 4277:Sack of Antwerp 4202:the reforms of 4199:Edict of Nantes 4116: 4106: 4104:Elizabethan era 4086:Thomas Cromwell 4036: 4034:Elizabethan era 4030: 4009:Book of Martyrs 3934: 3920: 3783: 3731:Battle of Stoke 3721:, who posed as 3652: 3647: 3637: 3631: 3626: 3624:Bayeux Tapestry 3557:Treaty of Tours 3528:Henry V's son, 3507:Lancastrian War 3492: 3424: 3418: 3396:English Royalty 3390: 3380:Lancastrian War 3376: 3360:Prince of Wales 3302:The Black Death 3299: 3293: 3269:Anne of Bohemia 3245:defeats of the 3236:. Edward won a 3164:invaded England 3133: 3072:conquered Wales 3036: 3020:Main articles: 3018: 2954: 2948: 2900:British Library 2884: 2878: 2792:Empress Matilda 2781: 2775: 2770: 2764: 2735:. Her husband, 2675:King of England 2658:, built in 1078 2656:Tower of London 2594:Norman Conquest 2587:Bayeux Tapestry 2575: 2565: 2558: 2537:Norman Conquest 2533:invaded England 2485:Harald Hardråde 2416: 2400:Main articles: 2398: 2332: 2324:Main articles: 2322: 2260:Kingdom of York 2144: 2132:Main articles: 2130: 2040:Frankish Empire 2020:Penda of Mercia 1968: 1944:Main articles: 1942: 1887: 1881: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1646: 1640: 1609:decisive battle 1598:, stationed at 1544:conquer Britain 1513: 1500: 1494: 1485:invaded Britain 1436: 1424: 1319: 1295:Yamnaya culture 1275: 1263:at Stonehenge. 1259:Artefacts from 1253: 1248: 1236:Main articles: 1234: 1226:North Yorkshire 1214:Somerset Levels 1161:glacial periods 1138: 1132: 1127: 1120: 1114: 1078:Oliver Cromwell 843: 807: 805: 800: 799: 625: 623:By city or town 615: 614: 560:South Yorkshire 535:Nottinghamshire 530:North Yorkshire 450:Gloucestershire 390:Buckinghamshire 385:City of Bristol 370: 360: 359: 340: 332: 331: 287:English society 277: 269: 268: 267: 246:Postwar Britain 236:Interwar period 231:First World War 165:Elizabethan era 134:Norman Conquest 102:Medieval period 86: 64: 57: 44: 39:English History 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12539: 12529: 12528: 12523: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12502: 12497: 12490: 12489: 12482: 12474: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12462: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12428: 12427: 12417: 12412: 12411: 12410: 12408:First Minister 12405: 12400: 12390: 12385: 12379: 12377: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12336: 12335: 12325: 12320: 12319: 12318: 12316:First Minister 12313: 12308: 12298: 12293: 12292: 12291: 12280: 12278: 12272: 12271: 12269: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12242: 12241: 12231: 12226: 12225: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12204: 12199: 12193: 12191: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12150: 12149: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12123: 12122: 12117: 12106: 12104: 12094: 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10986: 10979: 10972: 10964: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10951: 10946: 10939: 10938: 10930: 10929: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10869: 10864: 10858: 10856: 10850: 10849: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10842: 10837: 10836: 10835: 10830: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10813: 10803: 10802: 10801: 10796: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10773: 10771: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10750: 10749: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10727: 10722: 10720:Middle England 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10646: 10636: 10630: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10589: 10583: 10577: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10528: 10522: 10516: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10492: 10490: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10456: 10454: 10453:Prior Kingdoms 10450: 10449: 10447: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10430: 10428: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10399: 10397: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10341: 10339: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10322:Angevin Empire 10319: 10314: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10250: 10248:United Kingdom 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10204: 10202: 10195: 10189: 10188: 10186: articles 10180: 10179: 10172: 10165: 10157: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10142:European Union 10138: 10136: 10135:Other entities 10132: 10131: 10129: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10092: 10090: 10089:other entities 10084: 10083: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10054: 10052: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10035:United Kingdom 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 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antiquity 9294: 9289: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9260:Roman Republic 9257: 9251: 9249: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9218: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9202: 9201: 9194: 9187: 9179: 9170: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9137: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9075:United Kingdom 9071: 9070: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9015: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9005: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8964:Medieval Wales 8961: 8960: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8883: 8878: 8876:Roman Scotland 8873: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8829: 8819: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8768: 8762: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8749: 8748: 8738: 8737: 8736: 8734:Outer Hebrides 8731: 8729:Inner Hebrides 8726: 8721: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8704: 8692:United Kingdom 8688: 8687: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8671: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8648: 8642: 8641: 8628: 8623: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8586: 8585:(2nd ed. 1990) 8576: 8571:(1911) 640pp; 8565: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8531:(Methuen 1995) 8525: 8518: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8412: 8401: 8396:Cannon, John. 8393: 8391: 8390:Historiography 8388: 8386: 8385: 8375: 8358: 8348: 8304: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8266: 8259: 8244:Davies, Norman 8241: 8234: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8211:978-0198224884 8210: 8194: 8189: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8141: 8118: 8096: 8070: 8048: 8013: 7991: 7982: 7958: 7946: 7934: 7925: 7909:Davies, Norman 7901: 7892: 7877: 7858: 7845: 7832: 7819: 7806: 7799: 7781: 7772:Charles Beem, 7765: 7758: 7719: 7695: 7675: 7658: 7642: 7632:online edition 7619: 7603: 7587: 7559: 7545: 7525: 7499: 7485: 7465: 7443: 7430: 7414: 7403:Chisholm, Hugh 7384: 7377: 7359: 7348:Chisholm, Hugh 7329: 7314: 7311:. p. 195. 7299: 7292: 7269: 7260: 7238: 7231: 7213: 7201: 7189: 7177: 7146: 7139: 7121: 7098: 7073: 7058: 7051: 7033: 6985: 6978: 6957: 6929: 6903: 6881: 6869: 6843: 6818: 6811: 6788: 6781: 6763: 6741: 6710: 6691: 6679: 6653: 6640: 6605: 6592: 6579: 6572: 6546: 6533: 6520: 6451: 6385: 6368: 6353: 6336: 6262: 6248: 6243:The Heroic Age 6229: 6210: 6197: 6181: 6168: 6155: 6136: 6123: 6110: 6101: 6088: 6079: 6068:on 2 July 2012 6052: 6038: 6025: 6012: 5999: 5982: 5977:British Museum 5964: 5951: 5938: 5919: 5912:The Guardian, 5905: 5890: 5864: 5851: 5835: 5826: 5804: 5792: 5777: 5770: 5752: 5745: 5724: 5709: 5697: 5675: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5518: 5516:English people 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5432: 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A series of 4821:, daughter of 4771:in 1603, when 4733: 4730: 4690:Bill of Rights 4679:Williamite War 4647: 4644: 4606: 4603: 4583:Lord Protector 4556:New Model Army 4536:King Charles I 4494: 4491: 4468: 4465: 4461:Robert Catesby 4457:Gunpowder Plot 4418: 4415: 4410:Main article: 4407: 4404: 4384: 4381: 4346:English Armada 4341:Spanish Armada 4318:Walter Raleigh 4308: 4305: 4281:Sancho d'Avila 4255:Spanish Armada 4212:trans-Atlantic 4165:Spanish Armada 4105: 4102: 4032:Main article: 4029: 4026: 4022:uterine cancer 3993:Lady Jane Grey 3954:letters patent 3948:tampered with 3919: 3916: 3900:Catherine Parr 3892:Duke of Cleves 3888:Anne of Cleves 3867:Henry married 3782: 3779: 3738:Perkin Warbeck 3719:Lambert Simnel 3672:House of Tudor 3651: 3648: 3633:Main article: 3630: 3627: 3609:Bosworth Field 3579:defeat at the 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3429: 3428: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3406: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3375: 3372: 3306:bubonic plague 3295:Main article: 3292: 3289: 3271:, daughter of 3251:English Armada 3247:Spanish Armada 3186:Roger Mortimer 3168:Hugh Despenser 3160:Roger Mortimer 3156:Queen Isabella 3106:Piers Gaveston 3048:Merton College 3017: 3014: 2950:Main article: 2947: 2944: 2880:Main article: 2877: 2874: 2812:Angevin Empire 2777:Main article: 2774: 2771: 2763: 2760: 2690:William Adelin 2585:(1066) on the 2557: 2556:Norman England 2554: 2468:(11th century) 2397: 2394: 2321: 2318: 2150:England in 878 2129: 2126: 1976:Ruthwell Cross 1954:Offa of Mercia 1941: 1938: 1905:into England. 1883:Main article: 1880: 1877: 1819:and west into 1745:The epic poem 1653:Main article: 1650: 1647: 1642:Main article: 1639: 1636: 1625:Hadrian's Wall 1613:Watling Street 1564:Aulus Plautius 1537:Hadrian's Wall 1496:Main article: 1493: 1490: 1422: 1364:Celtic Britons 1318: 1315: 1276: 1900 BC 1265:Wessex culture 1252: 1249: 1233: 1230: 1187:Mesolithic era 1134:Main article: 1131: 1128: 1116:Main article: 1113: 1110: 1106:decolonisation 1070:King Charles I 1058:Stuart dynasty 1027:expel the Jews 1003:Norman dynasty 950:English people 899:Firth of Forth 845: 844: 842: 841: 834: 827: 819: 816: 815: 802: 801: 798: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 626: 621: 620: 617: 616: 613: 612: 610:Worcestershire 607: 602: 600:West Yorkshire 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 525:Northumberland 522: 517: 512: 507: 505:City of London 502: 497: 495:Leicestershire 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 455:Greater London 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 395:Cambridgeshire 392: 387: 382: 377: 371: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 355:United Kingdom 352: 347: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 266: 265: 260: 255: 254: 253: 251:Social history 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 217: 216: 206: 205: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 174: 173: 172: 167: 157: 156: 155: 154: 153: 143: 142: 141: 136: 126: 125: 124: 114: 109: 99: 94: 88: 87: 82: 81: 78: 77: 69: 68: 59: 58: 51: 18:Norman England 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12538: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12487: 12483: 12480: 12476: 12475: 12471: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12426: 12423: 12422: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12395: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12372: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12334: 12331: 12330: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12290: 12287: 12286: 12285: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12277: 12273: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12240: 12237: 12236: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11979: 11973: 11972:Welfare state 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11917:Mental health 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11860:Ethnic groups 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11822: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11810: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11784:Bus transport 11782: 11780: 11779:Air transport 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11768: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11746: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11726: 11724: 11723:Manufacturing 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11697: 11694: 11693: 11692: 11689: 11688: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11676: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11635: 11627: 11624: 11623: 11622: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11599:Civil service 11597: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11576: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11526: 11525:republicanism 11523: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11448: 11445: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11432: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11407: 11405: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11345:North Sea oil 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11298: 11294: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11248: 11244: 11243:Great Britain 11241: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11234: 11233:British Isles 11231: 11230: 11228: 11226: 11222: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11161: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11119: 11116: 11115: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11094: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11032:Edwardian era 11030: 11028: 11027:Victorian era 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11010: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10997: 10992: 10985: 10980: 10978: 10973: 10971: 10966: 10965: 10962: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10941: 10936: 10932: 10931: 10927: 10917: 10914: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10878: 10877:national flag 10875: 10874: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10855: 10851: 10841: 10838: 10834: 10833:national team 10831: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10824: 10821: 10817: 10816:national team 10814: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10804: 10800: 10799:national team 10797: 10795: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10787: 10783: 10782:national team 10780: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10766: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10743: 10740: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10650:Afternoon tea 10648: 10647: 10644: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10631: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10599: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10578: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10517: 10507: 10506:House of York 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10487: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10451: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10425: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10413:Edwardian era 10411: 10409: 10408:Victorian era 10406: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10398: 10396: 10392: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10350:Stuart period 10348: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10269:Roman Britain 10267: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10255: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10243:British Isles 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10190: 10185: 10178: 10173: 10171: 10166: 10164: 10159: 10158: 10155: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10133: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10101:Faroe Islands 10099: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10073:South Ossetia 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10047: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9920:Liechtenstein 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9773: 9768: 9766: 9761: 9759: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9692:Art of Europe 9690: 9689: 9687: 9683: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9491:Modern period 9488: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9244: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9200: 9195: 9193: 9188: 9186: 9181: 9180: 9177: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9158:House of York 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9142: 9138: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9077:(since 1707) 9076: 9073: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9009: 9008:Medieval Mann 9006: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8908: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8890:Roman Ireland 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8871:Roman Britain 8869: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8859: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8795: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8702:Isle of Wight 8700: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8669: 8664: 8662: 8657: 8655: 8650: 8649: 8646: 8640: 8636: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8608: 8604: 8601: 8597: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8584: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8463: 8460: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8420: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8372:0-14-023323-7 8369: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8356:online review 8353: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8334:0-7868-6675-6 8331: 8327: 8323: 8322:0-7868-6675-6 8319: 8315: 8313: 8308: 8307:Schama, Simon 8305: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8256:0-19-513442-7 8253: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8213: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8172: 8151: 8145: 8129: 8122: 8106: 8100: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8058: 8052: 8033: 8026: 8025: 8017: 8001: 7995: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7962: 7955: 7950: 7943: 7938: 7929: 7922: 7921:0-19-513442-7 7918: 7914: 7910: 7905: 7896: 7888: 7881: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7862: 7855: 7849: 7842: 7836: 7829: 7823: 7816: 7810: 7802: 7800:9788484326694 7796: 7792: 7785: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7761: 7759:9780300139136 7755: 7751: 7746: 7745: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7684:Tudor England 7679: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7652: 7651:Tudor England 7646: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7548: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7529: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7488: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7469: 7453: 7447: 7440: 7437:Steven Gunn, 7434: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7393:Oman, Charles 7388: 7380: 7378:9788484326694 7374: 7370: 7363: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7333: 7326:. p. 61. 7325: 7318: 7310: 7303: 7295: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7264: 7258: 7257:0-631-18117-2 7254: 7250: 7249: 7242: 7234: 7232:9781445641201 7228: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7198: 7197:Richmond 1992 7193: 7186: 7185:Huscroft 2006 7181: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7163: 7150: 7142: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7087: 7086:parliament.uk 7083: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7063: 7054: 7048: 7044: 7037: 7029: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6989: 6981: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6962: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6933: 6918: 6914: 6913:"Magna Carta" 6907: 6891: 6885: 6878: 6873: 6854: 6847: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6814: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6792: 6784: 6782:0-7131-6249-X 6778: 6774: 6767: 6751: 6745: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6703: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6668: 6664: 6661:John Cannon. 6657: 6650: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6596: 6589: 6583: 6575: 6573:9781403401007 6569: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6550: 6543: 6537: 6530: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6389: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6364: 6357: 6346: 6340: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6274: 6266: 6258: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6201: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6172: 6165: 6159: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6127: 6120: 6114: 6105: 6098: 6092: 6083: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6042: 6035: 6029: 6022: 6016: 6009: 6003: 5995: 5994: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5961: 5955: 5948: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5901: 5894: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5861: 5855: 5848: 5842: 5840: 5830: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5796: 5790:, p. 12. 5789: 5788:Huscroft 2006 5784: 5782: 5773: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5748: 5746:0-7146-3464-6 5742: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5722:, p. 90. 5721: 5716: 5714: 5706: 5701: 5685: 5679: 5672: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5622: 5617: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5501: 5500: 5493: 5492:House of York 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5311: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5208:In 1997, the 5206: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5151:Black Country 5148: 5144: 5143:West Midlands 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4807:second cousin 4804: 4800: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4738:Acts of Union 4729: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4650:In 1680, the 4643: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4630: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4602: 4600: 4597:According to 4595: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4505: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4433:King of Scots 4427: 4423: 4413: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4397:Privy Council 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4326:Francis Drake 4323: 4319: 4315: 4300: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4273:Thomas Hobbes 4264: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4251:and Cartagena 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4235:Francis Drake 4232: 4228: 4219: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4110: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4075:Francis Drake 4072: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3952:and obtained 3951: 3947: 3943: 3929: 3924: 3915: 3911: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3827:. Meanwhile, 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3813:war in France 3809: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3787: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3680:Low Countries 3677: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3656: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3629:Tudor England 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3356:Owain Glyndŵr 3352: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3327:Owain Glyndŵr 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3267:. He married 3266: 3261: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3066:(such as his 3065: 3061: 3058:The reign of 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2994:Saintonge War 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2843:Third Crusade 2840: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2824:Anglo-Angevin 2821: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2780: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2679:heir apparent 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2602:Norman French 2599: 2598:Domesday Book 2595: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032:Isle of Wight 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1904: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1749: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1533: 1526: 1521: 1514: 120 AD 1508: 1504: 1499: 1498:Roman Britain 1492:Roman Britain 1489: 1486: 1482: 1479:, as part of 1478: 1477:Julius Caesar 1473: 1471: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1446:Arras culture 1443: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1340: 1335: 1328: 1327:Maiden Castle 1323: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:Neolithic era 1202: 1200: 1197:and possibly 1196: 1192: 1188: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1125: 1119: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094:Great Britain 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066:the execution 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1051:Tudor dynasty 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039:House of York 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 976: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 840: 835: 833: 828: 826: 821: 820: 818: 817: 814: 804: 803: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 710:Milton Keynes 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 624: 619: 618: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 590:West Midlands 588: 586: 583: 581: 580:Tyne and Wear 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 565:Staffordshire 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 480:Isle of Wight 478: 476: 475:Hertfordshire 473: 471: 470:Herefordshire 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 369: 364: 363: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 342: 336: 335: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 273: 272: 264: 261: 259: 256: 252: 249: 248: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 226:Edwardian era 224: 222: 221:Victorian era 219: 215: 212: 211: 210: 207: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 178: 177:Stuart period 175: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 161: 158: 152: 149: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139:Norman period 137: 135: 132: 131: 130: 127: 123: 120: 119: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 104: 103: 100: 98: 97:Roman Britain 95: 93: 90: 89: 85: 80: 79: 75: 71: 70: 67: 61: 60: 55: 50: 49: 46: 42: 40: 32: 27: 19: 12350:Homelessness 12164:Homelessness 12109: 11947:Social class 11927:Prostitution 11870:Homelessness 11651:British Army 11483:Human rights 11471:By-elections 11451:Constitution 11022:Georgian era 10904:Saint George 10867:Coat of arms 10806:Rugby league 10759:Sunday Roast 10680:Demographics 10610:Independence 10427:Contemporary 10385:Georgian era 10370:Jacobean era 10345:Tudor period 10337:Early Modern 10212: 10192: 10078:Transnistria 10040:Vatican City 9651:World War II 9504:Early modern 9481:Kalmar Union 9352:Papal States 9270:Roman Empire 8696: 8639:Google Books 8606: 8599: 8589: 8582: 8568: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8404: 8403:Elton, G.R. 8397: 8378: 8363: 8351: 8337: 8325: 8324:; TV series 8310: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8269: 8262: 8247: 8237: 8226: 8201: 8180: 8154:. Retrieved 8144: 8132:. Retrieved 8121: 8109:. Retrieved 8099: 8087:. Retrieved 8083:the original 8073: 8061:. Retrieved 8051: 8039:. Retrieved 8032:the original 8023: 8016: 8004:. Retrieved 7994: 7985: 7971: 7967:Simon Schama 7961: 7949: 7937: 7928: 7912: 7904: 7895: 7886: 7880: 7869: 7861: 7848: 7835: 7827: 7826:Paul Allen, 7822: 7814: 7809: 7790: 7784: 7773: 7768: 7743: 7707: 7698: 7683: 7678: 7661: 7650: 7645: 7627: 7626:J. B. Black 7622: 7611: 7606: 7595: 7590: 7550:. Retrieved 7535: 7528: 7516:. Retrieved 7512:the original 7502: 7490:. Retrieved 7475: 7468: 7456:. Retrieved 7446: 7438: 7433: 7422: 7417: 7406: 7387: 7368: 7362: 7351: 7332: 7323: 7317: 7308: 7302: 7283: 7272: 7263: 7246: 7241: 7222: 7216: 7211:, p. 1. 7209:Skinner 2003 7204: 7192: 7180: 7169: 7149: 7130: 7124: 7107: 7101: 7089:. Retrieved 7085: 7076: 7042: 7036: 7017:, retrieved 7013:the original 6998: 6988: 6969: 6948:. Retrieved 6941: 6932: 6920:. Retrieved 6916: 6906: 6894:. Retrieved 6884: 6872: 6860:. Retrieved 6846: 6834:. Retrieved 6830: 6821: 6802: 6791: 6772: 6766: 6754:. Retrieved 6744: 6732:. Retrieved 6727: 6723: 6713: 6700: 6694: 6689:, p. 4. 6682: 6670:. Retrieved 6666: 6656: 6648: 6643: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6600: 6595: 6587: 6582: 6557: 6549: 6541: 6536: 6528: 6523: 6472: 6468: 6461:Holst, Malin 6454: 6403: 6399: 6388: 6371: 6356: 6339: 6327:. Retrieved 6283: 6279: 6265: 6251: 6242: 6232: 6213: 6205: 6200: 6184: 6176: 6171: 6163: 6158: 6139: 6131: 6126: 6118: 6113: 6104: 6096: 6091: 6082: 6070:. Retrieved 6066:the original 6055: 6046: 6041: 6033: 6028: 6020: 6015: 6007: 6002: 5992: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5959: 5954: 5946: 5941: 5932: 5922: 5914: 5908: 5899: 5893: 5881:. Retrieved 5876: 5867: 5859: 5854: 5846: 5829: 5807: 5795: 5761: 5755: 5736: 5727: 5700: 5688:. Retrieved 5678: 5662:. Retrieved 5653: 5637:. Retrieved 5634:The Guardian 5633: 5498: 5497: 5307: 5284: 5260: 5223: 5207: 5195: 5190: 5183: 5175: 5167: 5155:Labour Party 5120: 5098: 5087: 5068: 5048: 5026: 5015: 5011: 4994: 4988: 4976: 4961: 4905: 4887: 4847: 4842:Factory Acts 4796: 4792:Simon Schama 4787: 4781: 4766: 4740:between the 4735: 4716:, mounted a 4702: 4687: 4672: 4649: 4633: 4626: 4596: 4592:George Monck 4576: 4541: 4476: 4430: 4406:17th century 4401: 4389:Tudor period 4387:In all, the 4386: 4358: 4356:as general. 4334: 4322:John Hawkins 4310: 4259: 4224: 4192: 4169: 4146: 4122: 4091: 4079: 4068: 4047: 4007: 4001: 3990: 3986:tuberculosis 3983: 3939: 3926:Portrait of 3912: 3904: 3885: 3877:Jane Seymour 3874: 3865: 3857: 3837: 3810: 3795: 3764: 3760: 3752:Maximilian I 3749: 3742: 3735: 3708: 3696: 3688:naval skills 3668:Tudor period 3665: 3660:Royal Tudors 3635:Tudor period 3589: 3565: 3550: 3538: 3527: 3497: 3353: 3350: 3335: 3300: 3262: 3255: 3227: 3189: 3176: 3153: 3134: 1340s 3114: 3098:Robert Bruce 3091: 3080: 3057: 3016:14th century 2998: 2978: 2956:John's son, 2955: 2915: 2910:Dover Castle 2895: 2867: 2836: 2832:Anglo-Norman 2816: 2806:(who became 2790: 2745: 2726: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2686:Anglo-Norman 2661: 2619:The English 2618: 2610: 2591: 2562:Godfrey Webb 2527: 2501: 2471: 2440: 2417: 2371: 2349: 2343: 2292: 2268: 2241: 2226: 2221:Alfred Jewel 2167: 2153: 2079: 2064: 2044: 2006:, the first 1993: 1934: 1923: 1908: 1900: 1873: 1869: 1754: 1746: 1711: 1683:Anglo-Saxons 1676: 1629: 1617: 1581: 1552:Catuvellauni 1541: 1474: 1466: 1438: 1429: 1417: 1416: 1399: 1360:Anglo-Saxons 1358:by Germanic 1344: 1303: 1280: 1203: 1184: 1181:, c. 2400 BC 1179:Silbury Hill 1150: 1055: 996: 973: 954:Anglo-Saxons 939: 919:Catuvellauni 863:Kents Cavern 848: 655:Christchurch 585:Warwickshire 500:Lincolnshire 375:Bedfordshire 209:Georgian era 192:Protectorate 187:Commonwealth 160:Tudor period 62: 45: 38: 26: 12437:Health care 12345:Health care 12251:Health care 12159:Health care 12067:Anglosphere 11942:Social care 11897:Immigration 11840:Drug policy 11604:Departments 11532:Nationality 11305:Agriculture 11238:terminology 11205:City status 11076:Since 1979 10823:Rugby union 10655:Anglophilia 10598:Middle Ages 10403:Regency era 10395:Late Modern 10305:Middle Ages 10264:Prehistoric 10116:Isle of Man 10051:recognition 10020:Switzerland 9955:Netherlands 9636:World War I 9626:Nationalism 9514:Reformation 9499:Renaissance 9471:Black Death 9404:Kievan Rus' 9307:Middle Ages 8881:Roman Wales 8765:Isle of Man 8198:Roth, Cecil 8024:Budget 2010 7956:, Article 3 7866:Derek Hirst 7704:C. S. Lewis 7649:J. A. Guy, 7552:26 December 7518:24 December 7492:26 December 7452:"Henry VII" 6663:"William I" 6558:The Vikings 6329:3 September 6072:18 November 5664:22 December 4957: 1880 4856:called the 4777:Elizabeth I 4599:Derek Hirst 4527:(1642–1645) 4485:. By 1700, 4316:", such as 4289:Shakespeare 4161:Reformation 4125:Elizabeth I 4117: 1600 4050:Elizabeth I 4043:Elizabeth I 4028:Elizabeth I 3975:John Dudley 3935: 1550 3908:Solway Moss 3869:Anne Boleyn 3684:Renaissance 3605:Henry Tudor 3577:Lancastrian 3546:Joan of Arc 3291:Black Death 3199:Black Death 2923:Magna Carta 2882:Magna Carta 2876:Magna Carta 2870:Magna Carta 2729:the Anarchy 2709:decisions, 2652:White Tower 2621:Middle Ages 2508:Earl Tostig 2194:East Anglia 2190:Northumbria 2164:Lindisfarne 2160:Dorsetshire 2098:East Anglia 2086:Northumbria 2075:Offa's Dyke 2071:Charlemagne 2014:. 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