1315:
1361:. The British concluded a treaty of trade under which, among others, the English were to assist Calicut in expelling the Portuguese from Cochin and Cranganore, a term that the British never fulfilled. In 1664, Zamorin gave the English permission to build a factory in Calicut but did not extend any other favours as he was by now growing suspicious of all European traders. The English maintained neutrality in the conflict between Mysore and the Kerala powers in 1766 and was an important factor which facilitated early success to Hyder Ali. However, tensions between the English and Mysore arose soon. The English army under Major Abington helped
2576:
1151:, an ally of the Portuguese. The Portuguese were forced to abandon the fort, which was then completely demolished. The fall of Chaliyam fort marked the beginning of the end for the Portuguese in the great game of the East. The Portuguese approached the Zamorin again in 1578 for reconciliation. By 1588 they were settled in Calicut and in 1591 built a church on land donated by the Zamorin (who even laid the foundation stone). The Zamorin's growing friendship was nevertheless a result of his gradual estrangement with the Kunjali Marakkars.
299:
410:
1062:
49:
1249:
surrender, and committed self-immolation. A revenue officer named
Madanna was appointed as the Civil Governor of Malabar with headquarters at Calicut. A rebellion soon broke out and the Mysorean garrison was besieged by the Nairs. Hyder Ali rushed to crush the rebellion, devastating the countryside and employing draconian measures to suppress the Nairs including defrocking of their social status. Successfully achieving his objectives, he had to return to Mysore soon to deal with the
819:
424:
769:. The date of this partition is a significant turning point in the history of Kerala. It is now clear that the Cheraman Perumals ruled in the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries and that the last Cheraman Perumal was Rama Varma Kulasekhara (1089–1102). Although there is no basis for the last Perumal's conversion to Islam and pilgrimage to Mecca, it is now accepted that following his mysterious disappearance the land was partitioned and that the governors of different
1029:. The navigator was received with traditional hospitality, but an interview with the Zamorin failed to produce any concrete results. Vasco da Gama's request for permission to leave a factor behind him in charge of the merchandise he could not sell was declined by the King, who insisted that da Gama pay customs duty like any other trader, straining the relationship between the two. The next expedition was sent by the King of Portugal under the leadership of
4514:
1163:
7209:
6329:
1302:
1210:, including spacious storehouses. It provided for a mutual alliance between the Zamorin and the Dutch to expel the Portuguese from Indian soil. In return, they were given facilities for trade at Calicut, including spacious storehouses. In the 18th century the Dutch position weakened and they were forced to surrender to a British force that marched from Calicut to Cochin on 20 October 1795 (as part of the larger
987:
1001:(the Chinese, the Arab and Turkish sultanates, and the African kingdoms already traded directly with India) but, unlike the others, the Portuguese yearned for political power and imperial domination. Vasco da Gama's fame is more often argued as due to historical reasons for which he was hardly responsible in that he was accompanied by a Portuguese-speaking Arab merchant provided by the Sultan of
1147:(Vettattnad) from where they re-established supremacy over Indian waters. It provided the Portuguese ample opportunities to harass the Zamorin and enter the heart of his kingdom in the event of war. The Chaliyam fort was 'like a pistol held at the Zamorin's throat'. The Zamorin attacked Chaliyam and recaptured the fort in 1571 coinciding with the defeat of the ruler of
384:
978:. Additionally detailed was the existence of a complex system of measurements for trade, as well as a system of succession in which the king's sister's son inherited the throne, due to a belief that legal family only constituted those born from a woman within said family; if no such heir existed, the throne would be passed to "some man of merit."
1426:
than 30 people. K.P.Krishna Pillai and R.V.Sharma defended the
National flag from forcible seizure by the police on this occasion. During the Second Civil Disobedience Movement (1932), all four hundred delegates who attended the All Kerala Political Conference in September 1932 were arrested. The incident wherein Mrs L.S.Prabhu (of
780:'s rule over Calicut. According to Prof. A. Sreedhara Menon (who entirely rejects the story of Cheraman Perumal's disappearance, his conversion to Islam and the subsequent gifts to his feudatories), immediately following the 'fall' of the Rama Kulasekhara, Calicut and its suburbs formed part of the Polanad Kingdom ruled by the
1033:
in 1500. His agent secured a settlement to erect a factory at
Calicut. This, however, precipitated matters between the Arabs and the Portuguese. The Portuguese capture of Arab vessels and ensuing massacre was retaliated by the locals who burned down the factory and butchered half of the Portuguese on
1248:
in the event of a conflict with the Kerala powers. In
February 1766, Hyder Ali marched into northern Kerala. Except for a few decisive battles, he faced meagre opposition and entered Calicut. The Zamorin sent the members of his family to Ponnani, blew up his palace and to avoid the humiliation of
810:
and came to terms with the troops and people. After this, the town of
Calicut was founded close to the palace at Tali. Then, the Eradis shifted their headquarters from Nediyirippu to Calicut. The Governor of Ernad built a fort at a place called Velapuram to safeguard his new interests. The fort most
1425:
in
October 1924 were started by Sri K.P.Kesava Menon and Muhammad Abdur Rahiman respectively to foster the spirit of Nationalism. On 12 May 1930, Satyagrahi's assembled at Calicut beach under the leadership of Muhammad Abdur Rahiman to break the 'Salt laws' were attacked by the police injuring more
1130:
arrived with specific instructions to destroy the power of
Calicut. The Zamorin's palace was captured and destroyed and the city was set on fire. But the King's forces rallied fast to kill Marshall Coutinho and wounded Albuquerque. Albuquerque nevertheless was clever enough to patch up his quarrel
1085:
With rising bonhomie between the
Maharaja of Cochin and the Portuguese, there followed several wars in which the Portuguese propped up Cochin and Cannanore against the Zamorin. Scores of men perished in these wars on all sides starting in 1503 and continuing till the early 1570s. In February 1509,
1253:
threat. A rebellion broke out again. Hyder Ali engaged in diplomacy this time through
Madanna and agreed to withdraw his forces for which a war indemnity was to be paid to him. But he made a second attempt in December 1773 and re-established his authority in Malabar. However, with the help of the
1369:
however did not stand by Lord
Cornwallis' promise to the exiled rulers that they will be restored after the expulsion of Tipu. By 1792, the whole of Malabar including Calicut came under the British dominion. Ravi Varma now turned against the company but was soon captured in 1793. The rebellion
1135:
who inflicted heavy damages to Portuguese property till 1589. King Zamorin was assisted mainly by four ministers namely Mangatachan the Chief Minister, Dharmoth Panicker, Army Chief and Teacher of Martial Arts, Kuthiravatathu Nair, Finance Minister and Kunjali Marakars, Chief of Naval Force.
945:
The history of Kozhikode can roughly be divided into several periods marked by a few epoch-making events. These include the city's establishment, the arrival of the Portuguese, the arrival of the Dutch, the Mysorean Invasion, the rise of British Power, the beginning of the
1131:
and entered into a treaty with the Zamorin in 1513 to protect Portuguese interests in Kerala. Hostilities were renewed when the Portuguese attempted to assassinate the Zamorin sometime between 1515 and 1518. From the 1520s the Zamorin's naval fleet was administered by the
1058:'s navy marked the beginning of Portuguese conflicts in the Indian Ocean. When da Gama's call to expel all Muslims from Calicut was vehemently turned down, he bombarded the city and captured several rice vessels, cutting off the crew's hands, ears, and noses.
736:, who visited Kerala towards the end of the 13th Century. He does, however, mention the kingdom of Eli. This provides a clue to a plausible date for the rise of Calicut as a major kingdom on the Kerala coast. Nevertheless, Prof. Krishna Ayyar has assigned 1034
833:
in his book, Calicut: The City of Truth states that the Governor of Eranad, Mana Vikrama (who became the Zamorin of Calicut later) was, in fact, a favourite of the last Ceraman Perumal, Rama Kulasekara as the former was at the forefront of the wars with the
1685:
1575:
1402:
The city also witnessed several movements as part of the struggle for Indian independence from the British. A conference of the Congress was held at Calicut in 1904 with C. Vijayaraghavachariar in the chair. A branch of the
792:. The Eradis of Nediyirippu in Ernad (somewhere around present Kondotty) were land-locked and sought an outlet to the sea to initiate trade and commerce with distant lands. To accomplish this, the Eradis marched with their
842:
forces to the South and led the army to victory. The King, therefore, granted him, as a mark of favour, a small tract of land on the sea-coast in addition to his hereditary possessions. This patch of wasteland is called
7056:
1258:, wiped out the Mysorean garrison in Calicut by 1778. By 1783 Tipu Sultan established his authority over Northern Kerala. He planned to shift the capital from Calicut to the south of the city on the banks of the river
851:. To corroborate his assertion that Mana Vikrama was, in fact, a favourite of the last Perumal, Narayanan cites a stone inscription of the last ruler (1102) discovered at Kollam in South Kerala. It refers to
351:, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather. It was once the capital of an independent kingdom by the same name and later of the erstwhile
1539:. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala).
649:) to the south of Kozhikode was a flourishing seaport. During the 9th century, this region became a part of the Second Chera Empire. The Cheras (also known as Perumals) ruled the territory until 1102.
300:
1828:
The Zamorin made Menokki ruler of Porallatiri and came to terms with the troops and people. After this follows an account of the founding of the town of Calicut, close to the Zamorin's palace at Tali
1667:
1557:
1711:
1411:
started functioning in the city. In 1916, Sri K.P.Kesava Menon staged a walk out of the Town Hall when he was denied permission by the Collector Mr Innes to address the meeting in
1154:
By 1663, the Portuguese flag ceased to fly in Kerala as the Dutch arrived at the scene and captured all their strongholds of Quilon, Cranganore, Purakkadm, Cochin and Cannanore.
1038:, where he was cordially received and allowed to load his ships. Vasco da Gama reached Calicut the second time with 15 ships and 800 men in February 1502. In January 1502, the
641:). The ports of the Chera empire played an important role in fostering trade relations between Kerala and the outside world. According to scholars, Tyndis or Tondi (present-day
938:. In the 15th century, the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode, thus leading to the emergence of Kozhikode as the most powerful kingdom in medieval
1495:
Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy – Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cera Perumals of Makotai (c. AD 800–AD 1124)
966:, Calicut was a place with relative harmony between its Hindu and Muslim populations, with a Hindu king making compact with Muslim lords to refrain from eating pork (per
252:
227:
7061:
901:
over the years. The Europeans called him Zamorin. The foundation of the city of Calicut was therefore laid during the initial years of the 12th century. The
2317:
2224:
1314:
1270:
under Ravi Varma of the Padinjare Kovilakam. Tipu returned in 1789 to re-establish his authority. This, however, brought him in direct conflict with the
1182:
if they would come and trade there. Two factors, Hans de Wolff and Lafer, were sent on an Asian ship from Aceh, but the two were captured by the chief of
4530:
1127:
1390:. Kozhikode municipality was formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850) of the
4470:
4460:
998:
1465:
on 1 January 1957. Kozhikode was upgraded as a Municipal Corporation in 1962, making it the second-oldest Municipal Corporation in the state.
1202:
was much reduced in importance. The treaty provided for a mutual alliance between the two to expel the Portuguese from Malabar. In return the
1166:
The Zamorin of Calicut as portrayed by the Dutch. More specifically, a depiction of "Deumo", a demon from distorted accounts of a local deity.
6499:
1507:
7048:
2575:
1955:
6437:
2869:
7175:
7155:
5175:
2310:
2217:
1043:
2965:
2915:
6364:
4455:
4341:
1190:
arrived at Kozhikode in November 1604. It marked the beginning of the Dutch presence in Kerala and they concluded a treaty with
885:(Governor) increased and he came to be known as Swami Nambiyathiri Thirumulpad and the Kingdom of Calicut also came to known as
855:-'The four Councillors, The Thousand, The Six Hundred, along with Mana Vikrama, the Governor of Eranad and other Feudatories'.
6846:
4517:
4351:
4251:
1912:
1851:
1679:
1569:
6772:
2096:
2067:
1857:
2125:
2017:
1438:
received nationwide condemnation. Calicut was also a major centre for the rising Communist Party of Malabar (1939) and the
17:
1449:. In 1956 when the Indian states were reorganised along linguistic lines, Malabar District was combined with the state of
652:
The rise of Calicut as a major trading centre and a port city does not seem to have happened before the 13th century. The
7125:
3518:
2303:
2210:
1286:
by the Treaties of Seringapatam with the British on 22 February and 18 March 1792. The newly acquired possessions on the
802:
in his headquarters, resulting in a 50-year war. The Eradis emerged victorious in their conquest of Polanad. After this,
4445:
6504:
4031:
2177:
1615:
1362:
1255:
1069:, shows several types of ships, shipbuilding, net fishing, dinghy traffic and a rugged, sparsely populated interior (
1975:
Sanjay Subrahmanyam. "The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650". Cambridge University Press, 2002
6542:
4503:
4450:
4361:
2020:(bap. 1756, d. 1811)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009
1442:(1942). Kerala chapter of the Communist Party was formed in a secret meeting held at Kallai Road in the year 1937.
1244:
Hyder Ali ascended the throne of Mysore in 1761. By 1764, he obtained a pledge of neutrality from the British at
427:
India in early 1320 CE. Note that most of the parts of present-day state of Kerala was under the influence of the
5188:
4440:
2030:
1721:
Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.
878:
seems to indicate that the land sought by the Ernadis, lay in fact beyond and not within the kingdom of Polanad.
4310:
6598:
5203:
5183:
527:
445:
415:
1730:
Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.
7232:
7185:
7135:
6547:
6519:
4264:
4225:
2284:
7130:
5644:
5208:
5198:
4238:
4212:
1453:
to form the new state of Kerala on 1 November 1956. Malabar District was later split into the districts of
1430:), who courted arrest during the conference, was ordered to surrender all her gold ornaments including the
947:
169:
7068:
6514:
6509:
6491:
6357:
5193:
4552:
4544:
858:
However, the Eradis being land-locked lacked direct access to the coastline as the territory of Polanad (
6570:
6005:
1739:
Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.
866:(conquer by courting and conferring death) by the last Ceraman (according to Keralolpathi), the Ernad
6663:
6648:
6628:
1404:
1239:
1039:
331:
was dubbed the "City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices during the
7237:
6623:
6565:
5794:
5719:
5218:
5135:
5115:
4777:
1203:
1195:
927:
1995:
1941:
Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama, Cambridge University Press, 1997, 288
1515:
1282:. Calicut and the surrounding districts were among the territories ceded to the British after the
776:
There is some ambiguity regarding the exact course of events that led to the establishment of the
6732:
4562:
1770:
Ayyar, K.V. Krishna, The Zamorins of Calicut- From the Earliest Times to A.D.1806(1938), Calicut.
754:
372:
4481:
1030:
6821:
6683:
6350:
5281:
4835:
4645:
4320:
3765:
3411:
1283:
889:
after the original house of the Eradis at Nediyiruppu. The king's title gradually evolved into
368:
1839:
1126:
was appointed the second Viceroy of the Portuguese possessions in the East. A new fleet under
6575:
6537:
6532:
6412:
6315:
6231:
5769:
5356:
4925:
4119:
2738:
2695:
2625:
2274:
2264:
2196:
1391:
1123:
917:
701:
622:
589:
245:
1823:
1630:
Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010
1341:
in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1615, when a group under the leadership of Captain
7180:
7165:
7043:
6836:
6653:
6487:
5065:
4830:
4690:
4496:
3889:
3424:
2636:
2259:
2244:
2192:
1951:
1710:, goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See
1187:
1111:
1006:
967:
912:
In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after the seize of
7095:
4513:
343:
held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur,
8:
7073:
6787:
6704:
6691:
6618:
6590:
6527:
6472:
6402:
5020:
4665:
4655:
4597:
4287:
3909:
2279:
1439:
661:
404:
336:
1986:
773:(fiefdoms) gained independence, proclaiming it as their 'gift' from the last sovereign.
7100:
6974:
6964:
6792:
6608:
6580:
6467:
6442:
6422:
6407:
5160:
5005:
4985:
4685:
4617:
4602:
4582:
4567:
4535:
3820:
2401:
1458:
1366:
1338:
1103:
862:) lay between Eranad and Calicut. Having been given the royal sword and the injunction
721:
653:
633:(marshy tract) to the north. The dominion of the Cheras extended as far as present-day
322:
310:
293:
182:
853:
Nalu taliyum ayiram arunurruvarum eranadu vazhkai Manavikiraman mutalayulla camantarum
574:. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000
7145:
7140:
7120:
7105:
7087:
6826:
6804:
6782:
6752:
6714:
6687:
6668:
6613:
6477:
6457:
6384:
6300:
6176:
6096:
6010:
5824:
5511:
5090:
4965:
4695:
4680:
4650:
4640:
4592:
4587:
4572:
3706:
2989:
2982:
2936:
2811:
2705:
2447:
2388:
2326:
2269:
2249:
2233:
1847:
1675:
1611:
1565:
1511:
1462:
1450:
1379:
1295:
1279:
1275:
1183:
1115:
1047:
1035:
1017:
in 1498, the Portuguese began to expand their territories and ruled the seas between
921:
458:
6902:
6762:
6462:
6283:
6246:
5940:
5724:
5699:
5015:
4700:
4660:
4607:
4465:
3955:
3931:
3899:
3351:
2946:
2254:
1782:
1375:
1291:
1144:
1132:
875:
830:
352:
1920:
1817:
994:
This single event marked an epoch in the history of Kerala and India, not because
409:
6994:
6979:
6969:
6447:
6376:
6305:
5639:
5466:
4890:
4727:
4675:
4670:
4627:
4612:
4577:
4557:
4489:
4277:
4199:
3553:
2535:
2119:
2090:
2061:
1841:
1803:
1707:
1605:
1454:
1354:
1342:
1266:. This ambitious plan soon failed. In November 1788, Calicut was attacked by the
1211:
1074:
963:
638:
579:
490:
2152:
1755:
1051:
974:
existing in addition to Islam and Hinduism, which Huan mistakenly identified as
7017:
6984:
6841:
6831:
6816:
6724:
6603:
6046:
5980:
5764:
5729:
5541:
5506:
5481:
5471:
5461:
5321:
5085:
5055:
4915:
4885:
4880:
4767:
4743:
4719:
4635:
3830:
3669:
3112:
3072:
2768:
2496:
2375:
1387:
1358:
1107:
689:
360:
660:, which was a minor principality located in the northern parts of present-day
7226:
6673:
6633:
6417:
6397:
6392:
6293:
6288:
6201:
6166:
6136:
6131:
6036:
5925:
5659:
5436:
5421:
5261:
5080:
5070:
5030:
4920:
4870:
4850:
4810:
3679:
3635:
3266:
3153:
2434:
2202:
1287:
1271:
1091:
1087:
1022:
1014:
995:
939:
789:
697:
618:
602:
571:
522:
508:
504:
232:
48:
6265:
4030:
1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent
2095:(Vol.2 ed.). Madras: The Superintendent, Government Press. p. 20.
1794:
Sreedhara Menon.A,A Survey of Kerala History(1967),p.152. D.C.Books Kottayam
7213:
7115:
7022:
6892:
6882:
6777:
6737:
6658:
6643:
6333:
6251:
6236:
6186:
6126:
6121:
6111:
6091:
5995:
5950:
5945:
5930:
5870:
5819:
5779:
5759:
5669:
5664:
5604:
5536:
5446:
5411:
5366:
5351:
5296:
5140:
5105:
5045:
5010:
4980:
4945:
4930:
4910:
4875:
4860:
4845:
4800:
3856:
3216:
3036:
2748:
1446:
1408:
1383:
1148:
902:
745:
486:
2066:((Vol II) ed.). Madras: E.Keys at the Government Press. p. 444.
2063:
Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the Presidency of Madras
2038:
7190:
6938:
6933:
6877:
6851:
6747:
6452:
6432:
6273:
6191:
6181:
6061:
5920:
5910:
5804:
5799:
5784:
5649:
5624:
5614:
5551:
5521:
5486:
5431:
5406:
5381:
5341:
5306:
5130:
4995:
4960:
4955:
4905:
4142:
3622:
3599:
3586:
3332:
3196:
3102:
1840:
K. V. Krishna Ayyar; University of Calicut. Publication Division (1938).
1474:
1435:
1417:
1371:
1245:
1119:
1095:
1070:
1061:
931:
894:
818:
785:
729:
725:
665:
567:
474:
453:. Its exact location is a matter of dispute. The suggested locations are
423:
392:, a type of ship that was historically used for maritime trade, built at
356:
332:
2648:
1345:
arrived at Kozhikode, using three ships. It was in these ships that Sir
7006:
6887:
6709:
6310:
6221:
6211:
6141:
6076:
6056:
6051:
6000:
5975:
5935:
5905:
5900:
5849:
5839:
5774:
5734:
5674:
5556:
5531:
5526:
5516:
5416:
5386:
5336:
5331:
5271:
5120:
5110:
5100:
5095:
4990:
4975:
4865:
4820:
4410:
4384:
3986:
3936:
3276:
3236:
2859:
2791:
1427:
1346:
1319:
1219:
913:
733:
388:
2659:
1013:
in 17 May 1498. Following the discovery of a sea route from Europe to
757:, partitioned the kingdom among his feudatories and secretly left for
7170:
6959:
6943:
6867:
6557:
6041:
6031:
6015:
5970:
5960:
5890:
5754:
5739:
5689:
5679:
5609:
5441:
5376:
5361:
5326:
5316:
5291:
5276:
5266:
5256:
5236:
5035:
5000:
4950:
4940:
4895:
4840:
4825:
4815:
4805:
4759:
3645:
3455:
2509:
2483:
2411:
2092:
Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For Malabar District
1445:
After Indian Independence in 1947, Madras Presidency was renamed the
1412:
1323:
1199:
1191:
1179:
1099:
1066:
1055:
1026:
709:
705:
681:
642:
614:
575:
478:
470:
450:
397:
340:
328:
321:
is the second largest city in Kerala, as well as the headquarters of
318:
283:
97:
77:
67:
2295:
1819:
Lists of inscriptions, and sketch of the dynasties of southern India
1198:
made with an Indian ruler. By this time the kingdom and the port of
970:), so long as they did not eat beef. Huan also described worship of
6699:
6638:
6241:
6171:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6116:
6106:
6066:
5965:
5955:
5880:
5865:
5749:
5744:
5709:
5694:
5684:
5654:
5634:
5599:
5561:
5501:
5476:
5451:
5426:
5401:
5371:
5346:
5311:
5251:
5246:
5155:
5125:
5060:
5050:
5040:
5025:
4970:
4935:
4751:
4132:
3879:
3742:
3719:
3696:
3543:
3507:
3127:
2758:
2522:
1350:
1259:
1227:
1222:
became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful
1162:
1140:
975:
822:
669:
634:
594:
584:
561:
533:
518:
466:
100:
87:
4397:
1843:
The zamorins of Calicut: from the earliest times down to A.D. 1806
7195:
7150:
7027:
7012:
6897:
6872:
6767:
6757:
6278:
6226:
6216:
6206:
6161:
6086:
6081:
6071:
5990:
5985:
5895:
5829:
5789:
5714:
5704:
5629:
5619:
5594:
5571:
5496:
5491:
5391:
5231:
5165:
5150:
5075:
4790:
4735:
4511:
4080:
4009:
3966:
3843:
3576:
3470:
3173:
3122:
2902:
2833:
2781:
2728:
2424:
1785:,Calicut: The City of Truth(2006) Calicut University Publications
1250:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1186:, and handed over to the Portuguese. A Dutch fleet under Admiral
1171:
1002:
959:
803:
777:
732:
in his accounts (1342–1347), there is no reference to Calicut by
646:
550:
482:
462:
454:
440:
428:
393:
107:
6342:
1639:
Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris.
1370:
continued even after the capture of Ravi Varma till 1797. Under
1301:
930:
was forced to shift his capital (c. CE 1405) further south from
629:(Western land; west of Kongunad) to the south and partly within
7160:
7002:
6928:
6742:
6373:
6101:
5915:
5885:
5875:
5844:
5834:
5566:
5456:
5396:
5301:
5145:
4855:
4521:
4094:
3869:
3563:
3396:
3375:
3226:
3131:
3092:
3082:
2880:
2822:
2682:
2615:
2548:
2470:
2031:"CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF CENTRAL ACTS (Updated up to 17-10-2014)"
1537:
The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800
1331:
1263:
1010:
839:
766:
685:
677:
657:
555:
545:
539:
513:
495:
436:
344:
314:
3009:
2179:
Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language
1960:. London: Reprint. Asian Educational Services. pp. 19–47.
1194:
on 11 November 1604, which was also the first treaty that the
986:
680:), who came to be known as Zamorin, and developed the port at
7110:
6918:
6719:
6427:
6196:
5809:
5546:
5286:
5241:
5226:
4900:
4795:
4785:
3976:
3612:
3533:
3483:
3362:
3256:
3246:
3163:
3143:
3059:
3049:
2975:
2801:
2669:
2365:
2118:
HENRY FROWDE, M.A., Imperial Gazetteer of India (1908–1909).
1415:. The period saw a rise in political journalism as well. The
1378:, one of the two districts in the western coast of erstwhile
1327:
1018:
971:
935:
835:
762:
758:
693:
348:
270:
1902:
Panickar.K.M, A History of Kerala(1959) Annamalai University
6923:
5814:
3206:
1846:. Publication Division, University of Calicut. p. 82.
1267:
1175:
794:
364:
4034:. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.
2175:
3437:
355:. The port at Kozhikode acted as the gateway to medieval
1764:
1394:, making it the first modern municipality in the state.
909:) was an important trading street under Zamorin's rule.
2154:
Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806
2117:
1757:
Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806
1330:, are marked as cities within the present-day state of
1971:
1969:
1967:
1305:
Engraving of the coast of Calicut (James Forbes, 1813)
383:
1365:
in the recapture of Calicut in 1782 from Mysore. The
4051:
1964:
1806:(page 44) published by Place Names Society of India
1603:
481:. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to
2150:
1753:
1497:. Kerala. Calicut University Press, 1996, pp. 512.
7062:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)
1896:
570:; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day
7224:
1206:was given facilities for trade at Kozhikode and
881:With the conquest of Polanad, the status of the
825:'s navigation chart from Hormuz to Calicut, 1430
4471:Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia
4461:Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago
4172:
1988:A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times
1984:
1665:
1555:
950:and finally freedom from British rule in 1947.
765:and lived the rest of his life in obscurity in
712:. The rulers of Eranad were known by the title
566:s starting point. The region probably ended at
287:
158:• Dissolution of the Cheras of Cranganore
7057:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)
2232:
2191:(The English translation of the historic book
1893:Ma Huan, "Ying-Yai Sheng-Lang," pages 138-146.
1386:, Malabar's chief importance lay in producing
920:, which were under the control of the king of
740:CE as the year of the foundation of the city.
6358:
4497:
2311:
2218:
1778:
1776:
2082:
2059:
1950:
1530:
1318:An old map of India in 1804. Note that only
1139:In 1503, the Portuguese had built a fort in
981:
870:(Governor) waged war against the Porlatiri (
617:now stands was an uninhabited region of the
1994:. Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. pp.
1957:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon
1822:. E. Keys at the Government Press. p.
1298:, and Calicut became the district capital.
1262:and even named it 'Farookhabad' now called
953:
6365:
6351:
4504:
4490:
2318:
2304:
2225:
2211:
2195:written about the society of Kozhikode by
2088:
1773:
1005:in East Africa. Vasco da Gama was sent by
499:was located at the northwestern border of
439:which was located on the northern side of
47:
27:Historical kingdom in the region of Kerala
3793:
2124:(New ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1878:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
761:with some Arab traders where he embraced
493:(1st century CE) states that the port of
7176:List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode
1978:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1487:
1313:
1300:
1161:
1122:and the Indian Ocean. In the same year,
1060:
985:
962:, who describes visiting Calicut in the
817:
511:region, which lies north of the port at
422:
408:
382:
4456:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
1749:
1747:
1745:
1233:
1157:
637:, beyond which lay the kingdom of Eli (
14:
7225:
2588:
1815:
1650:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
798:towards Panniyankara and besieged the
621:Empire. This land, part of the larger
7049:Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam
6346:
4485:
4171:
4050:
3792:
3303:
3008:
2587:
2337:
2325:
2299:
2206:
2128:from the original on 16 December 2008
1688:from the original on 13 November 2021
1674:(2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books.
1590:
1578:from the original on 13 November 2021
1564:(2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books.
1309:
1254:British, the Nairs led by the famous
1086:the defeat of the joint fleet of the
313:, in the present-day Indian state of
292:
4181:
4060:
3802:
3313:
3018:
2978:) and small temporary coastal bases.
2597:
2347:
2163:Calicut: The City of Truth Revisited
2023:
1760:. Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode.
1742:
1666:Sreedhara Menon, A. (January 2007).
1556:Sreedhara Menon, A. (January 2007).
1397:
1143:with the consent of the Raja of the
720:. While the first reference to the
2176:S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942),
2165:Kerala. University of Calicut, 2006
2157:, Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode
1542:
413:Names, routes and locations of the
24:
6274:Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)
4446:Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
2144:
2099:from the original on 27 March 2023
2089:Presidency, Madras (India (1915).
2070:from the original on 27 March 2023
1860:from the original on 14 April 2023
1374:, it acted as the headquarters of
958:According to the Chinese traveler
784:, which was a vassal state to the
25:
7249:
6372:
2870:São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin
1633:
1363:Ravi Varma of Padinjare Kovilakam
1256:Ravi Varma of Padinjare Kovilakam
999:discovered the sea route to India
7207:
7131:Places of Interest in Malappuram
6327:
4512:
4451:Portuguese colonial architecture
4052:North America and North Atlantic
2916:Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe
2574:
2338:
2060:Lewis McIver, G. Stokes (1883).
753:), the last of the Chera kings,
250:
225:
7146:Tourist attractions of Palakkad
6571:2001 Kadalundi Train derailment
4441:Armorial of Portuguese colonies
2111:
2053:
2010:
1944:
1935:
1905:
1887:
1872:
1833:
1809:
1797:
1788:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1092:Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt
6599:Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve
3304:
1700:
1624:
1500:
1226:of Kozhikode in the battle of
1178:promising the Dutch a fort at
990:Vasco da Gama in Calicut, 1502
528:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
517:, was ruled by the kingdom of
446:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
416:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
13:
1:
7186:Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram
7136:Tourist attractions in Kannur
3471:Portuguese Paliacate outpost
1879:Divakaran, Kattakada (2005).
1480:
874:) and attacked Panniyankara.
485:, between the Cheras and the
378:
4213:Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
4006: • 1938–1941
3983: • 1890–1999
3973: • 1851–1999
3963: • 1864–1999
3863: • 1578–1650
3850: • 1576–1605
3837: • 1522–1575
3762: • 1779–1954
3739: • 1687–1749
3676: • 1598–1610
3666: • 1579–1632
3642: • 1568–1659
3632: • 1559–1961
3619: • 1548–1658
3609: • 1540–1612
3596: • 1536–1662
3583: • 1535–1739
3560: • 1534–1661
3550: • 1534–1601
3540: • 1531–1571
3530: • 1531–1571
3514: • 1528–1666
3504: • 1523–1662
3480: • 1521–1740
3467: • 1518–1619
3434: • 1510–1961
3421: • 1507–1657
3408: • 1502–1661
3386: • 1502–1658
3372: • 1501–1663
3359: • 1500–1663
2199:during sixteenth century CE)
1985:Shungoony Menon, P. (1878).
1804:Bhāratīya sthalanāma patrikā
1641:Journal of Roman Archaeology
1604:Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007).
948:Indian Independence Movement
656:was originally the ruler of
170:Mysorean invasion of Malabar
7:
7069:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen
4173:South America and Caribbean
2151:K. V. Krishna Iyer (1938),
2121:Imperial Gazetteer of India
1754:K. V. Krishna Iyer (1938).
1468:
10:
7254:
4321:Nova Colónia do Sacramento
3400:(Coulão / Kollam)
2471:Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué
2234:Histories of Kerala cities
2170:A Survey of Kerala History
1607:A Survey of Kerala History
1405:All India Home Rule League
1237:
864:Cattum konnum adakki kolka
815:the precursor to Calicut.
806:were made as the ruler of
588:was prone by pirates. The
402:
7204:
7086:
7036:
6993:
6952:
6911:
6860:
6812:
6803:
6793:colleges and universities
6682:
6649:Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
6589:
6556:
6486:
6383:
6324:
6264:
6024:
5858:
5587:
5580:
5217:
5174:
4776:
4709:
4626:
4543:
4528:
4436:
4178:
4167:
4057:
4046:
3799:
3788:
3522:(Porto Grande De Bengala)
3310:
3299:
3015:
3004:
2594:
2583:
2572:
2344:
2333:
2240:
1913:"Portuguese (1505–1961)"
1278:, which resulted in four
1240:Mysore invasion of Kerala
1040:First Battle of Cannanore
1009:and landed in Calicut at
982:Arrival of the Portuguese
605:(3rd – 4th
598:was a source of peppers.
335:and probably as early as
309:, was the kingdom of the
288:
266:
204:
196:
192:
179:
166:
156:
152:
144:
140:
130:
120:
116:
106:
93:
83:
73:
63:
55:
46:
41:
34:
6624:Eravikulam National Park
6576:2016 Paravur temple fire
4553:Thiruvananthapuram KL-01
1883:. Trivandrum: Z Library.
1290:were organised into the
1218:and England in Europe).
1204:Dutch East India Company
1196:Dutch East India Company
1114:marked the beginning of
1079:Civitates orbis terrarum
1034:land. Cabral sailed for
954:Society and Organization
811:likely lent its name to
6733:Saint Thomas Christians
6543:United Democratic Front
4352:Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
4271: • 1621–1815
4258: • 1578–1607
4245: • 1572–1578
4232: • 1572–1578
4219: • 1549–1572
4206: • 1534–1549
3573: • 1535
3445: • 1512–1525
3113:Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
1816:Sewell, Robert (1884).
1044:Third Portuguese Armada
926:(Cochin). The ruler of
664:. His headquarters was
625:partly fell within the
449:, was somewhere around
7037:Organisations/Agencies
6861:Dance / Drama / Cinema
6644:Nelliampathi Mountains
5282:Chittur-Thathamangalam
5176:Municipal corporations
4342:Grão-Pará and Maranhão
3766:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
2182:, University of Madras
2172:, (1967), Madras, 1991
1334:
1306:
1284:Third Anglo-Mysore War
1167:
1082:
991:
923:Perumbadappu Swaroopam
826:
443:, as mentioned in the
432:
420:
400:
6538:Left Democratic Front
6473:Perumpadapu Swaroopam
6413:Chovvanur burial cave
5357:Kothamangalam, Kerala
4032:invasion by Indonesia
3794:East Asia and Oceania
2966:São Tomé and Príncipe
2739:Portuguese Mozambique
2696:Portuguese Gold Coast
2197:Zainuddin Makhdoom II
2016:Pamela Nightingale, ‘
1392:British Indian Empire
1317:
1304:
1165:
1124:Afonso de Albuquerque
1064:
989:
821:
590:Cosmas Indicopleustes
426:
412:
386:
246:Company rule in India
74:Common languages
7233:History of Kozhikode
7181:Estuaries of Paravur
7166:Muzhappilangad Beach
7156:Tourism in Kasaragod
7044:Nair Service Society
6566:1988 Perumon tragedy
6515:Legislative Assembly
6433:Kingdom of Cannanore
4563:Pathanamthitta KL-03
2193:Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen
2168:A. Sreedhara Menon,
2161:M. G. S. Narayanan,
1493:M. G. S. Narayanan,
1234:The Mysore invasions
1188:Steven van der Hagen
1158:Arrival of the Dutch
1102:with support of the
1031:Pedro Álvares Cabral
968:Islamic dietary laws
887:Nediyiruppu Swarupam
613:BC), the land where
531:, a region known as
435:The ancient port of
294:[koːɻikːoːɖ]
280:Kingdom of Kozhikode
18:Kingdom of Kozhikode
7074:Syro-Malabar Church
6528:Saptakakshi Munnani
6403:Ariyannur Umbrellas
2685:(São Jorge da Mina)
2536:São João da Mamora
2378:(El Qsar es Seghir)
1440:Quit India Movement
1065:A panorama of port
672:. Later it was the
662:Malappuram district
592:mentioned that the
525:. According to the
405:Revathi Pattathanam
337:Classical antiquity
7101:Athirappilly Falls
6975:Suriyani Malayalam
6965:Malayalam calendar
6609:Kavvayi Backwaters
6581:2018 Kerala floods
6468:Vaikom Satyagraham
6443:Battle of Kulachal
6423:Zamorin of Calicut
6408:Kudakkallu Parambu
6266:Historical regions
5184:Thiruvananthapuram
5116:Thiruvananthapuram
4536:Thiruvananthapuram
4398:Portuguese Guiana
4362:Maranhão and Piauí
4010:Lapa and Montanha
3821:Portuguese Malacca
3707:Portuguese Ceylon
3661:(Portuguese India)
3499:(Portuguese India)
3130: •
2589:Sub-Saharan Africa
1923:on 7 November 2017
1421:in March 1923 and
1367:East India Company
1335:
1310:British domination
1307:
1168:
1104:Republic of Venice
1083:
992:
872:Porakilar Adhikari
827:
722:Kingdom of Calicut
654:Zamorin of Calicut
433:
421:
401:
371:, and finally the
323:Kozhikode district
311:Zamorin of Calicut
183:East India Company
36:Kingdom of Calicut
7220:
7219:
7141:Islands of Kollam
7121:Kerala Backwaters
7106:Beaches in Kerala
7082:
7081:
6847:Triumvirate poets
6753:Jainism in Kerala
6669:Sasthamcotta Lake
6478:Malabar Migration
6458:Anglo-Mysore Wars
6340:
6339:
6316:Travancore–Cochin
6260:
6259:
4479:
4478:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4367:
4366:
4326:
4325:
4293:
4292:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4148:
4147:
4102:
4101:
4042:
4041:
4025:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4000:Portuguese Macau
3992:
3991:
3945:
3944:
3915:
3914:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3756:Portuguese India
3748:
3747:
3733:Portuguese India
3725:
3724:
3688:
3687:
3651:
3650:
3489:
3488:
3343:
3342:
3333:Laccadive Islands
3295:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3179:
3178:
3000:
2999:
2990:Portuguese Angola
2983:Portuguese Guinea
2959:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2937:Portuguese Guinea
2921:
2920:
2887:
2886:
2842:
2841:
2812:Portuguese Angola
2711:
2710:
2706:Mascarene Islands
2570:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2453:
2452:
2421:1487–16th century
2327:Portuguese Empire
2293:
2292:
2041:on 7 January 2018
1881:Kerala Sanchaaram
1853:978-81-7748-000-9
1681:978-81-264-1588-5
1571:978-81-264-1588-5
1512:Purdue University
1451:Travancore-Cochin
1398:National movement
1380:Madras Presidency
1296:Madras Presidency
1280:Anglo-Mysore Wars
1174:sent messages to
1133:Kunjali Marakkars
1128:Marshall Coutinho
1118:dominance of the
1088:Sultan of Gujarat
1048:Kingdom of Cochin
751:Genesis of Kerala
743:According to the
696:, similar to the
305:), also known as
276:
275:
262:
261:
258:
257:
238:
237:
132:• 1798–1806
122:• 1124–1132
16:(Redirected from
7245:
7214:India portal
7212:
7211:
7210:
6903:Cinema of Kerala
6810:
6809:
6773:Scheduled Tribes
6463:Battle of Quilon
6367:
6360:
6353:
6344:
6343:
6334:India portal
6332:
6331:
6330:
6247:Thalayolaparambu
6006:Sreekrishnapuram
5941:Sreemoolanagaram
5585:
5584:
4598:Malappuram KL-10
4516:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4483:
4482:
4466:Portuguese India
4414:
4401:
4388:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4276:
4263:
4250:
4237:
4224:
4211:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4182:
4169:
4168:
4123:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4061:
4048:
4047:
4013:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3960:
3959:
3956:Portuguese Macau
3953:
3941:
3940:
3932:Portuguese Timor
3924:
3923:
3921:
3868:
3855:
3842:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3803:
3790:
3789:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3710:
3690:
3689:
3683:
3655:
3654:
3626:
3603:
3590:
3567:
3523:
3493:
3492:
3474:
3460:
3449:
3428:
3415:
3414:(Cochin de Cima)
3401:
3390:
3379:
3366:
3356:
3355:
3352:Portuguese India
3349:
3337:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3301:
3300:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3135:
3063:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3006:
3005:
2947:Portuguese Congo
2930:
2929:
2927:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2883:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2837:
2825:
2772:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2686:
2673:
2651:
2639:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2552:
2539:
2526:
2513:
2500:
2499:(Souira Guedima)
2487:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2438:
2415:
2392:
2379:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2158:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2037:. Archived from
2027:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1993:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1962:
1961:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1919:. Archived from
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:M.G.S. Narayanan
1780:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1670:Kerala Charitram
1663:
1648:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1560:Kerala Charitram
1553:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1514:. Archived from
1508:"Lectures 26–27"
1504:
1498:
1491:
1409:Ms. Annie Besant
1376:Malabar District
1292:Malabar District
1145:Kingdom of Tanur
903:Sweetmeat Street
831:M.G.S. Narayanan
755:Cheraman Perumal
739:
700:of neighbouring
612:
608:
419:(1st century CE)
353:Malabar District
304:
303:
302:
296:
291:
290:
254:
253:
242:
241:
229:
228:
222:
221:
206:
205:
51:
32:
31:
21:
7253:
7252:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7242:
7238:Colonial Kerala
7223:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7208:
7206:
7200:
7078:
7032:
6989:
6980:Judeo-Malayalam
6970:Arabi Malayalam
6948:
6907:
6856:
6799:
6690:
6686:
6678:
6664:Protected areas
6629:Flora and fauna
6585:
6552:
6505:Chief Ministers
6490:
6482:
6448:Arakkal kingdom
6428:Venad Swaroopam
6379:
6371:
6341:
6336:
6328:
6326:
6320:
6306:Venad (kingdom)
6256:
6020:
5854:
5720:Kottappadi Part
5576:
5213:
5170:
4772:
4728:Indian elephant
4705:
4622:
4618:Kasaragod KL-14
4603:Kozhikode KL-11
4583:Ernakulam KL-07
4568:Alappuzha KL-04
4539:
4524:
4510:
4480:
4475:
4428:
4427:
4412:
4399:
4386:
4371:
4328:
4297:
4274:
4261:
4248:
4235:
4222:
4209:
4186:
4174:
4159:
4158:
4121:
4106:
4065:
4053:
4038:
4037:
4026:
4011:
3999:
3994:
3954:
3949:
3934:
3930:
3917:
3866:
3853:
3840:
3807:
3795:
3780:
3779:
3755:
3750:
3732:
3727:
3708:
3682:(Machilipatnam)
3681:
3624:
3601:
3588:
3565:
3554:Salsette Island
3525:
3521:
3520:
3472:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3426:
3413:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3364:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3318:
3306:
3291:
3290:
3183:
3125:
3061:
3038:
3023:
3011:
2996:
2995:
2992:from the 1920s.
2960:
2923:
2904:
2889:
2879:
2846:
2835:
2821:
2770:
2715:
2684:
2671:
2647:
2635:
2602:
2590:
2579:
2566:
2565:
2550:
2537:
2524:
2511:
2498:
2485:
2472:
2457:
2436:
2413:
2390:
2377:
2376:Alcácer Ceguer
2352:
2340:
2329:
2324:
2294:
2289:
2236:
2231:
2185:
2183:
2147:
2145:Further reading
2142:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2018:Jonathan Duncan
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1965:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1854:
1838:
1834:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1752:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1708:Pliny the Elder
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1682:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1602:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1572:
1554:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1518:on 16 July 2009
1506:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1471:
1400:
1343:William Keeling
1337:The arrival of
1312:
1242:
1236:
1212:Napoleonic Wars
1160:
1075:Frans Hogenberg
1054:and Zamorin of
984:
964:Yingya Shenglan
956:
907:Mittayi Theruvu
891:Samoothirippadu
737:
688:was ruled by a
610:
606:
582:mentioned that
580:Pliny the Elder
491:Pliny the Elder
407:
381:
298:
297:
251:
226:
200:Kozhikode Panam
185:
172:
159:
133:
123:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7251:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7218:
7217:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7092:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7059:
7051:
7046:
7040:
7038:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7018:Panchari melam
7015:
7010:
6999:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6985:Irula language
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6842:Sarpam Thullal
6839:
6834:
6832:Kalarippayattu
6829:
6824:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6696:
6694:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6604:Ashtamudi Lake
6601:
6595:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6562:
6560:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6494:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6389:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6370:
6369:
6362:
6355:
6347:
6338:
6337:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6281:
6276:
6270:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6047:Chirayinkeezhu
6044:
6039:
6034:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5981:Vadakkencherry
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5765:Muzhappilangad
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5730:Padinharethara
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5542:Thrippunithura
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5507:Sreekandapuram
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5482:Perinthalmanna
5479:
5474:
5472:Pathanamthitta
5469:
5464:
5462:Parappanangadi
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5322:Karunagappalli
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5219:Municipalities
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5086:Sultan Bathery
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5066:Perinthalmanna
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4886:Karunagappalli
4883:
4881:Karthikappally
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4831:Chirayinkeezhu
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4768:Papilio buddha
4765:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4749:
4746:
4741:
4738:
4733:
4730:
4725:
4722:
4720:Great hornbill
4717:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4593:Palakkad KL-09
4590:
4588:Thrissur KL-08
4585:
4580:
4575:
4573:Kottayam KL-05
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:Rio de Janeiro
4246:
4242:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4122:(Newfoundland)
4117:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4076:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4007:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3928:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3454:
3452:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3341:
3340:
3331:
3329:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3039:(Bandar Abbas)
3034:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2110:
2081:
2052:
2022:
2009:
1977:
1963:
1943:
1934:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1871:
1852:
1832:
1808:
1796:
1787:
1772:
1763:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1699:
1680:
1649:
1632:
1623:
1616:
1589:
1570:
1541:
1529:
1499:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1399:
1396:
1355:Mughal emperor
1349:went to visit
1311:
1308:
1238:Main article:
1235:
1232:
1159:
1156:
1108:Ottoman Empire
983:
980:
955:
952:
692:clan known as
690:Samanthan Nair
676:(The ruler of
553:mentions only
549:. However the
380:
377:
359:coast for the
339:. The port at
317:. Present-day
274:
273:
268:
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
248:
239:
236:
235:
230:
218:
217:
212:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
180:
177:
176:
173:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
104:
103:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7250:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7215:
7203:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7085:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7035:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6674:Vembanad Lake
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6654:Nilgiri Hills
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6634:Malabar Coast
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6533:Aikya Munnani
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6438:Kerala school
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6398:Edakkal Caves
6396:
6394:
6393:Sangam period
6391:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6368:
6363:
6361:
6356:
6354:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6335:
6323:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6294:South Malabar
6292:
6290:
6289:North Malabar
6287:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6202:Kanjirappally
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6167:Vadasserikara
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6037:Balaramapuram
6035:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6011:Lakkidi-Perur
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5926:Chottanikkara
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5660:Kunnamangalam
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:North Paravur
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5422:Neyyattinkara
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5262:Changanassery
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:North Paravur
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5021:Neyyattinkara
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4926:Kothamangalam
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:Kanjirappally
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4811:Changanassery
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:Wayanad KL-12
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4422:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4170:
4166:
4153:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4049:
4045:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3835:
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3680:Masulipatnam
3678:
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3625:(Thoothukudi)
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3604:
3602:(Kodungallur)
3598:
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3589:(Vasai-Virar)
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3348:
3338:
3336:(Lakshadweep)
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3302:
3298:
3285:
3278:
3277:Bandar-e Kong
3275:
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3267:Dibba Al-Hisn
3265:
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2670:Fernando Poo
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2228:
2223:
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2216:
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2209:
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2194:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2167:
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2160:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2035:Lawmin.nic.in
2032:
2026:
2019:
2013:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1938:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1882:
1875:
1859:
1855:
1849:
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1812:
1805:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1706:According to
1703:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1627:
1619:
1617:9788126415786
1613:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1552:
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1548:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1517:
1513:
1509:
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1460:
1456:
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1448:
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1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:. During the
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:British envoy
1356:
1353:, the fourth
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:Malabar Coast
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:In 1602, the
1164:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:Battle of Diu
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1025:and south to
1024:
1023:Malabar Coast
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:King Manuel I
1004:
1000:
997:
996:Vasco da Gama
988:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
951:
949:
943:
941:
940:Malabar Coast
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
824:
820:
816:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:
791:
790:North Malabar
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
741:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
604:
603:Sangam period
599:
597:
596:
591:
587:
586:
581:
577:
573:
572:Malabar Coast
569:
565:
563:
558:
557:
552:
548:
547:
542:
541:
536:
535:
530:
529:
524:
523:Sangam period
520:
516:
515:
510:
509:North Malabar
506:
505:Chera dynasty
502:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:
442:
438:
431:of Kozhikode.
430:
425:
418:
417:
411:
406:
399:
395:
391:
390:
385:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
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350:
346:
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338:
334:
330:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
301:
295:
285:
281:
272:
269:
267:Today part of
265:
249:
247:
244:
243:
240:
234:
233:Chera dynasty
231:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
178:
174:
171:
165:
161:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:Krishna Varma
135:
129:
125:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
7116:Chembra Peak
7023:Panchavadyam
6893:Ottamthullal
6883:Mohiniyattam
6822:Architecture
6778:Kerala model
6738:Kerala Iyers
6705:Namboothiris
6684:Demographics
6659:Palakkad Gap
6520:
6252:Kaduthuruthy
6237:Kuravilangad
6187:Ambalappuzha
6127:Kozhencherry
6122:Kulathupuzha
6112:Pathanapuram
6092:Sasthamkotta
5996:Puthunagaram
5946:Nedumbassery
5931:Udayamperoor
5871:Vandiperiyar
5820:Vellarikundu
5780:Pappinisseri
5760:Anjarakkandy
5670:Thiruvambady
5665:Thamarassery
5605:Puthanathani
5537:Thrikkakkara
5412:Muvattupuzha
5367:Kottarakkara
5352:Kuthuparamba
5297:Irinjalakuda
5161:Vellarikundu
5141:Udumbanchola
5106:Thamarassery
5046:Pathanapuram
5011:Muvattupuzha
5006:Mukundapuram
4986:Manjeshwaram
4981:Mananthavady
4946:Kozhencherry
4931:Kottarakkara
4801:Ambalappuzha
4646:Demographics
4613:Kannur KL-13
4578:Idukki KL-06
4558:Kollam KL-02
4534:
4420:
4373:19th century
4372:
4370:
4330:18th century
4329:
4327:
4299:17th century
4298:
4296:
4188:16th century
4187:
4185:
4151:
4108:16th century
4107:
4105:
4093:
4092:
4079:
4078:
4067:15th century
4066:
4064:
4019:
3996:20th century
3995:
3993:
3951:19th century
3950:
3948:
3919:17th century
3918:
3916:
3809:16th century
3808:
3806:
3772:
3752:18th century
3751:
3749:
3729:17th century
3728:
3726:
3427:(Nagapatnam)
3347:16th century
3346:
3344:
3320:15th century
3319:
3317:
3283:
3185:17th century
3184:
3182:
3154:Tarut Island
3025:16th century
3024:
3022:
3010:Middle East
2976:Anosy Region
2953:
2925:19th century
2924:
2922:
2891:18th century
2890:
2888:
2848:17th century
2847:
2845:
2749:Saint Helena
2717:16th century
2716:
2714:
2604:15th century
2603:
2601:
2558:
2459:16th century
2458:
2456:
2354:15th century
2353:
2351:
2339:North Africa
2184:, retrieved
2178:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2130:. Retrieved
2120:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2091:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2062:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:the original
2034:
2025:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1987:
1980:
1956:
1952:Knox, Robert
1946:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:the original
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1874:
1864:22 September
1862:. Retrieved
1842:
1835:
1827:
1818:
1811:
1799:
1790:
1766:
1756:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1671:
1668:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1626:
1610:. DC Books.
1606:
1580:. Retrieved
1561:
1558:
1536:
1532:
1522:23 September
1520:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1502:
1494:
1489:
1447:Madras State
1444:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1401:
1384:British rule
1336:
1243:
1169:
1153:
1149:Vijayanagara
1138:
1084:
1078:
1052:João da Nova
1042:between the
993:
957:
944:
928:Perumpadappu
922:
916:region from
911:
906:
898:
890:
886:
882:
880:
871:
867:
863:
859:
857:
852:
849:Keralolpathi
848:
844:
828:
812:
807:
799:
793:
781:
775:
770:
750:
746:Keralolpathi
744:
742:
717:
713:
673:
651:
630:
626:
600:
593:
583:
560:
554:
544:
538:
532:
526:
512:
500:
494:
487:Roman Empire
444:
434:
414:
387:
357:South Indian
327:
306:
279:
277:
215:Succeeded by
214:
209:
126:Mana Vikrama
29:
7191:Vallam kali
6939:Eid al-Adha
6934:Eid al-Fitr
6878:Koodiyattam
6852:Vallam kali
6748:Cochin Jews
6710:Ambalavasis
6548:Politicians
6453:Lakshadweep
6232:Puthuppally
6192:Mararikulam
6182:Charummoodu
6062:Chathannoor
5921:Malayattoor
5911:Kunnathunad
5805:Cheruvathur
5800:Thrikaripur
5785:Kalliasseri
5650:Vallikkunnu
5625:Kuttippuram
5615:Angadipuram
5581:Other towns
5552:Tirurangadi
5522:Taliparamba
5487:Perumbavoor
5432:Nileshwaram
5407:Mavelikkara
5382:Kunnamkulam
5342:Kodungallur
5307:Kalamassery
5136:Tirurangadi
5091:Taliparamba
4996:Mavelikkara
4961:Kunnathunad
4956:Kunnamkulam
4906:Kodungallur
4744:Golden rain
4411:Upper Peru
4385:Cisplatina
4143:Nova Scotia
4120:Terra Nova
3709:(Sri Lanka)
3600:Cranganore
3459:(Kozhikode)
3412:Pallipuram
3197:Khor Fakkan
3150:1521?–1551?
2974:A factory (
2512:(El Jadida)
2486:(Essaouira)
2414:(El Jadida)
2275:Tellicherry
1917:myeduphilic
1475:Saamoothiri
1436:mangalsutra
1418:Mathrubhumi
1407:founded by
1372:British Raj
1246:Tellicherry
1120:Spice trade
1071:Georg Braun
932:Kodungallur
895:Saamoothiri
860:Porakilanad
813:Koyil Kotta
786:Kolathunadu
730:Ibn Battuta
728:is made by
726:Saamoothiri
666:Nediyiruppu
601:During the
568:Kanyakumari
475:Vallikkunnu
333:Middle Ages
210:Preceded by
7227:Categories
7007:Thayambaka
6888:Margamkali
6837:Literature
6763:Dravidians
6614:Backwaters
6488:Government
6311:Travancore
6222:Karukachal
6212:Mundakayam
6142:Mallapally
6077:Neendakara
6057:Parippally
6052:Kilimanoor
6001:Malampuzha
5976:Chelakkara
5936:Varappuzha
5906:Puthencruz
5901:Kolenchery
5850:Manjeshwar
5840:Mangalpady
5775:Cherukunnu
5735:Meenangadi
5675:Kodencheri
5557:Valanchery
5532:Thodupuzha
5527:Thiruvalla
5517:Thalassery
5417:Nedumangad
5387:Malappuram
5337:Kayamkulam
5332:Kattappana
5272:Chengannur
5121:Thodupuzha
5111:Thiruvalla
5101:Thalassery
5096:Thalapilly
5016:Nedumangad
4991:Mannarkkad
4976:Mallapally
4866:Kanayannur
4821:Chengannur
4691:Government
4139:1516–1579?
4129:1500–1579?
4116:1500–1579?
3987:Ilha Verde
3937:East Timor
3623:Tuticorin
3519:Chittagong
3425:Negapatam
3376:Cannanore
3305:South Asia
3140:1521–1529?
3109:1515–1633?
2985:from 1879.
2968:from 1753.
2860:Ziguinchor
2792:Madagascar
2626:Cape Verde
2525:(Azemmour)
2285:Trivandrum
2265:Malappuram
2186:3 December
2132:2 December
2103:2 December
2074:5 December
1927:5 November
1647:, 334–350.
1481:References
1428:Thalassery
1347:Thomas Roe
1320:Thalassery
1220:Travancore
1116:Portuguese
1094:, and the
918:Valluvanad
914:Tirunavaya
734:Marco Polo
710:Nedunganad
706:Nedungadis
702:Valluvanad
501:Keprobotos
403:See also:
379:Foundation
289:കോഴിക്കോട്
94:Government
7171:Peruvanam
7096:Alappuzha
7053:Samastha
6960:Malayalam
6953:Languages
6944:Christmas
6912:Festivals
6868:Kathakali
6788:Education
6715:Samanthas
6700:Malayalis
6619:Districts
6591:Geography
6558:Incidents
6523:elections
6521:Panchayat
6510:Governors
6097:Kunnathur
6042:Kattakada
6032:Parassala
6016:Thrithala
5971:Pavaratty
5961:Puthukkad
5891:Devikulam
5755:Dharmadom
5740:Panamaram
5690:Nadapuram
5680:Balussery
5610:Kottakkal
5442:Ottapalam
5377:Koyilandy
5362:Kottakkal
5327:Kasaragod
5317:Kanhangad
5292:Guruvayur
5277:Cherthala
5267:Chavakkad
5257:Chalakudy
5237:Alappuzha
5189:Kozhikode
5036:Ottapalam
5001:Meenachil
4966:Kunnathur
4951:Kozhikode
4941:Koyilandy
4896:Kattakada
4891:Kasaragod
4841:Devikulam
4826:Cherthala
4816:Chavakkad
4806:Chalakudy
4760:Jackfruit
4666:Geography
4656:Education
4545:Districts
4413:(Bolivia)
4394:1809–1817
4387:(Uruguay)
4381:1808–1822
4358:1772–1775
4348:1772–1775
4338:1751–1772
4317:1680–1777
4307:1621–1751
4284:1536–1620
4196:1500–1822
4012:(Hengqin)
3927:1642–1975
3906:1580–1586
3896:1557–1999
3890:Larantuka
3886:1515–1859
3876:1512–1665
3827:1512–1621
3817:1511–1641
3716:1558–1573
3703:1518–1658
3693:1518–1521
3646:Mangalore
3473:(Pulicat)
3391:1659–1661
3328:1498–1545
3263:1624–1648
3213:1621–1622
3170:1588–1648
3160:1550–1551
3119:1521–1602
3089:1515–1650
3069:1515–1648
3056:1515–1622
3046:1507–1643
3033:1506–1615
2943:1885–1974
2933:1879–1974
2912:1753–1975
2905:(Mombasa)
2903:Mombassa
2899:1728–1729
2876:1687–1974
2866:1680–1961
2856:1645–1888
2836:(Mombasa)
2834:Mombassa
2830:1593–1698
2818:1588–1974
2808:1575–1975
2798:1557–1578
2788:1508–1547
2778:1506–1511
2765:1505–1512
2755:1503–1698
2745:1502–1659
2735:1501–1975
2725:1500–1630
2702:1498–1540
2692:1482–1642
2679:1482–1637
2666:1478–1778
2656:1474–1778
2644:1471–1975
2632:1470–1975
2622:1462–1975
2612:1455–1633
2545:1577–1589
2532:1515–1541
2519:1513–1541
2506:1506–1769
2493:1506–1525
2480:1506–1525
2467:1505–1541
2431:1488–1541
2408:1485–1550
2398:1471–1662
2385:1471–1550
2372:1458–1550
2362:1415–1640
2260:Kasargode
2250:Cannanore
1459:Kozhikode
1413:Malayalam
1324:Kozhikode
1274:based in
1230:in 1755.
1200:Kozhikode
1192:Kozhikode
1180:Kozhikode
1077:'s atlas
1067:Kozhikode
1056:Kozhikode
845:Cullikkad
829:However,
800:Porlatiri
788:based at
782:Porlatiri
682:Kozhikode
643:Kadalundi
623:Tamilakam
615:Kozhikode
576:sesterces
537:began at
479:Koyilandy
471:Kadalundi
451:Kozhikode
398:Kozhikode
373:Europeans
341:Kozhikode
329:Kozhikode
319:Kozhikode
284:Malayalam
175:1766-1792
84:Religion
78:Malayalam
42:1124–1806
6768:Adivasis
6725:Mappilas
6692:Religion
6639:Marayoor
6500:Agencies
6492:Politics
6242:Uzhavoor
6172:Parumala
6157:Kulanada
6152:Aranmula
6147:Kumbanad
6117:Thenmala
6107:Kadakkal
6067:Kottiyam
5966:Manaloor
5956:Kodakara
5881:Rajakkad
5866:Peermade
5770:Azhikode
5750:Peravoor
5745:Pulpally
5710:Chundale
5695:Kuttiady
5685:Perambra
5655:Olavanna
5635:Areekode
5600:Thavanur
5562:Vatakara
5502:Shoranur
5477:Payyanur
5452:Palakkad
5427:Nilambur
5402:Mattanur
5372:Kottayam
5347:Kondotty
5312:Kalpetta
5252:Attingal
5247:Angamaly
5204:Thrissur
5156:Vatakara
5126:Thrissur
5061:Peermade
5056:Payyanur
5051:Pattambi
5041:Palakkad
5026:Nilambur
4971:Kuttanad
4936:Kottayam
4916:Kondotty
4752:Karimeen
4686:Wildlife
4311:Maranhão
4288:Barbados
4133:Labrador
3910:Nagasaki
3880:Makassar
3743:Mylapore
3720:Maldives
3697:Maldives
3566:(Mumbai)
3508:Mylapore
3378:(Kannur)
3128:Muharraq
2988:Part of
2981:Part of
2971:Or 1600.
2964:Part of
2759:Zanzibar
2649:Príncipe
2637:São Tomé
2551:(Asilah)
2538:(Mehdya)
2510:Mazagan
2484:Mogador
2473:(Agadir)
2448:Graciosa
2412:Mazagan
2391:(Asilah)
2126:Archived
2097:Archived
2068:Archived
2045:7 August
1954:(1681).
1858:Archived
1686:Archived
1576:Archived
1469:See also
1463:Palakkad
1351:Jahangir
1260:Chaliyar
1228:Purakkad
1214:between
1141:Chaliyam
1106:and the
1021:and the
976:Buddhism
899:Saamoori
883:Utayavar
868:Utayavar
823:Zheng He
804:Menokkis
714:Eralppad
698:Vellodis
670:Kondotty
635:Vatakara
631:Puzhinad
595:Limyrike
585:Limyrike
562:Limyrike
534:Limyrike
519:Ezhimala
467:Chaliyam
361:Persians
197:Currency
101:Monarchy
88:Hinduism
7196:Wayanad
7151:Kovalam
7088:Tourism
7028:Sopanam
7013:Kolkali
6898:Theyyam
6873:Kolkali
6827:Cuisine
6805:Culture
6783:Tourism
6758:Pulayar
6743:Ezhavas
6729:Thiyyas
6688:Economy
6385:History
6284:Malabar
6279:Zamorin
6227:Pampady
6217:Vazhoor
6207:Erumely
6162:Omallur
6087:Oachira
6082:Chavara
6072:Kundara
5991:Nemmara
5986:Alathur
5896:Adimali
5859:Central
5830:Karadka
5825:Parappa
5795:Alakode
5790:Irikkur
5715:Meppadi
5705:Vythiri
5700:Lakkidi
5645:Vengara
5640:Wandoor
5630:Karipur
5620:Mankada
5595:Edappal
5572:Varkala
5497:Punalur
5492:Ponnani
5467:Paravur
5392:Manjeri
5232:Anthoor
5166:Vythiri
5151:Varkala
5076:Punalur
5071:Ponnani
4851:Hosdurg
4836:Chittur
4791:Alathur
4736:Coconut
4710:Symbols
4696:Tourism
4681:History
4651:Economy
4641:Culture
4531:Capital
4400:(Amapá)
4081:Madeira
3967:Coloane
3844:Ternate
3587:Baçaím
3577:Ponnani
3564:Bombay
3456:Calicut
3365:(Kochi)
3363:Cochim
3273:1624?–?
3237:Libedia
3203:1621?–?
3123:Bahrain
3099:1515?–?
3073:Quriyat
3062:(Ormus)
3060:Hormuz
2782:Socotra
2771:(Kilwa)
2769:Quíloa
2729:Malindi
2683:Elmina
2672:(Bioko)
2660:Annobón
2549:Arzila
2523:Azamor
2425:Ouadane
2402:Tangier
2389:Arzila
2280:Trichur
2245:Calicut
1692:19 July
1582:19 July
1423:Al Amin
1339:British
1272:British
1251:Maratha
1224:Zamorin
1216:Holland
1208:Ponnani
1172:Zamorin
1100:Calicut
1096:Zamorin
1081:, 1572)
1015:Malabar
1003:Melinda
960:Ma Huan
847:in the
808:Polanad
778:zamorin
647:Ponnani
627:Kudanad
609:century
559:as the
551:Ptolemy
521:during
507:). The
483:Muziris
463:Beypore
455:Ponnani
441:Muziris
429:Zamorin
394:Beypore
369:Chinese
307:Calicut
181:•
168:•
145:History
108:Zamorin
68:Calicut
64:Capital
59:Kingdom
7161:Munnar
7126:Kollam
7003:Chenda
6929:Pooram
6377:topics
6374:Kerala
6301:Cochin
6177:Mannar
6102:Anchal
5916:Kalady
5886:Munnar
5876:Kumily
5845:Uppala
5835:Kumbla
5725:Muttil
5567:Vaikom
5457:Panoor
5397:Maradu
5302:Iritty
5209:Kannur
5199:Kollam
5146:Vaikom
4911:Kollam
4876:Kannur
4861:Iritty
4856:Idukki
4846:Eranad
4778:Taluks
4764:Insect
4740:Flower
4724:Animal
4701:Sports
4628:Topics
4522:Kerala
4421:
4278:Brazil
4275:
4265:Brazil
4262:
4249:
4236:
4226:Brazil
4223:
4210:
4200:Brazil
4152:
4095:Azores
4020:
3870:Tidore
3867:
3854:
3841:
3831:Maluku
3773:
3658:
3496:
3448:
3397:Quilon
3389:
3284:
3253:1624–?
3243:1624–?
3233:1623–?
3227:Khasab
3223:1623–?
3207:As Sib
3193:1620–?
3174:Matrah
3132:Manama
3093:Muscat
3083:Qalhat
3079:1515–?
3037:Gamru
2954:
2881:Bissau
2823:Cacheu
2616:Arguim
2559:
2437:(Safi)
2435:Safim
2270:Quilon
2255:Cochin
1850:
1678:
1614:
1568:
1461:, and
1455:Kannur
1388:pepper
1332:Kerala
1326:, and
1276:Madras
1264:Feroke
1090:, the
1050:under
1036:Cochin
1027:Ceylon
1011:Kappad
840:Pandya
767:Arabia
738:
694:Eradis
686:Eranad
678:Eranad
658:Eranad
611:
607:
556:Tyndis
546:Tyndis
514:Tyndis
496:Tyndis
477:, and
437:Tyndis
367:, the
363:, the
347:, and
345:Kollam
315:Kerala
148:
112:
98:Feudal
56:Status
7111:Bekal
6995:Music
6919:Vishu
6720:Nairs
6418:Chera
6197:Aroor
6137:Ranni
6132:Konni
6025:South
5810:Bekal
5588:North
5547:Tirur
5512:Tanur
5287:Eloor
5242:Aluva
5227:Adoor
5194:Kochi
5131:Tirur
5081:Ranni
4921:Konni
4901:Kochi
4796:Aluva
4786:Adoor
4756:Fruit
4676:Ports
4671:Roads
4518:State
4239:Bahia
3977:Taipa
3900:Macau
3857:Ambon
3670:Hugli
3613:Surat
3544:Chalé
3534:Chaul
3484:Chaul
3257:Madha
3247:Kalba
3217:Qeshm
3164:Qatif
3144:Qatif
3103:Barka
3050:Sohar
2802:Accra
2497:Aguz
2366:Ceuta
2002:5 May
1992:(pdf)
1357:, as
1328:Kochi
1268:Nairs
1184:Tanur
1019:Ormus
972:Moses
936:Kochi
876:M.G.S
836:Chola
795:nairs
771:Nadus
763:Islam
759:Mecca
718:Eradi
674:Eradi
619:Chera
540:Naura
459:Tanur
365:Arabs
349:Kochi
271:India
6924:Onam
6817:Arts
5951:Mala
5815:Udma
5447:Pala
4748:Fish
4732:Tree
4716:Bird
4661:Film
4636:Arts
4407:1822
4089:1432
4075:1420
3450:1750
2444:1489
2188:2020
2134:2020
2105:2020
2076:2020
2047:2016
2004:2016
1998:–164
1929:2017
1866:2016
1848:ISBN
1694:2020
1676:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1584:2020
1566:ISBN
1524:2009
1432:tali
1176:Aceh
1073:and
1046:and
724:and
704:and
639:Ezhi
543:and
278:The
188:1806
162:1124
4520:of
3438:Goa
1996:162
1824:197
1434:or
1294:of
1110:in
1098:of
934:to
897:or
893:or
708:of
668:in
645:or
389:Uru
7229::
4533::
2033:.
1966:^
1915:.
1856:.
1826:.
1775:^
1744:^
1684:.
1652:^
1645:14
1643:,
1592:^
1574:.
1544:^
1510:.
1457:,
1322:,
942:.
684:.
578:.
489:.
461:,
457:,
396:,
375:.
325:.
286::
7009:)
7005:(
6366:e
6359:t
6352:v
4505:e
4498:t
4491:v
3939:)
3935:(
3134:)
3126:(
2319:e
2312:t
2305:v
2226:e
2219:t
2212:v
2136:.
2107:.
2078:.
2049:.
2006:.
1931:.
1868:.
1696:.
1620:.
1586:.
1526:.
905:(
838:-
749:(
716:/
564:'
503:(
473:-
469:-
465:-
282:(
20:)
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