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1057:-Palakkad route and besieged Palakkad Fort. Captain Midland and Sir Thomas under Fullarton successfully captured Palakkad Fort on 14 November 1783. Company officials, having received orders from London to bring an end to the war, entered negotiations with Tipu. Pursuant to a preliminary ceasefire, Fullarton was ordered to abandon all of his recent conquests. However, due to allegations that Tipu had violated terms of the ceasefire at Mangalore, Fullarton remained at Palakkad Fort. During this time, a prince from the Zamorin dynasty emerged and the British retreated, conferring the fort on the prince, but Tipu's forces marched to Palakkad Fort and occupied it and southern Malabar.
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1805:"Authentic memoirs of Tippoo Sultaun, including his cruel treatment of English prisoners; account of his campaigns with the mahrattas, rajahs, Warren Hastings, Lord Cornwallis and Lord Mornington; plunders, captures, intrigues and secret correspondence with France as laid before the House of Commons; also descriptions of eastern countries, hitherto unknown places, gardens, zenanna, &c. &c. With a preliminary sketch of the life and character of Hyder Ally Cawn by an officer in the East India Service"
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seized from Mysore. The
Company asked Travancore to pay all the expenses of the Third Anglo-Mysore war on the rationale that the war was undertaken in its defence. The treaty of 1795 reduced the status of Travancore from friend and ally of the East India Company to protected ally. The king was forced
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states. Cochin was asked to pay a total of Rs. 400,000 and ten elephants, while
Travancore was asked to pay Rs. 1,500,000 and thirty elephants. Cochin royals agreed to pay, and accepted Mysore's superiority. Malabar and Cochin came under Mysore rule, opening the Malabar Coast to the kings of Mysore.
1087:
After the Second Anglo-Mysore War, the Mysore ruled
Malabar despite many uprisings by the local Hindu population against the new land taxes. To put an end to the land problems, Tipu appointed Arshad Beg Khan as the civil governor of Malabar. Khan soon retired from service and advised Tipu to visit
732:
Eralppad, second-line successor to the throne at
Calicut, continued his attacks against the Mysorean forces from southern Malabar. Eventually, faced by continuous instability and rebellions, Hyder agreed to cede many parts of Malabar to local Hindu rulers (as age-old customs existed in Malabar) as
1300:
In 1788, a small army of 2,000 Nairs of
Kadathanadu resisted from a fortress in Kuttipuram for a few weeks, but they were weakened by starvation and death. Tipu entered the fort and offered to spare their lives, provided they accepted conversion to Islam. A prince of the Chirakkal royal family in
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Mysore's response was harsh after it put down the rebellion. Many Hindu fighters were executed, and thousands of others were forcibly relocated to the Mysore highlands. To prevent another armed uprising, Hyder Ali suggested anti-Nair laws to the district, and levied additional taxes as punishment
1256:
According to M. Gangadharan, there is evidence that many Hindus were forcefully converted into Islam. In one of the most widely documented cases, the army invaded
Kadathanadu and forcibly converted the Nair soldiers who had held out for many weeks against the well-equipped Mysore army without
1235:
The sultans of Mysore changed the ancient landlord system in
Malabar just like in Kingdom of Cochin and Travancore. To control the region, Tipu adopted strong measures against Nair nobles of Malabar and established a centralised administrative system. The changes in Malabar due to the Mysore
771:
in
Travancore. Travancore had also given refuge to political enemies of Mysore from Malabar. Hyder moved southwards with a huge army and negotiated with the Dutch for free passage to Travancore through Dutch territories, which they refused; the Dutch owed Travancore after their defeat in the
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in 1779. Mahé was of great strategic importance to Hyder, who received French-supplied arms and munitions there, and Hyder not only explicitly told the
British it was under his protection, he also provided troops for its defence. On 2 July 1780, Hyder declared war on the East India Company,
821:
had been ceded to Mysore. Meanwhile, the Dutch, with the help of the
Travancore Nair Army, put down an attempt by Mysorean forces to capture Cranganore Fort. The ruler of Cranganore surrendered to Hyder, but the Dutch stormed his palace and captured it in January 1778.
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In 1767, the whole of Malabar revolted again. Mysore's army of 4,000 men were defeated by 2,000 Kottayam Nairs in Northern Malabar. Mysorean garrisons were trapped by Nair rebels, who seized the countryside and ambushed Mysorean convoys and communications.
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Afterwards, Hyder's forces engaged in small-scale attacks and ambushes throughout Malabar, on Travancore, British, and Dutch forces, as well as on Nair mutineers in northern Malabar. By 1778, Mysore had allied with the French, who were at war with the
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by Mallisseri Namboodiri and Kakkad Othikkan. Tipu destroyed the smaller shrines and set fire to the temple, but it was saved due to timely rain. Tipu lost to the Zamorin, Travancore and the British in 1792. Although the hidden idol and the Utsava
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of northern Malabar in 1732 to recover their lost territories. Under the command of Gopalaji, 30,000 Canara soldiers easily overran prince Kunhi Ambu's (Cunhi Homo) forts in northern Kolathunad. In 1732, Mysorean forces invaded the dominions of
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signalling the start of what was later called the Second Anglo-Mysore War (1779–1784). By February 1782, Dharpattom, Nitore, Calicut, and Palakkad Fort surrendered to the British forces under Major Abington. Sardar Ali Khan died later.
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Tipu decided to tighten his grip on his possessions in Malabar and occupy Travancore, as he saw the control of ports and access to the routes to them as highly strategic. Travancore had been Tipu's target since the end of the
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When Tipu learned of Hyder's sudden death to cancer, his departure from the battlefield provided some relief to the British force, but Bombay officials sent further reinforcements under General Matthews to Ponnani.
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sent additional troops to Tellicherry, where they continued operations against Mysorean holdings in the Malabar. Hyder sent Tipu and a strong force to counter them, and successfully pinned the force at
1130:, and the Mysore forces arrived in Malabar. Initially Tipu tried to subdue Travancore tactically with the help of the Kingdom of Cochin, but the king of Cochin refused and allied with Travancore.
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and Kolathunad. In 1737, more border conflicts broke out between the Zamorin and Mysore. In 1745, three battles were fought between them, but the fighting appears to have been inconclusive.
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Ali Raja seized and set fire to the palace of Kolathiri Raja. The latter escaped with his followers to the then-British settlement at Tellicherry. After the victory, Ali entered the
846:. The newly appointed king of Kolathunad supported Mysore, providing crucial supplies for the war, and by March, Kolathiri had occupied Randattara. Soon, Hyder removed the kings of
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first marched to the area in 1757 as requested by the king of Palakkad, a long-time military foe of the Zamorin of Calicut. At that time, the Zamorin were fighting with the raja of
1389:"Tipu in Malabar: Tipu Sultan's largesse to temples as recorded in the 19th century Inam Registers of Malabar shows that he was sensitive to the religious sensibilities of Hindus"
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that it is not possible to describe the cruel atrocities perpetrated by Tipu in Kozhikode during the autumn 1789. Elankulam Kunjan Pillai has recorded the situation in Malabar.
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head. He made the Mysorean king Krishnaraja Wodeyar II a prisoner in his own palace. He turned his attention towards expansion, which included the capture of the Kingdoms of
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1079:. With the treaty, the British and the Nair kings controlled the entire northern Malabar, Mysore ruled southern Malabar, and Macleod was forced to fall back from Cannanore.
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tried to stop it. Hyder asked his commander, Sardar Khan, to take an army of 10,000 to the Cochin Kingdom. In August 1776, Cochin was invaded from the north and the fort at
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in 1763, he promptly asked Ali to invade Kerala and help him deal with the Zamorin of Calicut. The Muslim chieftain of Cannanore, an old rival of the neighbouring powerful
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also signed their own treaty with the Keladi Nayakas, which guaranteed the integrity of British trading concessions in Malabar in the event of future conflicts between the
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Tired of continuous setbacks, Hyder sent an army unit under Makhdoom Ali to Malabar to restrain anti-Mysore activities in the south. Meanwhile, Major Abington and Colonel
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By the Treaty of Seringapatam signed in 1792, Malabar was ceded to the East India Company. It resulted in a sharp curtailment of Mysore's borders to the advantage of the
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The onset of monsoons prevented Tipu from moving further. Tipu got information that the East India Company was planning to attack his capital and retreated to defend it.
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at the time, warned Tipu that an attack on Travancore would be treated as a declaration of war on the Company. Tipu received an invitation to intervene from the ruler of
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The British captured Mangalore in March 1783, but Tipu, now the ruler of Mysore, recaptured Bednorem before besieging and recapturing Mangalore. At the same time, near
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had been famous for its foreign spice trade since ancient times. Zamorin reached a treaty with Hyder, in which he was required to pay twelve lakh rupees as
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Mysore conducted a second military operation in 1774, concentrating on the extremely ancient and unsurpassed treasures of the Main Temple in the city of
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planned another attack on Kolathunad in 1737. Ambu agreed to sign a peace treaty with the Nayakas, which fixed the northern border of Kolathunad on the
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In 1789, Tipu sent forces to Malabar to subdue a rebellion. Many rebels found political asylum in Travancore and Cochin in the wake of his advance.
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the region himself. In 1788, Tipu paid an official visit to Malabar and talked with the Resident Gribble about the construction of a new city near
701:, and Hindu fighters hidden in the forests rebelled against the Mysorean authorities. They re-occupied forts and large portions of land during the
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689:. Mysore appointed Raja as military governor and Madanna (a former revenue officer) as civil governor of the newly acquired province of Malabar.
1265:, Christians and Hindus were tied to the feet of elephants and dragged. Tipu sometimes forced Christian and Hindu women to marry Muslim men.
1026:, with the principal aim of capturing Palakkad Fort. Due to a thundering torrential storm, he retreated to Calicut then moved his unit up to
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fortification, which formed the northern defences of Travancore, and rumours of a proposed invasion of Travancore started circulating.
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In late 1790, British forces took control of the Malabar Coast. A force under Colonel James Hartley gained a decisive victory in the
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he was also said to have carried away from the province of Malabar 700000 Christians and to have made Muhammedans of 100,000 Hindus
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By the late 18th century, the small kingdoms had been absorbed or subordinated by three large states: Travancore, Calicut (ruled by
1480:"Tippu Sultan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 22 November 2011.
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In 1787, the Mysore captured Iruvazhinadu by murdering Kurungothu Nair, the ruler of Iruvazhinadu, and an old ally of the French.
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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near Mankeri Fort, but finally retreated to Ponnani, fearing a surprise attack in the extreme weather conditions. Major
512:(1792), Tipu ceded half of his territories, including Malabar, to the East India Company and their allies, and paid 3.3
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under the Kingdom of Mysore, marched into southern Malabar with a force of 2,500 horses and 7,500 men supported by
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Kerala District Gazetteers: & suppl. Kozhikode By Kerala (India). Dept. of Education, A. Sreedhara Menon p.149
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However the King of Travancore, under the protection of the East India Company, refused to pay the tribute.
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season. However, by June 1766, Hyder returned to Malabar and sent his troops on the rebels, killing many
438:. In 1761, Ali took control of Mysore by overthrowing the then-prime minister of Mysore, and became its
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After taking Calicut in a bloody battle, Ali, with a large amount of money, marched south-east towards
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Rise and fulfillment of English rule in India By Edward John Thompson, Geoffrey Theodore Garratt p.209
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After the ruler of Cochin surrendered, Hyder advanced to the Nedumkotta fortifications. By this time
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In December 1783, General Macleod, with fresh support from the French, captured Cannanore from the
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Eventually, the Mysorean army marched on Travancore from the north. The Dutch military garrison at
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and occupied it, with assistance from native Muslims, after some resistance by the Kottayam army.
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the opportunity to tighten their grip on the ancient feudal principalities of Malabar and convert
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to entertain a subsidiary force far beyond his capacity to subsidise. The Company also claimed a
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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The Mysorean army temporarily retreated from Malabar in 1768, stopped the uprisings, and built
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and Kottayam who had supplied the British in their campaigns. After facing losses in Calicut,
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1313:'s province again in 1789. Aware of the risk to the idol, it was hidden underground and the
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Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume 1, Part 2 By Bombay (India : State) p.660
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An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present
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The invasion of Malabar was motivated by a desire for access to the ports bordering the
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reached Ponnani before taking over the command of British forces on the Malabar Coast.
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568:. Zamorin moved his army towards the border of his dominion and repelled the invasion.
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Sil, Narasingha. “Tipu Sultan in History: Revisionism Revised.” SAGE Open, Apr. 2013
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The roads developed by Tipu for military purposes helped the development of trade.
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Pass, since the Hindu rulers had broken the earlier treaties on paying tributes.
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Sultan Bathery derives its present name from Tipu Sultan of Mysore who used the
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1493:. Department of Modern Indian History. 5 April 1977 – via Google Books.
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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Ali's 1767 attempt to defeat Travancore failed; a second effort by his son
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505:. Only Travancore stood outside the Muslim Mysore authority in the area.
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In 1773, Mysore forces under Said Saheb marched to Malabar through the
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Kerala District Gazetteers: Cannanore By A. Sreedhara Menon p.134-137
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North Malabar was captured and killed in after a chase of few days.
1118:. Indirect attempts to take over the kingdom had failed in 1788, and
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Mackenzie, R., Sketch of the War with Tippu Sultan, Vol.I, pp.29-31.
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over products like pepper, coconut, tobacco, sandalwood, teak etc.
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Hyder asked the rulers of Cochin and Travancore to pay tribute as
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494:, near Calicut, was the local capital of the Mysorean-ruled area.
462:. In 1766, he descended into Malabar and occupied the Kingdoms of
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1782:"The Tiger and the Syrian Christians: Tipu Sultan's 'Padayottam'"
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Panikkassery, Velayudhan. MM Publications (2007), Kottayam India
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1860:"Prarthana Inn-guruvayur hotel,marriage hall,event management"
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The East India Company captured the French controlled port at
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Shortly afterwards, Raza Ali, Hyder's lieutenant, returned to
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temple there as his battery (hence the name Sultan's Battery)
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family, rose to prominence in India after the decline of the
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Travancore State Manual by T.K Velu Pillai, Pages 373 to 385
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adequate weapons or food. There was also the destruction of
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to the south of Malabar became a tributary state of Mysore.
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British East India Company forces led by Abercromby, began
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During the summer of 1782, East India Company officials in
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troops. His army defeated the Calicut army and reached the
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Logan, William (2006). Malabar Manual, Mathrubhumi Books,
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The Travancore state manual by Aiya, V. Nagam. pp.381–384
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Lectures on Enthurdogy by A. Krishna Ayer Calcutta, 1925
1511:"Background of the Mysorean invasion of Malabar 1765-66"
1075:. Both sides agreed to restore the others' lands to the
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Mysore's campaigns against the states of Malabar (1757)
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659:, was an active ally of Mysore under the occupation.
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1331:were re-installed on 17 September 1792, the daily
1167:routed the Mysore at Cannanore a few days later.
490:and paid him tribute annually from 1766 to 1790.
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1068:'s failed negotiation attempt with the British.
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733:tributary states under the Kingdom of Mysore.
426:The Kingdom of Mysore, ruled nominally by the
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1807:. Calcutta Printed at the Mirror Press. 1819.
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1136:In late 1789, Tipu began to gather troops at
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709:soldiers and deporting over 15,000 Nairs to
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1965:Anizham Thirunal Veerabaala Marthanda Varma
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1437:"Hyder Ali | emperor of India | Britannica"
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632:Map showing Malabar and Cochin under Mysore
516:(33 million) rupees as indemnity. By 1801,
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1903:
1889:
1604:
1515:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1305:Concealment of the Hindu idol at Guruvayur
1163:in December, while a second under General
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776:. Travancore refused to stop building the
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1508:
1144:, the fortified line of defence built by
177:Learn how and when to remove this message
159:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1387:Vikhar Ahmed Sayeed (21 December 2017).
1071:The war ended on 11 March 1784 with the
1049:'s, before the latter marched along the
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2411:Battles involving the Kingdom of Mysore
1817:Mathrubhoomi Weekly of 25 December 1955
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2393:
1261:churches and seminaries. According to
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1745:Eggenberger, David (1 January 1985).
1634:"Tipu Sultan – Villain Or Hero?"
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1227:were ceded to the Madras presidency.
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1140:in preparation for an assault on the
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2318:Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran
1296:Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam
838:. That year, the British captured
763:Cochin accepts Mysore's suzerainty
597:. Hyder, who at that time was the
564:at the invitation of the ruler of
486:. The king of Cochin accepted his
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2025:Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma
1846:"Tipu Sultan: As Known in Kerala"
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1099:Attacks on Travancore (1789–1790)
547:Zamorin–Palakkad war of 1756–1757
33:This article has multiple issues.
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2020:Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma
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1995:Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma
1975:Avittom Thirunal Balarama Varma
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1324:Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna Temple
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647:When news of Ali's conquest of
408:. The Mysore invasion gave the
41:or discuss these issues on the
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787:The relics of the entrance of
423:), and the Kingdom of Cochin.
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2333:Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi
2039:Chiefs & Leading Families
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1337:and routines were disrupted.
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524:by attaching Malabar and the
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2005:Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma
1970:Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma
1083:Between the wars (1784–1789)
643:Mysore invasion of Chirakkal
416:into only a protected ally.
363:Mysorean invasion of Malabar
194:Mysorean invasion of Malabar
88:Knowledge's inclusion policy
7:
2000:Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma
1491:"Journal of Indian History"
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1263:Paulinus of St. Bartholomew
1236:invasions were as follows:
1148:to pursue the 1789 rebels.
677:Thalassery fort, Thalassery
501:in 1789–1790 triggered the
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2287:Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace
2282:Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple
2030:Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma
1990:Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma
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397:. After the invasion, the
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1941:Temple Entry Proclamation
1931:Mysore invasion of Kerala
1918:
1761:– via Google Books.
1426:www.kerala.gov.in History
1146:Dharma Raja of Travancore
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693:Mysorean rule (1766–1773)
579:. The British factors of
316:French East India Company
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1274:Memoirs of Tippoo Sultan
1155:British take the Malabar
2349:Ammachi Panapillai Amma
1751:. Courier Corporation.
1577:Logan, William (2006),
1116:Second Anglo-Mysore War
868:Second Anglo-Mysore War
862:Second Anglo-Mysore War
131:Some of this article's
1277:
1195:Treaty of Seringapatam
1109:Third Anglo-Mysore War
1077:status quo ante bellum
830:
791:
741:
725:
678:
633:
510:Treaty of Seringapatam
503:Third Anglo-Mysore War
2193:V. S. Subramanya Iyer
1912:Kingdom of Travancore
1581:, Mathrubhumi Books,
1509:Rajendran, N (1978).
1267:
828:
786:
739:
719:
676:
651:reached Ali Rajah of
637:Occupation of Malabar
631:
2354:Thampi and Thankachi
2306:Other notable people
2208:C. P. Ramaswami Iyer
1926:Travancore Rebellion
1357:Siege of Tellicherry
1177:Capture of Cannanore
1171:Capture of Cannanore
526:Carnatic territories
434:and again after the
365:(1766–1792) was the
2342:Related information
2272:Krishnapuram Palace
2262:Kanakakkunnu Palace
2203:Muhammad Habibullah
2153:K. Krishnaswamy Rao
2108:Thanjavur Subha Rao
1866:on 13 November 2014
1636:. Voiceofdharma.com
1211:. The districts of
1183:besieging Cannanore
1122:, the president of
1073:Treaty of Mangalore
664:Kingdom of Kottayam
557:Kolathunadu Kingdom
432:Vijayanagara Empire
337:Kingdom of Kottayam
2173:P. Rajagopalachari
2128:A. Seshayya Sastri
2077:Velu Thampi Dalawa
2067:Krishna Gopalayyan
2015:Sethu Lakshmi Bayi
1985:Gowri Parvati Bayi
1980:Gowri Lakshmi Bayi
1936:Upper Cloth Revolt
1568:Bowring, pp. 44–46
1441:www.britannica.com
1311:Zamorin of Calicut
1290:Captivity of Nairs
1231:Changes in Malabar
1205:Nizam of Hyderabad
1189:End of Mysore rule
1120:Archibald Campbell
831:
792:
774:Battle of Colachel
769:Thiruvananthapuram
742:
726:
679:
634:
410:East India Company
354:East India Company
333:Zamorin of Calicut
229:1766–18 March 1792
2401:History of Kerala
2388:
2387:
2313:Thachudaya Kaimal
2213:P. G. N. Unnithan
2158:V. P. Madhava Rao
2148:S. Shungrasoobyer
2046:Thachudaya Kaimal
1735:Fortescue, p. 561
1726:Fortescue, p. 548
1717:Fortescue, p. 549
1591:978-81-8264-046-7
1558:978-81-8264-046-7
1461:Kingdom of Bednur
1416:on 9 October 2012
1347:Anglo-Mysore Wars
1309:Tipu invaded the
1209:Madras Presidency
1165:Robert Abercromby
1161:Battle of Calicut
1047:William Fullarton
1016:Thomas Humberston
1011:
1010:
533:on the country’s
522:Madras Presidency
518:Richard Wellesley
399:Kingdom of Cochin
391:Kingdom of Mysore
367:military invasion
359:
358:
288:Kingdom of Mysore
269:
268:
201:Anglo-Mysore Wars
187:
186:
179:
169:
168:
161:
116:
115:
108:
56:
2418:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2178:M. Krishnan Nair
1905:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1862:. Archived from
1856:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1833:
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1824:
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1815:
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1801:
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1718:
1715:
1709:
1708:, Logan, William
1703:
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1463:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1412:. Archived from
1406:
1397:
1396:
1384:
1275:
1259:Syriac Christian
1252:Ethnic cleansing
1240:Tipu introduced
928:
926:Anglo-Mysore War
916:
909:
902:
893:
892:
789:Travancore lines
573:Nayaks of Keladi
352:
351:
327:
326:
314:
313:
297:
296:
295:
286:
285:
284:
223:
222:
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182:
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144:
126:
118:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
67:
66:
59:
48:
26:
25:
18:
2426:
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2421:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2358:
2337:
2328:Raja Ravi Varma
2301:
2292:Thevally Palace
2277:Padmanabhapuram
2250:
2217:
2086:
2062:Ramayyan Dalawa
2050:
2034:
1953:
1945:
1914:
1909:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1858:
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1844:
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1417:
1408:
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1400:
1385:
1374:
1370:
1343:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1280:Hermann Gundert
1276:
1273:
1254:
1233:
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1191:
1179:
1173:
1157:
1111:
1101:
1085:
1012:
1007:
929:
925:
922:
920:
870:
864:
804:Cranganore Fort
765:
695:
666:in present-day
645:
639:
619:war reparations
549:
543:
346:
341:
335:
331:
321:
308:
307:
303:
301:
299:Arakkal Kingdom
293:
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213:Aerial view of
212:
183:
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78:Please help by
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5:
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2302:
2300:
2299:
2297:Udayagiri Fort
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Kowdiar Palace
2264:
2258:
2256:
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2163:S. Gopalachari
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:T. Madhava Rao
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:T. Venkata Rao
2100:
2094:
2092:
2091:Administrators
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Raja Kesavadas
2069:
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1706:Malabar Manual
1677:
1668:
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1655:Malabar Manual
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1594:
1579:Malabar Manual
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1294:Main article:
1291:
1288:
1284:Kerala Pazhama
1271:
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1193:Main article:
1190:
1187:
1175:Main article:
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1084:
1081:
1032:Norman Macleod
1009:
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866:Main article:
863:
860:
836:British Empire
810:was captured.
764:
761:
694:
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638:
635:
553:Keladi Nayakas
542:
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385:, by the then-
371:Malabar region
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133:listed sources
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2201:
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2198:Thomas Austin
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2183:T. Raghavaiah
2181:
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2168:V. Nagam Aiya
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1791:
1784:. 6 May 2007.
1783:
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1352:Pazhassi Raja
1350:
1348:
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389:ruler of the
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343:Supported by:
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264:Malabar Coast
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215:Palakkad Fort
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149:December 2020
140:
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89:
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75:
72:This article
70:
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55:
53:
46:
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40:
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34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
2379:
2369:
2138:V. Ramiengar
2133:Nanoo Pillai
2113:T. Ranga Rao
1951:Royal family
1868:. Retrieved
1864:the original
1854:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1799:
1790:
1776:
1767:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1705:
1671:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1628:
1597:
1578:
1573:
1564:
1544:
1535:
1518:
1514:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1440:
1431:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:the original
1395:. The Hindu.
1392:
1333:
1328:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1283:
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1255:
1234:
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1086:
1076:
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1059:
1040:
1036:
1020:Tiroorangadi
1013:
963:2nd Pollilur
948:1st Pollilur
879:
871:
832:
819:Chetuva Fort
812:
801:
793:
766:
757:Thamarassery
754:
747:
743:
731:
727:
696:
680:
661:
646:
589:
570:
555:invaded the
550:
535:black pepper
520:created the
507:
496:
458:, Sera, and
439:
425:
418:
406:Indian Ocean
403:
386:
362:
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342:
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304:
279:
274:Belligerents
262:annexes the
188:
173:
155:
146:
135:
102:
93:
80:spinning off
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
2381:WikiProject
2188:M. E. Watts
2143:T. Rama Rao
2118:Krishna Rao
2082:Raman Menon
1640:15 November
1521:: 613–617.
856:Tirunelvely
844:Pondicherry
611:Arabian Sea
581:Tellicherry
499:Tipu Sultan
478:, Calicut,
254:Territorial
239:South India
136:may not be
96:August 2020
2395:Categories
2323:G. V. Raja
2246:Trivandrum
1393:THE NATION
1368:References
1242:monopolies
1207:, and the
1142:Nedumkotta
1138:Coimbatore
1103:See also:
1055:Dharapuram
968:Sholinghur
958:Porto Novo
938:Thalassery
848:Kadathanad
778:Nedumkotta
699:Coimbatore
683:Coimbatore
641:See also:
545:See also:
541:Background
488:suzerainty
480:Valluvanad
476:Kadathanad
468:Kolathunad
414:Travancore
329:Travancore
84:relocating
38:improve it
2371:Templates
2255:Landmarks
2223:Divisions
2098:Reddy Row
1956:Maharajas
1583:Kozhikode
1550:Kozhikode
1410:"History"
1225:Anantapur
1201:Mahrattas
1128:Cannanore
1003:Mangalore
993:Cuddalore
978:Hyderghur
973:Negapatam
657:Kolathiri
653:Cannanore
591:Hyder Ali
492:Faruqabad
464:Chirakkal
395:Hyder Ali
217:, Malabar
44:talk page
2241:Southern
2231:Northern
1657:by Logan
1527:44139404
1341:See also
1282:said in
1272:—
1051:Dindigul
1028:Trithala
983:Annagudi
685:through
603:Dindigul
566:Palakkad
531:monopoly
472:Kottayam
466:(former
440:de facto
421:Zamorins
387:de facto
234:Location
199:Part of
138:reliable
2236:Central
2055:Dalawas
1919:History
1221:Bellary
1213:Malabar
1090:Beypore
1062:Arakkal
1043:Tanjore
1024:Ponnani
988:Bednore
953:Vellore
887:Ponnani
852:Palghat
808:Trichur
703:monsoon
687:Palghat
623:Malabar
607:Palghat
599:faujdar
562:Zamorin
537:trade.
508:In the
484:Palghat
428:Wodeyar
383:Calicut
379:Zamorin
369:of the
256:changes
1755:
1589:
1556:
1525:
1420:8 June
1334:poojas
1315:Utsava
1223:, and
1203:, the
1124:Madras
924:Second
882:Bombay
815:Airoor
796:vassal
711:Kanara
649:Bednur
595:Cochin
585:Canara
577:Madayi
514:crores
460:Canara
452:Keladi
448:Ikkeri
444:Bednur
375:Kerala
260:Mysore
246:Result
1870:4 May
1523:JSTOR
1446:8 May
1329:murti
1319:murti
1217:Salem
943:Arcot
456:Sunda
1872:2015
1753:ISBN
1642:2011
1587:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1448:2022
1422:2014
1107:and
874:Mahé
854:and
842:and
840:Mahé
817:and
722:Jain
707:Nair
571:The
551:The
482:and
361:The
226:Date
601:of
470:),
454:),
450:or
381:of
373:of
82:or
2397::
1680:^
1606:^
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