118:
102:
248:
mentioned that the Indian rulers, including that of
Bhinmal, accepted Islam and paid tribute. They presumably recanted after bin Qasim's departure, which made Junayd's attack necessary. After Junayd's reconquest, the kingdom at Bhinmal appears to have been annexed by the Arabs.
317:, in the vicinity of Bhinmal, in about 730 CE, soon after Junayd's end of term in Sindh. Nagabhata is said to have defeated the "invincible Gurjaras," presumably those of Bhinmal. Another account credits him for having defeated a "Muslim ruler."
216:
wrote his famous treatise. It is believed that the young ruler mentioned by Hieun Tsang must have been his immediate successor. It appears that the
Gurjara country at that time comprised modern Rajasthan. Following the death of
508:, rules for manipulating positive and negative numbers, as well as algorithms for algebraic operations on decimal numbers. His work on astronomy and mathematics was transmitted to the court of the
624:
The name "Gujarat" is derived from the
Sanskrit Gurjaratra through the intermediate Prakrit form "Gujjaratta", which apparently means "the country of the Gujars".
375:
in 778 CE describes in detail the
Gurjara country as a beautiful country, whose residents are also referred to as Gurjaras. They were differentiated from the
496:, the well-known mathematicians astronomer, was born in 598 CE in Bhinmal. He is likely to have lived most of his life in the town, during the empire of
418:
inscription of
Kakkuka (Mandore Pratihara) in 861 CE. Kakkuka is said to have won the love of the people of Gurjaratra along with those Marumada,
294:, who is identified with Harichandra's youngest son of the same name by many historians. These Gurjaras were always recognized as vassals (
415:
298:) though their allegiance might have varied over time. They are believed to have wrested a fair portion of the Lata province of the
504:
in 628, and the
Khandakhadyaka in 665. He made seminal contributions to mathematics, including the first mathematical treatment of
607:
1135:
1079:
1052:
1026:
721:
641:
617:
1220:
Sharma, Sanjay (2006). "Negotiating
Identity and Status Legitimation and Patronage under the Gurjara-Pratīhāras of Kanauj".
168:, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who visited India between 631–645 CE during Harsha's reign, mentioned the Gurjara country (
1315:
204:, who was distinguished for his wisdom and courage. It is known that, in 628 CE, the kingdom at Bhinmal was ruled by a
17:
631:
271:) in about 600 CE. This is expected to have been a small kingdom. His descendant, Nagabhata, shifted the capital to
349:
became the dominant force of the entire
Rajasthan and Gujarat regions, establishing a powerful empire centered at
275:(Medāntakapura) in about 680 CE. Eventually, this dynasty adopted the designation of "Pratihara" in line with the
1320:
1287:
1210:
1018:
Kānhaḍade
Prabandha, India's Greatest Patriotic Saga of Medieval Times: Padmanābha's Epic Account of Kānhaḍade
1325:
1330:
180:) as the second largest kingdom of Western India. He distinguished it from the neighbouring kingdoms of
200:. The Gurjara kingdom was said to have measured 833 miles in circuit and its ruler was a 20-year old
1072:
Islamic
Civilization in South Asia: A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent
568:
346:
326:
306:
280:
258:
122:
1249:
Sharma, Shanta Rani (2012). "Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras".
1121:
28:
1127:
The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
520:. Through these texts, the decimal number system spread through the Arab world and later Europe.
501:
162:(western Malwa) indicates that the region including the northern Gujarat and Rajasthan is meant.
221:, his empire split up into small kingdoms. Gurjaradesa is believed to have become independent.
711:
1042:
578:
321:
is also known to have repelled the Arabs during a later raid. His dynasty later expanded to
8:
482:
1266:
1237:
1161:
1109:
777:
769:
693:
276:
241:
147:
106:
534:
lived here in 680 CE. The Jain scholar Siddharshi Gani, a resident of Bhinmal wrote
1283:
1270:
1241:
1206:
1131:
1075:
1048:
1022:
781:
717:
637:
613:
563:
509:
422:
and Travani. Later records suggest that this Gurjaratra mandala was in the region of
299:
82:
117:
1258:
1229:
1097:
761:
529:
287:
228:(an Arab province from 712 CE onward), narrated the campaigns of Arab governors on
155:
81:
during the period of 6th–12th century CE. The predominant power of the region, the
1189:
1125:
1016:
951:
458:
244:(712-715) and, for a second time, by Junayd (723-726). Upon bin Qasim's victory,
41:
Places in Gurjaradeśa, as mentioned in historical texts and determined from the
1233:
1185:
1173:
1100:(1929). "Indian Studies No. I: Slow Progress of Islam Power in Ancient India".
450:
143:
765:
45:
of inscriptions (blue). The neighbouring places are shown as triangles (gray).
1309:
1262:
754:"'White Hun' Coin of Vyagrahamukha of the Chapa (Gurjara) Dynasty of Bhinmal"
540:
505:
446:
438:
427:
388:
205:
138:
1067:
550:
545:
524:
367:
245:
573:
493:
334:
330:
318:
310:
213:
181:
165:
1165:
1113:
773:
697:
516:(r. 754-775 CE), who had the Indian astronomical texts translated into
433:
In later times, the term Gurjaratra is used to connote the present day
272:
133:
952:"Kuvalayamala - A source of Social and Cultural History of Rajasthan"
513:
454:
201:
197:
74:
42:
1044:
Zero: A Landmark Discovery, the Dreadful Void, and the Ultimate Mind
753:
688:
Goyal, Shankar (1991), "Recent Historiography of the Age of Harṣa",
419:
302:
and their kingdom also came to be regarded as part of Gurjaradesa.
185:
758:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
583:
487:
477:
434:
423:
350:
264:
193:
173:
110:
90:
86:
78:
883:
517:
497:
462:
404:
372:
354:
338:
322:
314:
218:
189:
232:, the Arabic term for Gurjara. They mentioned it jointly with
85:
eventually controlled a major part of North India centered at
931:
396:
380:
291:
279:, to whom it became feudatory. They are often referred to as
225:
159:
151:
919:
895:
859:
813:
811:
263:
A Gurjara kingdom was founded by Harichandra Rohilladhi at
142:(7th century CE). Its king is said to have been subdued by
101:
1152:
Mishra, V. B. (1954). "Who were the Gurjara-Pratīhāras?".
907:
823:
73:) is a historical region in India comprising the southern
808:
652:
500:. He wrote two texts on mathematics and astronomy: The
490:
who never tired of studying the ancient sacred books.
96:
847:
150:(died c. 605 CE). The bracketing of the country with
1200:
1154:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
1102:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
1041:
Sen, Syamal K.; Agarwal, Ravi P. (6 November 2015),
978:
735:
733:
690:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
996:
959:
International Journal of Recent Research and Review
671:
669:
667:
1248:
889:
871:
835:
93:" derives its name from the ancient Gurjaratra.
984:
730:
212:, under whose reign the mathematician-astronomer
1307:
664:
544:was written by Jain monk Vijayagani in 1595 CE.
1203:Early Jaina inscriptions of Rajasthan, Volume 1
407:and clever in matters of peace as well as war.
1034:
1008:
240:(Bhinmal). The country was first conquered by
1280:Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
1219:
901:
865:
713:Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World
480:was a great centre of learning. According to
252:
1151:
937:
1120:
913:
829:
817:
802:
132:, or Gurjara country, is first attested in
125:into Gujarat and Gurjaradesa in 724–740 CE.
54:
1096:
1040:
1014:
794:
605:
949:
612:. Presses Université Laval. p. 20.
403:. They were mentioned to be devotees of
329:. The rival kingdoms of Pratiharas, the
116:
100:
34:Historical region of northwestern India
14:
1308:
1299:The Glory That was Gurjardesha, Part 3
1296:
629:
472:
1191:The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras
1178:The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas
1066:
751:
687:
465:in inscriptions and their country as
441:(1075-1154 CE) mentions a country of
236:(Marumāda, in Western Rajasthan) and
1277:
1184:
1172:
1002:
990:
974:
925:
877:
853:
841:
798:
739:
709:
675:
658:
600:
598:
360:
97:Early references to Gurjara country
24:
1047:, Elsevier Science, pp. 39–,
752:Smith, Vincent A. (October 1907).
25:
1342:
1021:, Aditya Prakashan, p. 165,
636:. Anmol Publications. p. 4.
595:
337:, however continued to call them
1301:. Bombay: Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan.
109:(712–715), including attacks on
1060:
968:
943:
1201:Sharma, Krishna Gopal (1993).
1180:. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
950:Manglani, J. J. (March 2012),
788:
745:
703:
681:
286:The Bharuch line of Gurjaras (
13:
1:
589:
536:Upmitibahava prapancha katha
453:) in northern Gujarat. The
7:
557:
10:
1347:
1234:10.1177/025764300602200202
979:Krishna Gopal Sharma (1993
461:) are also referred to as
414:is first mentioned in the
256:
253:Successor Gurjara kingdoms
26:
1316:Historical Indian regions
1122:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
1074:, Routledge, p. 32,
766:10.1017/S0035869X00036868
630:Sharma, Sita Ram (1992).
606:Mahapatra, B. P. (1989).
569:Architecture of Rajasthan
259:Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
123:Caliphal province of Sind
1263:10.1177/0376983612449525
1251:Indian Historical Review
692:, 72/73 (1/4): 331–361,
609:Constitutional languages
353:, the former capital of
224:The Arab chroniclers of
121:Arab campaigns from the
29:Gurjara (disambiguation)
890:Shanta Rani Sharma 2012
502:Brahma Sphuta Siddhanta
158:(southern Gujarat) and
89:. The modern state of "
1321:Geography of Rajasthan
1194:, Munshiram Manoharlal
341:or kings of Gurjaras (
172:) with its capital at
126:
114:
1297:Munshi, K.M. (1944).
1278:Wink, André (2002) .
579:Hindu-Arabic numerals
120:
104:
1326:Geography of Gujarat
710:Wink, André (1991).
548:Udyotana Suri wrote
445:with its capital at
27:For other uses, see
1015:Padmanābha (1991),
483:Kanhadade Prabandha
473:Culture and science
277:Imperial Pratiharas
1331:History of Gujarat
1222:Studies in History
902:Sanjay Sharma 2006
866:Sanjay Sharma 2006
805:, pp. 132–133
797:, pp. 29–30;
523:The Sanskrit poet
325:and called itself
281:Mandore Pratiharas
242:Mohammad bin Qasim
148:Prabhakaravardhana
127:
115:
107:Mohammad bin Qasim
83:Gurjara-Pratiharas
18:Kingdom of Gurjara
1137:978-0-7914-1827-7
1098:Bhandarkar, D. R.
1081:978-0-415-58061-8
1054:978-0-12-804624-1
1028:978-81-85179-54-4
940:, pp. 50–51.
938:V. B. Mishra 1954
856:, pp. 37–39.
723:978-90-04-09249-5
643:978-81-7041-545-9
619:978-2-7637-7186-1
564:Rajasthani people
290:) was founded by
16:(Redirected from
1338:
1302:
1293:
1274:
1245:
1216:
1195:
1181:
1169:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1117:
1085:
1084:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
972:
966:
965:
956:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
914:Blankinship 1994
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
830:Blankinship 1994
827:
821:
818:Blankinship 1994
815:
806:
803:Blankinship 1994
792:
786:
785:
749:
743:
737:
728:
727:
707:
701:
700:
685:
679:
673:
662:
656:
650:
647:
626:
602:
527:, the author of
486:, it had 45,000
389:southern Gujarat
365:Udyotana Suri's
361:Later references
305:A final line of
288:Gurjaras of Lata
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
21:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1306:
1305:
1290:
1228:(22): 181–220.
1213:
1186:Puri, Baij Nath
1174:Puri, Baij Nath
1142:
1140:
1138:
1088:
1082:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1013:
1009:
1005:, pp. 8–9.
1001:
997:
989:
985:
973:
969:
954:
948:
944:
936:
932:
928:, chapters 3–4.
924:
920:
912:
908:
900:
896:
888:
884:
876:
872:
864:
860:
852:
848:
840:
836:
828:
824:
816:
809:
801:, p. 208;
795:Bhandarkar 1929
793:
789:
750:
746:
738:
731:
724:
708:
704:
686:
682:
674:
665:
657:
653:
644:
620:
603:
596:
592:
560:
538:in 905 CE. The
475:
363:
309:was founded by
283:by historians.
261:
255:
99:
66:
64:Gurjara country
63:
60:
57:
48:
47:
46:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1275:
1246:
1217:
1211:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1170:
1160:(1/4): 42–53.
1149:
1136:
1130:. SUNY Press.
1118:
1108:(1/2): 25–44.
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1059:
1053:
1033:
1027:
1007:
995:
983:
977:, p. 8);
967:
942:
930:
918:
916:, p. 188.
906:
904:, p. 204.
894:
882:
870:
868:, p. 191.
858:
846:
834:
832:, p. 319.
822:
820:, p. 133.
807:
787:
744:
729:
722:
702:
680:
663:
651:
649:
648:
642:
618:
593:
591:
588:
587:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
559:
556:
474:
471:
439:Jinadatta Suri
362:
359:
355:Harshavardhana
257:Main article:
254:
251:
98:
95:
40:
39:
38:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1343:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:Avari, Burjor
1063:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1004:
999:
992:
987:
981:, p. 15)
980:
976:
971:
964:
960:
953:
946:
939:
934:
927:
922:
915:
910:
903:
898:
891:
886:
880:, p. 41.
879:
874:
867:
862:
855:
850:
844:, p. 34.
843:
838:
831:
826:
819:
814:
812:
804:
800:
796:
791:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
742:, p. 35.
741:
736:
734:
725:
719:
715:
714:
706:
699:
695:
691:
684:
677:
672:
670:
668:
660:
655:
645:
639:
635:
634:
628:
627:
625:
621:
615:
611:
610:
601:
599:
594:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
555:
553:
552:
547:
543:
542:
541:Jain Ramayana
537:
533:
531:
530:Sisupalavadha
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
489:
485:
484:
479:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:Anahilapataka
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
428:Jodhpur State
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:
358:
356:
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348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
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293:
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274:
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260:
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247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
215:
211:
210:Vyāgrahamukha
207:
206:Chapa dynasty
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:
139:Harshacharita
135:
131:
124:
119:
112:
108:
105:Campaigns of
103:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:and northern
76:
72:
52:
44:
37:
30:
19:
1298:
1279:
1254:
1250:
1225:
1221:
1202:
1190:
1177:
1157:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1126:
1105:
1101:
1071:
1062:
1043:
1036:
1017:
1010:
998:
993:, p. 8.
986:
970:
962:
958:
945:
933:
921:
909:
897:
892:, p. 8.
885:
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:
790:
757:
747:
712:
705:
689:
683:
678:, p. 9.
661:, Chapter 1.
654:
632:
623:
608:
551:Kuvalayamala
549:
546:Jain acharya
539:
535:
528:
522:
492:
481:
476:
466:
442:
432:
411:
409:
400:
392:
384:
376:
371:composed in
368:Kuvalayamala
366:
364:
342:
331:Rashtrakutas
304:
295:
285:
269:Mandavyapura
268:
262:
246:Al-Baladhuri
237:
233:
229:
223:
209:
177:
169:
164:
137:
129:
128:
70:
51:Gurjaradesa,
50:
49:
36:
1257:(1): 1–10.
1205:. Navrang.
760:: 923–928.
574:Brahmagupta
494:Brahmagupta
467:Gurjaradesa
426:in the old
395:(people of
379:(people of
311:Nagabhata I
238:Al Baylaman
214:Brahmagupta
184:(Bharuch),
182:Bharukaccha
178:Pi-lo-mo-lo
166:Hieun Tsang
130:Gurjaradēśa
1310:Categories
1289:0391041738
1212:8170130816
975:Puri (1986
590:References
455:Chaulukyas
412:Gurjaratra
377:Saindhavas
347:Pratiharas
300:Chaulukyas
188:(Ujjain),
170:Kiu-che-lo
146:'s father
71:Gurjaratra
43:find spots
1282:. Brill.
1271:145175448
1242:144128358
1003:Puri 1986
991:Puri 1986
926:Puri 1986
878:Puri 1986
854:Puri 1986
842:Puri 1986
799:Wink 2002
782:161891450
740:Puri 1986
716:. BRILL.
676:Puri 1986
659:Puri 1986
514:Al-Mansur
443:Gujaratta
416:Ghatiyala
410:The term
343:Gurjaresa
327:Pratihara
319:Nagabhata
296:sāmanthas
202:kshatriya
198:Surashtra
192:(Malwa),
154:(Sindh),
75:Rajasthan
1188:(1957),
1176:(1986).
1166:41784918
1124:(1994).
1114:41682407
1070:(2013),
774:25210490
698:41694902
633:Gujarati
558:See also
488:Brahmins
463:Gurjaras
459:Solankis
345:). The
339:Gurjaras
307:Gurjaras
186:Ujjayini
1091:Sources
584:Mandore
512:Caliph
510:Abbasid
478:Bhinmal
435:Gujarat
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