Monarchy of the United Kingdom

475: 674: 644: 2991: 4420: 548: 5565: 5504: 59: 960: 3213:. In practice, prerogative powers are exercised only on the prime minister's advice – the prime minister, and not the sovereign, has control. The monarch holds a weekly audience with the prime minister; no records of these audiences are taken and the proceedings remain fully confidential. The monarch may express his or her views, but, as a constitutional ruler, must ultimately accept the decisions of the prime minister and Cabinet, who by definition enjoy the confidence of the House of Commons. In Bagehot's words: "the sovereign has, under a constitutional monarchy ... three rights – the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, the right to warn." 5217: 5067:. While still able to serve, the Duke of Sussex and Duke of York no longer carry out royal duties. With the accession of Charles III and planned overseas trips in 2023, it was decided to expand the list of those eligible to serve as counsellors of state. On 14 November 2022, the King sent a message to both Houses of Parliament, formally asking for a change in the law that would allow Princess Anne and Prince Edward to be added to the list of counsellors of state. The next day, a bill to that end was introduced in Parliament and it received royal assent on 6 December, coming into force on 7 December. 5553: 573: 4316: 832: 4257:. The Exclusion Bill failed; on several occasions, Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass. After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681, Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685. When James succeeded Charles, he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics, thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects. Many opposed James's decisions to maintain a large standing army, appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices, and imprison 78: 4879: 5616: 5628: 862: 5228: 5692: 2889: 800: 5664: 5678: 2922: 3578: 4534: 4654: 2935: 2904: 4152: 4022:. William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed, William was captured by the English. In exchange for his release, William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord. The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189, in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades. William died in 1214 and was succeeded by his son 5650: 4354: 3715: 3273:, by convention they do so only on the recommendation of the prime minister. It is therefore the prime minister who controls the composition of the government. In practice, the prime minister will request a member of the government resign in preference to advising the monarch to dismiss them; such ministers are euphemistically described as "leaving the government". 4624:" in all Commonwealth member states, whether they were realms or republics. The position is purely ceremonial, and is not inherited by the British monarch as of right but is vested in an individual chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government. Member states of the Commonwealth that share the same person as monarch are informally known as 3183: 4994:, including the United Kingdom, had agreed to abolish the male-preference rule for anyone born after the date of the meeting, 28 October 2011. They also agreed that future monarchs would no longer be prohibited from marrying a Roman Catholic – a law which dated from the Act of Settlement 1701. However, since the monarch is also the 4712:, to help him regain his throne. Diarmait and his Anglo-Norman allies succeeded and he became King of Leinster again. De Clare married Diarmait's daughter, and when Diarmait died in 1171, de Clare became King of Leinster. Henry was afraid that de Clare would make Ireland a rival Norman kingdom, so he took advantage of the 4381:, who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719. The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors, but retained control over his German kingdoms, with which Britain was now in personal union. Power shifted towards George's ministers, especially to Sir 5398:

ruled against the plaintiffs, finding that the Queen's title was a matter of her own choice and prerogative. The Home Secretary told the House of Commons that monarchs since the Acts of Union had consistently used the higher of the English and Scottish ordinals, which in the applicable four cases has

5180:

on personal income. Parliamentary grants to the sovereign are not treated as income as they are solely for official expenditure. Republicans estimate that the real cost of the monarchy, including security and potential income not claimed by the state, such as profits from the duchies of Lancaster and

4774:

remained within the Union. In 1927, the United Kingdom changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, while the monarch's style for the next twenty years became "of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of

3220:

The royal prerogative includes the powers to appoint and dismiss ministers, regulate the civil service, issue passports, declare war, make peace, direct the actions of the military, and negotiate and ratify treaties, alliances, and international agreements. However, a treaty cannot alter the domestic

5097:

paid for the upkeep of the royal residences, and an annual Royal Travel Grant-in-Aid paid for travel. The Civil List covered most expenses, including those for staffing, state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment. Its size was fixed by Parliament every 10 years; any money saved was

5023:

allow for regencies in the event of a monarch who is a minor or who is physically or mentally incapacitated. When a regency is necessary, the next qualified individual in the line of succession automatically becomes regent, unless they themselves are a minor or incapacitated. Special provisions were

5113:

The Crown Estate is one of the largest property portfolios in the United Kingdom, with holdings of £15.6 billion in 2022. It is held in trust, and cannot be sold or owned by the sovereign in a private capacity. In modern times, the profits surrendered from the Crown Estate to the Treasury have

4807:

poll showed that 68% of British people felt positively about the monarchy. The newspaper speculated that some of this may have been a reaction to the Queen's death, and said it showed dissatisfaction is higher among young people; 47% of people aged between 18 and 24 wanted the monarchy to continue,

3216:

Although the royal prerogative is extensive and parliamentary approval is not formally required for its exercise, it is limited. Many Crown prerogatives have fallen out of use or have been permanently transferred to Parliament. For example, the sovereign cannot impose and collect new taxes; such an

4294:

would inherit the Crown. Mary II died childless in 1694, leaving William III & II as the sole monarch. By 1700, a political crisis arose, as all of Anne's children had died, leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession. Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his

3613:

was the first king to rule over a unitary kingdom roughly corresponding to the present borders of England, though its constituent parts retained strong regional identities. The 11th century saw England become more stable, despite a number of wars with the Danes, which resulted in a Danish monarchy

3253:

The sovereign has the power to appoint the prime minister. In accordance with unwritten constitutional conventions, the monarch appoints the individual who commands the support of the House of Commons, usually the leader of a party or coalition that has a majority in that House. The prime minister

4642: 3444:

The sovereign is deemed the "fount of justice"; although the monarch does not personally rule in judicial cases, judicial functions are performed in his or her name. For instance, prosecutions are brought on the sovereign's behalf, and courts derive their authority from the Crown. The common law

3280:

where no party or coalition holds a majority, the monarch has an increased degree of latitude in choosing the individual likely to command the most support, though it would usually be the leader of the largest party. Since 1945, there have only been three hung parliaments. The first followed the

3773:

between England and France. His campaigns conquered much French territory, but by 1374, all the gains had been lost. Edward's reign was also marked by the further development of Parliament, which came to be divided into two Houses; he died in 1377, leaving the Crown to his 10-year-old grandson

5387:

is used; for example, Queen Victoria is not known as "Victoria I", and ordinals are not used for English monarchs who reigned before the Norman conquest of England. The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when

4289:

affirmed parliamentary supremacy and declared that the English people held certain rights, including freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent. The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants and provided that, after any children of William and Mary, Mary's sister

3526:

There are more than 160 laws granting express immunity to the sovereign or their property in various respects. For example, the sovereign is exempt from anti-discrimination legislation and other workers' rights, health and safety, or pensions laws, as well as numerous taxes, and environmental

3333:

in the chamber of the House of Lords, outlining the Government's legislative agenda. Prorogation usually occurs about one year after a session begins, and formally concludes the session. Dissolution ends a parliamentary term, and is followed by a general election for all seats in the House of

10476: 3469:, grants knighthoods and awards other honours. Although peerages and most other honours are granted on the advice of the prime minister, some honours are within the personal gift of the sovereign and are not granted on ministerial advice. The sovereign alone appoints members of the 4998:, the laws which restrict the throne to Protestants remain. The necessary UK legislation making the changes received the royal assent on 25 April 2013 and was brought into force in March 2015 after the equivalent legislation was approved in all the other Commonwealth realms. 3898:, who was declared king and co-ruler. He pursued disastrous wars in France and she attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism (burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process). Upon her death in 1558, the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half-sister 3381:

gave Wilson a small majority. The monarch could in theory unilaterally dismiss the prime minister, but in practice, the prime minister's term nowadays comes to an end only by electoral defeat, death, or resignation. The last monarch to remove the prime minister was

4832:. Archbishops and bishops are appointed by the monarch, on the advice of the prime minister, who chooses the appointee from a list of nominees prepared by a Church Commission. The Crown's role in the Church of England is titular; the most senior clergyman, the 4041:

Alexander III's death in a riding accident in 1286 precipitated a major succession crisis. Scottish leaders appealed to King Edward I of England for help in determining who was the rightful heir. Edward chose Alexander's three-year-old Norwegian granddaughter,

8848:

A commentary on the treatises entered into between his Britannic majesty, and his most faithful majesty ... his catholic majesty ... and ... the king of the Netherlands ... for the purpose of preventing their subjects from engaging in any illicit traffic in

3859:, daughter of King Edward IV and a Yorkist heir. Through skill and ability, Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm, and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end. The reign of the second Tudor king, 4097:, had been taken captive by the English. Having paid a large ransom, James returned to Scotland in 1424; to restore his authority, he used ruthless measures, including the execution of several of his enemies. He was assassinated by a group of nobles. 4619:

At first, every member of the Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom, but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950, it would no longer share in a common monarchy. Instead, the British monarch was acknowledged as

4463:, which reformed parliamentary representation, was passed. Together with others passed later in the century, the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament. 5543:. It is flown only from buildings, vessels and vehicles in which the sovereign is present. The Royal Standard is never flown at half-mast because there is always a sovereign: when one dies, his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly. 4945:, normally by the Archbishop of Canterbury. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; indeed, the ceremony usually takes place many months after accession to allow sufficient time for its preparation and for a period of mourning. 3978:. There was an elective element to early Scottish kings and this practice lingered for much longer in Scotland. For example, the first Stewart monarch, Robert II, was selected from among eligible royal males at Linlithgow in 1370 by the 4568:

The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it is often still referred to as "British" for legal and historical reasons and for convenience. The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom,

3373:, if a minority government asked to dissolve Parliament to call an early election to strengthen its position, the monarch could refuse and would do so under three conditions. When Harold Wilson requested a dissolution late in 1974, 5283:. Although replaced as the monarch's primary London residence by Buckingham Palace in 1837, St James's is still the senior palace and remains the ceremonial royal residence. For example, foreign ambassadors are accredited to the 10782: 3449:

allows civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity (that is, lawsuits against the government), but not lawsuits against the monarch personally. The sovereign exercises the "prerogative of mercy", which is used to

4889:

The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the laws governing succession to the shared throne requires the unanimous consent of all the realms. Succession is governed by statutes such as the

4074:, the English again invaded in 1332. During the next four years, Balliol was crowned, deposed, restored, deposed, restored, and deposed until he eventually settled in England, and David remained king for the next 35 years. 3982:

of the Scottish Parliament. However, as a result of this elective element, the rival dynastic lines clashed, often violently. From 942 to 1005, seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle. In 1005,

3797:. Henry V's own reign, which began in 1413, was largely free from domestic strife, leaving the king free to pursue the Hundred Years' War in France. Although he was victorious, his sudden death in 1422 left his infant son 4054:

to be king. Edward proceeded to treat Balliol as a vassal and tried to exert influence over Scotland. In 1295, when Balliol renounced his allegiance to England, Edward I invaded. During the first ten years of the ensuing

4600:; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request. Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession, and the Crown went to his brother, 3217:

action requires the authorisation of an Act of Parliament. According to a parliamentary report, "The Crown cannot invent new prerogative powers", and Parliament can override any prerogative power by passing legislation.

4273:

to depose the king. William obliged, arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support. Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials, James fled the realm and William and Mary (rather than

4120:, was an infant, the government was again taken over by regents. James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542, and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six-day-old daughter, 3808:, as well as his own ineffectual leadership, led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster. The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York, so-called because its head, a descendant of Edward III, was 3258:" that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument. The sovereign also has the power to dismiss the prime minister, but the last time this power was exercised was in 1834, when 5114:

exceeded the Sovereign Grant. For example, the Crown Estate produced £312.7 million in the financial year 2021–22, whereas the Sovereign Grant for the monarch was £86.3 million during the same period.

4812:

survey of roughly 1,700 UK people found that 64% thought that the country should continue to have a monarchy, though that was lower than the 67% in September 2022 around the time of Queen Elizabeth II's death.

4333:

After Anne's accession, the problem of succession re-emerged. The Scottish Parliament, infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia's family as the next heirs, passed the

5328:

is "Charles the third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith". The title

268:, which are performed in a non-partisan manner. The UK Government has called the monarchy "a unique soft power and diplomatic asset". The Crown also occupies a unique cultural role, serving as an unofficial 4238:. The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing, and he soon resigned. The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest, and to a popular desire to restore the monarchy. In 1660, the 5417:

is "Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules ; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ". The supporters are

4808:

compared to 86% aged 65 and over. In May 2022, before the Queen's death, the newspaper reported that polling showed 33% of those aged between 18 and 24 wanted the monarchy to continue. In January 2023, a

3433:. However, as devolution is more limited in Wales, in Welsh matters the monarch acts on the advice of the prime minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The sovereign can veto any law passed by the 15320: 14990: 5450:: "Shame be to him who thinks evil of it"). In Scotland, the monarch uses an alternative form of the arms in which quarters I and IV represent Scotland, II England, and III Ireland. The mottoes are " 4770:, a separate Dominion within the Commonwealth. The Irish Free State was renamed Ireland in 1937, and in 1949 declared itself a republic, left the Commonwealth and severed all ties with the monarchy. 5399:

been the English ordinal. The prime minister confirmed this practice but noted that "neither The Queen nor her advisers could seek to bind their successors". Future monarchs will apply this policy.

3668:

The reigns of most of the Angevin monarchs were marred by civil strife and conflicts between the monarch and the nobility. Henry II faced rebellions from his own sons, including the future monarchs

5001:

Though Catholics are prohibited from succeeding and are deemed "naturally dead" for succession purposes, the disqualification does not extend to the individual's legitimate Protestant descendants.

4066:

Robert's efforts to control Scotland culminated in success and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328. However, only one year later, Robert died and was succeeded by his five-year-old son,

3935:

In Scotland, as in England, monarchies emerged after the withdrawal of the Roman Empire from Great Britain in the early fifth century. The three groups that lived in Scotland at this time were the

4845: 9950: 4245:

Charles II's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England. Charles had no legitimate children and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother,

5931: 5751:

Charles the third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith

426:

as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fourteen other independent sovereign states that share the same person as their monarch are called

10032: 9752: 3209:. The monarch acts within the constraints of convention and precedent, exercising prerogative only on the advice of ministers responsible to Parliament, often through the prime minister or 4797:

maintained polls from 2002 to 2007 showed that around 70–80% of the British public supported the continuation of the monarchy. In September 2022, shortly after the death of Elizabeth II,

4561:

gave complete self-government to the Dominions, effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion. The concept was solidified by the

8333: 3816:, led the Yorkists to victory in 1461, overthrowing Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou. Edward IV was constantly at odds with the Lancastrians and his own councillors after his marriage to 5102:, which was initially set at 15% of the revenues generated by the Crown Estate and increased to 25% in March 2017. The programme of overseas visits by the monarch is determined by the 7573: 4937:

as first required by the Bill of Rights, and an oath that they will "maintain and preserve" the Church of Scotland settlement as required by the Act of Union. The monarch is usually

14736: 4183:, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the power to impose taxes. He provoked opposition by 3778:. Like many of his predecessors, Richard II conflicted with the nobles by attempting to concentrate power in his own hands. In 1399, while he was campaigning in Ireland, his cousin 4179:

under one monarch – James I & VI became the first monarch to style himself "King of Great Britain" in 1604 – they remained two separate kingdoms. James I & VI's successor,

4604:. George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II, making morale-boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and areas bombed by 3402:(the monarch's approval) is required. In theory, assent can either be granted (making the bill law) or withheld (vetoing the bill), but since 1708 assent has always been granted. 6161: 13890: 916: 901: 4006:

With a further series of battles and deposings, five of Malcolm's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king. Eventually, the Crown came to his youngest son,

3266:; since then, prime ministers have only left office upon their resignation, which they are expected to offer to the monarch upon losing their majority in the House of Commons. 15135: 13941: 8274: 5977: 1666: 4906:; it is not possible for an individual to renounce his or her right of succession. The Act of Settlement restricts the succession to the legitimate Protestant descendants of 3680:. Upon Henry's death, his eldest surviving legitimate son Richard succeeded to the throne; Richard was absent from England for most of his reign, for he left to fight in the 7617: 4139:, who was widely suspected of Darnley's murder. The nobility rebelled against the queen, forcing her to abdicate. She fled to England, and the Crown went to her infant son 327:

began the process of reducing the English monarch's political powers. In the 16th century, English and Scottish monarchs played a central role in what became the religious

10957: 2813: 1837: 1823: 3894:

as his heiress. Jane's reign, however, lasted only nine days; with tremendous popular support, Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign. Mary I married

13962: 2475: 981: 9815: 9790: 4101:

continued his father's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty, and a council of regents again assumed power.

8600: 1789: 8734: 9772: 9636: 2977: 2853: 1676: 1127: 4482:

was marked by great cultural change, technological progress, and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world's foremost powers. In recognition of

14280: 13214: 9820: 3886:, continued with further religious reforms, but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis. He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half-sister 3695:

for "Great Charter") to guarantee the rights and liberties of the nobility. Soon afterwards, further disagreements plunged England into a civil war known as the

1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 13972: 9848: 8624: 7799: 2537: 1102: 7752: 5564: 4112:

In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England, attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII. His forces met with disaster at

14729: 6204: 3622:, was crucial in terms of both political and social change. The new monarch continued the centralisation of power begun in the Anglo-Saxon period, while the 3172: 2493: 2075: 1117: 257: 3832:. Afterwards he captured Margaret of Anjou, eventually sending her into exile, but not before killing Henry VI while he was held prisoner in the Tower. The 430:. Although the monarch is shared, each country is sovereign and independent of the others, and the monarch has a different, specific, and official national 14640: 11679: 7505: 7458: 7411: 7364: 7251: 7205: 6759: 6052:

The phrase 'Crown in Parliament' is used to describe the British legislature, which consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

4680:

to take possession of Ireland as a feudal territory nominally under papal overlordship. The Pope wanted the English monarch to annex Ireland and bring the

3987:

ascended the throne having killed many rivals. He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition, and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson,

967: 8370: 4034:, which were still under the overlordship of Norway. During the reign of Alexander III, Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland; the ensuing 14005: 13897: 10339: 10304: 10294: 4953: 2575: 2339: 754: 3793:. For most of his reign, Henry IV was forced to fight off plots and rebellions; his success was partly due to the military skill of his son, the future 14275: 10797: 10349: 9870: 7849: 6383: 1106: 995: 759: 7329: 5920: 5764: 10697: 10012: 9805: 4234:(effectively becoming a military dictator, but refusing the title of king). Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658, when he was succeeded by his son 2550: 2546: 1697: 5184:

Estimates of Queen Elizabeth II's wealth varied, depending on whether assets owned by her personally or held in trust for the nation were included.

4307:, next in line to the throne after his sister-in-law Anne. Soon after the passage of the Act, William III & II died, leaving the Crown to Anne. 3687:

John's reign was marked by conflict with the barons, particularly over the limits of royal power. In 1215, the barons coerced the king into issuing

14722: 14118: 13885: 10299: 9860: 1816: 869: 8044: 3967:

to the Scots). The expansion of Scottish dominions continued over the next two centuries, as other territories such as Strathclyde were absorbed.

13756: 10289: 9717: 3080: 2802: 1671: 1112: 513: 6438: 3711:. The war ended in a clear royalist victory and in the death of many rebels, but not before the king had agreed to summon a parliament in 1265. 13322: 10585: 10396: 9912: 8325: 5715: 3342: 2037: 1122: 8301: 6410: 5388:

Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen's use of "Elizabeth II", on the grounds that there had never been an "Elizabeth I" in Scotland. In

4396:, witnessed the end of the Jacobite threat in 1746 when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated. During the long reign of his grandson, 15470: 11268: 10361: 10007: 9785: 9496: 5035:

During a temporary physical infirmity or an absence from the kingdom, the sovereign may temporarily delegate some of his or her functions to

4987: 3282: 3068:. Thus the acts of state done in the name of the Crown, such as Crown Appointments, even if personally performed by the monarch, such as the 3033:

and their portrait in government buildings. The Sovereign is further both mentioned in and the subject of songs, loyal toasts, and salutes. "

2778: 2480: 1860: 1376: 1296: 712: 7583: 431: 15230: 15195: 14360: 14021: 13701: 12262: 12090: 12005: 11744: 11421: 11221: 10692: 10471: 10075: 3378: 3053: 2970: 2833: 2528: 2455: 2424: 1381: 1291: 8983: 7819: 7671: 4187:

from 1629 to 1640, unilaterally levying taxes and adopting controversial religious policies (many of which were offensive to the Scottish

3048:

The monarch takes little direct part in government. The authority to use the sovereign's formal powers is almost all delegated, either by

13903: 10637: 10448: 4982:, under which sons inherit before daughters, and elder children inherit before younger ones of the same sex. The British prime minister, 4759: 4409: 4127:

Mary, a Roman Catholic, reigned during a period of great religious upheaval in Scotland. As a result of the efforts of reformers such as

3844:. Edward V disappeared, presumably murdered by Richard. Ultimately, the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by 2798: 2585: 2207: 1132: 733: 384: 4852:, but otherwise plays no part in its governance, and exerts no powers over it. The sovereign plays no formal role in the disestablished 4451:, the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power. In 1834, William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister, 3750:. He attempted to establish English domination of Scotland. However, gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor, 3718:

Norman possessions in the 12th century, including England (1066–1485, not always in personal union with Normandy), Normandy (911–1204),

3325:

and dissolve Parliament. Each parliamentary session begins with the sovereign's summons. The new parliamentary session is marked by the

14648: 14123: 10647: 10590: 10122: 10065: 9337: 6167: 4849: 4521:. George V's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom, and the 2750: 2013: 1061: 523: 8956: 8505: 8396: 4222:, was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland, but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the 3309:(the third-largest party) agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II. The third occurred shortly thereafter, in 15450: 14389: 13746: 13726: 10986: 9880: 9616: 9465: 4995: 4303:, which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William's nearest Protestant relations, the family of 4253:

arose; the "Petitioners", who supported exclusion, became the Whig Party, whereas the "Abhorrers", who opposed exclusion, became the

3536: 2725: 2710: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 882: 236:

undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic and representational duties. Although formally the monarch has authority over the

8681: 8280: 7597: 5552: 4459:. In the ensuing elections, however, Peel lost. The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne. During William IV's reign, the 4171:'s older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the " 3205:

That part of the government's executive authority which remains theoretically and nominally vested in the sovereign is known as the

13937: 12159: 10632: 10491: 10443: 8479: 5725: 5508: 4214:

The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649, the overthrow of the English monarchy, and the establishment of the

3782:

seized power. Richard was deposed, imprisoned, and eventually murdered, probably by starvation, and Henry became king as Henry IV.

2695: 2690: 2159: 1737: 1142: 63: 8191: 7630: 528: 15445: 14613: 14480: 13873: 12477: 10213: 10022: 9853: 8763: 8446: 5814: 5705: 4787:

grew, partly on account of negative publicity associated with the royal family (for instance, immediately following the death of

3438: 3313:, when the Conservative Party lost its majority in a snap election, though the party remained in power as a minority government. 3200: 2963: 2521: 2188: 2101: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 604: 458: 222: 4478:, which only permitted succession in the male line, so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end. The 434:

for each realm. Although the term is rarely used today, the fifteen Commonwealth realms are, with respect to their monarch, in

15105: 14459: 14451: 14270: 13995: 13761: 11749: 10974: 10548: 10277: 10245: 10085: 10070: 10060: 9885: 9875: 9865: 9838: 6537: 6074: 6013: 4709: 3088: 2990: 2730: 2715: 2628: 2593: 2570: 2498: 2069: 2051: 1151: 1054: 906: 853: 5248:. It is the site of most state banquets, investitures, royal christenings and other ceremonies. Another official residence is 5039:, chosen from the monarch's spouse and the first four adults in the line of succession. The present counsellors of state are: 4163:

Elizabeth I's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England. Since she had no children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch

3754:, who also faced conflict with the nobility. In 1311, Edward II was forced to relinquish many of his powers to a committee of 2950: 15240: 13947: 13607: 12529: 12084: 11532: 10667: 10240: 9203: 9115: 8123: 7108: 6498: 5169: 4922: 4736: 4689: 4047: 2913: 2843: 2755: 2745: 2735: 2680: 2598: 2488: 1996: 911: 844: 12494: 5264:

in Edinburgh. The monarch stays at Holyrood for at least one week each year, and when visiting Scotland on state occasions.

3878:

Wales – which had been conquered centuries earlier, but had remained a separate dominion – was annexed to England under the

15350: 15155: 14805: 14010: 13403: 13348: 11714: 10534: 10356: 10017: 9990: 5536: 5076: 4452: 3310: 3298: 3107: 2763: 2650: 2640: 2603: 2563: 2533: 2508: 2470: 2232: 2152: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 974: 707: 265: 8582: 8221: 7545: 5121:, a property portfolio valued at £383 million in 2011, are held in trust. The revenues of the Duchy form part of the 4948:

When an individual ascends the throne, it is expected they will reign until death. The only voluntary abdication, that of

4419: 4342:, threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade. The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the 3322: 14656: 14014: 13878: 12982: 11587: 10707: 10652: 10595: 10514: 10458: 10426: 10260: 9945: 9710: 8742: 6027: 4784: 4491: 4136: 3867:

produced only one surviving child, a daughter, led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and establish the

3127: 2740: 2705: 2700: 2660: 2645: 2635: 2618: 2613: 2608: 1885: 951: 673: 643: 614: 474: 4596:, even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcees. Accordingly, Edward announced his intention to 14413: 14397: 14345: 13315: 12987: 10682: 10662: 10605: 10570: 10218: 10186: 10150: 9450: 9432: 8922: 7772: 5414: 5408: 5150: 3357: 2999: 2720: 2685: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2655: 2623: 2212: 942: 777: 484: 418:, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, effectively bringing the Empire to an end. 241: 5889:

Debrett's Correct Form: An Inclusive Guide to Everything from Drafting Wedding Invitations to Addressing an Archbishop

5615: 3863:, was one of great political change. Religious upheaval and disputes with the Pope, and the fact that his marriage to 15376: 15270: 15265: 14405: 13952: 13786: 13691: 13539: 13534: 12252: 11401: 11261: 10677: 10575: 10230: 10223: 10090: 10055: 10040: 9940: 9532: 9288: 9225: 9152: 9093: 9027: 8882: 8451: 8172: 7303: 4938: 4873: 3719: 3561: 3346: 3138: 2580: 2138: 1747: 1742: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1095: 1004: 931: 518: 8632: 7805: 5799: 5098:

carried forward to the next 10-year period. From 2012, the Civil List and Grants-in-Aid were replaced with a single

4338:, threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland. The Parliament of England retaliated with the 14421: 14128: 14108: 14053: 14048: 13914: 13850: 13832: 13544: 13519: 12797: 11417: 10762: 10314: 10272: 10196: 10191: 10095: 9973: 9651: 9552: 9460: 8904: 7758: 5239: 5060: 5029: 4973: 4869: 4250: 3879: 3786: 2164: 1964: 1959: 1690: 785: 665: 599: 580: 253: 245: 237: 155: 17: 6210: 5190:

magazine estimated her wealth at US$ 450 million in 2010, but no official figure was available. In 1993, the

4046:. On her way to Scotland in 1290, however, Margaret died at sea, and Edward was again asked to adjudicate between 15381: 14825: 14688: 14474: 14150: 13646: 13514: 12195: 11739: 11299: 10825: 10642: 10580: 10506: 10201: 10050: 9997: 9960: 9925: 9899: 9800: 8802: 7079: 5346: 3930: 3915: 3547: 3338: 2848: 1091: 1073: 1040: 8709: 6752: 6281: 4135:, in 1565. After Lord Darnley's assassination in 1567, Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the 3171:

The sovereign's role as a constitutional monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions, such as granting

15397: 13369: 12774: 10772: 10560: 10486: 10381: 10334: 10170: 10130: 9920: 9703: 9330: 8020: 7974: 5898: 5730: 5325: 5319: 5302:. The palaces belong to the Crown; they are held in trust for future rulers and cannot be sold by the monarch. 4708:

kingdom. Diarmait asked Henry II for help, gaining a group of Anglo-Norman aristocrats and adventurers, led by

4506: 4143:, who was brought up as a Protestant. Mary was imprisoned and later executed by the English queen Elizabeth I. 3646: 3462: 3210: 3123: 3115: 2384: 2097: 2065: 1929: 1727: 1707: 635: 466: 214: 8656: 7876: 5081:

Until 1760, the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues, which included the profits of the

3341:

temporarily removed the sovereign's authority to dissolve Parliament, however, this power was restored by the

15335: 15005: 14512: 14365: 14138: 13509: 13308: 12611: 11214: 10981: 10787: 10717: 10687: 10657: 10622: 10524: 10496: 10414: 10322: 10206: 9985: 9735: 6524: 4056: 3111: 2926: 2173: 1934: 681: 7855: 6389: 5627: 15460: 15260: 15220: 15120: 15046: 14940: 13820: 13686: 13265: 12247: 12235: 11754: 11649: 11615: 11391: 11370: 11254: 11100: 11024: 10996: 10942: 10745: 10735: 10672: 10627: 10600: 10453: 10438: 10135: 10110: 10045: 9935: 9362: 7335: 6472: 5503: 5048: 4762:. The whole island of Ireland continued to be a part of the United Kingdom until 1922 when what is now the 4320: 4304: 4291: 2908: 2768: 2352: 2251: 2181: 2168: 2144: 1975: 1970: 443: 58: 6416: 4581:, and so forth; one person reigning in multiple distinct sovereign states, in a relationship likened to a 3152:, of which the sovereign is the titular head, has its own legislative, judicial, and executive structures. 15455: 15235: 14935: 14623: 14073: 14043: 13844: 13776: 13706: 13559: 13128: 13042: 12937: 12852: 12769: 12267: 12139: 11994: 11431: 10991: 10969: 10937: 10932: 10914: 10855: 10777: 10767: 10702: 10565: 10529: 10327: 10105: 9744: 9671: 5797: 5788:

The sovereign is, however, entitled to comment on drafts of laws that would directly affect the monarchy

5204: 5052: 4562: 4558: 4275: 3503:

from criminal prosecution or arrest, as well as from civil actions, and their property is not subject to

3326: 3099: 3073: 3026: 2818: 2378: 2237: 2044: 1078: 1009: 686: 547: 399: 8423: 5341:" to King Henry VIII in 1521, rewarding him for his support of the Papacy during the early years of the 5202:, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £2 million (the equivalent of about £36 million today). The 4739:. The Pope's grant of Ireland to the English monarch became invalid, so Henry summoned a meeting of the 3963:

is traditionally viewed as the first king of a united Scotland (known as Scotia to writers in Latin, or

3552:"King of England" and "Queen of England" redirect here. For the current king of the United Kingdom, see 3350: 3179:

identified the monarchy in 1867 as the "dignified part" rather than the "efficient part" of government.

272:

for British interests and values abroad, increasing tourism at home, and promoting charities throughout

15366: 15315: 15310: 15285: 15255: 15140: 15051: 14315: 13625: 13275: 13190: 12779: 12677: 11635: 11493: 11051: 10952: 10792: 9372: 7100: 5463: 5390: 4717: 4405: 4393: 4204: 4132: 3520: 3446: 3414: 2939: 2257: 1906: 1850: 1702: 1068: 1019: 375:

from succession to the throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the

348: 13638: 12967: 6985: 4494:, due in part to Victoria's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of 3653:. Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power, but agreed to a compromise under which Matilda's son 3494: 15345: 15290: 15250: 15205: 15200: 15180: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15145: 15130: 15125: 15110: 15100: 15067: 14900: 14088: 14078: 13919: 13600: 13245: 12932: 12867: 12857: 12842: 12177: 12124: 12034: 11568: 11187: 10947: 10752: 10725: 10235: 10115: 9626: 9367: 9323: 8354: 6447: 5720: 5484:: "No-one provokes me with impunity"); the supporters are the unicorn and lion, who support both the 5441: 5252:, the largest occupied castle in the world, which is used principally at weekends, Easter and during 4597: 4374: 4027: 3992: 3926: 3735: 3619: 3434: 3156: 3119: 2788: 2783: 2242: 2225: 2202: 2122: 2111: 1855: 1811: 988: 13067: 9511: 7997: 7952: 7937: 7922: 7726: 6101: 4933:. Upon their accession, a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths: the 4230:, the most prominent military and political leader in the nation, seized power and declared himself 3991:, instead of a cousin, as had been usual. In 1040, Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of 3906:

and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World.

3812:, who was at odds with the Queen. Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460, his eldest son, 15371: 15330: 15305: 15295: 15280: 15275: 15225: 15190: 15175: 14683: 14632: 14113: 14036: 14031: 13990: 13814: 13808: 13751: 13736: 13343: 12687: 12667: 12632: 12585: 12539: 11891: 11707: 11629: 11578: 11085: 10615: 10255: 10002: 9621: 9470: 9354: 5595: 5419: 5330: 5044: 4882: 4833: 4788: 4621: 4401: 4347: 4328: 4043: 4023: 3849: 3642: 3572: 3445:

holds that the sovereign "can do no wrong", and so cannot be prosecuted for criminal offences. The

3222: 2461: 2193: 1732: 959: 587: 559: 423: 376: 126: 34: 30: 11548: 7699: 4693: 4116:; the king, many senior noblemen, and hundreds of soldiers were killed. As his son and successor, 3649:. Matilda challenged his reign; as a result, England descended into a period of disorder known as 3221:

laws of the United Kingdom; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases. The sovereign is the

15325: 15245: 15215: 14930: 14890: 14790: 14579: 14520: 14285: 14143: 13696: 13681: 13656: 13574: 12565: 12257: 12240: 12230: 12205: 12049: 11775: 11411: 11380: 11375: 11319: 11230: 11143: 10964: 10899: 10610: 10267: 9666: 9081: 6312: 5864: 5524: 5475: 5261: 4921:(the death of a sovereign), their heir immediately and automatically succeeds (hence the phrase " 4755: 4578: 4542: 4467: 4215: 4105:

was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488, leading to another boy-king:

3996: 3731: 3658: 3422: 3302: 2828: 2085: 2056: 1990: 1865: 891: 407: 368: 344: 288: 202: 9491: 3758:; however, military victories helped him regain control in 1322. Edward was deposed by his wife 14910: 14905: 14571: 14544: 14488: 14443: 14335: 14093: 14000: 13285: 13200: 13047: 12759: 12692: 12560: 12509: 12441: 12341: 12331: 12129: 12064: 11871: 11800: 11655: 11513: 11080: 10145: 9537: 8989: 7825: 5887: 5520: 5342: 5284: 5216: 5103: 4895: 4495: 4386: 4300: 4086: 3944: 3676:, but nevertheless managed to expand his kingdom, forming what is retrospectively known as the 3330: 3306: 3069: 2390: 1769: 1047: 627: 352: 8872: 4131:, a Protestant ascendancy was established. Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin, 394:, which covered a quarter of the world's land area at its greatest extent in 1921. The title 15185: 15115: 15036: 14985: 14980: 14955: 14810: 14775: 14678: 14595: 14536: 14504: 13741: 13651: 13528: 13494: 13442: 13270: 13250: 13230: 13093: 13057: 13012: 12957: 12749: 12744: 12519: 12466: 12291: 12200: 12169: 12109: 12059: 11841: 11831: 11625: 11619: 11583: 11538: 11397: 11309: 11235: 11075: 11031: 10894: 10480: 9103: 7293: 6256: 5697: 5485: 5338: 5268: 4934: 4740: 4697: 4574: 4358: 4270: 4219: 4102: 4078: 3825: 3820:, with a brief return to power for Henry VI. Edward IV prevailed, winning back the throne at 3809: 3770: 3708: 3673: 3630: 3478: 3270: 3142: 3103: 3057: 2893: 2773: 2361: 2277: 1722: 312: 12421: 8846: 5025: 3699:. The war abruptly ended when John died in 1216, leaving the Crown to his nine-year-old son 3334:

Commons. If not dissolved sooner, Parliaments are automatically dissolved after five years.

390:

Beginning in the 16th century, the monarch was the nominal head of what came to be the vast

15015: 14960: 14920: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14855: 14850: 14840: 14835: 14815: 14795: 14785: 14780: 14770: 14133: 13838: 13781: 13593: 13430: 13255: 13174: 13138: 13088: 12947: 12872: 12657: 12534: 12326: 12101: 12079: 12074: 12039: 11981: 11597: 11593: 11472: 11365: 11095: 11036: 11001: 10889: 10862: 10373: 9590: 9015: 8962: 8402: 6035: 5469: 5280: 5064: 5036: 4930: 4758:, the Act of Union merged the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into the 4685: 4335: 4180: 4121: 4098: 4067: 3845: 3700: 3696: 3474: 3370: 2117: 2107: 1843: 1648: 1643: 594: 332: 233: 210: 206: 14714: 7182: 3155:

Powers independent of government are legally granted to other public bodies by statute or

8: 15340: 15150: 15041: 15010: 14975: 14965: 14950: 14895: 14860: 14845: 14830: 14820: 14800: 14496: 14381: 14229: 14083: 14026: 13856: 13676: 13671: 13413: 13280: 13225: 13062: 13052: 13037: 13027: 12992: 12922: 12837: 12807: 12754: 12471: 12225: 12220: 12119: 12114: 11881: 11836: 11795: 11700: 11682:

in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.

11645: 11639: 11497: 11359: 11349: 11295: 11172: 11090: 11068: 11063: 11046: 11041: 11019: 10909: 10867: 9570: 6307:

Brock, Michael (September 2004; online edition, January 2008). "William IV (1765–1837)".

5926: 5364:

to differentiate the British monarch from foreign rulers. The monarch chooses his or her

5276: 5014: 4961: 4918: 4891: 4763: 4732: 4721: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4447:

and his own reign, the power of the monarchy declined, and by the time of his successor,

4286: 4285:, was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power. The 4282: 4246: 4223: 4172: 4094: 4019: 4007: 3922: 3864: 3817: 3798: 3662: 3654: 3615: 3470: 3430: 3418: 3187: 3042: 2503: 2310: 2080: 2019: 1924: 1919: 1880: 1829: 609: 496: 364: 360: 340: 328: 320: 296: 284: 5181:

Cornwall and rent of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, is £334 million a year.

5145:

is a similar estate held in trust to meet the expenses of the monarch's eldest son. The

4716:

and invaded, forcing de Clare and the other Anglo-Norman aristocrats in Ireland and the

4684:

into line with Rome, despite this process already being underway in Ireland by 1155. An

4315: 3461:", the source of all honours and dignities in the United Kingdom. The Crown creates all 15081: 15000: 14945: 14925: 14915: 14885: 13957: 13909: 13711: 13666: 13661: 13629: 13524: 13437: 13179: 13002: 12997: 12962: 12942: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12882: 12877: 12822: 12729: 12575: 12446: 12336: 12316: 12272: 12215: 12210: 12187: 12154: 12144: 12134: 12016: 11572: 11478: 11441: 11339: 11329: 11277: 11167: 11123: 10904: 10882: 10877: 10845: 10757: 9930: 9661: 9445: 8549: 8199: 8095: 7700:"Why Prince Harry's Unsparing Attacks Did Little to Dent the Royal Family's Popularity" 7295:

The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand

7169: 7161: 7134: 6287: 6069: 6008: 5798:

Select Committee on Soft Power and the UK's Influence, House of Lords (14 March 2014).

5710: 5118: 4991: 4899: 4841: 4837: 4625: 4570: 4475: 4413: 4378: 4362: 4343: 4266: 4239: 3895: 3794: 3790: 3759: 3755: 3634: 3568: 3374: 3092: 2334: 2270: 2217: 2060: 1784: 1014: 793: 506: 439: 427: 380: 292: 194: 38: 8769: 8456: 5090: 4592:, who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American 4423:

The union of Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom occurred in 1801 under

15465: 14995: 14235: 14211: 14155: 13967: 13425: 13420: 13391: 13205: 13195: 13158: 13032: 13017: 12892: 12862: 12832: 12827: 12802: 12739: 12734: 12724: 12595: 12544: 12431: 12426: 12149: 11785: 11770: 11609: 11523: 11503: 11182: 11128: 10730: 9595: 9585: 9560: 9501: 9284: 9221: 9199: 9148: 9111: 9089: 9023: 8878: 8592: 8168: 7299: 7173: 7117:

Corbett, P.E. (1940), "The Status of the British Commonwealth in International Law",

7104: 7056: 6064: 5894: 5591: 5583: 5425: 5357: 5303: 5299: 5288: 5245: 5220: 5177: 5158: 5142: 5056: 4942: 4926: 4907: 4903: 4857: 4829: 4613: 4549:. Prior to 1926, the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively; the 4208: 3868: 3856: 3833: 3805: 3779: 3747: 3743: 3723: 3704: 3641:(his only surviving child) as his heir. Following Henry's death in 1135, his nephew, 3504: 3294: 3238: 3206: 3149: 3034: 2247: 1899: 1895: 1890: 745: 724: 698: 572: 139: 11246: 8162: 7672:"Britain may look united in grief – but polling shows a growing generational divide" 6360: 5952: 5531:, a separate version is used (right), in which the Arms of Scotland take precedence. 13771: 13549: 13504: 13461: 13408: 13381: 13221: 13185: 13103: 12927: 12697: 12642: 12605: 12580: 12570: 12504: 12456: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12356: 12351: 12044: 11790: 11528: 11487: 11483: 11387: 11177: 11160: 11155: 11138: 11118: 10924: 9777: 9646: 9516: 8587: 7510: 7463: 7416: 7369: 7256: 7210: 7153: 7126: 6337: 5904: 5493: 5395: 5361: 5253: 5191: 5146: 5129:, leaked in 2017, show that the Duchy of Lancaster held investments in the British 4957: 4878: 4822: 4771: 4767: 4522: 4514: 4487: 4431:

From 1811 to 1820, George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be

4235: 4207:. In 1642, the conflict between the king and Parliament reached its climax and the 4200: 4060: 4015: 3970:

Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly; instead, the custom of

3960: 3821: 3602: 3410: 3164: 3160: 2558: 2446: 2438: 2417: 2401: 2003: 1954: 1804: 1794: 764: 694: 415: 411: 395: 269: 7529: 7482: 7435: 7388: 7275: 7229: 6504: 3175:. This role has been recognised since the 19th century. The constitutional writer 3022:

and government authority – their profile, for instance, appears on

15300: 14970: 14587: 14305: 14247: 14241: 14223: 14184: 13569: 13476: 13454: 13386: 13098: 12847: 12817: 12812: 12672: 12662: 12627: 12617: 12600: 12436: 12391: 12306: 12024: 11999: 11846: 11659: 11552: 11517: 11427: 10850: 10740: 10431: 10391: 9600: 9575: 9440: 9315: 8555: 8249: 7704: 7578: 5683: 5603: 5599: 5516: 5497: 5435: 5307: 5272: 5257: 5231: 5126: 5099: 5086: 4853: 4793: 4518: 4460: 4440: 4227: 4089:, were marked by a general decline in royal power. When Robert III died in 1406, 4082: 4035: 3964: 3855:

King Henry VII then neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces, partly by marrying

3746:, was far more successful in maintaining royal power and was responsible for the 3638: 3586: 3582: 3515:, however, as distinct from the sovereign, can be the subject of proceedings for 3458: 3277: 3242: 3234: 3182: 3038: 3023: 2329: 2127: 1774: 1756: 1032: 655: 501: 372: 336: 300: 7183:

High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998

5839: 5430:" (French: "God and my Right"). Surrounding the shield is a representation of a 77: 14552: 14470: 14310: 14217: 14178: 14103: 14098: 13554: 13499: 13466: 13398: 13376: 13240: 13022: 13007: 12972: 12712: 12707: 12590: 12524: 12396: 12054: 12029: 11934: 11851: 11805: 11562: 11558: 11542: 11507: 11447: 10463: 10344: 10282: 9843: 9726: 9580: 9565: 9392: 9264: 9140: 9049: 9037: 8560: 8556:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 8227: 7514: 7467: 7420: 7260: 7214: 5655: 5587: 5540: 5457: 5377: 5295: 5249: 5162: 5134: 5107: 4911: 4826: 4593: 4582: 4554: 4546: 4471: 4382: 4369:

with the British monarchy from 1714 to 1837. (Orange; borders shown 1814–1866.)

4366: 4339: 4262: 4231: 4176: 4156: 4071: 3975: 3940: 3891: 3836:, nevertheless, continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son 3727: 3677: 3500: 3482: 3387: 3360: 3263: 3176: 3084: 2875: 2395: 2090: 1983: 1979: 823: 435: 391: 190: 149: 144: 9180: 9176: 9162: 9129: 9125: 9061: 7499: 7452: 7405: 7245: 7199: 6039: 5353:

revoked the grant, but Parliament passed a law authorising its continued use.

5275:

were the main residences of the English monarch until Henry VIII acquired the

4159:

became the first monarch to rule over England, Scotland, and Ireland together.

3974:

was followed, where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the

3297:

did not have a majority, they were the largest party. The second followed the

15439: 14751: 13802: 12887: 12652: 12647: 12069: 11927: 11886: 11866: 10519: 10080: 9978: 9968: 9767: 9762: 9641: 9187:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 October 2008 (subscription required). 9172: 9136:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 October 2008 (subscription required). 8596: 7373: 7194: 6891:

Royal Arms, Styles, and Titles of Great Britain: Westminster, 20 October 1604

6003: 5384: 5350: 5195: 5040: 4983: 4979: 4479: 4258: 4188: 4184: 4113: 4031: 3979: 3955:(who would later give their name to Scotland), of the Irish petty kingdom of 3903: 3623: 3557: 3286: 3255: 3065: 3030: 3015: 874: 831: 741: 308: 280: 273: 261: 198: 121: 12416: 9682: 9235: 7778: 7647: 7358: 5227: 3914:"Queen of Scots" and "Queen of Scotland" redirect here. For other uses, see 3801:

on the throne and gave the French an opportunity to overthrow English rule.

410:. Also in this period, the monarchy in Ireland eventually became limited to 343:. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican 14702: 14528: 14195: 13826: 13766: 13564: 13471: 13449: 12977: 12499: 12461: 12361: 11944: 10386: 9757: 9656: 9542: 9506: 9417: 9242:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 April 2008 (subscription required). 9169:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 April 2008 (subscription required). 9068:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 22 April 2008 (subscription required). 8939: 7676: 7551: 7092: 6477: 5094: 5089:

agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the

5082: 5020: 5010: 4799: 4605: 4051: 4038:

recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas.

3399: 3290: 3230: 2431: 2134: 1912: 839: 720: 316: 226: 9695: 6231: 5333:" is held by the king personally, and is not vested in the British Crown. 4373:

In 1714, Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin, and Sophia's son,

3956: 3610: 13616: 13209: 12718: 12514: 12406: 12401: 12321: 11912: 11896: 11407: 11315: 10872: 10802: 9631: 9455: 9422: 9407: 9276: 9213: 9191: 8146: 7899: 7626: 5512: 5365: 5122: 5093:, and this arrangement persisted until 2012. An annual Property Services 4949: 4589: 4565:, which has been likened to "a treaty among the Commonwealth countries". 4490:

in 1876. However, her reign was also marked by increased support for the

4483: 4456: 4444: 4400:, thirteen of Britain's American colonies were lost when they formed the 4196: 3899: 3872: 3841: 3688: 3650: 3553: 3508: 3377:

granted his request as Heath had already failed to form a coalition. The

3019: 2320: 1779: 936: 887: 815: 649: 566: 491: 324: 218: 87: 8045:"Princess Beatrice 'to become counsellor of state' for King Charles III" 6704: 5677: 4925:"), and the accession of the new sovereign is publicly proclaimed by an 4050:. A court was set up and after two years of deliberation, it pronounced 3254:

takes office by attending the monarch in a private audience, and after "

15414:

1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.

13300: 12764: 12702: 12621: 11861: 11826: 9397: 9387: 9377: 9130:

Clare, Richard fitz Gilbert de, second earl of Pembroke (c. 1130–1176)"

8326:"Revealed: Queen's private estate invested millions of pounds offshore" 8069: 7603: 7453:"Clare, Richard fitz Gilbert de, second earl of Pembroke (c.1130–1176)" 7165: 5669: 5579: 5447: 5373: 5334: 5234:, in Edinburgh, Scotland, is the monarch's official Scottish residence. 5173: 5125:, and are used for expenses not borne by the parliamentary grants. The 4728: 4713: 4502: 4448: 4424: 4408:, but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow. The 4397: 4350:, with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement. 4319:

England and Scotland were united as the Kingdom of Great Britain under

4296: 4254: 4168: 4011: 3984: 3860: 3829: 3775: 3763: 3383: 3259: 3226: 2412: 2197: 1762: 339:. Beginning in 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a 7138: 5765:"Revealed: Queen lobbied for change in law to hide her private wealth" 4533: 3597:

raids and settlement in the ninth century, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of

3577: 3293:

resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilson's

861: 15210: 14330: 14325: 14320: 13123: 13113: 12682: 11989: 11876: 11305: 11150: 11058: 9475: 9412: 9382: 5369: 5154: 5130: 4673: 4601: 4436: 4432: 4128: 3883: 3813: 3751: 3669: 3527:

inspectors cannot enter the sovereign's property without permission.

3512: 3365: 3316: 3061: 3003: 2406: 2024: 1939: 799: 419: 398:

was added to the British monarch's titles between 1876 and 1948. The

249: 37:. For the other countries that share the same person as monarch, see 7157: 6527:, volume 8(1): "Constitutional Law and Human Rights", paragraph 382 6163:

PASC Publishes Government Defence of its Sweeping Prerogative Powers

5663: 5356:

The sovereign is known as "His Majesty" or "Her Majesty". The form "

4435:, an illness rendering him incapable of ruling. His son, the future 3645:, claimed the throne and took power with the support of most of the 14190: 13260: 13143: 13133: 12952: 12451: 11723: 11604: 11468: 11281: 11011: 9402: 8529:"£2m estimate of the Queen's wealth 'more likely to be accurate'", 7130: 6732: 5528: 5198:, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, 4701: 4550: 4510: 4278:) were declared joint Sovereigns of England, Scotland and Ireland. 4192: 4164: 4140: 4106: 3988: 3971: 3837: 3681: 3406: 2921: 2367: 2292: 2287: 1873: 403: 7013: 6966: 6954: 6942: 6906: 6568: 4653: 3369:

newspaper, asserted a constitutional convention: according to the

13153: 13108: 13083: 12637: 12346: 11964: 11917: 11856: 11780: 11734: 11355: 11345: 10837: 8909: 8826: 6119: 5279:. Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698, leading to a shift to 5138: 4641: 4117: 3609:, and assumed the title "King of the Anglo-Saxons". His grandson 3049: 2903: 2373: 1715: 356: 114: 64:

Royal coats of arms used in Scotland (right) and elsewhere (left)

9248:

The Impossible Office? The History of the British Prime Minister

9177:"Edward VIII (later Prince Edward, duke of Windsor) (1894–1972)" 6556: 4151: 4077:

David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew

13235: 13148: 12411: 12311: 11954: 11810: 11437: 11335: 11325: 11133: 9060:

Brock, Michael (September 2004; online edition, January 2008).

5439: 5431: 5208:

estimated Elizabeth II's personal wealth at £350 million.

5199: 5194:

said estimates of £100 million were "grossly overstated".

5186: 4809: 4804: 4705: 4696:, who had become High King of Ireland in early 1166 and exiled 4090: 4000: 3887: 3684:. He was killed whilst besieging a castle; John succeeded him. 3606: 3598: 3594: 3466: 3451: 3429:. In Scottish matters, the sovereign acts on the advice of the 3426: 3398:

Before a bill passed by the legislative Houses can become law,

2808: 2008: 406:

of the Empire into separate, self-governing countries within a

319:

of the English kingdom. The Anglo-Normans also established the

13585: 8164:

The Sovereign Grant Act 2011 (Change of Percentage) Order 2017

8070:"Princess Anne and Prince Edward to become stand-ins for King" 6809: 4353: 3269:

While the sovereign also appoints and may dismiss every other

3002:, the monarch (exclusively referred to in legislation as "the 11692: 11110: 6538:"Revealed: Queen's sweeping immunity from more than 160 laws" 5489: 5481: 4836:, is the spiritual leader of the Church and of the worldwide 4346:, under which England and Scotland were united into a single 4299:, might attempt to reclaim the throne. Parliament passed the 3952: 3948: 3936: 3692: 2934: 1947: 304: 9161:

Ives, E. W. (September 2004; online edition, January 2008).

6286:, Political Science Resources, 11 March 2008, archived from 5978:"Citizenship ceremonies: guidance notes (English and Welsh)" 5157:, as are the occupied palaces in the United Kingdom such as 4070:. On the pretext of restoring John Balliol's rightful heir, 3804:

The unpopularity of Henry VI's counsellors and his consort,

3714: 2814:

Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union

14865: 14744: 13118: 11959: 11949: 11939: 11922: 5223:, in London, England, is the monarch's principal residence. 4517:" in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the 3637:. Henry made a controversial decision to name his daughter 3556:. For the current queen consort of the United Kingdom, see 3516: 3413:

as to the government of the UK. The sovereign appoints the

3037:" (or, alternatively, "God Save the Queen") is the British 2865: 2298: 371:, further curtailed the power of the monarchy and excluded 244:"—this power may only be used according to laws enacted in 8988:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from 7854:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from 7804:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from 7757:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from 7144:

Scott, F.R. (January 1944), "The End of Dominion Status",

6758:. Research Briefing. House of Commons Library. p. 8. 6209:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from 5310:

in Aberdeenshire are privately owned by the royal family.

5032:(her husband) could act as regent in these circumstances. 4588:

George V's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of

4470:

was made during the long reign of William IV's successor,

7037: 7025: 7001: 6930: 6894: 6873: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6781: 6692: 6664: 6652: 6628: 5535:

The monarch's official flag in the United Kingdom is the

4647:

Henry II took the Lordship of Ireland in the 12th century

3131: 3076:, depend upon decisions made elsewhere. In formal terms: 2870: 311:. The process was completed in the 13th century when the 9307: 9074:

She-Wolves: the Women who Ruled England Before Elizabeth

6640: 5291:. It is also used by other members of the royal family. 5260:. The sovereign's official residence in Scotland is the 4956:. The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was 1128:

Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions

14281:

Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership

8192:"Our Annual Report 2021/22 | Our Annual Report 2021/22" 6769: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6580: 6436: 6283:

Results and analysis: General election, 10 October 1974

5153:, is not owned by the sovereign personally and is held 4952:, had to be authorised by a special Act of Parliament, 4093:

had to rule the country; the monarch, Robert III's son

3785:

Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III and the son of

3045:

are made to the Sovereign and their lawful successors.

9086:

The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy

8783: 6503:, The UK Honours System, 30 April 2007, archived from 6181: 5515:

in the United Kingdom. The design (left) features the

4146: 3999:. The following year, after killing Macbeth's stepson 3657:

would succeed him. Henry accordingly became the first

29:"British sovereign" redirects here. For the coin, see 11276: 7824:, Church of Scotland official website, archived from 6918: 6415:, Office of Public Sector Information, archived from 6137: 4659:

Henry VIII raised it to a kingdom in the 16th century

4259:

Church of England clerics who challenged his policies

3890:

to succeed, and therefore drew up a will designating

3769:

Edward III claimed the French Crown, setting off the

1118:

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

15417:

2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.

14641:

A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture

8619: 8617: 6318: 6081: 5645: 5349:. After Henry broke from the Roman Catholic Church, 4902:. The rules of succession may only be changed by an 3871:(the Anglican Church) and divorce his wife to marry 3248: 252:. In practice the monarch's role, including that of 10824: 8583:"The Queen net worth — Sunday Times Rich List 2020" 7844: 7842: 6315:. Retrieved 10 October 2008 (subscription required) 5383:If only one monarch has used a particular name, no 5287:, and the Palace is the site of the meeting of the 5168:The sovereign is subject to indirect taxes such as 4967: 4261:. As a result, a group of Protestants known as the 4249:. A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the 3707:led the barons in another rebellion, beginning the 9345: 8704: 8702: 8303:Royal Finances: Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster 8279:, Duchy of Lancaster, 18 July 2011, archived from 7498: 7451: 7404: 7357: 7244: 7198: 7179:R v Foreign Secretary; Ex parte Indian Association 5919: 5886: 5117:Like the Crown Estate, the land and assets of the 4085:. The reigns of both Robert II and his successor, 3317:Summons, prorogation and dissolution of Parliament 1107:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies 170: 8651: 8649: 8614: 3995:, who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan's son 3018:. The monarch's image is used to signify British 1698:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom 279:The British monarchy traces its origins from the 15437: 15420:3. Not recognised by any United Nations members. 9281:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy 7839: 7629:, 14–16 December 2007, p. 9, archived from 5570:Royal Standard of the United Kingdom in Scotland 5244:The sovereign's official residence in London is 4954:His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 4608:. In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title 4018:, the longest-reigning King of Scots before the 3605:secured Wessex, achieved dominance over western 3405:The sovereign has a similar relationship to the 14276:Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards 13757:Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces 9080: 8699: 7939:Union with Scotland Act 1706 (c.11), Article II 7574:"Polls reveal big rise in support for monarchy" 7019: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6912: 6831: 6815: 6738: 6710: 6682: 6574: 6562: 6065:"Constitutional Reform Act 2005: Section 3" 5815:"Queen was Britain's ultimate brand ambassador" 4778: 4310: 9145:The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England 8674: 8646: 7777:, The Archbishop of Canterbury, archived from 6437:Durkin, Mary; Gay, Oonagh (21 December 2005), 6102:"The royal prerogative and ministerial advice" 5884: 5716:Involvement of the British monarchy in slavery 4003:, Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III. 3848:, in 1485, when Richard III was killed in the 3343:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 1123:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 14730: 14119:The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health 13601: 13316: 11708: 11262: 9711: 9687: 9331: 8874:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy 8542: 7954:Union with England Act 1707 (c.7), Article II 7550:, Britannia Internet Magazine, archived from 6385:Brief overview – Government of Wales Act 2006 6108:. House of Commons Library Research Briefing. 5256:, an annual race meeting that is part of the 4988:2011 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 4844:and he or she holds the power to appoint the 3190:curtailed the sovereign's governmental power. 2971: 217:. The monarch since 8 September 2022 is King 209:. The term may also refer to the role of the 9020:The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens 7509:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7462:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7415:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7368:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7255:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7209:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7061:, Government of Nova Scotia, 11 October 2001 5921:"Our picture of Her Majesty will never fade" 5423: 4840:. The monarch takes an oath to preserve the 4557:were subordinate to the United Kingdom. The 3882:. Henry VIII's son and successor, the young 2994:Ministerial folder with the monarch's emblem 2529:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office 2456:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2425:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 256:, is limited to functions such as bestowing 13904:Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd 11680:Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence 9725: 8428:, Official web site of the British Monarchy 8306:, Official web site of the British Monarchy 8247: 6388:, Welsh Assembly Government, archived from 6362:UK Politics: Dewar appointed First Minister 5763:Pegg, David; Evans, Rob (7 February 2021). 5473: 5461: 5451: 5360:" appears in international treaties and on 4760:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 4410:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 3393: 1133:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions 438:. The monarch is also head of state of the 385:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 14737: 14723: 14649:Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World 13608: 13594: 13323: 13309: 11715: 11701: 11269: 11255: 9718: 9704: 9338: 9324: 8833:. Official web site of the British Monarch 8506:"Tax Report Leaves Queen's Wealth in Dark" 8128:, Official website of the British Monarchy 8025:, Official website of the British Monarchy 8022:Queen and Government: Counsellors of State 7881:, Official website of the British Monarchy 7334:, Commonwealth Secretariat, archived from 6518: 6446:, House of Commons Library, archived from 5578:When the monarch is not in residence, the 5368:, not necessarily his or her first name – 4612:, although remaining head of state of the 4389:, although the title was not then in use. 3629:William was succeeded by two of his sons: 3437:, if it is deemed unconstitutional by the 3114:, which is technically a committee of the 2978: 2964: 2076:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties 2014:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales 291:, which consolidated into the kingdoms of 14391:Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role 13747:Supreme Governor of the Church of England 9259:. Clarendon Law. Oxford University Press. 8765:A brief history of Historic Royal Palaces 8552:inflation figures are based on data from 5762: 4996:Supreme Governor of the Church of England 4960:, who fled into exile in 1688 during the 4175:". Although England and Scotland were in 4124:. Once again, a regency was established. 4026:. Alexander II, as well as his successor 3601:emerged as the dominant English kingdom. 3537:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 3454:convicted offenders or reduce sentences. 3141:, which by constitution and statute have 1452:European Parliament elections (1979–2019) 307:also gradually came under the control of 248:and within constraints of convention and 13330: 9218:The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy 8951: 8949: 8768:, Historic Royal Palaces, archived from 8739:Official website of the British Monarchy 8714:Official website of the British Monarchy 8686:Official website of the British Monarchy 8661:Official website of the British Monarchy 8629:Official website of the British Monarchy 8276:Accounts, Annual Reports and Investments 7990: 7901:Girls Equal in British throne succession 7449: 7402: 7287: 7285: 7181:(1982). QB 892 at 928; as referenced in 6753:"The coronation: history and ceremonial" 6750: 6099: 5800:Persuasion and Power in the Modern World 5726:List of leaders of dependent territories 5502: 5226: 5215: 4877: 4532: 4418: 4352: 4314: 4150: 3713: 3576: 3495:Sovereign immunity § United Kingdom 3181: 3137:Judicial power is vested in the various 2989: 189:, is the form of government used by the 14745:Heads of state and government of Europe 14481:Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After 14452:Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story 14124:The Prince's School of Traditional Arts 9263: 9254: 9240:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9212: 9190: 9185:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9167:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9134:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9126:"Mac Murchada, Diarmait (c. 1110–1171)" 9066:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9048: 9036: 8536: 8503: 8477: 8391: 8389: 8323: 7924:Act of Settlement 1700(c.2), Article II 7547:Can the Windsors survive Diana's death? 7506:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7459:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7412:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7365:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7252:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7242: 7206:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7193: 7116: 6309:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6199: 6187: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6143: 6087: 5706:Family tree of the British royal family 4010:. David was succeeded by his grandsons 3439:Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 3321:The sovereign has the power to summon, 3201:Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom 14: 15438: 14460:The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana 13762:Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand) 11750:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 9245: 9196:The Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth II 9139: 9102: 9071: 9014: 8870: 8844: 8789: 8710:"Royal Residences: St. James's Palace" 8186: 8184: 8118: 8116: 7697: 7324: 7322: 7043: 7031: 7007: 6936: 6924: 6900: 6879: 6867: 6855: 6843: 6827: 6799: 6787: 6726: 6722: 6698: 6686: 6670: 6658: 6646: 6634: 6622: 6610: 6598: 6586: 6324: 5172:, and since 1993 the monarch has paid 4980:male-preference cognatic primogeniture 4710:Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 4631: 4513:, changed "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to " 4474:. As a woman, Victoria could not rule 4265:invited James II & VII's daughter 3789:; hence, his dynasty was known as the 2499:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute 449: 14718: 13589: 13304: 11980: 11696: 11250: 10823: 9699: 9686: 9319: 8961:, The Royal Household, archived from 8946: 8824: 8741:, The Royal Household, archived from 8631:, The Royal Household, archived from 8603:from the original on 10 November 2020 8553: 7669: 7571: 7543: 7355: 7291: 7282: 7146:American Journal of International Law 7143: 7091: 6765:from the original on 11 October 2022. 6166:, UK Parliament, 2002, archived from 5917: 5885:Montague-Smith, Patrick, ed. (1979). 4923:The king is dead, long live the king! 4885:, heir apparent to the British throne 4737:Supreme Head of the Church of England 3959:in Argyll and the southern Hebrides. 3488: 3351:feature of the parliamentary calendar 3329:, during which the monarch reads the 3126:and other Crown Servants such as the 2844:United Kingdom and the United Nations 2489:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 422:and his successors adopted the title 15471:Heads of state of the United Kingdom 13349:Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom 9275: 8386: 8336:from the original on 5 November 2017 8042: 7774:Roles and Responsibilities: Overview 7670:Smith, Matthew (16 September 2022). 7496: 6803: 6775: 6470: 6430: 6149: 5934:from the original on 10 January 2022 5558:Royal Standard of the United Kingdom 5077:Finances of the British royal family 4509:in 1901. In 1917, the next monarch, 4453:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne 4385:, who is often considered the first 4242:and Charles II returned to Britain. 3909: 3409:governments of Scotland, Wales, and 3194: 2564:British National (Overseas) passport 2509:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute 2471:British Overseas Territories citizen 1965:2011 referendum on law-making powers 1861:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly 8929:, 15 April 1953, vol. 514, col. 199 8324:Osborne, Hilary (5 November 2017), 8181: 8113: 8043:Ward, Victoria (9 September 2022), 7698:Serhan, Yasmeen (10 January 2023). 7319: 7097:The High Court and the Constitution 6751:Tarrance, David (18 October 2022). 6100:Torrance, David (24 October 2023). 6032:The Monarchy Today: Queen and State 5812: 5024:made for Queen Elizabeth II by the 4785:republicanism in the United Kingdom 4147:Personal union and republican phase 3541: 3349:was unaffected, which is a regular 3289:was appointed prime minister after 1558:Northern Ireland Assembly elections 615:Republicanism in the United Kingdom 367:, and its Scottish counterpart the 24: 14415:Charles R: The Making of a Monarch 14399:Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work 11745:List of current sovereign monarchs 8913:, 3 March 1953, vol. 512, col. 251 8504:Darnton, John (12 February 1993), 8455:. 30 December 2012. Archived from 7544:Seely, Robert (5 September 1997), 7403:Flanagan, M. T. (September 2004). 7243:Matthew, H.C.G. (September 2004). 6530: 6473:"Mystery lifted on Queen's powers" 5893:. London: Futura. pp. 13–14. 5539:, which depicts the Royal Arms in 5519:in the first and fourth quarters, 5415:coat of arms of the United Kingdom 5409:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom 5149:, which includes artworks and the 4733:had broken with the Church of Rome 4541:During the twentieth century, the 4528: 4525:, an independent nation, in 1922. 4505:, became the first monarch of the 3939:north of the Forth and Clyde, the 3824:and killing the Lancastrian heir, 3000:Constitution of the United Kingdom 221:, who ascended to the throne upon 25: 15482: 15321:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 14991:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 14407:Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute 13540:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 13535:Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn 9299: 8401:, Royal Household, archived from 7976:Baby destined to become a monarch 7649:Poll respondents back UK monarchy 7356:Sayer, Jane E. (September 2004). 7119:University of Toronto Law Journal 7103:: Federation Press. p. 314. 4874:Coronation of the British monarch 4816: 4276:James II & VII's Catholic son 4059:, Scotland had no monarch, until 3562:Queen of England (disambiguation) 3249:Appointment of the prime minister 3139:judiciaries of the United Kingdom 3118:. They have the direction of the 1743:Greater London Authority Act 1999 299:by the 10th century. England was 15451:Government of the United Kingdom 14423:Charles III: The Coronation Year 14129:King Charles III Charitable Fund 13915:2022 State Opening of Parliament 13851:Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh 13833:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 13702:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13545:Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 13520:Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 12263:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 11418:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9461:Head of the British Armed Forces 8976: 8932: 8916: 8898: 8877:. Scarecrow Press. p. 392. 8864: 8825:Berry, Ciara (15 January 2016). 8818: 8795: 8756: 8727: 8575: 8522: 8497: 8478:Serafin, Tatiana (7 July 2010). 8471: 8439: 8416: 8347: 8317: 8294: 8267: 8241: 8214: 8155: 8148:Royal funding changes become law 8139: 8088: 8062: 7298:. Federation Press. p. 41. 5813:Hay, George (9 September 2022). 5690: 5676: 5662: 5648: 5626: 5621:Union Flag of the United Kingdom 5614: 5563: 5551: 5345:, particularly for his book the 5240:List of British royal residences 5085:(the royal property portfolio). 5061:Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh 5030:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 4974:Succession to the Crown Act 2013 4968:Restrictions by sex and religion 4910:(1630–1714), a granddaughter of 4870:Succession to the British throne 4690:Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid 4652: 4640: 4281:James's overthrow, known as the 4167:, who was the great-grandson of 4048:13 rival claimants to the throne 3880:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 3787:John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 3098:Executive power is exercised by 2933: 2920: 2902: 2887: 958: 860: 830: 798: 672: 642: 571: 546: 473: 402:recognised the evolution of the 351:. Following the installation of 254:Head of the British Armed Forces 215:UK's broader political structure 76: 57: 14689:Prince Charles stream tree frog 13615: 13515:Duke of Clarence and St Andrews 11740:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 10826:Countries of the United Kingdom 9926:Countries of the United Kingdom 8096:"Counsellors of State Act 2022" 8036: 8013: 7967: 7915: 7892: 7869: 7792: 7754:Queen and the Church of England 7745: 7719: 7691: 7663: 7565: 7537: 7490: 7443: 7396: 7349: 7236: 7187: 7085: 7072: 7049: 6978: 6885: 6821: 6793: 6744: 6716: 6676: 6491: 6471:Dyer, Clare (21 October 2003), 6464: 6403: 6376: 6353: 6330: 6301: 6274: 6249: 6224: 6193: 6112: 6093: 6057: 6020: 5996: 5970: 5945: 5380:did not use their first names. 5347:Defence of the Seven Sacraments 4672:In 1155 the only English Pope, 4201:organised rebellion in Scotland 4063:declared himself king in 1306. 3931:Government in medieval Scotland 3916:Scottish queen (disambiguation) 3548:History of the English monarchy 3339:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 2849:United Nations Security Council 529:Other constitutional principles 15446:Monarchy of the United Kingdom 14006:State and official visits made 11722: 9921:Counties of the United Kingdom 9347:Monarchy in the United Kingdom 8807:, Archontology, 18 August 2007 8398:The Royal Residences: Overview 8226:, Crown Estate, archived from 8125:Royal Finances: The Civil List 7572:Grice, Andrew (9 April 2002), 7497:Ives, E. W. (September 2004). 5911: 5878: 5857: 5832: 5806: 5791: 5782: 5756: 5743: 5731:Politics of the United Kingdom 5492:, from which fly the flags of 5456:" (an abbreviated form of the 5320:Style of the British sovereign 4686:all-island kingship of Ireland 4507:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3724:parts of Africa around Tripoli 3283:February 1974 general election 3241:and ambassadors, and receives 3083:is exercised by the King, the 2385:British Indian Ocean Territory 1930:Act of the Scottish Parliament 1728:English votes for English laws 1708:Council of Nations and Regions 467:Politics of the United Kingdom 335:, and the English king became 185:, commonly referred to as the 183:monarchy of the United Kingdom 13: 1: 14139:Turquoise Mountain Foundation 14109:The Prince's Countryside Fund 13510:Duke of Clarence and Avondale 9283:(Revised ed.). Pimlico. 9147:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 9044:. Cambridge University Press. 9007: 8682:"The Palace of Holyroodhouse" 7082:, 2003 CanLII 41404 (ON S.C.) 7020:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6973:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6961:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6949:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6913:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6832:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6816:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6739:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6711:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6683:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6575:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6563:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6232:"State Opening of Parliament" 6004:"Crown Appointments Act 1661" 5211: 4863: 4057:Wars of Scottish Independence 4030:, attempted to take over the 3661:and the first monarch of the 2504:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute 1935:Scottish statutory instrument 1510:Scottish Parliament elections 996:Justices of the Supreme Court 14232:(official, Northern Ireland) 14151:The Prince's May Day Network 13821:Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 11755:List of monarchy referendums 10693:Universal basic income (UBI) 8480:"The World's Richest Royals" 8248:Emma.Goodey (29 June 2022). 7801:Queen and Church of Scotland 7652:, BBC News, 28 December 2007 7530:UK public library membership 7483:UK public library membership 7436:UK public library membership 7389:UK public library membership 7276:UK public library membership 7230:UK public library membership 5918:Aslet, Clive (21 May 2014), 5049:Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 4779:Modern status and popularity 4754:In 1800, as a result of the 4455:, and appointed a Tory, Sir 4311:After the 1707 Acts of Union 4305:Sophia, Electress of Hanover 3943:in the south, including the 3499:The sovereign is personally 3363:, writing pseudonymously to 2769:politics of Northern Ireland 1971:Government of Wales Act 1998 1103:UK Parliament constituencies 444:British Overseas Territories 242:His/Her Majesty's Government 7: 14361:Royal address to the nation 14074:Mutton Renaissance Campaign 14044:State Opening of Parliament 13845:Prince Andrew, Duke of York 13560:Duke of Kent and Strathearn 10698:Water supply and sanitation 10397:Weapons of mass destruction 10382:His Majesty's Naval Service 9088:. Oxford University Press. 9084:; Griffiths, Ralph (1988). 9040:(2001). Smith, Paul (ed.). 8250:"Financial reports 2021–22" 8151:, BBC News, 18 October 2011 7904:, BBC News, 28 October 2011 7058:Statute of Westminster 1931 6342:, BBC News, 24 January 2006 5641: 5205:Sunday Times Rich List 2020 5070: 5053:Prince Andrew, Duke of York 4718:major Irish kings and lords 4688:had been created in 854 by 4563:Statute of Westminster 1931 4559:Balfour Declaration of 1926 3345:. The sovereign's power of 3327:State Opening of Parliament 3074:State Opening of Parliament 2379:British Antarctic Territory 1703:Legislative consent motions 845:The Lord McFall of Alcluith 400:Balfour Declaration of 1926 10: 15487: 13626:King of the United Kingdom 10793:Stereotypes of the British 9056:. Oxford University Press. 7292:Boyce, Peter John (2008). 7101:Annandale, New South Wales 6525:Halsbury's Laws of England 5840:"Charities and Patronages" 5594:, whereas in Scotland the 5464:In my defens God me defend 5406: 5391:MacCormick v Lord Advocate 5317: 5237: 5074: 5008: 5004: 4971: 4867: 4720:to recognise him as their 4665: 4537:The British Empire in 1921 4466:The final transition to a 4406:American Revolutionary War 4326: 4205:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 4195:). His attempt to enforce 4133:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 3920: 3913: 3703:. Later in Henry's reign, 3566: 3551: 3545: 3534: 3530: 3492: 3465:, appoints members of the 3447:Crown Proceedings Act 1947 3415:First Minister of Scotland 3379:resulting general election 3361:Sir Alan "Tommy" Lascelles 3198: 2819:UK–EU withdrawal agreement 349:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 28: 15410: 15390: 15359: 15091: 15080: 15060: 15029: 14761: 14750: 14697: 14671: 14622: 14606: 14563: 14433: 14374: 14353: 14344: 14298: 14261: 14204: 14171: 14164: 14089:Business in the Community 14064: 13983: 13938:Proclamation of accession 13928: 13920:2022 royal tour of Canada 13866: 13795: 13725: 13637: 13623: 13487: 13357: 13336: 13167: 13076: 12790: 12553: 12487: 12299: 12290: 12186: 12168: 12100: 12015: 11973: 11905: 11819: 11763: 11730: 11674:Annexed by Canada in 1949 11669: 11461: 11288: 11208: 11109: 11010: 10958:First Minister and deputy 10923: 10836: 10832: 10819: 10815: 10716: 10556: 10547: 10505: 10422: 10413: 10372: 10313: 10182: 10178: 10169: 10031: 9959: 9911: 9907: 9898: 9831: 9743: 9734: 9693: 9688:Links to related articles 9609: 9551: 9525: 9484: 9431: 9353: 8735:"Ambassadors credentials" 8533:, p. 1, 11 June 1971 6713:, pp. 194, 265, 309. 6412:Northern Ireland Act 1998 5721:Law in the United Kingdom 5442:Honi soit qui mal y pense 5434:bearing the motto of the 5337:first granted the title " 5294:Other residences include 4743:to change his title from 4692:. His last successor was 4185:ruling without Parliament 3927:List of Scottish monarchs 3736:Principality of Tarragona 3720:southern Italy and Sicily 3620:William, Duke of Normandy 3435:Northern Ireland Assembly 3425:on the nomination of the 3417:on the nomination of the 3299:May 2010 general election 3237:), and accredits British 3120:Armed Forces of the Crown 2894:United Kingdom portal 2784:Northern Ireland Protocol 2123:Non-metropolitan District 1812:Northern Ireland Act 1998 1062:Monetary Policy Committee 514:Parliamentary sovereignty 414:. In the years after the 165: 132: 120: 110: 105: 101: 97: 84: 75: 70: 56: 48: 14684:Prince Charles Mountains 14633:The Old Man of Lochnagar 13815:William, Prince of Wales 13777:King's Official Birthday 13752:Head of the Armed Forces 13737:Head of the Commonwealth 13344:List of British monarchs 11892:Self-proclaimed monarchy 10586:Environmental inequality 9672:King's Official Birthday 9471:Head of the Commonwealth 9246:Seldon, Anthony (2021). 9234:Sayers, Jane E. (2004). 9163:"Henry VIII (1491–1547)" 9124:Flanagan, M. T. (2004). 9110:. Cavendish Publishing. 9062:"William IV (1765–1837)" 9042:The English Constitution 8425:Royal Finances: Taxation 8196:www.thecrownestate.co.uk 7979:, ITV News, 22 July 2013 7450:Flanagan, M. T. (2004). 7331:Head of the Commonwealth 6206:Queen and Prime Minister 5736: 5633:Royal Banner of Scotland 5596:Royal Banner of Scotland 5468:") and the motto of the 5420:the Lion and the Unicorn 5331:Head of the Commonwealth 5324:The present sovereign's 5313: 5045:William, Prince of Wales 4883:William, Prince of Wales 4834:Archbishop of Canterbury 4789:Diana, Princess of Wales 4766:won independence as the 4622:Head of the Commonwealth 4486:, Victoria was declared 4439:, ruled in his stead as 4402:United States of America 4348:Kingdom of Great Britain 4329:List of British monarchs 3850:Battle of Bosworth Field 3614:for one generation. The 3573:List of English monarchs 3394:Other royal prerogatives 3358:King's Private Secretary 3305:(the largest party) and 3223:Head of the Armed Forces 3100:His Majesty's Government 2462:Turks and Caicos Islands 1733:Greater London Authority 883:Leader of the Opposition 588:William, Prince of Wales 457:This article is part of 424:Head of the Commonwealth 377:Kingdom of Great Britain 301:conquered by the Normans 127:William, Prince of Wales 35:List of British monarchs 31:Sovereign (British coin) 15196:Holy See (Vatican City) 14866:Holy See (Vatican City) 14366:Royal Christmas Message 14271:List of awards received 14144:Youth Business Scotland 14094:Children & the Arts 13867:Life as Prince of Wales 13575:Duke of York and Albany 12160:Vatican City (Holy See) 9667:Royal Christmas Message 9312:of the British monarchy 9181:"George VI (1895–1952)" 8845:Thorpe, Robert (1819). 8804:Royal Styles: 1521–1553 8554:Clark, Gregory (2017). 8167:. UK Parliament. 2017. 7534:(Subscription required) 7487:(Subscription required) 7440:(Subscription required) 7393:(Subscription required) 6365:, BBC News, 17 May 1999 6313:Oxford University Press 6077:, 2005 c. 4 (s. 3) 5802:(Report). HL Paper 150. 5476:Nemo me impune lacessit 5462: 5452: 5440: 5402: 5262:Palace of Holyroodhouse 4756:Irish Rebellion of 1798 4543:Commonwealth of Nations 4484:British rule over India 4468:constitutional monarchy 4216:Commonwealth of England 3732:Principality of Antioch 3659:Angevin king of England 3423:First Minister of Wales 3091:acting together as the 2208:Community council areas 2086:Non-metropolitan county 1866:Law of Northern Ireland 408:Commonwealth of Nations 369:Claim of Right Act 1689 345:Commonwealth of England 289:early medieval Scotland 15136:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14806:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14489:Willi und die Windzors 14336:Waitrose Duchy Organic 14079:The Prince's Charities 14001:Operation Menai Bridge 12442:Islands of Refreshment 11872:Legitimacy (political) 10472:Science and technology 9538:Speech from the throne 9255:Tomkins, Adam (2003). 9108:Understanding Statutes 9072:Castor, Helen (2010). 9054:Ministers of the Crown 8871:Panton, James (2011). 7515:10.1093/ref:odnb/12955 7468:10.1093/ref:odnb/17697 7421:10.1093/ref:odnb/17697 7261:10.1093/ref:odnb/33370 7215:10.1093/ref:odnb/31061 5532: 5474: 5424: 5343:Protestant Reformation 5235: 5224: 5104:Royal Visits Committee 4896:Act of Settlement 1701 4886: 4846:Lord High Commissioner 4538: 4428: 4387:British prime minister 4370: 4324: 4301:Act of Settlement 1701 4160: 3945:Kingdom of Strathclyde 3902:. England returned to 3739: 3626:continued to develop. 3590: 3560:. For other uses, see 3457:The sovereign is the " 3331:speech from the throne 3191: 3188:Bill of Rights of 1689 2995: 2547:Diplomatic missions of 2391:British Virgin Islands 359:as co-monarchs in the 234:their immediate family 93:since 8 September 2022 14679:Prince Charles Island 14596:The Windsors: Endgame 14572:Her Royal Highness..? 14532:(2016–2020 TV series) 14316:Highgrove House Shops 14114:The King's Foundation 14022:State visits received 14011:2023 visits to France 13742:Defender of the Faith 13692:Saint Kitts and Nevis 12253:Saint Kitts and Nevis 11842:Criticism of monarchy 11832:Abolition of monarchy 11398:Saint Kitts and Nevis 10449:Free trade agreements 9466:Defender of the Faith 9236:"Adrian IV (d. 1159)" 8943:, 2008 edition, p. 43 8923:Royal Style and Title 8716:, The Royal Household 8688:, The Royal Household 8663:, The Royal Household 8051:, The Daily Telegraph 8002:, Ministry of Justice 7821:Queen, State and Kirk 7728:British Monarchy Poll 6440:The Royal Prerogative 6075:The National Archives 6028:"Queen in Parliament" 6014:The National Archives 5698:United Kingdom portal 5506: 5339:Defender of the Faith 5269:Palace of Westminster 5230: 5219: 4935:Accession Declaration 4881: 4821:The sovereign is the 4735:and declared himself 4698:Diarmait Mac Murchada 4694:Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair 4536: 4422: 4356: 4318: 4295:supporters, known as 4271:William III of Orange 4240:monarchy was restored 4154: 3826:Edward of Westminster 3810:Richard, Duke of York 3726:(1146–1158), and the 3717: 3580: 3479:Royal Victorian Order 3271:Minister of the Crown 3245:from foreign states. 3185: 3143:judicial independence 2993: 2789:British–Irish Council 2774:Good Friday Agreement 2586:Free trade agreements 2551:in the United Kingdom 2362:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2278:Bailiwick of Guernsey 1838:deputy First Minister 1723:Governance of England 734:Deputy Prime Minister 383:joined to create the 347:, which followed the 313:Principality of Wales 303:in 1066, after which 15360:Partially recognised 15030:Partially recognised 14226:(official, Scotland) 14134:Royal Drawing School 13839:Anne, Princess Royal 13331:British royal titles 12085:United Arab Emirates 11366:Realm of New Zealand 10798:World Heritage Sites 10591:Environmental issues 10295:Female party leaders 9936:Overseas territories 7406:"Dermot MacMurrough" 7374:10.1093/ref:odnb/173 6830:, pp. 407–409; 6802:, pp. 400–407; 6741:, pp. 1–12, 35. 6725:, pp. 636–647; 6036:The British Monarchy 5875:. National Archives. 5865:Regency Act 1937, c. 5470:Order of the Thistle 5326:full style and title 5065:Anne, Princess Royal 5037:counsellors of state 5028:, which stated that 4336:Act of Security 1704 3756:baronial "ordainers" 3475:Order of the Thistle 3371:Lascelles Principles 3157:Statutory Instrument 2353:Overseas Territories 2118:Metropolitan Borough 1844:Emma Little-Pengelly 1785:Combined authorities 1143:UK general elections 610:Counsellors of State 524:Separation of powers 333:Scottish Reformation 240:—which is known as " 207:British Constitution 201:, with their powers 15461:Commonwealth realms 15391:Unrecognised states 15061:Unrecognised states 14614:Jonathan Yeo (2024) 14497:Whatever Love Means 14354:Televised addresses 14230:Hillsborough Castle 14084:British Asian Trust 14027:Trooping the Colour 13857:Mountbatten-Windsor 13647:Antigua and Barbuda 13630:Commonwealth realms 13281:Trinidad and Tobago 13168:Commonwealth realms 13053:United Baltic Duchy 12196:Antigua and Barbuda 12188:Commonwealth realms 11882:Order of succession 11646:Trinidad and Tobago 11296:Antigua and Barbuda 11278:Commonwealth realms 9571:Hillsborough Castle 8992:on 28 December 2009 8772:on 18 December 2007 8625:"Buckingham Palace" 8230:on 3 September 2011 8202:on 28 December 2022 7080:O'Donohue v. Canada 7078:Justice Rouleau in 7046:, pp. 314–333. 7034:, pp. 305–306. 7022:, pp. 530–550. 7010:, pp. 677–680. 6975:, pp. 460–469. 6963:, pp. 447–448. 6951:, pp. 439–440. 6939:, pp. 242–245. 6915:, pp. 393–400. 6903:, pp. 214–231. 6882:, pp. 567–575. 6870:, pp. 552–565. 6858:, pp. 549–552. 6846:, pp. 409–412. 6834:, pp. 187, 196 6790:, pp. 390–395. 6778:, pp. 164–177. 6701:, pp. 179–189. 6673:, pp. 133–165. 6661:, pp. 118–130. 6637:, pp. 595–597. 6577:, pp. 102–127. 5927:The Daily Telegraph 5523:in the second, and 5438:of the same name; " 5285:Court of St James's 5277:Palace of Whitehall 5015:Counsellor of State 4992:Commonwealth realms 4986:, announced at the 4962:Glorious Revolution 4919:demise of the Crown 4892:Bill of Rights 1689 4764:Republic of Ireland 4678:Henry II of England 4668:Monarchy of Ireland 4632:Monarchy in Ireland 4626:Commonwealth realms 4492:republican movement 4412:was created by the 4287:Bill of Rights 1689 4283:Glorious Revolution 4247:James, Duke of York 4224:Battle of Worcester 4218:. Charles I's son, 4173:Union of the Crowns 4020:Union of the Crowns 3923:Kingdom of Scotland 3865:Catherine of Aragon 3818:Elizabeth Woodville 3663:Plantagenet dynasty 3616:conquest of England 3519:and contract since 3471:Order of the Garter 3431:Scottish Government 3419:Scottish Parliament 3043:Oaths of allegiance 2576:UK–CD Customs Union 2340:UK-CD Customs Union 2311:Bailiwick of Jersey 2098:Unitary authorities 2081:Metropolitan county 2066:Ceremonial counties 2020:Act of Senedd Cymru 1925:Scottish Parliament 1881:Scottish devolution 450:Constitutional role 428:Commonwealth realms 379:, and in 1801, the 365:Bill of Rights 1689 361:Glorious Revolution 329:English Reformation 321:Lordship of Ireland 285:Anglo-Saxon England 15456:Westminster system 15296:Russian Federation 14966:Russian Federation 14172:As Prince of Wales 13910:black spider memos 13787:Royal Family Order 13525:Duke of Cumberland 13438:Duke of Gloucester 10492:Telecommunications 10444:Economic geography 10300:Political scandals 9931:Crown Dependencies 9662:Duchy of Lancaster 9446:King-in-Parliament 9104:Crabbe, V.C.R.A.C. 9076:. Faber and Faber. 8965:on 5 November 2015 8550:Retail Price Index 8510:The New York Times 8459:on 17 October 2015 8359:, Royal Collection 8283:on 12 October 2011 8076:. 14 November 2022 7808:on 2 December 2010 7761:on 2 December 2010 7197:(September 2004). 6987:Sir Robert Walpole 6806:, pp. 185–198 6729:, pp. 190–211 6689:, pp. 168–176 6649:, pp. 96–115. 6500:Orders of Chivalry 6392:on 26 October 2011 6290:on 14 October 2020 6202:, pp. 59–60; 6070:legislation.gov.uk 6042:on 18 January 2008 6009:legislation.gov.uk 5711:King-in-Parliament 5533: 5267:Historically, the 5236: 5225: 5119:Duchy of Lancaster 4978:Succession was by 4900:Acts of Union 1707 4887: 4842:Church of Scotland 4838:Anglican Communion 4676:, authorised King 4539: 4429: 4414:Acts of Union 1800 4392:The next monarch, 4379:Elector of Hanover 4371: 4363:Kingdom of Hanover 4344:Acts of Union 1707 4325: 4251:line of succession 4161: 3791:House of Lancaster 3771:Hundred Years' War 3742:The next monarch, 3740: 3709:Second Barons' War 3591: 3569:Kingdom of England 3489:Sovereign immunity 3467:orders of chivalry 3375:Queen Elizabeth II 3239:High commissioners 3192: 3145:of the Government. 3102:, which comprises 3093:King-in-Parliament 2998:In the uncodified 2996: 2335:Common Travel Area 2271:Crown Dependencies 2238:Preserved counties 2218:Shires of Scotland 794:King-in-Parliament 440:Crown Dependencies 381:Kingdom of Ireland 195:hereditary monarch 122:Heir apparent 51:the United Kingdom 39:Commonwealth realm 33:. For a list, see 15433: 15432: 15427: 15426: 15406: 15405: 15092:UN members 15076: 15075: 14762:UN members 14712: 14711: 14667: 14666: 14299:Business ventures 14257: 14256: 14236:Sandringham House 14212:Buckingham Palace 13968:Coronation quiche 13583: 13582: 13426:Duke of Edinburgh 13421:Duke of Cambridge 13298: 13297: 13294: 13293: 12983:Piedmont-Sardinia 12735:Sip Song Chau Tai 12545:Thirteen Colonies 12286: 12285: 11690: 11689: 11244: 11243: 11204: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11195: 10811: 10810: 10543: 10542: 10409: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10290:Political parties 10214:Foreign relations 10165: 10164: 10161: 10160: 9894: 9893: 9871:Mass surveillance 9849:Foreign relations 9782:Second World War 9680: 9679: 9627:Scottish monarchs 9596:Sandringham House 9591:St James's Palace 9586:Kensington Palace 9561:Buckingham Palace 9451:King-on-the-Bench 9220:. HarperCollins. 9205:978-0-471-28330-0 9198:. HarperCollins. 9173:Matthew, H. C. G. 9117:978-1-859-41138-4 8905:Royal Titles Bill 8375:, Royal Household 7528:(Subscription or 7481:(Subscription or 7434:(Subscription or 7387:(Subscription or 7274:(Subscription or 7228:(Subscription or 7195:Matthew, H. C. G. 7110:978-1-86287-691-0 6625:, pp. 79–93. 6613:, pp. 77–78. 6601:, pp. 54–74. 6589:, pp. 30–46. 6565:, pp. 13–17. 6507:on 19 August 2007 6170:on 4 January 2004 5953:"National Anthem" 5873:legislation.co.uk 5592:Sandringham House 5584:Buckingham Palace 5527:in the third. In 5426:Dieu et mon droit 5358:Britannic Majesty 5304:Sandringham House 5300:Kensington Palace 5289:Accession Council 5281:St James's Palace 5246:Buckingham Palace 5221:Buckingham Palace 5178:capital gains tax 5159:Buckingham Palace 5143:Duchy of Cornwall 5057:Princess Beatrice 4943:Westminster Abbey 4931:St James's Palace 4927:Accession Council 4908:Sophia of Hanover 4904:Act of Parliament 4858:Church of Ireland 4830:Church of England 4614:Dominion of India 4545:evolved from the 4209:English Civil War 3910:Scottish monarchy 3869:Church of England 3857:Elizabeth of York 3834:Wars of the Roses 3806:Margaret of Anjou 3780:Henry Bolingbroke 3748:conquest of Wales 3744:Edward Longshanks 3705:Simon de Montfort 3697:First Barons' War 3307:Liberal Democrats 3243:heads of missions 3207:royal prerogative 3195:Royal prerogative 3150:Church of England 3124:the Civil Service 3081:Legislative power 3035:God Save the King 2988: 2987: 2779:UK–Ireland border 2571:Visa requirements 2522:Foreign relations 2476:Visa requirements 2450: 2441: 2434: 2258:Historic counties 2145:Historic counties 1891:Scotland Act 1998 1113:Political parties 1010:England and Wales 943:King-on-the-Bench 875:Sir Lindsay Hoyle 510: 179: 178: 140:Buckingham Palace 16:(Redirected from 15478: 15089: 15088: 14759: 14758: 14739: 14732: 14725: 14716: 14715: 14580:King Charles III 14521:King Charles III 14516:(2009 TV serial) 14351: 14350: 14169: 14168: 13973:Scottish service 13772:Duke of Normandy 13687:Papua New Guinea 13610: 13603: 13596: 13587: 13586: 13550:Duke of Hereford 13505:Duke of Clarence 13462:Duke of Rothesay 13409:Duke of Cornwall 13325: 13318: 13311: 13302: 13301: 13222:Irish Free State 12988:Poland–Lithuania 12297: 12296: 12248:Papua New Guinea 11978: 11977: 11717: 11710: 11703: 11694: 11693: 11683: 11675: 11388:Papua New Guinea 11271: 11264: 11257: 11248: 11247: 11224: 11217: 10925:Northern Ireland 10834: 10833: 10821: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10554: 10553: 10467: 10420: 10419: 10278:House of Commons 10246:Local government 10180: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10086:Renewable energy 10071:hydroelectricity 9909: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9741: 9740: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9697: 9696: 9684: 9683: 9652:Monarchy records 9647:Royal collection 9622:English monarchs 9517:Grace and favour 9340: 9333: 9326: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9310: 9308:Official website 9294: 9272: 9260: 9251: 9231: 9209: 9158: 9121: 9099: 9077: 9057: 9045: 9033: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8953: 8944: 8936: 8930: 8920: 8914: 8902: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8831:The Royal Family 8822: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8706: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8678: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8668: 8657:"Windsor Castle" 8653: 8644: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8635:on 27 March 2010 8621: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8588:The Sunday Times 8579: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8447:"Royal finances" 8443: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8393: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8372:Royal Collection 8367: 8366: 8364: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8298: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8254:The Royal Family 8245: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8198:. Archived from 8188: 8179: 8178: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8120: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8100:National Archive 8092: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8007: 7999:Regency Act 1953 7994: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7846: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7828:on 17 April 2009 7816: 7815: 7813: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7781:on 3 August 2008 7769: 7768: 7766: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7733: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7635: 7624: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7582:, archived from 7569: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7554:on 10 April 2011 7541: 7535: 7533: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7502: 7494: 7488: 7486: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7455: 7447: 7441: 7439: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7408: 7400: 7394: 7392: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7361: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7326: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7289: 7280: 7279: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7248: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7202: 7191: 7185: 7176: 7141: 7114: 7099:(5th ed.). 7089: 7083: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6757: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6445: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6213:on 14 April 2010 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6158: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6047: 6038:. Archived from 6024: 6018: 6017: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5923: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5905:Internet Archive 5903:– via the 5892: 5882: 5876: 5868: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5844:The Royal Family 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5760: 5754: 5747: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5658: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5630: 5618: 5567: 5555: 5479: 5467: 5455: 5445: 5429: 5422:; the motto is " 5396:Court of Session 5192:Lord Chamberlain 5147:Royal Collection 5026:Regency Act 1953 4958:James VII and II 4850:General Assembly 4848:to the Church's 4823:supreme governor 4803:reported that a 4772:Northern Ireland 4768:Irish Free State 4741:Irish Parliament 4656: 4644: 4610:Emperor of India 4523:Irish Free State 4501:Victoria's son, 4488:Empress of India 4269:and her husband 4203:and ignited the 4191:and the English 4137:Earl of Bothwell 4061:Robert the Bruce 4016:William the Lion 3961:Kenneth MacAlpin 3603:Alfred the Great 3542:English monarchy 3411:Northern Ireland 3386:, who dismissed 3165:Royal commission 3161:Order in Council 3106:, primarily the 3089:House of Commons 2980: 2973: 2966: 2938: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2914:Northern Ireland 2907: 2906: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2829:The Commonwealth 2458: 2447:Tristan da Cunha 2445: 2439:Ascension Island 2437: 2429: 2427: 2418:Pitcairn Islands 2402:Falkland Islands 2364: 2301: 2153:Northern Ireland 1955:Welsh devolution 1830:Michelle O'Neill 1805:Northern Ireland 1795:Cornwall Council 1611:Senedd elections 1055:Deputy governors 1020:Northern Ireland 982:Deputy President 962: 864: 854:House of Commons 834: 802: 695:Starmer ministry 676: 646: 575: 550: 504: 477: 454: 453: 416:Second World War 412:Northern Ireland 396:Emperor of India 341:single sovereign 270:brand ambassador 232:The monarch and 187:British monarchy 175: 172: 90: 80: 61: 52: 46: 45: 21: 18:King of Scotland 15486: 15485: 15481: 15480: 15479: 15477: 15476: 15475: 15436: 15435: 15434: 15429: 15428: 15423: 15402: 15386: 15377:Northern Cyprus 15355: 15271:North Macedonia 15093: 15083: 15072: 15056: 15047:Northern Cyprus 15025: 14941:North Macedonia 14763: 14753: 14746: 14743: 14713: 14708: 14693: 14663: 14618: 14602: 14559: 14435: 14429: 14370: 14340: 14306:Duchy Home Farm 14294: 14290:Military Awards 14263: 14253: 14248:Craigowan Lodge 14242:Balmoral Castle 14224:Holyrood Palace 14200: 14185:Highgrove House 14160: 14066: 14060: 13996:Prime ministers 13979: 13930: 13924: 13862: 13791: 13728: 13721: 13707:Solomon Islands 13633: 13619: 13614: 13584: 13579: 13570:Duke of Windsor 13483: 13387:Prince of Wales 13353: 13332: 13329: 13299: 13290: 13215:princely states 13163: 13099:Kingdom of Fiji 13072: 12818:Austria-Hungary 12786: 12549: 12483: 12282: 12268:Solomon Islands 12182: 12164: 12096: 12011: 11969: 11901: 11847:Democratization 11815: 11759: 11726: 11721: 11691: 11686: 11678: 11673: 11665: 11457: 11428:Solomon Islands 11284: 11275: 11245: 11240: 11227: 11220: 11213: 11192: 11105: 11006: 10919: 10828: 10807: 10712: 10668:Public holidays 10648:Life expectancy 10539: 10501: 10481:London Exchange 10477:Stock exchanges 10465: 10464:Pound sterling 10432:Bank of England 10401: 10392:Royal Air Force 10368: 10309: 10241:Law enforcement 10157: 10066:hydraulic frac. 10027: 10008:Lakes and lochs 9955: 9951:Former colonies 9890: 9886:Women's history 9861:Law enforcement 9827: 9773:First World War 9730: 9724: 9689: 9681: 9676: 9605: 9601:Balmoral Castle 9576:Holyrood Palace 9547: 9521: 9492:Crown copyright 9480: 9441:King-in-Council 9427: 9349: 9344: 9306: 9305: 9302: 9297: 9291: 9265:Waldron, Jeremy 9228: 9206: 9155: 9141:Fraser, Antonia 9118: 9096: 9050:Brazier, Rodney 9038:Bagehot, Walter 9030: 9010: 9005: 9004: 8995: 8993: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8968: 8966: 8955: 8954: 8947: 8937: 8933: 8921: 8917: 8903: 8899: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8869: 8865: 8855: 8853: 8836: 8834: 8823: 8819: 8810: 8808: 8801: 8800: 8796: 8788: 8784: 8775: 8773: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8748: 8746: 8745:on 9 March 2009 8733: 8732: 8728: 8719: 8717: 8708: 8707: 8700: 8691: 8689: 8680: 8679: 8675: 8666: 8664: 8655: 8654: 8647: 8638: 8636: 8623: 8622: 8615: 8606: 8604: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8566: 8564: 8547: 8543: 8528: 8527: 8523: 8514: 8512: 8502: 8498: 8488: 8486: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8431: 8429: 8422: 8421: 8417: 8408: 8406: 8395: 8394: 8387: 8378: 8376: 8369: 8368: 8362: 8360: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8339: 8337: 8322: 8318: 8309: 8307: 8300: 8299: 8295: 8286: 8284: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8258: 8256: 8246: 8242: 8233: 8231: 8220: 8219: 8215: 8205: 8203: 8190: 8189: 8182: 8175: 8161: 8160: 8156: 8145: 8144: 8140: 8131: 8129: 8122: 8121: 8114: 8104: 8102: 8094: 8093: 8089: 8079: 8077: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8054: 8052: 8041: 8037: 8028: 8026: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8005: 8003: 7996: 7995: 7991: 7982: 7980: 7973: 7972: 7968: 7959: 7957: 7951: 7944: 7942: 7936: 7929: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7916: 7907: 7905: 7898: 7897: 7893: 7884: 7882: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7861: 7859: 7848: 7847: 7840: 7831: 7829: 7818: 7811: 7809: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7784: 7782: 7771: 7764: 7762: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7737: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7710: 7708: 7696: 7692: 7682: 7680: 7668: 7664: 7655: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7622: 7619:Monarchy Survey 7616: 7609: 7607: 7596: 7589: 7587: 7586:on 12 June 2008 7579:The Independent 7570: 7566: 7557: 7555: 7542: 7538: 7527: 7519: 7517: 7495: 7491: 7480: 7472: 7470: 7448: 7444: 7433: 7425: 7423: 7401: 7397: 7386: 7378: 7376: 7354: 7350: 7341: 7339: 7328: 7327: 7320: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7290: 7283: 7273: 7265: 7263: 7241: 7237: 7227: 7219: 7217: 7192: 7188: 7158:10.2307/2192530 7111: 7090: 7086: 7077: 7073: 7064: 7062: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6993: 6991: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6947: 6943: 6935: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6911: 6907: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6798: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6755: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6685:, p. 295; 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6609: 6605: 6597: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6573: 6569: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6510: 6508: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6483: 6481: 6469: 6465: 6456: 6454: 6453:on 25 June 2008 6450: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6422: 6420: 6419:on 30 July 2020 6409: 6408: 6404: 6395: 6393: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6368: 6366: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6345: 6343: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6306: 6302: 6293: 6291: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6265: 6263: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6216: 6214: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6173: 6171: 6160: 6159: 6150: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6045: 6043: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5937: 5935: 5916: 5912: 5901: 5883: 5879: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5811: 5807: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5761: 5757: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5684:Politics portal 5682: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5622: 5619: 5604:Balmoral Castle 5600:Holyrood Palace 5576: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5559: 5556: 5517:arms of England 5436:Chivalric order 5411: 5405: 5394:, the Scottish 5322: 5316: 5308:Balmoral Castle 5306:in Norfolk and 5273:Tower of London 5258:social calendar 5242: 5232:Holyrood Palace 5214: 5170:value-added tax 5127:Paradise Papers 5100:Sovereign Grant 5087:King George III 5079: 5073: 5017: 5009:Main articles: 5007: 4976: 4970: 4876: 4868:Main articles: 4866: 4854:Church in Wales 4819: 4794:The Independent 4781: 4749:King of Ireland 4745:Lord of Ireland 4670: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4634: 4531: 4529:Shared monarchy 4519:First World War 4461:Reform Act 1832 4331: 4313: 4228:Oliver Cromwell 4149: 4083:House of Stuart 4036:Treaty of Perth 3933: 3919: 3912: 3896:Philip of Spain 3766:, became king. 3587:Norman Conquest 3583:Bayeux Tapestry 3575: 3565: 3550: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3497: 3491: 3459:fount of honour 3396: 3319: 3301:, in which the 3278:hung parliament 3251: 3235:Royal Air Force 3203: 3197: 3132:Secret Services 3060:or officers of 3039:national anthem 3024:Bank of England 2984: 2955: 2951:Other countries 2946: 2945: 2944: 2932: 2919: 2918: 2901: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2862: 2840: 2825: 2795: 2760: 2590: 2555: 2543: 2524: 2514: 2513: 2485: 2467: 2466: 2454: 2453: 2444: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2411: 2400: 2389: 2383: 2372: 2360: 2355: 2345: 2344: 2330:British Islands 2326: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2280: 2273: 2263: 2262: 2243:Principal areas 2229: 2222: 2185: 2178: 2156: 2149: 2048: 2040: 2030: 2029: 1973: 1962: 1960:1997 referendum 1951: 1944: 1893: 1886:1997 referendum 1877: 1870: 1814: 1808: 1801: 1775:London Assembly 1770:Mayoral cabinet 1757:Mayor of London 1745: 1738:1998 referendum 1719: 1712: 1693: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1662: 1661: 1655: 1653: 1614: 1613: 1607: 1605: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1098: 1084: 1083: 1065: 1035: 1033:Bank of England 1025: 1024: 1001: 947: 939: 934: 924: 923: 902:59th Parliament 898: 895: 886: 873: 849: 843: 819: 804: 797: 780: 770: 769: 751: 749: 737: 728: 716: 702: 690: 661: 656:King-in-Council 652: 630: 620: 619: 591: 544: 534: 533: 502:Treaty of Union 487: 452: 432:title and style 373:Roman Catholics 337:King of Ireland 169: 161: 92: 86: 66: 50: 42: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15484: 15474: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15431: 15430: 15425: 15424: 15422: 15421: 15418: 15415: 15411: 15408: 15407: 15404: 15403: 15401: 15400: 15394: 15392: 15388: 15387: 15385: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15363: 15361: 15357: 15356: 15354: 15353: 15351:United Kingdom 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15156:Czech Republic 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15097: 15095: 15086: 15078: 15077: 15074: 15073: 15071: 15070: 15064: 15062: 15058: 15057: 15055: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15033: 15031: 15027: 15026: 15024: 15023: 15021:United Kingdom 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14826:Czech Republic 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14767: 14765: 14756: 14748: 14747: 14742: 14741: 14734: 14727: 14719: 14710: 14709: 14707: 14706: 14703:← Elizabeth II 14698: 14695: 14694: 14692: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14675: 14673: 14669: 14668: 14665: 14664: 14662: 14661: 14657:Climate Change 14653: 14645: 14637: 14628: 14626: 14620: 14619: 14617: 14616: 14610: 14608: 14604: 14603: 14601: 14600: 14592: 14584: 14576: 14567: 14565: 14561: 14560: 14558: 14557: 14549: 14541: 14533: 14525: 14517: 14509: 14501: 14493: 14485: 14477: 14467:Spitting Image 14464: 14456: 14448: 14439: 14437: 14436:and television 14431: 14430: 14428: 14427: 14419: 14411: 14403: 14395: 14387: 14378: 14376: 14372: 14371: 14369: 14368: 14363: 14357: 14355: 14348: 14342: 14341: 14339: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14311:Dumfries House 14308: 14302: 14300: 14296: 14295: 14293: 14292: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14267: 14265: 14259: 14258: 14255: 14254: 14252: 14251: 14245: 14239: 14233: 14227: 14221: 14218:Windsor Castle 14215: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14182: 14179:Clarence House 14175: 14173: 14166: 14162: 14161: 14159: 14158: 14156:Prince's Trust 14153: 14148: 14147: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14104:iwill Campaign 14101: 14099:In Kind Direct 14096: 14091: 14086: 14076: 14070: 14068: 14062: 14061: 14059: 14058: 14057: 14056: 14051: 14041: 14040: 14039: 14034: 14024: 14019: 14018: 14017: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13987: 13985: 13981: 13980: 13978: 13977: 13976: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13945: 13934: 13932: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13900: 13898:Second wedding 13895: 13894: 13893: 13883: 13882: 13881: 13870: 13868: 13864: 13863: 13861: 13860: 13854: 13848: 13842: 13836: 13830: 13824: 13818: 13812: 13806: 13799: 13797: 13793: 13792: 13790: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13733: 13731: 13723: 13722: 13720: 13719: 13717:United Kingdom 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13643: 13641: 13635: 13634: 13632:(2022–present) 13624: 13621: 13620: 13613: 13612: 13605: 13598: 13590: 13581: 13580: 13578: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13555:Duke of Kendal 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13500:Duke of Albany 13497: 13491: 13489: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13481: 13480: 13479: 13469: 13467:Duke of Sussex 13464: 13459: 13458: 13457: 13447: 13446: 13445: 13435: 13434: 13433: 13423: 13418: 13417: 13416: 13406: 13404:Royal Dukedoms 13401: 13399:Princess Royal 13396: 13395: 13394: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13373: 13372: 13361: 13359: 13355: 13354: 13352: 13351: 13346: 13337: 13334: 13333: 13328: 13327: 13320: 13313: 13305: 13296: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13289: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13219: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13177: 13171: 13169: 13165: 13164: 13162: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13080: 13078: 13074: 13073: 13071: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12973:Ottoman Empire 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12933:Kartli-Kakheti 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12794: 12792: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12784: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12615: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12557: 12555: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12491: 12489: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12481: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12342:Central Africa 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12303: 12301: 12294: 12288: 12287: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12280: 12278:United Kingdom 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12244: 12243: 12238: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12192: 12190: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12180: 12174: 12172: 12166: 12165: 12163: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12106: 12104: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12094: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12021: 12019: 12013: 12012: 12010: 12009: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11986: 11984: 11975: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11935:Prince regnant 11932: 11931: 11930: 11920: 11915: 11909: 11907: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11852:Decolonization 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11823: 11821: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11813: 11808: 11806:Personal union 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11776:Constitutional 11773: 11767: 11765: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11720: 11719: 11712: 11705: 11697: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11684: 11676: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11664: 11663: 11653: 11643: 11633: 11623: 11613: 11601: 11591: 11581: 11576: 11566: 11556: 11546: 11536: 11526: 11521: 11511: 11501: 11491: 11481: 11476: 11465: 11463: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11455: 11448:United Kingdom 11445: 11435: 11425: 11415: 11405: 11395: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11363: 11353: 11343: 11333: 11323: 11313: 11303: 11292: 11290: 11286: 11285: 11274: 11273: 11266: 11259: 11251: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11233: 11226: 11225: 11218: 11210: 11209: 11206: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11194: 11193: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11153: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11144:First Minister 11141: 11136: 11126: 11121: 11115: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11061: 11056: 11055: 11054: 11052:First Minister 11049: 11044: 11034: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11016: 11014: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10978: 10977: 10967: 10962: 10961: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10940: 10935: 10929: 10927: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10859: 10858: 10853: 10842: 10840: 10830: 10829: 10813: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10722: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10557: 10551: 10545: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10537: 10535:Rail transport 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10511: 10509: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10474: 10469: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10423: 10417: 10411: 10410: 10407: 10406: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10378: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10357:Prime Minister 10354: 10353: 10352: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10319: 10317: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10307: 10305:Shadow Cabinet 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10283:House of Lords 10280: 10270: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10227: 10226: 10216: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10183: 10173: 10167: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10140: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10125: 10120: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10043: 10037: 10035: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9994: 9993: 9983: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9965: 9963: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9917: 9915: 9913:Administrative 9902: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9846: 9841: 9835: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9810: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9749: 9747: 9738: 9732: 9731: 9729: articles 9727:United Kingdom 9723: 9722: 9715: 9708: 9700: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9613: 9611: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9581:Clarence House 9578: 9573: 9568: 9566:Windsor Castle 9563: 9557: 9555: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9514: 9512:King's printer 9509: 9504: 9502:King's Consent 9499: 9494: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9437: 9435: 9433:Constitutional 9429: 9428: 9426: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9359: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9343: 9342: 9335: 9328: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9301: 9300:External links 9298: 9296: 9295: 9289: 9273: 9261: 9252: 9243: 9232: 9226: 9210: 9204: 9188: 9170: 9159: 9153: 9143:, ed. (1975). 9137: 9122: 9116: 9100: 9094: 9078: 9069: 9058: 9046: 9034: 9028: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9003: 9002: 8985:Royal Standard 8975: 8945: 8931: 8915: 8897: 8883: 8863: 8817: 8794: 8792:, p. 180. 8782: 8755: 8726: 8698: 8673: 8645: 8613: 8574: 8561:MeasuringWorth 8541: 8537:Pimlott (2001) 8521: 8496: 8470: 8438: 8415: 8385: 8346: 8316: 8293: 8266: 8240: 8213: 8180: 8173: 8154: 8138: 8112: 8087: 8061: 8035: 8012: 7989: 7966: 7914: 7891: 7868: 7858:on 31 May 2015 7838: 7791: 7744: 7718: 7690: 7662: 7636:on 11 May 2011 7564: 7536: 7489: 7442: 7395: 7348: 7338:on 6 July 2010 7318: 7304: 7281: 7235: 7186: 7131:10.2307/824318 7125:(2): 348–359, 7109: 7084: 7071: 7048: 7036: 7024: 7012: 7000: 6977: 6965: 6953: 6941: 6929: 6927:, p. 232. 6917: 6905: 6893: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6820: 6818:, p. 170. 6808: 6792: 6780: 6768: 6743: 6731: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6675: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6627: 6615: 6603: 6591: 6579: 6567: 6555: 6544:. 14 July 2022 6529: 6517: 6490: 6463: 6429: 6402: 6375: 6352: 6329: 6317: 6300: 6273: 6248: 6223: 6200:Waldron (1990) 6192: 6190:, p. 312. 6188:Brazier (1997) 6180: 6148: 6144:Bagehot (2001) 6136: 6111: 6092: 6088:Bagehot (2001) 6080: 6056: 6019: 5995: 5969: 5944: 5910: 5899: 5877: 5856: 5831: 5805: 5790: 5781: 5755: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5687: 5673: 5659: 5656:History portal 5643: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5588:Windsor Castle 5573: 5572: 5569: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5537:Royal Standard 5407:Main article: 5404: 5401: 5318:Main article: 5315: 5312: 5296:Clarence House 5250:Windsor Castle 5238:Main article: 5213: 5210: 5163:Windsor Castle 5135:Cayman Islands 5108:Cabinet Office 5075:Main article: 5072: 5069: 5006: 5003: 4969: 4966: 4929:that meets at 4912:James I and VI 4865: 4862: 4818: 4817:Religious role 4815: 4783:In the 1990s, 4780: 4777: 4727:By 1542, King 4700:, the King of 4658: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4594:Wallis Simpson 4583:personal union 4555:Crown Colonies 4547:British Empire 4530: 4527: 4383:Robert Walpole 4367:personal union 4340:Alien Act 1705 4312: 4309: 4263:Immortal Seven 4232:Lord Protector 4177:personal union 4157:James VI and I 4148: 4145: 4072:Edward Balliol 4014:, and then by 3976:House of Alpin 3911: 3908: 3892:Lady Jane Grey 3728:Crusader state 3678:Angevin Empire 3546:Main article: 3543: 3540: 3535:Main article: 3532: 3529: 3493:Main article: 3490: 3487: 3483:Order of Merit 3395: 3392: 3388:Lord Melbourne 3318: 3315: 3264:Lord Melbourne 3250: 3247: 3199:Main article: 3196: 3193: 3177:Walter Bagehot 3169: 3168: 3153: 3146: 3135: 3108:prime minister 3096: 3085:House of Lords 3006:", and styled 2986: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2930: 2916: 2911: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2799:European Union 2794: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2554: 2553: 2542: 2541: 2534:Foreign policy 2531: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2451: 2442: 2435: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2404: 2398: 2396:Cayman Islands 2393: 2387: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2365: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2213:Civil parishes 2210: 2205: 2200: 2191: 2179: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2162: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2135:Civil parishes 2132: 2131: 2130: 2128:London Borough 2125: 2120: 2105: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2091:Greater London 2088: 2083: 2073: 2063: 2054: 2042: 2041: 2038:Administration 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2011: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1991:First Minister 1987: 1984:Wales Act 2017 1980:Wales Act 2014 1968: 1957: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1907:First Minister 1903: 1888: 1883: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1824:First Minister 1820: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1740: 1730: 1725: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1663: 1659:UK referendums 1657: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1292:1910 (Jan–Feb) 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1152:1801 co-option 1148: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1099: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1059: 1058: 1045: 1044: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1005:United Kingdom 1000: 999: 989:The Lord Hodge 986: 985: 972: 971: 956: 955: 935: 930: 929: 926: 925: 922: 921: 920: 919: 909: 904: 897: 896: 878: 877: 858: 857: 848: 847: 828: 827: 824:House of Lords 813: 812: 790: 789: 781: 776: 775: 772: 771: 768: 767: 762: 757: 739: 738: 718: 717: 708:Prime Minister 692: 691: 670: 669: 640: 639: 631: 626: 625: 622: 621: 618: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 585: 584: 564: 563: 545: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 499: 497:Bill of Rights 494: 488: 483: 482: 479: 478: 470: 469: 463: 462: 451: 448: 436:personal union 392:British Empire 281:petty kingdoms 266:prime minister 229:, his mother. 197:reigns as the 191:United Kingdom 177: 176: 167: 163: 162: 160: 159: 156:Various others 152: 150:Windsor Castle 147: 145:Clarence House 142: 136: 134: 130: 129: 124: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 103: 102: 99: 98: 95: 94: 82: 81: 73: 72: 68: 67: 62: 54: 53: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15483: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15443: 15441: 15419: 15416: 15413: 15412: 15409: 15399: 15396: 15395: 15393: 15389: 15383: 15382:South Ossetia 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15364: 15362: 15358: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15231:Liechtenstein 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15096: 15094:and observers 15090: 15087: 15085: 15079: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15063: 15059: 15053: 15052:South Ossetia 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15034: 15032: 15028: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14901:Liechtenstein 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14764:and observers 14760: 14757: 14755: 14749: 14740: 14735: 14733: 14728: 14726: 14721: 14720: 14717: 14705: 14704: 14700: 14699: 14696: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14674: 14670: 14659: 14658: 14654: 14651: 14650: 14646: 14643: 14642: 14638: 14635: 14634: 14630: 14629: 14627: 14625: 14621: 14615: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14605: 14598: 14597: 14593: 14590: 14589: 14585: 14582: 14581: 14577: 14574: 14573: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14562: 14555: 14554: 14550: 14547: 14546: 14542: 14539: 14538: 14534: 14531: 14530: 14526: 14523: 14522: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14510: 14507: 14506: 14502: 14499: 14498: 14494: 14491: 14490: 14486: 14483: 14482: 14478: 14476: 14472: 14468: 14465: 14462: 14461: 14457: 14454: 14453: 14449: 14446: 14445: 14441: 14440: 14438: 14432: 14426: 14424: 14420: 14418: 14416: 14412: 14410: 14408: 14404: 14402: 14400: 14396: 14394: 14392: 14388: 14386: 14384: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14375:Documentaries 14373: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14358: 14356: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14343: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14297: 14291: 14289: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14268: 14266: 14260: 14249: 14246: 14243: 14240: 14237: 14234: 14231: 14228: 14225: 14222: 14219: 14216: 14213: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14203: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14186: 14183: 14180: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14170: 14167: 14163: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14081: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14071: 14069: 14067:and campaigns 14063: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14046: 14045: 14042: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14029: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14009: 14008: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13988: 13986: 13982: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13949: 13946: 13943: 13939: 13936: 13935: 13933: 13929:Accession and 13927: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13905: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13892: 13889: 13888: 13887: 13886:First wedding 13884: 13880: 13877: 13876: 13875: 13872: 13871: 13869: 13865: 13858: 13855: 13852: 13849: 13846: 13843: 13840: 13837: 13834: 13831: 13828: 13825: 13823:(younger son) 13822: 13819: 13816: 13813: 13811:(former wife) 13810: 13809:Diana Spencer 13807: 13804: 13803:Camilla Shand 13801: 13800: 13798: 13794: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13734: 13732: 13730: 13724: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13644: 13642: 13640: 13636: 13631: 13627: 13622: 13618: 13611: 13606: 13604: 13599: 13597: 13592: 13591: 13588: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13530: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13486: 13478: 13475: 13474: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13456: 13453: 13452: 13451: 13448: 13444: 13441: 13440: 13439: 13436: 13432: 13429: 13428: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13415: 13412: 13411: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13393: 13390: 13389: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13366: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13356: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13339: 13338: 13335: 13326: 13321: 13319: 13314: 13312: 13307: 13306: 13303: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13223: 13220: 13217: 13216: 13211: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13172: 13170: 13166: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13094:Easter Island 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13075: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12789: 12782: 12781: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12720: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12633:Jabal Shammar 12631: 12629: 12626: 12623: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12613: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12552: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12486: 12480: 12479: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12289: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12233: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12185: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12167: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12125:Liechtenstein 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12018: 12014: 12008: 12007: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11979: 11976: 11972: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11929: 11928:Queen regnant 11926: 11925: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11904: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11887:Republicanism 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11867:Head of state 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11818: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11801:Non-sovereign 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11762: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11732: 11729: 11725: 11718: 11713: 11711: 11706: 11704: 11699: 11698: 11695: 11681: 11677: 11672: 11671: 11668: 11661: 11657: 11654: 11651: 11647: 11644: 11641: 11637: 11634: 11631: 11627: 11624: 11621: 11617: 11614: 11611: 11607: 11606: 11602: 11599: 11595: 11592: 11589: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11574: 11570: 11567: 11564: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11550: 11547: 11544: 11540: 11537: 11534: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11519: 11515: 11512: 11509: 11505: 11502: 11499: 11495: 11492: 11489: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11474: 11470: 11467: 11466: 11464: 11460: 11453: 11449: 11446: 11443: 11439: 11436: 11433: 11429: 11426: 11423: 11419: 11416: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11403: 11399: 11396: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11364: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11351: 11347: 11344: 11341: 11337: 11334: 11331: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11317: 11314: 11311: 11307: 11304: 11301: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11272: 11267: 11265: 11260: 11258: 11253: 11252: 11249: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11219: 11216: 11212: 11211: 11207: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11108: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11070: 11067: 11066: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10945: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10926: 10922: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10747: 10744: 10743: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10715: 10709: 10708:Welfare state 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10653:Mental health 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10596:Ethnic groups 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10546: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10520:Bus transport 10518: 10516: 10515:Air transport 10513: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10504: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10462: 10460: 10459:Manufacturing 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10371: 10363: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10355: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10335:Civil service 10333: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10312: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10262: 10261:republicanism 10259: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10221: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10181: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10168: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10081:North Sea oil 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9987: 9984: 9980: 9979:Great Britain 9977: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9969:British Isles 9967: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9897: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9768:Edwardian era 9766: 9764: 9763:Victorian era 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9746: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9728: 9721: 9716: 9714: 9709: 9707: 9702: 9701: 9698: 9692: 9685: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9642:HMY Britannia 9640: 9638: 9637:King's flight 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9497:Royal warrant 9495: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9483: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9430: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9341: 9336: 9334: 9329: 9327: 9322: 9321: 9318: 9309: 9304: 9303: 9292: 9290:0-7126-7448-9 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9253: 9249: 9244: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9227:0-00-255494-1 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9154:0-297-76911-1 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9095:0-19-822786-8 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9070: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9029:1-84119-096-9 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9012: 8991: 8987: 8986: 8979: 8964: 8960: 8959: 8952: 8950: 8942: 8941: 8935: 8928: 8924: 8919: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8886: 8884:9780810874978 8880: 8876: 8875: 8867: 8851: 8850: 8832: 8828: 8821: 8806: 8805: 8798: 8791: 8790:Fraser (1975) 8786: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8759: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8730: 8715: 8711: 8705: 8703: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8650: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8578: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8539:, p. 401 8538: 8532: 8525: 8511: 8507: 8500: 8485: 8481: 8474: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8442: 8427: 8426: 8419: 8405:on 1 May 2011 8404: 8400: 8399: 8392: 8390: 8374: 8373: 8358: 8357: 8350: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8320: 8305: 8304: 8297: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8270: 8255: 8251: 8244: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8217: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8185: 8176: 8174:9780111156957 8170: 8166: 8165: 8158: 8150: 8149: 8142: 8127: 8126: 8119: 8117: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8075: 8071: 8065: 8050: 8049:The Telegraph 8046: 8039: 8024: 8023: 8016: 8001: 8000: 7993: 7978: 7977: 7970: 7956: 7955: 7941: 7940: 7926: 7925: 7918: 7903: 7902: 7895: 7880: 7879: 7872: 7857: 7853: 7852: 7845: 7843: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7795: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7748: 7730: 7729: 7722: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7694: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7666: 7651: 7650: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7620: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7599:Monarchy poll 7585: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7568: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7540: 7531: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7501: 7493: 7484: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7454: 7446: 7437: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7407: 7399: 7390: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7360: 7352: 7337: 7333: 7332: 7325: 7323: 7307: 7305:9781862877009 7301: 7297: 7296: 7288: 7286: 7277: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7247: 7239: 7231: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7201: 7200:"Edward VIII" 7196: 7190: 7184: 7180: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7112: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7093:Zines, Leslie 7088: 7081: 7075: 7060: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7044:Fraser (1975) 7040: 7033: 7032:Fraser (1975) 7028: 7021: 7016: 7009: 7008:Ashley (1998) 7004: 6989: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6950: 6945: 6938: 6937:Fraser (1975) 6933: 6926: 6925:Fraser (1975) 6921: 6914: 6909: 6902: 6901:Fraser (1975) 6897: 6888: 6881: 6880:Ashley (1998) 6876: 6869: 6868:Ashley (1998) 6864: 6857: 6856:Ashley (1998) 6852: 6845: 6844:Ashley (1998) 6840: 6833: 6829: 6828:Ashley (1998) 6824: 6817: 6812: 6805: 6801: 6800:Ashley (1998) 6796: 6789: 6788:Ashley (1998) 6784: 6777: 6772: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6735: 6728: 6727:Fraser (1975) 6724: 6723:Ashley (1998) 6719: 6712: 6707: 6700: 6699:Fraser (1975) 6695: 6688: 6687:Fraser (1975) 6684: 6679: 6672: 6671:Fraser (1975) 6667: 6660: 6659:Fraser (1975) 6655: 6648: 6647:Fraser (1975) 6643: 6636: 6635:Ashley (1998) 6631: 6624: 6623:Fraser (1975) 6619: 6612: 6611:Fraser (1975) 6607: 6600: 6599:Fraser (1975) 6595: 6588: 6587:Fraser (1975) 6583: 6576: 6571: 6564: 6559: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6526: 6521: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6494: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6467: 6449: 6442: 6441: 6433: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6379: 6364: 6363: 6356: 6341: 6340: 6333: 6327:, p. 17. 6326: 6325:Crabbe (1994) 6321: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6277: 6262: 6261:UK Parliament 6258: 6257:"Prorogation" 6252: 6237: 6236:UK Parliament 6233: 6227: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6146:, p. 75. 6145: 6140: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6107: 6106:UK Parliament 6103: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6053: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5984:. 11 May 2023 5983: 5979: 5973: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5891: 5890: 5881: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5801: 5794: 5785: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5688: 5685: 5679: 5674: 5671: 5665: 5660: 5657: 5646: 5629: 5624: 5617: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5566: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5421: 5416: 5410: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5351:Pope Paul III 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5218: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5196:Jock Colville 5193: 5189: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5041:Queen Camilla 5038: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984:David Cameron 4981: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4655: 4643: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4480:Victorian era 4477: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4441:Prince Regent 4438: 4434: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4317: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4189:Presbyterians 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4114:Flodden Field 4110: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4032:Western Isles 4029: 4028:Alexander III 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3980:Three Estates 3977: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3904:Protestantism 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3762:and his son, 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3734:. Not shown: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3722:(1030–1263), 3721: 3716: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3624:feudal system 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3559: 3558:Queen Camilla 3555: 3549: 3538: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3303:Conservatives 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3287:Harold Wilson 3284: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3256:kissing hands 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3212: 3211:Privy Council 3208: 3202: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3167:or otherwise. 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3116:Privy Council 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3070:King's Speech 3067: 3066:public bodies 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031:British coins 3028: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3016:head of state 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2884: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2834:member states 2832: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2751:United States 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2481:Visa policies 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2203:Council areas 2201: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1997:Eluned Morgan 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1048:Andrew Bailey 1043: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 998: 997: 993: 992: 991: 990: 984: 983: 979: 978: 977: 976: 975:The Lord Reed 970: 969: 965: 964: 963: 961: 954: 953: 952:Supreme Court 949: 948: 946: 944: 938: 933: 928: 927: 918: 915: 914: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 893: 889: 885: 884: 880: 879: 876: 872: 871: 867: 866: 865: 863: 856: 855: 851: 850: 846: 842: 841: 837: 836: 835: 833: 826: 825: 821: 820: 818: 817: 811: 810: 806: 805: 803: 801: 795: 788: 787: 786:UK Parliament 783: 782: 779: 774: 773: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 750: 747: 743: 742:Angela Rayner 736: 735: 731: 730: 729: 726: 722: 714: 710: 709: 705: 704: 703: 700: 696: 688: 684: 683: 679: 678: 677: 675: 668: 667: 666:HM Government 663: 662: 660: 659: 657: 651: 647: 645: 638: 637: 636:Privy Council 633: 632: 629: 624: 623: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 590: 589: 583: 582: 581:Heir apparent 578: 577: 576: 574: 569: 568: 561: 557: 556: 552: 551: 549: 543: 538: 537: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 508: 507:Acts of Union 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 486: 481: 480: 476: 472: 471: 468: 465: 464: 460: 456: 455: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 323:. Meanwhile, 322: 318: 314: 310: 309:Anglo-Normans 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 275: 274:civil society 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 230: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 199:head of state 196: 192: 188: 184: 174: 168: 164: 158: 157: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 135: 131: 128: 125: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 104: 100: 96: 91: 89: 83: 79: 74: 69: 65: 60: 55: 47: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 15398:Transnistria 15068:Transnistria 15020: 14701: 14655: 14647: 14639: 14631: 14624:Bibliography 14594: 14586: 14578: 14570: 14551: 14543: 14535: 14529:The Windsors 14527: 14519: 14511: 14503: 14495: 14487: 14479: 14466: 14458: 14450: 14444:Chorus Girls 14442: 14422: 14414: 14406: 14398: 14390: 14383:Royal Family 14382: 14287: 14262:Awards given 14196:Llwynywermod 13902: 13827:Elizabeth II 13767:Lord of Mann 13716: 13565:Duke of Ross 13495:Queen Mother 13472:Duke of York 13450:Duke of Kent 13364: 13340: 13271:South Africa 13266:Sierra Leone 13213: 13043:Two Sicilies 12978:Papal States 12778: 12717: 12610: 12476: 12277: 12236:Cook Islands 12089: 12075:Saudi Arabia 12004: 11626:South Africa 11616:Sierra Leone 11603: 11579:Newfoundland 11451: 11371:Cook Islands 11086:Homelessness 10900:Homelessness 10683:Social class 10663:Prostitution 10606:Homelessness 10387:British Army 10250: 10219:Human rights 10207:By-elections 10187:Constitution 9758:Georgian era 9657:Crown Estate 9543:Royal Maundy 9507:Royal assent 9456:King's peace 9418:Elizabeth II 9346: 9280: 9277:Weir, Alison 9271:. Routledge. 9268: 9256: 9247: 9239: 9217: 9214:Pimlott, Ben 9195: 9192:Pimlott, Ben 9184: 9166: 9144: 9133: 9107: 9085: 9082:Cannon, John 9073: 9065: 9053: 9041: 9022:. Robinson. 9019: 9016:Ashley, Mike 8994:, retrieved 8990:the original 8984: 8978: 8967:, retrieved 8963:the original 8957: 8938: 8934: 8926: 8918: 8908: 8900: 8888:. Retrieved 8873: 8866: 8854:. Retrieved 8847: 8835:. Retrieved 8830: 8820: 8809:, retrieved 8803: 8797: 8785: 8774:, retrieved 8770:the original 8764: 8758: 8747:, retrieved 8743:the original 8738: 8729: 8718:, retrieved 8713: 8690:, retrieved 8685: 8676: 8665:, retrieved 8660: 8637:, retrieved 8633:the original 8628: 8605:, retrieved 8586: 8577: 8565:. Retrieved 8559: 8544: 8530: 8524: 8513:, retrieved 8509: 8499: 8487:. Retrieved 8483: 8473: 8461:. Retrieved 8457:the original 8450: 8441: 8430:, retrieved 8424: 8418: 8407:, retrieved 8403:the original 8397: 8377:, retrieved 8371: 8361:, retrieved 8355: 8349: 8338:, retrieved 8330:The Guardian 8329: 8319: 8308:, retrieved 8302: 8296: 8285:, retrieved 8281:the original 8275: 8269: 8257:. Retrieved 8253: 8243: 8232:, retrieved 8228:the original 8222: 8216: 8204:. Retrieved 8200:the original 8195: 8163: 8157: 8147: 8141: 8130:, retrieved 8124: 8103:. Retrieved 8099: 8090: 8078:. Retrieved 8073: 8064: 8055:11 September 8053:, retrieved 8048: 8038: 8027:, retrieved 8021: 8015: 8004:, retrieved 7998: 7992: 7981:, retrieved 7975: 7969: 7958:, retrieved 7953: 7943:, retrieved 7938: 7928:, retrieved 7923: 7917: 7906:, retrieved 7900: 7894: 7883:, retrieved 7877: 7871: 7860:, retrieved 7856:the original 7850: 7830:, retrieved 7826:the original 7820: 7810:, retrieved 7806:the original 7800: 7794: 7783:, retrieved 7779:the original 7773: 7763:, retrieved 7759:the original 7753: 7747: 7736:, retrieved 7727: 7721: 7709:. Retrieved 7703: 7693: 7681:. Retrieved 7677:The Guardian 7675: 7665: 7654:, retrieved 7648: 7638:, retrieved 7631:the original 7618: 7608:, retrieved 7606:, April 2006 7598: 7588:, retrieved 7584:the original 7577: 7567: 7556:, retrieved 7552:the original 7546: 7539: 7518:. Retrieved 7504: 7500:"Henry VIII" 7492: 7471:. Retrieved 7457: 7445: 7424:. Retrieved 7410: 7398: 7377:. Retrieved 7363: 7351: 7342:26 September 7340:, retrieved 7336:the original 7330: 7309:. Retrieved 7294: 7264:. Retrieved 7250: 7238: 7218:. Retrieved 7204: 7189: 7178: 7152:(1): 34–49, 7149: 7145: 7122: 7118: 7096: 7087: 7074: 7063:, retrieved 7057: 7051: 7039: 7027: 7015: 7003: 6992:, retrieved 6986: 6980: 6968: 6956: 6944: 6932: 6920: 6908: 6896: 6887: 6875: 6863: 6851: 6839: 6823: 6811: 6795: 6783: 6771: 6746: 6734: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6678: 6666: 6654: 6642: 6630: 6618: 6606: 6594: 6582: 6570: 6558: 6546:. Retrieved 6542:The Guardian 6541: 6532: 6520: 6509:, retrieved 6505:the original 6499: 6493: 6482:, retrieved 6478:The Guardian 6476: 6466: 6455:, retrieved 6448:the original 6439: 6432: 6421:, retrieved 6417:the original 6411: 6405: 6394:, retrieved 6390:the original 6384: 6378: 6367:, retrieved 6361: 6355: 6344:, retrieved 6339:Royal Assent 6338: 6332: 6320: 6308: 6303: 6292:, retrieved 6288:the original 6282: 6276: 6264:. Retrieved 6260: 6251: 6239:. Retrieved 6235: 6226: 6215:, retrieved 6211:the original 6205: 6195: 6183: 6172:, retrieved 6168:the original 6162: 6139: 6127:. Retrieved 6123: 6114: 6105: 6095: 6090:, p. 9. 6083: 6068: 6059: 6051: 6044:. Retrieved 6040:the original 6031: 6022: 6016:. 1661 c. 6. 6007: 5998: 5986:. Retrieved 5981: 5972: 5960:. Retrieved 5956: 5947: 5936:, retrieved 5925: 5913: 5888: 5880: 5872: 5859: 5847:. Retrieved 5843: 5834: 5822:. Retrieved 5818: 5808: 5793: 5784: 5774:11 September 5772:. Retrieved 5769:The Guardian 5768: 5758: 5750: 5749:Full style: 5745: 5598:is flown at 5582:is flown at 5577: 5534: 5509:coat of arms 5412: 5389: 5382: 5355: 5323: 5293: 5266: 5243: 5203: 5185: 5183: 5167: 5151:Crown Jewels 5116: 5112: 5095:grant-in-aid 5083:Crown Estate 5080: 5034: 5021:Regency Acts 5018: 5011:Regency Acts 5000: 4990:that all 16 4977: 4947: 4916: 4888: 4820: 4800:The Guardian 4798: 4792: 4791:). However, 4782: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4726: 4682:Irish church 4671: 4618: 4609: 4606:Nazi Germany 4587: 4567: 4540: 4500: 4465: 4430: 4391: 4372: 4332: 4280: 4244: 4213: 4162: 4126: 4111: 4076: 4065: 4052:John Balliol 4040: 4024:Alexander II 4005: 3969: 3934: 3877: 3854: 3840:and brother 3803: 3784: 3768: 3741: 3738:(1129–1173). 3686: 3667: 3628: 3592: 3585:depicts the 3525: 3498: 3456: 3443: 3404: 3400:royal assent 3397: 3364: 3356:In 1950 the 3355: 3336: 3320: 3295:Labour Party 3291:Edward Heath 3275: 3268: 3252: 3231:British Army 3219: 3215: 3204: 3186:The English 3170: 3047: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2726:South Africa 2711:Saudi Arabia 2432:Saint Helena 2224: 2194:Subdivisions 2180: 2165:Subdivisions 2151: 2057:Subdivisions 2043: 1989: 1946: 1913:John Swinney 1905: 1872: 1836: 1822: 1803: 1790:Metro mayors 1755: 1714: 1658: 1654: 1610: 1606: 1557: 1553: 1509: 1505: 1451: 1447: 1141: 1137: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1039: 994: 987: 980: 973: 966: 957: 950: 940: 881: 868: 859: 852: 840:Lord Speaker 838: 829: 822: 814: 808: 807: 791: 784: 740: 732: 721:Keir Starmer 719: 706: 693: 680: 671: 664: 653: 648: 641: 634: 595:Royal family 586: 579: 570: 565: 554: 553: 541: 485:Constitution 389: 317:client state 278: 231: 227:Elizabeth II 211:royal family 186: 182: 180: 154: 85: 43: 26: 15336:Switzerland 15266:Netherlands 15006:Switzerland 14936:Netherlands 14591:(2019/2021) 14540:(2016–2023) 14524:(2017 film) 14508:(2006 film) 14264:and created 13874:Investiture 13817:(elder son) 13697:Saint Lucia 13682:New Zealand 13657:The Bahamas 13617:Charles III 13210:British Raj 13182:(Sri Lanka) 13068:Württemberg 12780:South Yemen 12668:Maguindanao 12561:Afghanistan 12322:Barotseland 12258:Saint Lucia 12231:New Zealand 12140:Netherlands 11913:Chhatrapati 11897:Sovereignty 11837:Aristocracy 11408:Saint Lucia 11376:New Zealand 11173:Health care 11081:Health care 10987:Health care 10895:Health care 10803:Anglosphere 10678:Social care 10633:Immigration 10576:Drug policy 10340:Departments 10268:Nationality 10041:Agriculture 9974:terminology 9941:City status 9812:Since 1979 9632:Royal train 9423:Charles III 9408:Edward VIII 8852:. p. 1 8827:"Passports" 8607:11 November 8259:28 December 8234:1 September 8206:28 December 8080:15 November 7711:24 February 7683:28 November 7656:30 November 7640:30 November 7627:Populus Ltd 7359:"Adrian IV" 7246:"George VI" 6804:Weir (1996) 6776:Weir (1996) 6266:23 December 6241:23 December 6129:23 December 6120:"Audiences" 6046:19 February 5988:23 December 5962:23 December 5541:banner form 5513:Charles III 5366:regnal name 5254:Royal Ascot 5123:Privy Purse 5110:committee. 4950:Edward VIII 4827:established 4731:of England 4590:Edward VIII 4579:New Zealand 4496:her husband 4457:Robert Peel 4445:the Regency 4226:. In 1653, 4197:Anglicanism 3900:Elizabeth I 3873:Anne Boleyn 3846:Henry Tudor 3842:Richard III 3689:Magna Carta 3651:the Anarchy 3618:in 1066 by 3554:Charles III 3509:foreclosure 3347:prorogation 3159:such as an 3064:, or other 3020:sovereignty 3012:Her Majesty 2696:New Zealand 2691:Netherlands 2581:Visa policy 2559:UK passport 2321:Isle of Man 2248:Communities 2198:Sheriffdoms 2016:(1999–2011) 1780:London Plan 1096:referendums 937:Charles III 917:List of MPs 888:Rishi Sunak 816:Charles III 778:Legislature 755:Departments 650:Charles III 605:Prerogative 567:Charles III 555:The Monarch 519:Rule of law 492:Magna Carta 353:William III 325:Magna Carta 219:Charles III 213:within the 193:by which a 115:His Majesty 88:Charles III 15440:Categories 15301:San Marino 15261:Montenegro 15241:Luxembourg 15221:Kazakhstan 15121:Azerbaijan 15084:government 14971:San Marino 14931:Montenegro 14911:Luxembourg 14891:Kazakhstan 14791:Azerbaijan 14545:The Prince 14475:2020–2021) 14346:Depictions 14220:(official) 14214:(official) 14181:(official) 14165:Residences 13963:guest list 13948:Coronation 13931:coronation 13891:guest list 13727:Titles and 13628:and other 13276:Tanganyika 13191:The Gambia 13119:Niuē-Fekai 13058:Yugoslavia 12958:Montenegro 12765:Upper Yafa 12760:Upper Asir 12397:Madagascar 12130:Luxembourg 11862:Government 11827:Abdication 11796:Hereditary 11724:Monarchies 11636:Tanganyika 11494:The Gambia 11139:Government 11047:Government 11042:Parliament 10758:Literature 10638:Innovation 10571:Demography 10466:(currency) 10315:Government 10273:Parliament 10197:Devolution 10192:Corruption 10127:Materials 10061:geothermal 9745:Chronology 9553:Residences 9533:Coronation 9526:Ceremonial 9398:Edward VII 9388:William IV 9378:George III 9257:Public Law 9008:References 8958:Union Jack 8890:31 October 8856:30 October 8837:30 October 8811:10 October 8489:13 January 8409:9 December 8379:9 December 8340:9 November 8105:7 December 7983:7 November 7908:28 October 7878:Coronation 7604:Ipsos MORI 7532:required.) 7485:required.) 7473:14 October 7438:required.) 7391:required.) 7311:31 October 7278:required.) 7232:required.) 6994:14 October 6457:10 October 6423:10 October 6369:10 October 6294:10 October 6174:10 October 5938:30 October 5900:0708815006 5670:Law portal 5580:Union Flag 5486:escutcheon 5448:Old French 5374:Edward VII 5335:Pope Leo X 5212:Residences 5174:income tax 5131:tax havens 5091:Civil List 4972:See also: 4864:Succession 4729:Henry VIII 4714:papal bull 4666:See also: 4503:Edward VII 4449:William IV 4425:George III 4404:after the 4398:George III 4359:Electorate 4327:See also: 4321:Queen Anne 4255:Tory Party 4220:Charles II 4169:Henry VIII 4087:Robert III 4012:Malcolm IV 3985:Malcolm II 3947:, and the 3921:See also: 3861:Henry VIII 3830:Tewkesbury 3776:Richard II 3764:Edward III 3631:William II 3593:Following 3567:See also: 3421:, and the 3384:William IV 3262:dismissed 3260:William IV 3233:, and the 3227:Royal Navy 3128:Diplomatic 3054:convention 2413:Montserrat 2004:Government 1920:Government 1763:Sadiq Khan 1691:Devolution 1382:1974 (Oct) 1377:1974 (Feb) 1297:1910 (Dec) 1069:Currencies 907:Opposition 600:Succession 262:appointing 246:Parliament 238:government 133:Residences 15236:Lithuania 14906:Lithuania 14607:Portraits 14537:The Crown 14513:The Queen 14505:The Queen 14471:1984–1996 14331:Poundbury 14326:Nansledan 14321:Knockroon 14250:(private) 14244:(private) 14238:(private) 14187:(private) 14065:Charities 13991:Household 13942:attendees 13853:(brother) 13847:(brother) 13652:Australia 13341:See also: 13246:Mauritius 13139:Rarotonga 13124:Nuku Hiva 13114:Mangareva 13089:Bora Bora 12968:Neuchâtel 12938:Lithuania 12843:Catalonia 12730:Sri Lanka 12683:Manchukuo 12658:Kurdistan 12612:Indonesia 12535:Talamanca 12495:Araucanía 12478:and other 12457:Wassoulou 12201:Australia 11877:Oligarchy 11569:Mauritius 11306:Australia 11282:dominions 11168:Education 11124:Geography 11076:Education 11032:Geography 10982:Education 10953:Executive 10938:Geography 10890:Education 10863:Geography 10643:Languages 10581:Education 10507:Transport 10345:Ministers 10231:Judiciary 10202:Elections 10142:Wildlife 10051:biodiesel 10033:Resources 10023:Volcanoes 10013:Mountains 9998:Coastline 9900:Geography 9854:1814–1919 9816:political 9801:political 9753:Formation 9476:The Crown 9413:George VI 9383:George IV 9373:George II 8940:Debrett's 8597:0140-0460 8531:The Times 8463:20 August 8287:18 August 8006:9 October 7851:Accession 7785:9 October 7174:147122057 6396:30 August 5453:In Defens 5370:George VI 5362:passports 4674:Adrian IV 4602:George VI 4575:Australia 4551:Dominions 4498:in 1861. 4443:. During 4437:George IV 4433:porphyria 4394:George II 4297:Jacobites 4181:Charles I 4129:John Knox 4103:James III 4079:Robert II 3957:Dál Riata 3884:Edward VI 3814:Edward IV 3752:Edward II 3701:Henry III 3670:Richard I 3665:in 1154. 3611:Æthelstan 3513:The Crown 3505:execution 3390:in 1834. 3366:The Times 3311:June 2017 3104:ministers 3062:the Crown 3058:ministers 3014:) is the 3004:Sovereign 2731:Palestine 2716:Singapore 2629:Hong Kong 2594:Australia 2494:UK-OT JMC 2407:Gibraltar 2174:Districts 2108:Districts 2025:Welsh law 1940:Scots law 1851:Executive 1092:Elections 1074:Banknotes 968:President 932:Judiciary 760:Ministers 628:Executive 542:The Crown 420:George VI 404:Dominions 315:became a 250:precedent 225:of Queen 223:the death 203:regulated 71:Incumbent 15466:Kingdoms 15367:Abkhazia 15316:Slovenia 15311:Slovakia 15286:Portugal 15141:Bulgaria 15082:Heads of 15037:Abkhazia 14986:Slovenia 14981:Slovakia 14956:Portugal 14811:Bulgaria 14754:of state 14191:Birkhall 13859:(family) 13841:(sister) 13835:(father) 13829:(mother) 13488:Inactive 13392:Princess 13382:Princess 13261:Rhodesia 13256:Pakistan 13175:Barbados 13144:Rimatara 13134:Rapa Iti 13063:Valencia 13038:Tavolara 13028:Scotland 12993:Portugal 12953:Moldavia 12838:Bulgaria 12833:Brittany 12808:Asturias 12688:Mongolia 12678:Maldives 12540:Trinidad 12530:Suriname 12488:Americas 12472:Zimbabwe 12467:Zanzibar 12452:Wituland 12427:Ngazidja 12422:Ndzuwani 12357:Ethiopia 12080:Thailand 12060:Malaysia 12040:Cambodia 11990:Eswatini 11786:Elective 11771:Absolute 11660:monarchy 11650:monarchy 11640:monarchy 11630:monarchy 11620:monarchy 11610:monarchy 11605:Rhodesia 11598:monarchy 11594:Pakistan 11588:monarchy 11573:monarchy 11563:monarchy 11553:monarchy 11543:monarchy 11533:monarchy 11518:monarchy 11508:monarchy 11498:monarchy 11488:monarchy 11473:monarchy 11469:Barbados 11452:monarchy 11442:monarchy 11432:monarchy 11422:monarchy 11412:monarchy 11402:monarchy 11392:monarchy 11360:monarchy 11350:monarchy 11340:monarchy 11330:monarchy 11320:monarchy 11310:monarchy 11300:monarchy 11231:Category 11183:Religion 11129:Politics 11096:Religion 11037:Politics 11025:timeline 11012:Scotland 10997:Religion 10948:Assembly 10943:Politics 10910:Religion 10868:Politics 10856:timeline 10773:Religion 10753:Identity 10616:Scotland 10561:Cannabis 10487:Taxation 10374:Military 10256:monarchs 10251:Monarchy 10171:Politics 10131:forestry 10111:Scottish 10102:Fishing 9961:Physical 9881:Taxation 9876:Military 9866:Maritime 9839:Economic 9832:By topic 9797:Postwar 9791:military 9786:civilian 9778:Interwar 9403:George V 9393:Victoria 9368:George I 9355:Monarchs 9279:(1996). 9267:(1990). 9216:(2001). 9194:(1998). 9175:(2004). 9106:(1994). 9052:(1997). 9018:(1998). 8776:20 April 8601:archived 8452:Republic 8363:30 March 8334:archived 8074:BBC News 7738:22 April 7734:, YouGov 7610:6 August 7590:20 April 7558:20 April 7520:20 April 7426:20 April 7379:20 April 7266:20 April 7220:20 April 7095:(2008). 7065:20 April 6760:Archived 6346:27 April 6124:royal.uk 5957:royal.uk 5932:archived 5642:See also 5529:Scotland 5521:Scotland 5494:Scotland 5378:Victoria 5271:and the 5155:in trust 5071:Finances 4898:and the 4775:India". 4722:overlord 4702:Leinster 4598:abdicate 4511:George V 4472:Victoria 4375:George I 4323:in 1707. 4193:Puritans 4165:James VI 4155:In 1603 4141:James VI 4107:James IV 4099:James II 4068:David II 4044:Margaret 3989:Duncan I 3972:tanistry 3838:Edward V 3799:Henry VI 3760:Isabella 3682:Crusades 3655:Henry II 3589:of 1066. 3481:and the 3463:peerages 3407:devolved 3323:prorogue 3110:and the 3087:and the 3072:and the 3029:and all 2927:Scotland 2756:Zimbabwe 2746:Portugal 2736:Pakistan 2681:Malaysia 2599:Barbados 2368:Anguilla 2293:Alderney 2288:Guernsey 2182:Scotland 2169:Counties 1976:2006 Act 1900:2016 Act 1896:2012 Act 1874:Scotland 1856:Assembly 1817:2006 Act 1748:2007 Act 1041:Governor 1015:Scotland 765:Agencies 459:a series 442:and the 297:Scotland 49:King of 15346:Ukraine 15291:Romania 15251:Moldova 15211:Ireland 15206:Iceland 15201:Hungary 15186:Germany 15181:Georgia 15171:Finland 15166:Estonia 15161:Denmark 15146:Croatia 15131:Belgium 15126:Belarus 15116:Austria 15111:Armenia 15106:Andorra 15101:Albania 15016:Ukraine 14961:Romania 14921:Moldova 14881:Ireland 14876:Iceland 14871:Hungary 14856:Germany 14851:Georgia 14841:Finland 14836:Estonia 14831:Denmark 14816:Croatia 14801:Belgium 14796:Belarus 14786:Austria 14781:Armenia 14776:Andorra 14771:Albania 14672:Eponyms 14553:Spencer 14205:As King 13958:Concert 13879:Coronet 13729:honours 13677:Jamaica 13672:Grenada 13529:Duchess 13477:Duchess 13455:Duchess 13443:Duchess 13431:Duchess 13414:Duchess 13251:Nigeria 13226:Ireland 13154:Tahuata 13129:Raiatea 13109:Huahine 13084:Abemama 13077:Oceania 13048:Tuscany 13003:Romania 12998:Prussia 12963:Navarre 12943:Majorca 12923:Ireland 12918:Imereti 12913:Iceland 12908:Hungary 12903:Hanover 12898:Granada 12888:Germany 12883:Georgia 12878:Galicia 12868:Finland 12858:Corsica 12853:Cilicia 12823:Bavaria 12813:Austria 12798:Albania 12770:Vietnam 12713:Sarawak 12703:Qu'aiti 12638:Kathiri 12601:Dapitan 12576:Bukhara 12525:Miskito 12447:Tunisia 12437:Shilluk 12347:Dahomey 12337:Burundi 12327:Bagirmi 12307:Adamawa 12226:Jamaica 12221:Grenada 12206:Bahamas 12170:Oceania 12120:Denmark 12115:Belgium 12110:Andorra 12025:Bahrain 12000:Morocco 11995:Lesotho 11974:Current 11965:Pharaoh 11918:Emperor 11857:Dynasty 11811:Regency 11791:Federal 11781:Diarchy 11735:Monarch 11584:Nigeria 11529:Ireland 11356:Jamaica 11346:Grenada 11316:Bahamas 11289:Current 11215:Outline 11188:Symbols 11178:Culture 11161:tourism 11156:Economy 11119:History 11101:Symbols 11091:Culture 11069:tourism 11064:Economy 11020:History 11002:Symbols 10992:Culture 10975:tourism 10970:Economy 10933:History 10915:Symbols 10905:Culture 10883:tourism 10878:Economy 10846:History 10838:England 10788:Theatre 10783:Symbols 10741:Cuisine 10718:Culture 10688:Suicide 10658:Poverty 10623:Housing 10611:England 10549:Society 10525:Driving 10497:Tourism 10415:Economy 10323:Cabinet 10123:Hunting 10106:English 10003:Geology 9986:Climate 9736:History 9617:History 9610:Related 9269:The Law 8996:18 June 8927:Hansard 8910:Hansard 8749:14 July 8720:14 July 8692:14 July 8667:14 July 8639:14 July 8515:18 June 8432:18 June 8310:18 June 8132:18 June 8029:18 June 7812:18 June 7765:18 June 7166:2192530 6548:14 July 6217:18 June 5849:4 April 5824:4 April 5819:Reuters 5525:Ireland 5498:England 5385:ordinal 5139:Bermuda 5133:of the 5005:Regency 4939:crowned 4825:of the 4515:Windsor 4476:Hanover 4365:was in 4236:Richard 4211:began. 4199:led to 4118:James V 4095:James I 4091:regents 4081:of the 4008:David I 3997:Malcolm 3993:Macbeth 3941:Britons 3795:Henry V 3730:of the 3643:Stephen 3639:Matilda 3635:Henry I 3633:, then 3531:History 3173:honours 3112:Cabinet 3050:statute 2909:England 2803:history 2764:Ireland 2651:Germany 2641:Denmark 2604:Belgium 2538:history 2374:Bermuda 2233:History 2189:History 2160:History 2061:Regions 2052:History 2045:England 1716:England 1202:1832–33 870:Speaker 682:Cabinet 357:Mary II 293:England 258:honours 205:by the 166:Website 106:Details 15372:Kosovo 15341:Turkey 15331:Sweden 15306:Serbia 15281:Poland 15276:Norway 15256:Monaco 15226:Latvia 15191:Greece 15176:France 15151:Cyprus 15042:Kosovo 15011:Turkey 15001:Sweden 14976:Serbia 14951:Poland 14946:Norway 14926:Monaco 14896:Latvia 14861:Greece 14846:France 14821:Cyprus 14660:(2023) 14652:(2010) 14644:(1989) 14636:(1980) 14599:(2021) 14583:(2014) 14575:(1981) 14556:(2021) 14548:(2021) 14500:(2005) 14492:(1996) 14484:(1992) 14463:(1982) 14455:(1982) 14447:(1981) 14425:(2023) 14417:(2023) 14409:(2016) 14401:(2007) 14393:(1994) 14385:(1969) 13805:(wife) 13796:Family 13712:Tuvalu 13667:Canada 13662:Belize 13639:Realms 13377:Prince 13358:Titles 13286:Uganda 13236:Malawi 13201:Guyana 13180:Ceylon 13159:Tahiti 13149:Rurutu 13104:Hawaii 13033:Serbia 13018:Saxony 13008:Russia 12893:Greece 12873:France 12863:Cyprus 12848:Crimea 12828:Bosnia 12803:Aragon 12791:Europe 12755:Taiwan 12725:Sikkim 12708:Ryukyu 12693:Najran 12591:Chehab 12571:Bengal 12520:Mexico 12505:Brazil 12432:Rwanda 12412:Maravi 12312:Ankole 12300:Africa 12292:Former 12273:Tuvalu 12216:Canada 12211:Belize 12155:Sweden 12145:Norway 12135:Monaco 12102:Europe 12055:Kuwait 12050:Jordan 12035:Brunei 12030:Bhutan 11982:Africa 11955:Sultan 11906:Titles 11820:Topics 11656:Uganda 11549:Malawi 11514:Guyana 11479:Ceylon 11462:Former 11438:Tuvalu 11336:Canada 11326:Belize 11236:Portal 11134:Senedd 10851:social 10736:Cinema 10731:Anthem 10673:Racism 10628:Hunger 10601:Health 10454:Income 10439:Budget 10136:mining 10076:marine 10046:Energy 10018:Rivers 9991:change 9844:Empire 9821:social 9806:social 9287: 9224: 9202: 9151: 9114: 9092: 9026: 8881: 8849:slaves 8595: 8484:Forbes 8171: 7960:14 May 7945:14 May 7930:14 May 7885:14 May 7862:14 May 7832:10 May 7526: 7479: 7432: 7385: 7302: 7272: 7226: 7172: 7164: 7139:824318 7137: 7107: 5982:GOV.UK 5897: 5867: 5490:lances 5432:Garter 5200:Coutts 5187:Forbes 5141:. The 5063:; and 4894:, the 4810:YouGov 4805:YouGov 4706:vassal 4571:Canada 4361:later 4001:Lulach 3953:Scotti 3929:, and 3888:Mary I 3822:Barnet 3647:barons 3607:Mercia 3599:Wessex 3595:Viking 3501:immune 3477:, the 3473:, the 3452:pardon 3427:Senedd 3229:, the 3052:or by 2809:Brexit 2741:Poland 2706:Russia 2701:Norway 2661:Israel 2646:France 2636:Cyprus 2619:Canada 2614:Brunei 2609:Belize 2009:Senedd 363:, the 15326:Spain 15246:Malta 15216:Italy 14996:Spain 14916:Malta 14886:Italy 14752:Heads 14588:Diana 14564:Plays 14015:Kenya 13984:Reign 13953:Medal 13782:Flags 13370:Queen 13241:Malta 13231:Kenya 13206:India 13196:Ghana 13023:Savoy 13013:Samos 12928:Italy 12775:Yemen 12750:Tibet 12745:Syria 12698:Nepal 12673:Mahra 12653:Kumul 12648:Korea 12643:Khiva 12622:Qajar 12606:Hejaz 12596:China 12581:Burma 12510:Haiti 12500:Aztec 12417:Mwali 12407:Maore 12387:Libya 12382:Kongo 12377:Kaffa 12372:Gumma 12367:Gomma 12362:Ghana 12352:Egypt 12332:Bornu 12317:Aussa 12178:Tonga 12150:Spain 12070:Qatar 12045:Japan 11559:Malta 11539:Kenya 11524:India 11504:Ghana 11222:Index 11111:Wales 10778:Sport 10768:Music 10763:Media 10703:Waste 10566:Crime 10530:Roads 10427:Banks 10151:flora 10146:fauna 10116:Welsh 10091:solar 9946:Towns 9485:Legal 8969:9 May 8567:7 May 7732:(PDF) 7634:(PDF) 7623:(PDF) 7170:S2CID 7162:JSTOR 7135:JSTOR 6990:, BBC 6763:(PDF) 6756:(PDF) 6511:9 May 6484:9 May 6451:(PDF) 6444:(PDF) 5863:e.g. 5737:Notes 5482:Latin 5458:Scots 5314:Style 4917:Upon 3949:Gaels 3937:Picts 3828:, at 3693:Latin 3285:when 3276:In a 3225:(the 3056:, to 3027:notes 2940:Wales 2721:Spain 2686:Malta 2676:Kenya 2671:Japan 2666:Italy 2656:India 2624:China 2226:Wales 1948:Wales 1079:Coins 305:Wales 171:royal 111:Style 14434:Film 14286:The 14054:2024 14049:2023 14037:2024 14032:2023 13365:King 13186:Fiji 12740:Sulu 12719:Shan 12663:Laos 12628:Iraq 12618:Iran 12586:Cebu 12566:Asir 12554:Asia 12515:Inca 12462:Yeke 12402:Mali 12392:Luba 12241:Niue 12091:list 12065:Oman 12017:Asia 12006:list 11960:Shah 11950:Tsar 11945:khan 11940:Raja 11923:King 11764:Type 11484:Fiji 11381:Niue 11280:and 10746:Wine 10362:list 10350:list 10328:list 10224:LGBT 10096:wind 10056:coal 9363:Anne 9285:ISBN 9222:ISBN 9200:ISBN 9179:and 9149:ISBN 9128:and 9112:ISBN 9090:ISBN 9024:ISBN 8998:2010 8971:2011 8892:2018 8879:ISBN 8858:2018 8839:2018 8813:2008 8778:2008 8751:2009 8722:2009 8694:2009 8669:2009 8641:2009 8609:2020 8593:ISSN 8569:2024 8517:2010 8491:2011 8465:2015 8434:2010 8411:2009 8381:2009 8365:2012 8356:FAQs 8342:2020 8312:2010 8289:2011 8261:2022 8236:2011 8223:FAQs 8208:2022 8169:ISBN 8134:2010 8107:2022 8082:2022 8057:2022 8031:2010 8008:2008 7985:2013 7962:2010 7947:2010 7932:2010 7910:2011 7887:2009 7864:2009 7834:2009 7814:2010 7787:2008 7767:2010 7740:2023 7713:2023 7705:Time 7685:2022 7658:2011 7642:2011 7612:2016 7592:2008 7560:2008 7522:2008 7475:2008 7428:2008 7381:2008 7344:2008 7313:2018 7300:ISBN 7268:2008 7222:2008 7105:ISBN 7067:2008 6996:2008 6550:2022 6513:2008 6486:2008 6459:2008 6425:2008 6398:2011 6371:2008 6348:2008 6296:2008 6268:2023 6243:2023 6219:2010 6176:2008 6131:2023 6048:2008 5990:2023 5964:2023 5940:2018 5895:ISBN 5851:2023 5826:2023 5776:2022 5602:and 5590:and 5507:The 5496:and 5488:and 5472:, "' 5446:". ( 5413:The 5403:Arms 5376:and 5298:and 5176:and 5161:and 5137:and 5106:, a 5019:The 5013:and 4872:and 4704:, a 4553:and 4357:The 4292:Anne 4267:Mary 4122:Mary 3965:Alba 3674:John 3672:and 3581:The 3571:and 3521:1947 3517:tort 3337:The 3148:The 3130:and 2866:NATO 2299:Sark 2252:list 2139:list 2112:list 2102:list 2070:list 1677:2016 1672:2011 1667:1975 1649:Next 1644:2021 1639:2016 1634:2011 1629:2007 1624:2003 1619:1999 1601:Next 1596:2022 1591:2017 1586:2016 1581:2011 1576:2007 1571:2003 1566:1998 1548:Next 1543:2021 1538:2016 1533:2011 1528:2007 1523:2003 1518:1999 1500:2019 1495:2014 1490:2009 1485:2004 1480:1999 1475:1994 1470:1989 1465:1984 1460:1979 1442:2024 1437:2019 1432:2017 1427:2015 1422:2010 1417:2005 1412:2001 1407:1997 1402:1992 1397:1987 1392:1983 1387:1979 1372:1970 1367:1966 1362:1964 1357:1959 1352:1955 1347:1951 1342:1950 1337:1945 1332:1935 1327:1931 1322:1929 1317:1924 1312:1923 1307:1922 1302:1918 1287:1906 1282:1900 1277:1895 1272:1892 1267:1886 1262:1885 1257:1880 1252:1874 1247:1868 1242:1865 1237:1859 1232:1857 1227:1852 1222:1847 1217:1841 1212:1837 1207:1835 1197:1831 1192:1830 1187:1826 1182:1820 1177:1818 1172:1812 1167:1807 1162:1806 1157:1802 1094:and 809:King 713:list 687:list 560:list 355:and 331:and 295:and 287:and 264:the 260:and 181:The 14288:Sun 12948:Man 11151:Law 11059:Law 10965:Law 10873:Law 10726:Art 10236:Law 8548:UK 7511:doi 7464:doi 7417:doi 7370:doi 7257:doi 7211:doi 7154:doi 7127:doi 5511:of 5480:" ( 4941:in 4856:or 4747:to 3951:or 3507:or 3010:or 3008:His 2871:G20 912:MPs 387:. 283:of 173:.uk 15442:: 14473:, 14013:; 13224:/ 13212:, 9238:. 9183:. 9165:. 9132:. 9064:. 8948:^ 8925:. 8907:. 8843:; 8829:. 8737:, 8712:, 8701:^ 8684:, 8659:, 8648:^ 8627:, 8616:^ 8599:, 8591:, 8585:, 8558:. 8535:; 8508:, 8482:. 8449:. 8388:^ 8332:, 8328:, 8252:. 8194:. 8183:^ 8115:^ 8098:. 8072:. 8047:, 7950:; 7935:; 7841:^ 7817:; 7770:; 7702:. 7674:. 7645:; 7625:, 7615:; 7602:, 7595:; 7576:, 7503:. 7456:. 7409:. 7362:. 7321:^ 7284:^ 7249:. 7203:. 7177:; 7168:, 7160:, 7150:38 7148:, 7142:; 7133:, 7121:, 7115:; 6540:. 6475:, 6311:. 6259:. 6234:. 6151:^ 6122:. 6104:. 6073:, 6067:, 6050:. 6034:. 6030:. 6012:. 6006:. 5980:. 5955:. 5930:, 5924:, 5871:. 5869:11 5842:. 5817:. 5767:. 5606:. 5586:, 5500:. 5372:, 5165:. 5059:; 5055:; 5051:; 5047:; 5043:; 4964:. 4914:. 4860:. 4751:. 4724:. 4628:. 4616:. 4585:. 4577:, 4573:, 4416:. 4377:, 4109:. 3925:, 3875:. 3852:. 3523:. 3511:. 3485:. 3441:. 3353:. 3163:, 3122:, 3041:. 2876:G7 2854:P5 2805:) 2549:/ 2196:: 2167:: 2114:) 2059:: 1982:, 1978:, 1898:, 461:on 446:. 276:. 14738:e 14731:t 14724:v 14469:( 13944:) 13940:( 13609:e 13602:t 13595:v 13531:) 13527:( 13324:e 13317:t 13310:v 13218:) 13208:( 12783:) 12777:( 12624:) 12620:( 11716:e 11709:t 11702:v 11662:) 11658:( 11652:) 11648:( 11642:) 11638:( 11632:) 11628:( 11622:) 11618:( 11612:) 11608:( 11600:) 11596:( 11590:) 11586:( 11575:) 11571:( 11565:) 11561:( 11555:) 11551:( 11545:) 11541:( 11535:) 11531:( 11520:) 11516:( 11510:) 11506:( 11500:) 11496:( 11490:) 11486:( 11475:) 11471:( 11454:) 11450:( 11444:) 11440:( 11434:) 11430:( 11424:) 11420:( 11414:) 11410:( 11404:) 11400:( 11394:) 11390:( 11362:) 11358:( 11352:) 11348:( 11342:) 11338:( 11332:) 11328:( 11322:) 11318:( 11312:) 11308:( 11302:) 11298:( 11270:e 11263:t 11256:v 10483:) 10479:( 9719:e 9712:t 9705:v 9339:e 9332:t 9325:v 9293:. 9250:. 9230:. 9208:. 9157:. 9120:. 9098:. 9032:. 8894:. 8860:. 8841:. 8571:. 8493:. 8467:. 8263:. 8210:. 8177:. 8109:. 8084:. 7715:. 7687:. 7524:. 7513:: 7477:. 7466:: 7430:. 7419:: 7383:. 7372:: 7315:. 7270:. 7259:: 7224:. 7213:: 7156:: 7129:: 7123:3 7113:. 6552:. 6270:. 6245:. 6133:. 5992:. 5966:. 5907:. 5853:. 5828:. 5778:. 5753:. 5460:" 5329:" 4620:" 4427:. 3918:. 3691:( 3564:. 3134:. 3095:. 2979:e 2972:t 2965:v 2801:( 2540:) 2536:( 2449:) 2430:( 2302:) 2286:( 2254:) 2250:( 2141:) 2137:( 2110:( 2104:) 2100:( 2072:) 2068:( 1986:) 1974:( 1967:) 1963:( 1902:) 1894:( 1819:) 1815:( 1750:) 1746:( 1109:) 1105:( 945:) 941:( 894:) 892:C 890:( 796:) 792:( 748:) 746:L 744:( 727:) 725:L 723:( 715:) 711:( 701:) 699:L 697:( 689:) 685:( 658:) 654:( 562:) 558:( 509:) 505:( 41:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.