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562:"The steps were full of Kefaya people and I was on the edge of the crowd. There was a cordon of security and riot policemen on the street. I saw a group of NDP people come down the streets – they had Mubarak posters – and there were at least 20 riot police walking with them, looking like they were protecting them. The police at the bottom of the steps opened the cordon to let the NDP gang through to the demonstrators. The next thing I knew a gang of about 20 or 30 NDP guys came at us from the left."
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298:, opposition activists and intellectuals were galvanised into action. In August, a petition was circulated which demanded fundamental constitutional and economic reforms, but most importantly direct presidential elections with competing candidates. The 300 signatories of what became Kefaya's founding declaration called for "democracy and reform to take root in Egypt." Then in October 2004,
669:, Kefaya "are not effective among the masses and they will not reach the point where we see millions of Egyptians take to the streets … instead of slogans I want practical solutions to problems." Unless they can broaden their base of support into key urban and rural areas, they may indeed remain "a group of intellectuals screaming and shouting in political forums and magazines."
88:
527:, held its own demonstrations calling for political reform, while university professors held a silent protest on 19 April calling for an end to state control of campuses. The previous month Misr Digital, the country's first independent digital newspaper, was launched quickly becoming the main source of information on Kefaya's activities.
631:
Following the elections, it was predicted in some quarters that Kefaya would disappear from the political scene. In response to this, a huge rally was organised in Cairo to coincide with the
President's swearing-in ceremony on 27 September which organisers claimed was attended by over 5,000 people.
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The evolution of this protest movement into Kefaya occurred during the summer of 2004. Speculation, fuelled by state-controlled media, had been mounting that major changes in top-level political personnel were to be announced. The much-anticipated cabinet reshuffle in July resulted in only cosmetic
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It has also been criticised for failing to reach beyond "an exclusive, Cairo-based intellectual crowd," offering a "lofty discourse on human rights and democracy" but no practical solutions to the problems
Egyptians face on a daily basis, such as poverty, unemployment, poor access to education and
623:
Although ten candidates stood for the presidency, the election results came as little surprise. President
Mubarak won with 88.6% of the vote. However, of 32 million eligible voters, only seven million cast their ballot, meaning just six million had voted to re-elect the President for a further six
246:
While it first came to public attention in the summer of 2004, and achieved a much greater profile during the 2005 constitutional referendum and presidential election campaigns, it subsequently lost momentum, suffering from internal dissent, leadership change, and a more general frustration at the
402:
Kefaya had continued its campaign for political reform since its
December demonstration, attracting increasing attention from the government. A rally planned for 18 January was banned, while in the same month political scientist and leading activist Mohamed El-Sayed Said, was removed from a panel
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However, the government was emboldened by its May success, and increased its pressure on Kefaya and the other opposition parties. At a rally held in Cairo on 30 July to protest against
President Mubarak's intention to seek a fifth term, 200 activists were attacked by uniformed and plain clothed
603:
Throughout the summer, inspired by Kefaya's example, a series of opposition groups sprang up, all seeking to expand freedoms in specific areas of society. They included
Journalists for Change, Doctors for Change, Workers for Change and Youth for Change, which had been founded on the eve of the
538:
Throughout this period, while police and security forces continued to harass Kefaya and other opposition activists, there was no full-scale crackdown. In effect, a stand-off had developed: while the opposition was not strong enough to topple the government, the government was equally unable to
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In the autumn, Kefaya joined a group of other opposition parties to form the
National Front for Change to fight parliamentary elections that took place between November and December. The joint effort resulted in only 12 seats, however. While the NDP dominated Assembly with 388 seats, the big
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as "not just to prevent a demonstration, but also to physically punish those daring to protest
President Mubarak's candidacy." The tactics seemed to have an effect when Kefaya was forced to abandon its plan of inviting several prominent figures to run against the President when no names were
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etc., some of which have deep-rooted ideological differences, and have even clashed in the past. Activists frequently stress that it is not a political party aiming to achieve power, but a "national coalition movement" united by the common goal of seeking an end to
President Mubarak's rule.
576:, Kefaya's co-ordinator at the time, attributed to international attention on Egypt: "There are 1,800 foreign correspondents watching the elections; do you think the regime would should show its hideous face to the world? They behaved the way they did because of the huge media presence."
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They carried banners and chanted slogans attacking the
President and his regime, including "6 millions voted yes, 70 millions say no." The rally culminated in a mass oath by Kefaya members, promising to continue their opposition to the President and his plans to pass power to his son.
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Despite the setback of the constitutional referendum, Kefaya sought to maintain the pressure on the government ahead of the presidential poll on 7 September. On 8 June, 2,000 people representing a cross-section of the Egyptian opposition took part in a candle-lit vigil in front of the
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The opposition were scathing in their criticism of the NDP. Hussein Abderazzek of the left-wing Tagammu party declared: "The NDP will not only choose its own candidate but also his competitors," while Kefaya accused the party of "aborting people's hopes for freedom and democracy."
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remained among ordinary Egyptian people as a result of 53 years of bans on protests, along with crackdowns on and detentions of opposition activists. Mohammed El-Sayed Said described Kefaya's problem thus: "Ordinary Egyptians want democracy but will not fight for it."
766:. He faces the difficult task of renewing the movement following further constitutional changes approved by a referendum in March 2007. The changes, which make it even harder for political parties to operate and extend the state's security powers, are described by
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whose candidates, running as independents because of the ban on the party, won 88 seats. Talking about the coalition's disappointing showing, Kefaya spokesman Abdel-Halim Qandil said "it will take time and effort for the public to believe in its effectiveness."
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described President Mubarak's plans as "an act of minimalism intended to deflect domestic and international pressure." Kefaya immediately denounced the proposals as "theatrics" and a "fake reform" designed merely as a "reformulation of the dictatorship".
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would need to have been licensed for a minimum of 5 years and have at least 5% of seats in the lower and upper house. This move seemed designed to place even greater pressure on established opposition parties, in particular the already-proscribed
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on directly criticising and challenging the President, it remains to be seen whether unity within such a disparate movement can be maintained long enough for it to broaden its appeal beyond its urban roots and become a genuine popular movement.
620:"We are showing Egyptians that we can challenge the ruler, we can tell him we don't want you, that's enough, you go, and we can do this in public and still go back to our homes, maybe with some wounds or some bruises, but we still go home."
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in October 2000. The pro-Intifada demonstrations were particularly notable as they involved a new generation of previously non-politicised youth and, as a direct consequence, resulted in a revival of Egyptian street politics.
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Egypt's judiciary, regarded as having almost replaced the opposition in the past, put additional pressure on the government over the issue of the domestic monitoring of elections. At a meeting on 15 April of the Alexandria
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The run-up to the referendum saw popular demands for reform "skyrocket." Kefaya held regular protests, calling for the "cancellation of the state of emergency law and all special laws that restrict freedoms"
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would require the support of at least 250 elected officials from national or local bodies. As these were controlled by the NDP, it would be virtually impossible for signatures to be collected. In addition,
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on 25 May to approve changes to the constitution that would allow the first ever direct, multi-candidate elections for the presidency. The second was the presidential election itself, held on 7 September.
275:, and their protests in turn developed into the first public demonstrations against President Mubarak since he had taken office. The anti-war protest of 20 March 2003 – from which the anti-war movement
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to enable multiple candidates to contest presidential elections directly for the first time. Under the old system, the election process was indirect: the candidate was nominated and confirmed by the
381:. We want them to put away their fears, and demand their political and economic rights." Another member, Dr Mohamed Al-Saed Idris, an academic, called it "a national cry against the status quo."
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After the high-profile campaigns of 2005, Kefaya has found itself in the political doldrums. Its challenge became how to operate in what had apparently become a largely "apolitical society". A
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street tactics." Then, at the end of 2006, a more serious split occurred after an anonymous article was posted on Kefaya's website apparently supporting an anti-veil stance advocated by
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535:, 1,200 judges threatened to withdraw their supervision of presidential and parliamentary elections unless they were guaranteed independence and control of all stages of elections.
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Kefaya's first rally, held on 12 December, was an historic event, being the first occasion a protest had been organised solely to demand that the President step down. Surrounded by
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who was spokesman for the movement until the beginning of 2007, emphasised that the use of the word "Kefaya" was designed to connect with the general public: "Our movement targets
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Amongst the victims of the brutality were two women who were beaten and sexually molested. The opposition were unified in their condemnation and demanded the resignation of the
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While Kefaya first emerged in 2004, its origins can be found in earlier strands of political protest, beginning with the solidarity committees that spread throughout
2465:
243:; political corruption and stagnation; "the blurring of the lines between power and wealth; and the regime's cruelty, coercion and disregard for human rights."
653:" and a strong opposition network to press the regime, neither of which have materialised. Moreover, in the aftermath of the 2005 presidential elections, the
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stamp-out the opposition, at least partly in fear of the international outcry that would follow. Egyptians described the situation as "political congestion".
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743:, announced their intention to quit the movement. One, Magdi Ahmed Hussein, declared that Kefaya had "failed to find the middle ground between the
520:, job creation and education. In April, simultaneous demonstrations were planned in 13 cities under a banner of "No Constitution Without Freedom".
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On 25 May, the day of the referendum, demonstrations organised by Kefaya in front of the Press Syndicate headquarters and Sa'd Zaghlul Shrine in
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Jeremy M Sharp, Egypt: 2005 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections, Report for Congress, Congressional Research Service, 21 September 2005
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in which he exhorted his fellow citizens to "withdraw their long-abused consent to be governed" – in effect, a call for civil disobedience.
731:". There have been disputes over tactics between the movement and Youth for Change, particularly over what have been termed the latter's "
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stated: "Kefaya has remained essentially a protest movement, targeting Mubarak personally and articulating a bitter rejection of the
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Despite its importance in becoming a "model of dissent", Kefaya has been criticised on a number of levels. It promised both mass "
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1223:"Reforming Egypt: In Search of a Strategy," International Crisis Group. Middle East/North Africa Report No. 46, 4 October 2005
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Kefaya came of age in 2005, a year which saw two events of great significance in Egyptian politics. The first was a
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Described as a "loose knit umbrella of diverse political trends," Kefaya represents a "new style" of opposition in
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The timing of the President's announcement was significant, coming only a few weeks after the close of the annual
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Kareem M Kamel, Simmering Discontent – The Persistence of Popular Protest in Egypt, IslamOnline.Net, 23 May 2005
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period (1 November to 31 January) specified under Article 5 of Egypt's constitution. When the specifics of the
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on Youtube. Does not contain Explicit Content or Foul language. Related links might contain explicit content.
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Ahmed Fathy & Hamdy Al Husseini, Egypt's Kefaya Holds "Swear-In" Demo, IslamOnline.Net, 28 September 2005
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to cancel a proposed visit to the country in protest at the arrest and imprisonment of opposition politician
317:. They "remained mostly silent and taped over their mouths a large yellow sticker emblazoned with 'Kefaya'."
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Kefaya's activities served as a catalyst for other opposition groups. Egypt's largest opposition party, the
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Frederick Deknatel, US skirts the issue of Egypt's constitutional referendum, The Daily Star, 22 March 2007
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600:. It was described as "the most organised and impressive demonstration by the reform movement to date."
302:, one of Egypt's most respected judges, presented what soon came to be regarded as the movement's first
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739:, the Minister of Culture. Although the article was subsequently removed, seven key figures, all pro-
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looked on. A reporter gave an eyewitness account of what happened in front of the press building:
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the movement joined the protests that had been initiated by younger internet-savvy agitators via
583:, but Egyptian judges challenged a government turnout figure of 52%, saying it was closer to 5%.
569:, Habib al-'Adli. In addition, Kefaya held protests every Wednesday for the rest of the summer.
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were presented by lawmakers, the opposition's fears seemed justified. Under the new rules, each
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Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in 2005, Congressional Research Service, 8 March 2006
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Khalil Al-Anany, "Egypt's democratisation: reality or mirage?" OpenDemocracy.net, 10 May 2005
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changes, however, and saw the installation of a number of supporters of the President's son,
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Benjamin Rey, "Will the Kefaya movement be enough to change Egypt?" CafeBabel, 29 March 2005
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758:, stepped down in January 2007 to be replaced by Abdel-Wahab El-Messiri, a renowned anti-
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derived its name – was one of the biggest spontaneous demonstrations in Egypt's history.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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as part of efforts to spread democracy – the so-called "forward strategy for freedom."
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1102:, "Rhetorical Acrobatics and Reputations: Egypt's National Council for Human Rights,"
239:'s presidency and the possibility he might seek to transfer power directly to his son
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Magdi Abdelhadi, "Winds of Change Blow Through Egypt Politics," BBC News, 20 May 2005
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ilgha'halat al-tawari'wa kafat al-qawanin al-istithna 'iyya al-muqayyada lil-hurriyat
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Joshua Muravchik, Among Arab Reformers, Commentary, Vol. 120, No. 2, September 2005
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years. Most of the defeated candidates challenged these results on the grounds of
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Chris Toensing, US Stays with Egyptian Dictator, Middle East Report, 30 June 2005
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Negar Azimi, "Egypt's youth have had enough," OpenDemocracy.net, 1 September 2005
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Mona El-Ghobashy, Egypt's Paradoxical Elections, Middle east Report, Spring 2006
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apparent inability of Egypt's political opposition to force the pace of reform.
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movement. It draws its support from a cosmopolitan range of sources including
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caused consternation when he announced a proposal to amend Article 76 of the
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1214:, The Brotherhood Goes to Parliament, Middle East Report, No. 240, Fall 2006
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Despite these incidents, there was no serious violence on voting day, which
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in March 2003, these protesters formed the backbone of Egypt's highly vocal
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Egypt: Calls for reform met with brutality, Human Rights Watch, 26 May 2005
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Heba Saleh, "Re-Birth of Egyptian Politics," BBC News, 5 September 2005
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baheyya.blogspot.com, Kefaya: Asking the Right Questions, 30 April 2005
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had been putting pressure on key regional allies, especially Egypt and
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430:(NDP), before being approved in a nationwide "yes" or "no" referendum.
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public services, etc. Thus, according to Abdel Fattah, an academic at
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the elections. One of Kefaya's founding members, Hany Anan, declared:
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Tarek Osman, Egypt's phantom messiah, OpenDemocracy.net, 12 July 2006
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police wielding truncheons. The decision to do this was described by
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as the "greatest erosion of human rights" since the introduction of
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The immediate repercussion to this announcement was the decision by
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Sarah Korshid, "A Cry of Distress," IslamOnline.net, 25 August 2005
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scholar and former member of both the Egyptian Communist Party and
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Moreover, recently Kefaya has been described as suffering from an "
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rather than a constructive vision of how it might be transformed."
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National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
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Noha El-Hennawy, "Business as Usual," Egypt Today, February 2006
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which prior to the 2011 revolution drew its support from across
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516:). In addition, they attacked the government for its record on
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235:'s political spectrum. It was a platform for protest against
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Mona El-Ghobashy, "Egypt looks ahead to a portentous year,"
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transfer of power similar to that which had occurred in
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Egypt's opposition pushes demands as protests continue
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National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
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of parts of this article (those related to category)
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referendum and became Kefaya's unofficial youth arm.
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by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p.136-7
800:
1063:'Kefaya' in Egypt, Washington Post, 15 March 2005
1050:Youssef M Ibrahim, 'Kefaya': A Word, A Movement,
698:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
4261:Organisations of the Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)
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613:forthcoming. Instead, it adopted a strategy of
555:supporters and plain-clothes policemen, whilst
27:Egyptian advocacy organization founded in 2004
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1414:An unofficial "Kefaya, Kifaya" song and video
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896:Hossam El Hamalawy, "Comrades and Brothers,"
1409:about recent Kifaya demonstrations in Egypt.
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490:that wished to put their candidates on the
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1366:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
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1145:, "Egypt's 2000 Parliamentary Elections,"
1126:Amira Howeidy, "A Chronology of Dissent,"
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222:el-Haraka el-Masreyya men agl el-Taghyeer
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1253:Mohamed El-Sayed, "Divided They Stand,"
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754:The movement's co-ordinator since 2004,
30:For the traditional Arab headdress, see
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920:
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903:
14:
4218:
987:
957:
863:"AbdelGelil Mostafa joins ElAdl Party"
369:Abdel-Halim Qandil, the editor of the
200:
3650:
3461:
3284:
3125:
2644:
2605:
1424:
1235:
1195:
1179:
1084:
1013:
980:
978:
579:The referendum approved the proposed
4200:
1728:Syrian Revolution General Commission
915:
676:
190:
36:
4190:
1217:
1170:
1161:
672:
218:
24:
4271:Political opposition organizations
1778:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
1693:Society for Development and Change
975:
448:(Tomorrow) Party. More generally,
25:
4282:
3571:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
1407:Al Ahram Article by Jailan Halawi
1391:Egypt's next vote: How different?
1296:
287:, in important government posts.
267:Following the US-led invasion of
4256:Organizations of the Arab Spring
4199:
4189:
4179:
4170:
4169:
3428:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
2631:
2586:
2585:
1301:
1006:Shaden Shehab, "That's Enough,"
803:
681:
596:of Saad Zaghoul, one of Egypt's
141:
86:
41:
4236:Nonviolent resistance movements
3912:Identification card controversy
2379:Libyan civil war (2011–present)
1758:Constitutional Democratic Rally
1623:National Association for Change
1450:
1281:
1269:
777:Having successfully broken the
320:
2818:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
2029:Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
869:
855:
542:
205:, "enough") is the unofficial
13:
1:
3126:
1773:Tunisian General Labour Union
1663:National Transitional Council
1463:Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam
1149:, Vol. VIII, No. 2, June 2001
849:
384:
219:الحركة المصرية من أجل التغيير
81:الحركة المصرية من أجل التغيير
4266:2004 establishments in Egypt
4226:Egyptian democracy movements
3445:Twin towns and sister cities
3285:
2957:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
2004:Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf
1702:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
644:
636:opposition winners were the
459:, to introduce some form of
211:Egyptian Movement for Change
7:
4231:Egyptian revolution of 2011
3973:Vehicle registration plates
3651:
3627:Water supply and sanitation
3462:
2645:
2384:Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)
1593:February 14 Youth Coalition
796:
259:following the start of the
10:
4287:
3632:Water resources management
1356:International Crisis Group
655:International Crisis Group
628:and other irregularities.
410:Then on 26 February 2005,
250:
29:
4165:
3991:
3663:
3659:
3646:
3527:Impact on the environment
3517:Entrepreneurship policies
3470:
3457:
3293:
3280:
3134:
3121:
3089:
2991:
2657:
2653:
2640:
2581:
2522:
2491:
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2392:
2224:
1821:
1808:General People's Congress
1788:Alliance of Yemeni Tribes
1628:National Democratic Party
1577:
1471:
1458:
1396:Christian Science Monitor
1382:Op-ed discussing 'kifaya'
1331:Middle East Report Online
587:The presidential election
581:constitutional amendments
428:National Democratic Party
398:Constitutional amendments
170:
154:
134:
116:
102:
94:
85:
80:
50:This article needs to be
3298:Administrative divisions
2974:2011 Egyptian revolution
2915:1952 Egyptian revolution
2711:Lighthouse of Alexandria
2466:death of Muammar Gaddafi
1854:Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
1829:Women in the Arab Spring
1658:National Liberation Army
1638:Revolutionary Socialists
1633:National Salvation Front
1336:Al-Ahram English Edition
479:constitutional amendment
3502:Egyptian stock exchange
2435:International reactions
2196:Abdul Majeed al-Zindani
2119:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
1999:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
1889:Mohamed Hussein Tantawy
1733:Syrian National Council
1683:Women to drive movement
507:The referendum campaign
3833:International rankings
2838:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
2216:Mohammed Ali al-Houthi
2074:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
1673:February 25th Movement
1603:April 6 Youth Movement
1290:, BBC News, 1 Feb 2011
829:April 6 Youth Movement
787:2011 Egyptian protests
129:Free and fair election
3438:Terrorism and tourism
2896:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2728:Library of Alexandria
2461:military intervention
2211:Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
2186:Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi
2166:United Arab Emirates:
1974:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
1371:Editorial on 'kifaya'
1310:at Wikimedia Commons
1257:, 21–27 December 2006
839:Nonviolent resistance
768:Amnesty International
435:US Secretary of State
426:), controlled by the
4149:World Heritage Sites
3968:Units of measurement
3423:Proposed new capital
3169:Environmental issues
2930:United Arab Republic
2823:Muhammad Ali dynasty
2109:Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
1914:Khaled Mohamed Saeed
1839:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
1210:Samer Shehata &
900:No. 242, Spring 2007
329:, with parallels to
3821:Freedom of religion
3716:Mass sexual assault
3081:Timekeeping devices
2979:2013 Rabaa massacre
2952:Egyptian–Libyan War
2201:Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar
2134:Rashid al-Ghannushi
2089:Wael Nader al-Halqi
1979:Mustafa Abdul-Jelil
1869:Ali Jawad al-Sheikh
1376:The Washington Post
1278:reports, 2 Feb 2011
785:At the time of the
466:The Washington Post
77:
4011:Art (contemporary)
3691:Capital punishment
3581:Telecommunications
3258:Towns and villages
3226:Qattara Depression
3039:Muslim Brotherhood
3009:Cigarette industry
2869:British occupation
2780:Crusader invasions
2750:Rashidun Caliphate
2507:domestic responses
2492:Domestic reactions
2181:Ali Abdullah Saleh
2124:Mohamed Ghannouchi
1613:Muslim Brotherhood
1361:Human Rights Watch
1324:2008-02-09 at the
1147:Middle East Policy
1104:Middle East Report
1010:, 29 December 2005
952:Middle East Report
898:Middle East Report
876:Egypt on the Brink
819:Saad Eddin Ibrahim
764:Muslim Brotherhood
651:civil disobedience
638:Muslim Brotherhood
610:Human Rights Watch
525:Muslim Brotherhood
497:Muslim Brotherhood
475:voter registration
450:American President
202:[keˈfæːjæ]
161:Abdelgelil Mostafa
73:
4241:Politics of Egypt
4213:
4212:
4161:
4160:
4157:
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4085:Football stadiums
4016:Botanical gardens
3895:Catholic dioceses
3787:Gender inequality
3711:Human trafficking
3642:
3641:
3576:Tallest buildings
3537:Military industry
3453:
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3394:Political parties
3347:Islamic extremism
3335:Foreign relations
3276:
3275:
3117:
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2857:French occupation
2775:Fatimid Caliphate
2770:Ikhshidid dynasty
2599:
2598:
2144:Beji Caid Essebsi
2084:Riyad Farid Hijab
1924:Mohamed ElBaradei
1472:Events by country
1306:Media related to
1143:Mona Makram-Ebeid
954:, 2 February 2005
717:
716:
567:interior minister
551:were attacked by
488:political parties
420:People's Assembly
412:President Mubarak
335:Orange Revolution
273:anti-war movement
180:
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121:Liberal democracy
71:
70:
16:(Redirected from
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3978:Waste management
3743:Academic grading
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3620:Railway stations
3598:Cultural tourism
3497:Economic regions
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2792:Mamluk Sultanate
2723:Diocese of Egypt
2706:Battle of Actium
2655:
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2603:
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2154:Mohamed Bouazizi
2059:Hassan al-Turabi
2034:Khaled al-Johani
1989:Mohammed Nabbous
1954:Marouf al-Bakhit
1949:King Abdullah II
1748:Foreign fighters
1723:Free Syrian Army
1711:National Command
1706:Regional Command
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673:Future prospects
667:Cairo University
461:electoral reform
444:, leader of the
438:Condoleezza Rice
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4144:Public holidays
4134:National anthem
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3843:Egyptian Arabic
3753:Medical schools
3655:
3638:
3554:Nuclear program
3466:
3449:
3379:Nationality law
3372:Supreme Council
3357:Law enforcement
3289:
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3248:Sinai Peninsula
3231:Red Sea Riviera
3130:
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2874:1919 revolution
2862:Revolt of Cairo
2787:Ayyubid dynasty
2765:Tulunid dynasty
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2304:Iraqi Kurdistan
2234:Occupy movement
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2191:Tawakkol Karman
2129:Moncef Marzouki
2099:Burhan Ghalioun
2069:Bashar al-Assad
2039:Manal al-Sharif
1969:Muammar Gaddafi
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1326:Wayback Machine
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424:Majlis al-Sha'b
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300:Tarek El-Bishry
261:Second Intifada
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187:Egyptian Arabic
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3507:Egyptian pound
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2054:Omar al-Bashir
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2019:Abbas El Fassi
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4001:Architecture
3890:Christianity
3870:Prostitution
3816:Human rights
3775:Abaza family
3763:Universities
3728:Demographics
3681:Billionaires
3325:Constitution
3320:Conscription
3303:Governorates
3184:Halfaya Pass
3054:1954–present
3014:Constitution
2969:2010s Crisis
2881:World War II
2843:Urabi revolt
2760:Islamization
2694:31st Dynasty
2689:27th Dynasty
2548:Saudi Arabia
2269:Burkina Faso
2177:
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2065:
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2044:Nimr al-Nimr
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1899:Ahmed Shafik
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165:George Isaac
136:Area served
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4195:WikiProject
3956:Scientology
3826:LGBT rights
3748:Law schools
3532:Lighthouses
3475:Agriculture
3204:Mount Sinai
3164:Earthquakes
2964:Mubarak era
2935:Six-Day War
2925:Suez Crisis
2920:Land reform
2667:Prehistoric
2248:Azerbaijan
2014:Mohammed VI
1996:Mauritania:
1959:Samir Rifai
1904:Wael Ghonim
1894:Ahmed Nazif
1670:Mauritania:
1643:Shayfeencom
1452:Arab Spring
557:riot police
543:25 May 2005
533:Judges Club
407:Book Fair.
363:Secularists
311:riot police
4251:2011 riots
4220:Categories
4107:Newspapers
4097:Mass media
3949:Synagogues
3917:Irreligion
3865:Literature
3860:Liberalism
3799:Healthcare
3701:Corruption
3384:Parliament
3315:Corruption
3310:Civil Code
3253:Suez Canal
3211:Nile Delta
3096:Alexandria
3066:Population
3061:Parliament
3029:Healthcare
2910:Nasser era
2684:Achaemenid
2659:Chronology
2526:by country
2079:Adel Safar
1864:Ali Salman
1524:Mauritania
1351:Daily Star
850:References
844:Wafd Party
659:status quo
615:boycotting
442:Ayman Nour
391:referendum
385:Key events
373:newspaper
347:Nasserists
343:Solidarity
292:hereditary
290:Fearing a
226:grassroots
156:Key people
62:April 2016
4102:Magazines
4092:Egyptians
3927:Ahmadiyya
3838:Languages
3804:Hospitals
3738:Education
3605:Transport
3564:Aswan Dam
3492:Companies
3433:Terrorism
3399:President
3362:Massacres
3352:Judiciary
3330:Elections
3199:Mountains
3128:Geography
3106:Port Said
3049:1939–1954
3044:1928–1938
2999:Anarchism
2942:Sadat era
2886:Sultanate
2833:Khedivate
2733:Christian
2701:Ptolemaic
2524:Timelines
2456:civil war
2357:2011–2012
1539:Palestine
1393:from the
1346:Cafebabel
1052:USA Today
774:in 1981.
745:Islamists
733:vigilante
645:Criticism
594:mausoleum
483:candidate
379:Egyptians
371:Nasserist
351:Islamists
304:manifesto
229:coalition
4175:Category
4139:Olympics
4075:Football
3907:Hinduism
3875:Religion
3782:Feminism
3770:Families
3733:Diaspora
3696:Censuses
3686:Cannabis
3671:Abortion
3615:Airports
3610:Airlines
3586:Internet
3389:Passport
3367:Military
3340:Missions
3287:Politics
3268:Wildlife
2992:By topic
2905:Republic
2740:Sassanid
2591:Category
2339:Portugal
2314:Maldives
2171:UAE Five
2116:Tunisia:
2011:Morocco:
1851:Bahrain:
1836:Algeria:
1793:Al-Islah
1755:Tunisia:
1588:Al Wefaq
1585:Bahrain:
1489:Djibouti
1322:Archived
1276:BBC News
797:See also
791:Facebook
749:liberals
741:Islamist
375:Al-Arabi
359:Marxists
355:Liberals
277:20 March
32:Keffiyeh
4205:Commons
4124:Museums
4068:regions
4036:Cuisine
4021:Castles
3993:Culture
3963:Smoking
3944:Judaism
3932:Mosques
3811:Housing
3758:Schools
3664:General
3653:Society
3593:Tourism
3522:Fishing
3480:Banking
3464:Economy
3189:Islands
3179:Geology
3174:Fossils
3159:Deserts
3154:Climate
3144:Borders
3090:By city
3076:Saladin
3024:Genetic
3004:Capital
2891:Kingdom
2806:Ottoman
2672:Ancient
2647:History
2533:Bahrain
2478:Tunisia
2443:Bahrain
2353:Turkey
2323:Mexico
2264:Belarus
2244:Armenia
2239:Albania
1946:Jordan:
1803:Houthis
1763:Ennahda
1559:Tunisia
1529:Morocco
1514:Lebanon
1484:Bahrain
1479:Algeria
1384:in the
760:zionist
553:Mubarak
446:al-Ghad
405:Cairo's
331:Ukraine
251:Origins
209:of the
207:moniker
171:Website
95:Founded
74:Kefaya
52:updated
4185:Portal
4026:Cinema
3880:Baháʼí
3794:Health
3542:Mining
3512:Energy
3236:Rivers
3149:Cities
3071:Postal
2852:Modern
2797:Mamluk
2755:Fustat
2745:Muslim
2677:topics
2635:topics
2503:Libya
2452:Libya
2400:65/265
2344:Russia
2309:Israel
2283:India
2279:Greece
2226:Impact
2178:Yemen:
2066:Syria:
2051:Sudan:
1966:Libya:
1876:Egypt:
1813:Hiraak
1798:Hashid
1785:Yemen:
1700:Syria:
1688:CDHRAP
1655:Libya:
1608:Kefaya
1600:Egypt:
1578:Groups
1509:Kuwait
1504:Jordan
1308:Kefaya
1130:, 2005
492:ballot
339:Poland
215:Arabic
194:kefāya
183:Kefaya
146:
18:Kifaya
4129:Music
4112:Radio
4053:Films
3983:Women
3937:Niqāb
3922:Islam
3706:Crime
3547:Mines
3263:Wadis
3221:Oases
3194:Lakes
3139:Biota
3101:Cairo
3019:Copts
2828:Nahda
2718:Roman
2633:Egypt
2573:Egypt
2568:Libya
2563:Yemen
2558:Yemen
2553:Syria
2543:Libya
2538:Egypt
2514:Syria
2499:Egypt
2483:Yemen
2473:Syria
2448:Egypt
2349:Spain
2274:China
1569:Yemen
1554:Syria
1549:Sudan
1519:Libya
1494:Egypt
779:taboo
626:fraud
549:Cairo
327:Egypt
315:Cairo
296:Syria
257:Egypt
241:Gamal
233:Egypt
224:), a
191:كفاية
149:Egypt
117:Focus
76:كفاية
4063:list
4058:Flag
4046:Wine
4041:Beer
3721:Rape
3416:list
3404:list
3241:Nile
3034:Jews
2425:2016
2420:2014
2415:2009
2410:1973
2405:1970
2362:2013
2332:2012
2327:2011
2319:Mali
2299:Iran
2292:2012
2287:2011
2257:2013
2252:2011
1534:Oman
1499:Iraq
747:and
690:The
337:and
269:Iraq
198:IPA:
103:Type
98:2004
1617:FJP
1373:in
751:…"
341:'s
333:'s
4222::
4117:TV
1246:^
1181:^
1135:^
1111:^
1015:^
989:^
977:^
959:^
931:^
917:^
905:^
499:.
361:,
357:,
353:,
349:,
217::
196:,
189::
163:,
2625:e
2618:t
2611:v
1619:)
1615:(
1466:"
1460:"
1444:e
1437:t
1430:v
710:)
706:(
700:.
512:(
422:(
213:(
185:(
64:)
60:(
54:.
34:.
20:)
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