341:
173:
677:
84:
905:(1259–1260), who gave them gifts and plied them for intelligence. When the Mongols demanded tribute from Egypt in 1260, the Khwarazmian emir Nasir al-Din Muhammad Kaymuri advised Qutuz that they would not honour their word. Qutuz chose to fight. There were also Khwarazmians in the Mongol army in the ensuing
812:, the Khwarazmians raided the countryside to prevent food from getting to the defenders. In September 1245, al-Mansur Ibrahim considered surrendering the city to the Khwarazmians. He slipped out of Damascus for a clandestine meeting with the Khwarazmian leader, Berke-Khan. Nothing came of it.
887:. The survivors retired to Kerak, where they were besieged. The siege was lifted after al-Nasir agreed to hand over the Khwarazmians to Fakhr al-Din, who enrolled them in his own army. They ended up in Egypt. Still another group of Khwarazmians under Kushlu-Khan joined with the Mongols in
247:
puts the figure that entered
Seljukid service at 10,000 and scholarly estimates have ranged from 4,000 to 25,000. If the numbers given by the sources refer to fighting strength, then the total complement of Khwarazmians must have been more than 50,000 around a core of 12,000 soldiers.
544:. The Khwarazmians did not act immediately, but it may have been in fulfilling al-Nasir Da'ud's request when in the autumn of 1240 they crossed the Euphrates and raided northern Syria. No contemporary source, however, gives any reason for the Khwarazmian invasion.
163:
rule in
Jerusalem. In 1245, they helped the Egyptians conquer Damascus. Dissatisfied with their rewards, they rebelled in 1246 and besieged Damascus. They suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of an alliance led by Aleppo, and disintegrated as a unified force.
450:
revolted in support of al-Kamil, the
Ayyubid attempted to send them reinforcements. Kayqubad with the Khwarazmians trapped the relieving force in the city, which was forced to surrender. In 1233, al-Kamil retreated to Egypt. In 1234, Kayqubad
792:
in 1187. The
Khwarazmians were the dominant contingent in the victorious army. They swept through much of the coastal territory of the kingdom of Jerusalem, but did not attack the fortified places and so did not take permanent control.
2508:
766:. The Christian inhabitants, however, were massacred and all the Christian shrines in the city were destroyed. This was the end of Crusader rule in Jerusalem. Al-Salih Ayyub took control of the city in August. According to
753:
As a result of the moves, the
Khwarazmians were relatively unopposed in Palestine, although they mostly avoided major population centres. On 11 July 1244, however, they appeared before Jerusalem. The city was pillaged, but
839:. They even wrote to their former commander, Rukn al-Din, who was in command of the troops remaining at Gaza. Rukn al-Din was immediately accused of conspiring with the Khawarazmians, recalled to Egypt and imprisoned.
192:. He remained there for about three years, after which, leaving behind governors and troops, he set out to re-establish the Khwarazmian Empire in its original territories and further west in late 1223. According to
863:
of Aleppo had allied against them, possibly at the urging of al-Salih Ayyub, they broke off the siege of
Damascus and marched north. On 18 May 1246, the two alliances met in battle near al-Qasab on the edge of
528:, who defended his actions by claiming he was only protecting al-Salih Ayyub from his enemies and was prepared to release him and restore him to power. To this end, he asked the Khwarazmians to attack
660:
s in Egypt. This caused the peace recently concluded between the
Egyptian and Syrian Ayyubids to collapse. In the late winter or early spring of 1244, the Syrian Ayyubids allied with the Christian
780:
From
Jerusalem, the Khwarazmians marched to Gaza, whence they informed al-Salih Ayyub of their arrival. As he forbade them to enter Egypt, they awaited the sultan's army. The combined army under
831:) and Palestine, but the mercenaries did not consider these commensurate with the promises made by the sultan. Still encamped about Damascus, the Khwarazmians launched a raid on the village of
121:
and fought against an
Ayyubid invasion in 1232–1233. The Khwarazmians were forced back into Upper Mesopotamia in 1237, during a Seljukid succession crisis. They were then hired by the Ayyubid
836:
340:
2359:
781:
203:
Jalal al-Din spent the next several years terrorizing his
Christian and Muslim neighbours rather than fighting the Mongols. He was routed by a Seljukid–Ayyubid alliance at the
875:
The Khwarazmians were scattered by this defeat. A small contingent remained with al-Salih Isma'il and received asylum from al-Nasir Yusuf in Aleppo. Another group fled to the
507:
Altunbeh was executed on this accusation. After arranging the assassination of Köpek in 1240, Kaykhusrau tried to recall the Khwarazmians, but they refused to return to him.
328:
The emirs of the army elected Husam al-Din Kirkhan Malik as their leader. The historian al-Nasawi described him as undistinguished and "negligent". The other emirs named by
642:
of Mayyafariqin. They exhibited little loyalty to any of these nominal overlords and continued to raid Syria. Aleppo sent a punitive expedition against the Khwarazmians at
2518:
2313:
843:
805:
474:, and his designated successor, 'Izz al-Din, whose mother was an Ayyubid. Since the Khwarazmians were apparently unsure whom to support, Kaykhusrau's chief minister,
537:
400:
were surprised near the village of Tugtap (Dogodaph) by 700 Mongol raiders and fled to the Seljukid interior, where they requested safer lands. Kaymaz sent them to
724:
The Khwarazmians crossed the Euphrates early in the summer of 1244. The timing of their movement has been attributed to a thrust into northern Syria by the Mongol
293:
and other pastoralist cavalrymen who, in light of the Mongols' destruction of their homeland, had no reason to return home. Besides Kipchaks, there were probably
452:
1835:, p. 285, considers it hard to credit the rumour of Rukn al-Din's involvement, since he could not have gained much from an alliance with the Khawarazmians.
176:
Map of the Khwarazmian Empire showing late territories of Jalal al-Din in the northwest. Gaza in the southwest, where the Khwarazmians ended up, is not shown.
610:
on 19 February. The fighting lasted all day, but the Khwarazmians managed to cross the river. They retreated to Harran, while al-Mansur crossed the river at
847:
2503:
289:, etc. Their collective name refers to their service to the last Khwarazmshah. It ignores distinct tribal origins. They were predominantly
2513:
894:
Although 1246 marks the effective disappearance of the Khwarazmians from the Arabic sources, they re-appear in the work of the historian
2116:
2067:
591:
to raise 3,000 men from the border fortresses and take them to Aleppo. Al-Mansur Ibrahim was appointed commander of the allied forces.
721:
entered his service. These two contingents were to form the core of al-Salih Ayyub's army in the coming wars for Syria and Palestine.
383:, Kaymaz received the oaths of allegiance of Kirkhan and the other Khwarazmian leaders and distributed to them title deeds to various
548:
47:
332:
were Husam al-Din Berke-Khan, Yilan-Bughu, Saru-Khan, Khanberdi, Sayf al-Din Sadiq-Khan, Atlas-Khan and Nasir al-Din Kushlu-Khan.
2488:
2096:
2398:
2348:
1970:
2493:
992:
434:
invaded Seljukid Syria. The Khwarazmians under Kirkhan fought with Kayqubad, on this occasion successfully defending the
2384:
2334:
1956:
1472:, p. 269, suggests that "it may have been purposeless marauding, inspired by this people's essential rootlessness".
309:
had been supplanted by that of the Khwarazmshahs. The Khwarazmian soldiers travelled with their families and a staff of
869:
653:, al-Salih Ayyub, now ruler of Egypt, wrote to the Khwarazmians urging them to invade Syria, in exchange for extensive
2047:
742:. At their approach, the allied forces that had been arrayed against Egypt retreated. Al-Salih Isma'il withdrew from
730:
Yasa'ur. They numbered 10,000 troops, including the Kurdish contingent. Dividing into two groups, they advanced into
584:
359:
1404:, p. 133, writes that "the Khwārizmians, thrusting aside the Seljukid armies, retreated across the Euphrates."
1931:
703:
368:
193:
559:
of Homs brought his forces to Aleppo, entering the city on 11 November. He had 1,000 cavalry raised from Homs and
2498:
76:
and shifted its allegiance several times, often acting autonomously before it was defeated and destroyed by the
587:
gave. The Seljukids also sent troops. According to Ibn Bibi, Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusrau ordered the governor of
1496:, p. 270, writes that late in the year "the invaders retreated back across the Euphrates unopposed," but
898:
over a decade later. He records that some former emirs of Jalal al-Din came to Egypt during the reign of the
797:
646:
in July–August 1241. In August 1242, a second expedition to Safar, led by al-Mansur Ibrahim, defeated them.
501:. Köpek accused certain emirs of inciting the Khwarazmians to abandon Kaykhusrau and join the Ayyubids. The
580:
478:, had their leaders arrested. The Khwarazmians were forced to abandon the Seljukids and retreat across the
208:
30:
17:
634:
In 'Ana, the Khwarazmians entered the service of the Abbasids. Later in 1241, they attached themselves to
367:
Under Kirkhan, the Khwarazmians first entered the service of the Ayyubid rulers Ghazi of Mayyafariqin and
2214:
Jackson, Peter (1990). "Jalāl al-Dīn, the Mongols, and the Khwarazmian Conquest of the Panjāb and Sind".
547:
The invading Khwarazmian force numbered about 12,000. On 2 November 1240, it routed 1,500 cavalry led by
2297:"Fate of Khwarazmians Who Remained in Anatolia After the Death of Khwarazmshah Jalal-al-Din Mengübirti"
880:
243:
About 12,000–15,000 soldiers of Jalal al-Din's army in Diyar Bakr hired themselves out as mercenaries.
2371:
2321:
2182:
1947:
868:, where the Khawarazmians and their allies were crushed. Berke-Khan was killed and his head given to
755:
471:
152:
2434:
2059:
Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History, c. 1071–1330
899:
635:
46:, maintained itself as a force of freebooters and mercenaries between 1231 and 1246, following the
883:
against al-Nasir Da'ud. On 1 September 1246, al-Nasir Da'ud and his Khwarazmians were defeated at
200:
with 4,000 troops. In Iran, he augmented his army with soldiers who had been loyal to his father.
172:
850:, the disloyalty of the Khwarazmians and Qaymariyya led al-Salih Ayyub to purchase "more Turkish
467:—although the Artukids of Mardin were allied with the Seljukids—in order to avenge Jalal al-Din.
694:) concerning the Khwarazmians in 1244. The "sudden and unexpected arrival of the Khwarazmians" (
475:
2087:
987:, pp. 81–82. The period between his flight to India and his death is covered in detail in
895:
61:
2126:. Vol. 2: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 693–714.
2077:. Vol. 2: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 660–692.
2276:
1500:, p. 134, writes of "the victory that was gained over the Khwarizmians" in November 1240
835:. In preparation for a full rebellion, they allied with al-Salih Isma'il, al-Nasir Da'ud and
375:. In 1231 or 1232, they switched allegiance to their other former enemy, the Seljukid sultan
204:
2296:
184:
in 1221. Gathering together the remnants of the army, Jalal al-Din established an empire in
1767:
690:
676:
661:
8:
906:
626:. In the aftermath of the victory at Edessa, the Aleppans seized control of Diyar Mudar.
618:
on 5 April. Defeated, they retreated to Harran, gathered their families and proceeded to
393:, included some 36 castles. Garments of honour were bestowed on 300 Khwarazmian leaders.
220:
181:
2414:, Part 3: The Years 589–629/1193–1231: The Ayyübids after Saladin and the Mongol Menace
2375:
2325:
2231:
2202:
2140:
1951:
856:
s than all the previous sultans combined" so that they became a majority of his army.
731:
718:
564:
420:
351:
269:), groups of refugee soldiers from the east who took up service in Syria and Egypt. In
51:
2428:. Vol. 3: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge University Press.
2084:
The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century
125:. Taking part in the Ayyubid civil wars in Syria, they launched invasions against the
113:
In 1231, the Khwarazmians were briefly in the service of the Ayyubid governors around
2394:
2344:
2206:
2043:
1966:
639:
556:
525:
483:
228:
134:
65:
2379:
2329:
567:. Before the end of the year, the Khwarazmians retreated back across the Euphrates.
2446:
2223:
2194:
2161:
1939:
789:
785:
681:
435:
156:
144:
before returning to Syrian Ayyubid politics. They were defeated by Aleppo in 1242.
122:
118:
94:
820:
After the fall of Damascus in October 1245, Mu'in al-Din granted the Khwarazmians
2421:
2019:. Translated by Ali Efendiyev. International Institute for Central Asian Studies.
1935:
747:
606:. As they were returning towards the Euphrates, al-Mansur Ibrahim caught them at
322:
160:
148:
89:
470:
When Kayqubad died in 1237, his succession was disputed between his eldest son,
2367:
2317:
2280:
1943:
876:
860:
759:
706:, al-Salih Ayyub gave the Khwarazmians the entire province of Damascus (except
623:
487:
129:
in 1240 and 1241. Defeated in their second invasion, they retreated to central
126:
73:
2509:
Military history of the Crusader states between the Sixth and Seventh Crusades
2198:
2165:
2039:
La Syrie du nord à l'époque des croisades et la principauté franque d'Antioche
2024:
Burgtorf, Jochen (2006). "Forbie, Battle of (1244)". In Alan V. Murray (ed.).
2482:
2451:
2112:
2010:
1997:
Boyle, John Andrew (1979). "Jalal al-Din Khwarazm-Shah in the Indus Valley".
306:
298:
212:
141:
2187:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2153:
2033:
1914:
767:
735:
576:
290:
244:
232:
56:
2037:
888:
879:
and were hired by al-Nasir Da'ud. The sultan promptly sent an army under
763:
685:
498:
302:
130:
2462:
State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqtaʿs and Fallahun
379:, through the frontier commander, Sinan al-Din Kaymaz. In a ceremony in
2235:
376:
216:
2469:
Schein, Sylvia (2006). "Jerusalem, City of". In Alan V. Murray (ed.).
796:
After Forbie, the Khwarazmians joined the army of the Egyptian vizier
1980:
Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Īl-
865:
743:
665:
650:
479:
447:
354:
261:
2227:
2016:
A History of the Khorezmian State Under the Anushteginids, 1097–1231
1160:
1062:
852:
2014:
1204:
828:
809:
599:
560:
443:
431:
412:
397:
385:
350:, three-quarters length robe, and boots, in the preaching scene at
346:
329:
114:
77:
69:
396:
Not long after, a group of 4,000 Khwarazmians trying to return to
1475:
909:
in 1260. This is their last appearance in the historical record.
884:
832:
619:
611:
603:
588:
456:
401:
390:
207:
in 1230 or 1231. Before more forces could be raised, the Mongols
2175:
From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260
1241:, p. 153, dates their change of allegiance to August 1231.
510:
305:
Turks, the latter being the same people as the Seljukids, whose
1893:
1891:
1889:
801:
707:
615:
595:
552:
541:
533:
503:
464:
460:
439:
416:
380:
372:
294:
256:
219:. He was defeated by the Mongols and suffered huge losses near
197:
185:
138:
2254:
The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion
770:, the Khwarazmians were given the area around Jerusalem as an
668:, in Muslim hands since 1239, was returned to the Christians.
137:. Later in 1241, the Khwarazmians hired themselves out to the
1727:
1544:
902:
739:
726:
643:
607:
521:
424:
317:
311:
270:
224:
106:
2410:
The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from
2154:"The Schefer Ḥarīrī: A Study in Islamic Frontispiece Design"
2068:"The Turks in Iran and Anatolia Before the Mongol Invasions"
1886:
1874:
1850:
1814:
1786:
1626:
1520:
1408:, p. 233, writes that Kaykhusrau "forced them to flee".
83:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1573:
1571:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1134:
1132:
1079:
1077:
529:
189:
1117:
859:
When the Khawarazmians learned that al-Mansur Ibrahim and
788:
on 17 October. It was the worst Crusader defeat since the
594:
In January 1241, the Khwarazmians returned. They pillaged
2097:"¡Ay, Iherusalem!: Ediciones paleográfica y experimental"
1771:, there were 20,000 Khwarazmians as against 7,000 others.
808:
in 1245. While the Egyptian army bombarded the city with
117:. Between 1231 and 1237, they were in the service of the
1862:
1838:
1650:
1616:
1614:
1601:
1599:
1568:
1556:
1532:
1503:
1451:
1439:
1303:
1129:
1074:
762:
until 23 August, when it surrendered with an ostensible
2185:(1987). "The Crusades of 1239–41 and Their Aftermath".
1774:
1105:
1014:
815:
664:
against the Egyptian–Khwarazmian alliance. The city of
520:
In 1239, al-Salih Ayyub was captured and imprisoned in
2294:
2042:. Études arabes, médiévales et modernes. P. Geuthner.
1281:
1269:
1267:
1242:
1198:
1166:
1068:
1052:
872:, who hung it from the gate of the citadel of Aleppo.
389:
s (tax revenue districts) in the frontier province of
238:
180:
The Khwarazmian army was routed by the Mongols at the
97:. The Khwarazmians are the ones on the left, labelled
2245:
The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254: Sources and Documents
1699:
1638:
1611:
1596:
404:, where the sultan personally invested them with new
344:
Turkic amir with guards, wearing the Turkic headgear
1427:
1367:
1327:
486:. With the permission of al-Kamil, the Ayyubid emir
211:. Jalal al-Din fled with his rump army first to the
2133:
The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam
1355:
1315:
1264:
918:
540:presented al-Nasir Da'ud's letter to Berke-Khan at
147:The Khwarazmians made an alliance with the Ayyubid
29:"Khwarazmiyya" redirects here. For other uses, see
87:Battle of Forbie, from a 13th-century copy of the
2519:Mercenary units and formations of the Middle Ages
2301:International Journal of Humanities and Education
784:roundly defeated the Syro-Frankish forces at the
702:In 1244, according to the contemporary historian
2480:
698:) is mentioned at the start of the seventh line.
2473:. Vol. 2: D–J. ABC-CLIO. pp. 656–661.
2263:The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora
2147:. Vol. 1: A–C. ABC-CLIO. pp. 123–128.
1992:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421.
259:sources, the Khwarazmians were among the first
155:and defeated the anti-Egyptian alliance at the
1917:(1951). "The Wafidiya in the Mamluk Kingdom".
1680:, p. 17 (who dates the sack to 11 August)
1287:
2143:(2006). "Ayyūbids". In Alan V. Murray (ed.).
2061:. Translated by J. Jones-Williams. Taplinger.
717:. At the same time, the Kurdish tribe of the
614:. He drew them into a pitched battle outside
511:Invasions of Syria, Palestine and Transjordan
2416:. Crusade Texts in Translation, 17. Ashgate.
746:while al-Nasir Da'ud withdrew to Kerak. The
583:to Damascus to gather reinforcements, which
2151:
2139:
1210:
1123:
555:. Learning of the Aleppan defeat, the Emir
2385:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2335:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2028:. Vol. 2: D–J. ABC-CLIO. p. 449.
1957:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
750:(Crusaders) were left to face them alone.
151:in 1243. In 1244, they invaded Palestine,
2450:
2393:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 988–989.
2357:
2343:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 987–988.
2311:
2172:
2094:
2009:
1897:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1804:
1792:
1733:
1673:
1661:
1632:
1577:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1417:
1405:
1389:
1309:
1254:
1238:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1138:
1111:
1048:
1032:
1020:
1004:
956:
563:, with which he intended to confront the
2420:
2407:
2269:
2023:
1780:
1762:
1745:
1590:
1036:
968:
696:subito et inopinato Corosminorum adventu
675:
490:enrolled them in his army and gave them
339:
171:
82:
2295:Muratbaevich Abdirimov, Bekzod (2021).
2251:
2242:
2213:
2181:
2130:
2122:. In R. L. Wolff; H. W. Hazard (eds.).
2073:. In R. L. Wolff; H. W. Hazard (eds.).
1965:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 26–27.
1677:
1644:
1620:
1154:
1150:
1083:
1056:
984:
972:
940:
936:
551:from Aleppo and, on 9 November, burned
14:
2481:
2468:
2152:Hillenbrand, Robert (1 January 2010).
1929:
1913:
1705:
1689:
1095:
842:In late March 1246, the Khawarazmians
680:Part of a Latin letter from Patriarch
2504:13th century in the Ayyubid Sultanate
2288:The Mongol Conquests in World History
2260:
2177:. State University of New York Press.
2081:
2065:
2056:
2032:
1996:
1979:
1497:
1433:
1421:
1401:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1297:
1293:
1277:
1273:
1258:
1226:
1222:
1008:
988:
952:
924:
455:while his Khwarazmians raided around
2459:
2432:
2272:Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291
2111:
1808:
1721:
1717:
1605:
1099:
816:Rebellion, defeat and disintegration
2285:
2270:Marshall, Christopher John (1987).
1749:
1693:
1388:, p. 133, writes "chief", but
415:, Husam al-Din Berke-Khan received
335:
239:Composition of the Khwarazmian army
109:) is at the left edge of the image.
24:
2514:People from the Khwarazmian Empire
2435:"Iqṭāʿ Policy of Sultan Baybars I"
2274:(PhD diss.). University of London.
321:s (jurists), the latter mainly of
25:
2530:
2408:Richards, Donald S., ed. (2008).
2265:. University of California Press.
54:(1221) and the death of the last
2314:"al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ ʿImād al-Dīn"
1245:, p. 51, places it in 1232.
1007:, p. 219 (9 August 1230 );
704:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Khazraji
671:
570:
515:
223:. In 1231, he was murdered by a
1906:
1826:
1798:
1755:
1739:
1711:
1683:
1667:
1583:
1487:
1463:
1411:
1395:
1392:, p. 233, writes "chiefs".
1379:
1339:
1248:
1232:
1216:
1188:
1172:
1144:
1089:
575:After the Khwarazmian retreat,
536:. Acting for the captive emir,
419:and the other leaders received
2173:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977).
1042:
1026:
1011:, p. 130 (29 July 1231 ).
998:
978:
962:
946:
930:
837:'Izz al-Din Aybeg al-Mu'azzami
463:. They even reportedly raided
159:. Thus they permanently ended
13:
1:
2489:1230s in the Sultanate of Rum
2471:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
2145:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
2026:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
1990:The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
1986:The Cambridge History of Iran
782:Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Salihi
251:Known by the collective term
167:
2358:Richards, Donald S. (1995).
2312:Richards, Donald S. (1995).
2243:Jackson, Peter, ed. (2007).
1984:āns". In J. A. Boyle (ed.).
870:Shams al-Din Lu'lu' al-Amini
629:
430:In 1232, the Ayyubid sultan
273:sources, they appear as the
7:
2494:1231 establishments in Asia
1282:Muratbaevich Abdirimov 2021
1243:Muratbaevich Abdirimov 2021
1199:Muratbaevich Abdirimov 2021
1167:Muratbaevich Abdirimov 2021
1069:Muratbaevich Abdirimov 2021
1053:Muratbaevich Abdirimov 2021
991:, pp. 322–335 For his
10:
2535:
2135:. Oxford University Press.
1765:, p. 201, citing the
881:Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Shaykh
798:Mu'in al-Din ibn al-Shaykh
227:while seeking refuge with
133:and took service with the
99:Chorosmini cum babilonicis
28:
2426:A History of the Crusades
2199:10.1017/s0041977x00053180
2166:10.1163/9789004236615_011
2124:A History of the Crusades
2075:A History of the Crusades
800:at Gaza. They marched to
756:the garrison was besieged
581:Kamal al-Din ibn al-'Adim
472:Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusrau
119:Seljukid sultanate of Rum
64:(1231). It was active in
2460:Satō, Tsugitaka (1997).
2452:10.5356/orient1960.22.85
2433:Satō, Tsugitaka (1986).
2256:. Yale University Press.
2095:Franchini, Enzo (2007).
1484:, pp. 269–270, 311.
1051:, p. 233 (12,000);
939:, pp. 45 & 50;
912:
622:, which belonged to the
2261:Lewis, Suzanne (1987).
2252:Jackson, Peter (2017).
2131:Griffel, Frank (2021).
2082:Cahen, Claude (2001) .
1589:The letter is cited in
1213:, p. 118, note 10.
1055:, p. 51 (12,000);
538:Jamal al-Din ibn Matruh
215:and afterwards towards
2499:1246 disestablishments
2066:Cahen, Claude (1969).
2057:Cahen, Claude (1968).
1930:Ayalon, David (2002).
1059:, p. 82 (15,000).
844:laid siege to Damascus
699:
649:In 1243, according to
364:
307:earlier empire in Iran
209:renewed their invasion
177:
110:
2412:al-Kāmil fīʾl-taʾrīkh
2360:"al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ Na
2286:May, Timothy (2012).
679:
549:al-Mu'azzam Turanshah
343:
205:battle of Yasi-chimen
196:, he arrived back in
175:
86:
1807:, pp. 284–285;
1736:, pp. 275, 284.
1553:, pp. 273, 284.
1420:, pp. 233–234;
907:battle of 'Ayn Jalut
691:Chronicle of Melrose
662:kingdom of Jerusalem
427:among other places.
411:s. Kirkhan received
360:Maqamat of Al-Hariri
315:s (secretaries) and
2141:Hillenbrand, Carole
1900:, pp. 158–159.
1883:, pp. 289–290.
1859:, pp. 286–287.
1823:, pp. 284–285.
1795:, pp. 276–277.
1752:, pp. 157–158.
1696:, pp. 157–158.
1635:, pp. 274–275.
1529:, pp. 270–271.
1424:, pp. 133–134.
827:s in Syria (around
682:Robert of Jerusalem
229:Shahib al-Din Ghazi
182:battle of the Indus
74:Syria and Palestine
2088:Peter Malcolm Holt
1280:, pp. 62–63;
1039:, p. 310 n18.
806:besieging Damascus
700:
688:(preserved in the
638:of Mosul and then
636:Badr al-Din Lu'lu'
365:
178:
111:
52:Khwarazmian Empire
40:, also called the
2400:978-90-04-09834-3
2350:978-90-04-09834-3
2290:. Reaktion Books.
1972:978-90-04-12756-2
1768:Estoire d'Eracles
1608:, pp. 51–52.
1300:, pp. 62–63.
1229:, pp. 62–63.
1086:, pp. 60–61.
975:, pp. 81–82.
943:, pp. 80–81.
640:al-Muzaffar Ghazi
557:al-Mansur Ibrahim
476:Sa'd al-Din Köpek
135:Abbasid caliphate
66:Upper Mesopotamia
16:(Redirected from
2526:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2454:
2429:
2422:Runciman, Steven
2417:
2404:
2376:Heinrichs, W. P.
2354:
2326:Heinrichs, W. P.
2308:
2291:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2210:
2178:
2169:
2148:
2136:
2127:
2121:
2108:
2091:
2086:. Translated by
2078:
2072:
2062:
2053:
2029:
2020:
2011:Buniyatov, Z. M.
2006:
1993:
1976:
1952:Heinrichs, W. P.
1926:
1901:
1895:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1759:
1753:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1501:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1415:
1409:
1399:
1393:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1291:
1285:
1271:
1262:
1252:
1246:
1236:
1230:
1220:
1214:
1211:Hillenbrand 2010
1208:
1202:
1192:
1186:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1124:Hillenbrand 2006
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1046:
1040:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1002:
996:
982:
976:
966:
960:
950:
944:
934:
928:
922:
825:
790:battle of Hattin
786:battle of Forbie
775:
715:
658:
585:al-Salih Isma'il
495:
409:
336:Seljukid service
157:Battle of Forbie
153:sacked Jerusalem
123:emir of Damascus
95:Matthew of Paris
38:Khwarazmian army
21:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2401:
2368:Bosworth, C. E.
2364:m al-Dīn Ayyūb"
2351:
2318:Bosworth, C. E.
2228:10.2307/4299834
2119:
2070:
2050:
1988:. Vol. 5:
1973:
1944:Bosworth, C. E.
1919:Islamic Culture
1909:
1904:
1896:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1760:
1756:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:, p. 660;
1688:
1684:
1676:, p. 275;
1672:
1668:
1660:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1504:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1416:
1412:
1400:
1396:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:, p. 131;
1292:
1288:
1276:, p. 131;
1272:
1265:
1257:, p. 233;
1253:
1249:
1237:
1233:
1225:, p. 131;
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:, p. 153;
1193:
1189:
1181:, p. 153;
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1047:
1043:
1035:, p. 220;
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1003:
999:
993:sack of Tbilisi
983:
979:
971:, p. 249;
967:
963:
955:, p. 127;
951:
947:
935:
931:
923:
919:
915:
848:Ibn al-Dawadari
846:. According to
823:
818:
773:
713:
674:
656:
632:
573:
565:Barons' Crusade
518:
513:
493:
407:
338:
291:Kipchak Turkish
241:
170:
149:sultan of Egypt
90:Chronica majora
48:Mongol conquest
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2476:
2475:
2466:
2464:. E. J. Brill.
2457:
2430:
2418:
2405:
2399:
2372:van Donzel, E.
2355:
2349:
2322:van Donzel, E.
2309:
2292:
2283:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2211:
2183:Jackson, Peter
2179:
2170:
2149:
2137:
2128:
2117:"The Aiyūbids"
2113:Gibb, H. A. R.
2109:
2092:
2079:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2030:
2021:
2007:
1999:Sind Quarterly
1994:
1977:
1971:
1948:van Donzel, E.
1936:Bearman, P. J.
1927:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:Buniyatov 2015
1885:
1881:Humphreys 1977
1873:
1871:, p. 287.
1869:Humphreys 1977
1861:
1857:Humphreys 1977
1849:
1847:, p. 285.
1845:Humphreys 1977
1837:
1833:Humphreys 1977
1825:
1821:Humphreys 1977
1813:
1805:Humphreys 1977
1797:
1793:Humphreys 1977
1785:
1783:, p. 296.
1773:
1754:
1738:
1734:Humphreys 1977
1726:
1720:, p. 94;
1710:
1708:, p. 660.
1698:
1682:
1674:Humphreys 1977
1666:
1664:, p. 275.
1662:Humphreys 1977
1649:
1637:
1633:Humphreys 1977
1625:
1610:
1595:
1582:
1580:, p. 274.
1578:Humphreys 1977
1567:
1565:, p. 273.
1563:Humphreys 1977
1555:
1551:Humphreys 1977
1543:
1541:, p. 271.
1539:Humphreys 1977
1531:
1527:Humphreys 1977
1519:
1517:, p. 270.
1515:Humphreys 1977
1502:
1494:Humphreys 1977
1486:
1482:Humphreys 1977
1474:
1470:Humphreys 1977
1462:
1460:, p. 269.
1458:Humphreys 1977
1450:
1448:, p. 262.
1446:Humphreys 1977
1438:
1436:, p. 134.
1426:
1418:Humphreys 1977
1410:
1406:Humphreys 1977
1394:
1390:Humphreys 1977
1378:
1376:, p. 133.
1366:
1354:
1352:, p. 646.
1348:, p. 64;
1338:
1336:, p. 132.
1326:
1314:
1312:, p. 223.
1310:Humphreys 1977
1302:
1286:
1263:
1261:, p. 131.
1255:Humphreys 1977
1247:
1239:Buniyatov 2015
1231:
1215:
1203:
1195:Buniyatov 2015
1187:
1185:, p. 270.
1183:Humphreys 1977
1179:Buniyatov 2015
1171:
1159:
1153:, p. 60;
1143:
1141:, p. 153.
1139:Buniyatov 2015
1128:
1126:, p. 125.
1116:
1112:Franchini 2007
1104:
1088:
1073:
1061:
1049:Humphreys 1977
1041:
1033:Humphreys 1977
1025:
1023:, p. 220.
1021:Humphreys 1977
1013:
1005:Humphreys 1977
997:
977:
961:
959:, p. 130.
957:Buniyatov 2015
945:
929:
927:, p. 289.
916:
914:
911:
861:al-Nasir Yusuf
817:
814:
760:Tower of David
673:
670:
631:
628:
624:Abbasid caliph
572:
569:
526:al-Nasir Da'ud
517:
514:
512:
509:
488:al-Salih Ayyub
453:besieged Amida
337:
334:
240:
237:
169:
166:
127:emir of Aleppo
101:. The city of
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2531:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:Arab Painting
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2049:9782351594186
2045:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2034:Cahen, Claude
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:Bianquis, Th.
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:Ayalon, David
1912:
1911:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1811:, p. 94.
1810:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1781:Marshall 1987
1777:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:Marshall 1987
1761:According to
1758:
1751:
1747:
1746:Burgtorf 2006
1742:
1735:
1730:
1724:, p. 99.
1723:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1647:, p. 56.
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1623:, p. 84.
1622:
1617:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1593:, p. 37.
1592:
1591:Marshall 1987
1586:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1364:, p. 64.
1363:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1324:, p. 63.
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1284:, p. 51.
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1201:, p. 51.
1200:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1169:, p. 50.
1168:
1163:
1157:, p. 82.
1156:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1114:, p. 92.
1113:
1108:
1102:, p. 94.
1101:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1071:, p. 51.
1070:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1037:Richards 2008
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1001:
995:, see p. 328.
994:
990:
986:
981:
974:
970:
969:Runciman 1954
965:
958:
954:
949:
942:
938:
933:
926:
921:
917:
910:
908:
904:
901:
900:Mamluk sultan
897:
896:Rashid-al-Din
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
862:
857:
855:
854:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
769:
765:
761:
757:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:
722:
720:
716:
709:
705:
697:
693:
692:
687:
683:
678:
672:1244 invasion
669:
667:
663:
659:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
571:1241 invasion
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:1240 invasion
508:
506:
505:
500:
496:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
387:
382:
378:
374:
370:
363:
361:
356:
353:
349:
348:
342:
333:
331:
326:
324:
320:
319:
314:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
249:
246:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:Mughan Steppe
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
174:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
142:emir of Mosul
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:
85:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
45:
44:
39:
32:
27:
19:
2470:
2461:
2442:
2438:
2425:
2413:
2409:
2390:
2389:Volume VIII:
2383:
2361:
2340:
2339:Volume VIII:
2333:
2307:(15): 48–68.
2304:
2300:
2287:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2219:
2215:
2193:(1): 32–60.
2190:
2186:
2174:
2157:
2144:
2132:
2123:
2104:
2100:
2083:
2074:
2058:
2038:
2025:
2015:
2002:
1998:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1962:
1955:
1922:
1918:
1907:Bibliography
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1766:
1757:
1741:
1729:
1713:
1701:
1685:
1678:Jackson 2007
1669:
1645:Jackson 1987
1640:
1628:
1621:Jackson 2017
1585:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1413:
1397:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1289:
1250:
1234:
1218:
1206:
1190:
1174:
1162:
1155:Jackson 2017
1151:Griffel 2021
1146:
1119:
1107:
1091:
1084:Griffel 2021
1064:
1057:Jackson 2017
1044:
1028:
1016:
1000:
985:Jackson 2017
980:
973:Jackson 2017
964:
948:
941:Jackson 2017
937:Jackson 1990
932:
920:
893:
874:
858:
851:
841:
821:
819:
795:
779:
771:
768:Ibn al-Furat
752:
734:through the
725:
723:
711:
701:
695:
689:
654:
648:
633:
593:
577:Dayfa Khatun
574:
546:
519:
502:
491:
469:
438:passes near
429:
405:
395:
384:
366:
358:
345:
327:
316:
310:
286:
282:
278:
274:
266:
260:
253:Khwarazmiyya
252:
250:
245:Bar Hebraeus
242:
233:Mayyafariqin
202:
179:
146:
112:
102:
98:
88:
62:Jalal al-Din
57:Khwarazmshah
55:
43:Khwarazmiyya
42:
41:
37:
35:
26:
18:Khwarazmiyya
2380:Lecomte, G.
2330:Lecomte, G.
2160:: 117–134.
2005:(3): 28–32.
1932:"Wāfidiyya"
1706:Schein 2006
1690:Schein 2006
1096:Ayalon 2002
889:Mesopotamia
764:safeconduct
686:Innocent IV
499:Diyar Mudar
442:. When the
352:Khwarizmian
267:musta'minun
131:Mesopotamia
31:Khwarazmian
2483:Categories
2445:: 85–104.
2247:. Ashgate.
2090:. Longman.
1961:Volume XI:
1498:Cahen 1968
1434:Cahen 1968
1422:Cahen 1968
1402:Cahen 1968
1386:Cahen 1968
1374:Cahen 1968
1362:Cahen 2001
1350:Cahen 1940
1346:Cahen 2001
1334:Cahen 1968
1322:Cahen 2001
1298:Cahen 2001
1294:Cahen 1968
1278:Cahen 2001
1274:Cahen 1968
1259:Cahen 1968
1227:Cahen 2001
1223:Cahen 1968
1009:Cahen 1968
989:Boyle 1968
953:Boyle 1979
925:Lewis 1987
719:Qaymariyya
377:Kayqubad I
283:cohersmini
275:chorosmini
231:, emir of
217:Diyar Bakr
168:Background
2222:: 45–54.
2207:161747361
2107:: 69–111.
2013:(2015) .
1925:: 91–104.
1809:Satō 1986
1722:Satō 1997
1718:Satō 1986
1606:Satō 1997
1100:Satō 1986
866:Lake Homs
810:mangonels
732:Palestine
666:Jerusalem
651:Ibn Wasil
630:Interlude
482:into the
480:Euphrates
448:Khartpert
369:al-Ashraf
287:corasmini
279:choermini
262:wafidiyya
194:al-Nasawi
103:Babilonia
2424:(1954).
2382:(eds.).
2332:(eds.).
2281:10090132
2277:ProQuest
2115:(1969).
2036:(1940).
1954:(eds.).
1750:May 2012
1694:May 2012
829:al-Sahil
738:and the
710:) as an
684:to Pope
600:Kafartab
561:Damascus
444:Artukids
432:al-Kamil
413:Erzinjan
398:Khwarazm
357:, Iran.
347:sharbush
330:Ibn Bibi
325:origin.
161:Crusader
115:Lake Van
78:Ayyubids
70:Anatolia
2391:Ned–Sam
2341:Ned–Sam
2236:4299834
2101:Incipit
885:al-Salt
833:Darayya
804:before
758:in the
612:al-Bira
604:Shayzar
589:Malatya
457:Nisibis
421:Laranda
402:Kayseri
391:Erzurum
362:, 1237.
323:Iranian
255:in the
50:of the
2439:Orient
2397:
2378:&
2347:
2328:&
2279:
2234:
2205:
2046:
1969:
1950:&
877:Balqa'
853:mamlūk
802:Baysan
748:Franks
708:Nablus
616:Edessa
596:Sarmin
553:Manbij
542:Harran
534:Aleppo
504:atabeg
484:Jazira
465:Mardin
461:Sinjar
440:Hadath
436:Taurus
417:Amasya
381:Tatvan
373:Akhlat
299:Khalaj
295:Kangly
257:Arabic
198:Kerman
186:Punjab
139:Zengid
2366:. In
2316:. In
2232:JSTOR
2203:S2CID
2120:(PDF)
2071:(PDF)
1934:. In
913:Notes
903:Qutuz
824:'
774:'
740:Ghuta
736:Biqa'
727:noyan
714:'
657:'
644:Safar
608:Raqqa
579:sent
522:Kerak
497:s in
494:'
425:Nigde
408:'
386:iqta'
318:faqih
312:katib
303:Oghuz
271:Latin
221:Amida
107:Cairo
2395:ISBN
2345:ISBN
2216:Iran
2044:ISBN
1967:ISBN
822:iqta
772:iqta
744:Gaza
712:iqta
655:iqta
620:'Ana
602:and
532:and
530:Homs
492:iqta
459:and
423:and
406:iqta
355:Rayy
301:and
265:(or
225:Kurd
190:Sind
188:and
36:The
2447:doi
2224:doi
2195:doi
2162:doi
1963:W–Z
524:by
446:of
371:of
93:of
2485::
2443:22
2441:.
2437:.
2374:;
2370:;
2362:dj
2324:;
2320:;
2303:.
2299:.
2230:.
2220:28
2218:.
2201:.
2191:50
2189:.
2156:.
2105:27
2103:.
2099:.
2001:.
1982:Kh
1959:.
1946:;
1942:;
1938:;
1923:25
1921:.
1888:^
1748:;
1652:^
1613:^
1598:^
1570:^
1505:^
1266:^
1131:^
1098:;
1076:^
891:.
777:.
598:,
297:,
285:,
281:,
277:,
235:.
80:.
72:,
68:,
60:,
2455:.
2449::
2403:.
2387:.
2353:.
2337:.
2305:7
2238:.
2226::
2209:.
2197::
2168:.
2164::
2052:.
2003:7
1975:.
105:(
33:.
20:)
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