623:
539:
31:
605:, did not take this defeat lightly. After executing that fortress, he made his way eastwards to confront Jalal al-Din, using his powers of organisation to send detachments out to prevent the disparate Khwarazmid factions from uniting, one of whom al-Din managed to isolate and defeat. Al-Din knew he had no chance of winning against Genghis in a pitched battle with his diminished army and after attempts to win back Ighrak and his men failed, he marched towards India. The Khan's army managed to surround al-Din's army on the banks of the
892:
877:
690:
427:, killing most of the force including two brothers of Toghachar, son in law of Genghis Khan. The Mongols pursued, past Nishapur and Herat, but lost the trail before Ghazni, where al-Din found 50,000 loyalists waiting for him. After a few days, he was joined by his maternal uncle Temur Malik, who brought an additional 30,000 veterans – al-Din now had a sizeable force with which to strike back at the Mongols. Meanwhile, back in Khwarazm,
673:. The Mongol army managed to breach the wall but the city was defended successfully by the Khwarezmians; due to the hot weather, the Mongols were forced to retreat after 42 days. Peter Jackson suggests that Doqshin, having been instructed not to return unsuccessfully, eventually converted to Islam and joined al-Din. The rest of al-Din's three years in exile in India were spent in taking large parts of
415:, a city reportedly housing 90,000 soldiers, and found the city in turmoil. The city's nobility, like Terken Khatun, were not prepared to accept Jalal ad-Din as Shah, preferring the more malleable Uzlaq, and planned a coup against al-Din. Al-Din left the capital after being warned of the coup, accompanied by
581:
was fought on a rock-strewn, narrow valley which was unsuitable for the Mongol cavalry, and the
Muslims fought dismounted until the final charge led by Jalal ad-Din, who personally commanded the center, resulting in the repulsion of the Mongols. This battle made Jalal al-Din's reputation; however, he
352:
still wielded substantial power in the realm – one historian termed the relationship between the Shah and his mother as 'an uneasy diarchy', which often acted to
Muhammad's disadvantage. The Shah also distrusted most of his commanders, with the only exception being Jalal al-Din. If he had sought open
787:
in this battle, unable to exploit their victory as they had no power left to advance. The same year, his brother
Ghiyath al-Din rebelled but was defeated. Ghiyath al-Din fled to Kerman where he and his mother were killed. The revived Khwarazmshah by this time controlled Kerman, Tabriz, Isfahan and
613:
in
November 1221. The Shah escaped the battle by jumping into the river fully armed, and reaching the other shore. This act of desperation is said to have drawn the admiration of Genghis Khan, who forbade Mongols to pursue the Shah or shoot him with arrows. The Shah's surviving troops were however
943:
Though considered a successful warrior and a general, Jalal al-Din is considered a poor ruler and the loss of his re-established empire to
Mongols has been attributed to his poor diplomacy and rulership; he was seen as untrustworthy and warmongering. His enmity with many neighbors resulted in his
847:
Jalal al-Din's kingdom swiftly collapsed after his death; his nobles squabbled over territory and would be overcome easily by the
Mongols. Several thousand, however, took up service with the princes of Anatolia and Syria to escape the Mongols. They continued to be a force in Syrian politics until
766:. His dominance in the region required year-after-year campaigning. In 1226, Burak Hadjib, the governor of Kerman and al-Din's father-in-law, rebelled against him, but after al-Din marched against him he was subdued. Jalal ad-Din then had a brief victory over the Seljuqs and captured the town of
247:, after 1225. Jalal al-Din did not have the political ability needed to underpin his martial exploits, and he was forced to combat several large revolts and increasing pressure from Mongol forces. Eventually, he was killed in August 1231. The army he had gathered would continue to terrorize the
929:
was seen as unbelievable. Modern historians are also positive concerning his military talent. Carl
Sverdrup described Jalal al-Din as "brave and energetic"; while Timothy May describes him as the most stalwart enemy of the Mongols in West Asia until the time of the Mamluk Sultanate. Due to his
948:
believed that Jalal al-Din executed more cruel and irrational brutality than
Genghis Khan did. Even al-Nasawi was unable to justify the negative impact Jalal al-Din's rule and conduct of his soldiers had on his subjects. Jalal al-Din is represented as a hero valianty fighting for "Persian
301:
refused to support him as heir to the throne, and instead favored his half-brother Uzlagh-Shah, whose mother was also a
Qipchaq. Jalal al-Din first appears in historical records in 1215, when Muhammad II divided his empire among his sons, giving the southwestern part (part of the former
639:
After the battle of Indus, Jalal al-Din crossed the Indus and settled in India. A local prince, who had six thousand men attacked Jalal al-Din's makeshift forces of no more than four thousand, but al-Din still triumphed, greatly enhancing his Indian appeal. He then sought asylum in the
1012:
As with the Mongol army, there is also debate as to the size and composition of the Shah's forces. Juvaini states that 50,000 were sent to aid Otrar, and gives a total of around 400,000. Most modern historians, however, prefer figures of between 50,000 and 150,000 effective
914:. As for his courage, I have mentioned it many times when describing the battles he took part in. He was a lion among lions and the most fearless among his valiant horsemen. He was mild in his temper though, did not get easily provoked and never used bad language.
867:
claimed he was Jalal al-Din. After he was defeated, the
Mongols verified that his claim was false, and he was executed. In the year 1254, a leader of a merchant group claimed he was Jalal al-Din; detained and tortured, he asserted he was truthful until his death.
353:
battle, as many of his commanders wished, he would certainly have been greatly outmatched in quantity of troops, let alone quality. The Shah thus made the decision to distribute his forces as garrison troops inside his most important towns, such as Samarkand,
828:, proposing joint operation against Jalal al-Din. Ögedei Khan sent a new army of 30,000 – 50,000 men under the command of Chormagan and the remaining Khwarazmians, whose numbers were in hundreds, were swept away by the new Mongol army, which occupied
267:
personal name are obscure. Early scholarship spelled it as Manguburti (or similar variants), whilst the most common variant today is Mangburni ("with a birthmark on the nose") or Mingirini ("valiant fighter worth one thousand men"; cf. Persian
383:
specifically to pursue the Shah; although Muhammad, accompanied by Jalal-al Din and two other sons, managed to escape, he was prevented from gathering any forces as his empire collapsed around him. Fleeing to the loyal region of
585:
Jalal al-Din had won several victories against the Mongols in 1221, and after the Battle of Parwan, independent insurgency groups emerged in multiple cities inspired by his deeds. Kushteghin Pahlawan launched a revolt in
348:, but most agree on around 75,000 to 200,000 soldiers. The Khwarazmshah, meanwhile, faced many problems. His empire was vast and newly formed, with a still-developing administration. In addition, his mother
782:
and defeated. In August 1228, a new Mongol army under the leadership of Taymas Noyan invaded the re-established kingdom. Jalal al-Din met them near Isfahan and the two armies battled. The Mongols scored a
345:
472:
1732:
707:
573:; the numerically inferior Mongols lost 1,000 and retreated across the river, destroying the bridge. Genghis sent an army numbering between thirty and forty-five thousand under
662:, who was so infuriated Doqshin was sent out at once on the same task. Meanwhile, al-Din was quarrelling with local princes, but was mostly victorious when it came to battle.
622:
715:
Having gathered an army and entered Persia, Jalal ad-Din sought to re-establish the Khwarazm kingdom, but he never fully consolidated his power. In 1224, he confirmed
2059:
465:
336:
and the Shah, in which Jalal al-Din's military acumen had saved the Shah from a humiliating defeat. However, he could not ignore the seizure of a trade caravan in
196:; however, since he was the son of a concubine, he was challenged as successor by a younger brother, whose cause was supported by the powerful Queen Mother,
1705:
727:, and received the submission of his brother Ghiyath, who had established himself in Hamadan and Isfahan, and the province of Fars, and clashed with the
458:
1580:
582:
soon lost half of his army through infighting: the sources report a dispute over booty between Temur Malik and Ighrak, commander of the right flank.
538:
392:. Jalal al-Din would later claim that his father had appointed him as his successor on his deathbed. Meanwhile, the Mongols had occupied all of
2127:
658:
to pursue al-Din, whom he still regarded as a threat, in early 1222; one account has Doqshin fail to secure al-Din, and return to the Khan in
364:
However, through a combination of excellent manoeuvering and planning, the Mongols managed to carve a path of destruction through Khwarazmia.
2003:
1071:
235:, and fled across the river. Now essentially a warlord, Jalal al-Din managed to establish a succession of short-lived states: first in the
976:
1538:
349:
320:
298:
201:
197:
2231:
681:; he returned to Persia at the behest of his brother Ghiyath al-Din Pirshah, who still controlled parts of Persia, in late 1223.
2241:
731:
in Khuzestan, from whom he captured parts of Western Iran. The next year, he dethroned the Uzbek Muzaffar al-Din, ruler of the
344:. War between the two new neighbours was inevitable. The Khan commanded a skilled and disciplined army: the precise size of it
1991:
1972:
1949:
1819:
1780:
1677:
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1115:
30:
953:(died 1283), who, however, was in reality aware that Jalal al-Din was fighting for his own survival and selfish motives.
752:
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which was under siege by a Mongol army and defeated them after a two-day battle. In autumn 1221, he then moved north to
2120:
2060:"Juvaini's Account of Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah and the Crossing of the Indus: Historiographical and Pictorial Aspects"
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reputation for resisting the Mongols, Jalal al-Din is commonly depicted on artwork resembling that of the Persian epic
2041:
1919:
1885:
1863:
1844:
1466:
1441:
1374:
1215:
1107:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
1902:
903:
192:, the wealthy capital of the Khwarazmid homeland. An able general, he served as second-in-command to his father in
211:
The new Shah Jalal al-Din moved to Gurganj, but departed eastwards after Terken Khatun moved against him; evading
962:
361:. Meanwhile, the Shah raised taxes to raise a field army, with whom he would harass the besieging Mongol forces.
652:; he did however give one of his daughters to al-Din as a peace offering. The Khan sent Dorbei Doqshin with two
293:
origin, whose name was Ay-Chichek. Due to the low status of Jalal al-Din's mother, his powerful grandmother and
2097:
598:
also rebelled. These revolts would be crushed by the Mongols, and many atrocities perpetuated as retribution.
2113:
1733:"Hormatly Prezidentimiz Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Türkmen bedewiniň baýramyna bagyşlanan dabaralara gatnaşdy"
863:
to the name of Jalal al-Din arose after his death. In 1236, the founder and the leader of an insurgency in
329:
2251:
758:
Jalal ad-Din spent the rest of his days struggling against the Mongols, pretenders to the throne and the
1933:
1564:
Irwin, Robert (1999). "Islam and the Mediterranean: The rise of the Mamluks". In Abulafia, David (ed.).
1034:
496:
1640:
Shikhab an-Nasawi. Sirat as-sultan Jalal al-Din Mankburni (Biography of sultan Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu)
983:. A sculpture of him by Saragt Babaýew won a national competition in 2015, receiving a prize from the
1873:
1491:
988:
984:
926:
801:
910:
He was swarthy (dark-skinned), small in stature, Turkic in "behavior" and speech, but he also spoke
902:
Jalal al-Din was considered by many to be a fearless commander and a great warrior. His biographer,
1929:
1830:
227:, but soon lost a good portion of his army in a dispute over spoils. He was defeated by a vengeful
925:
notes that Jalal al-Din was known as a bellicose warrior and Jalal al-Din's passiveness after the
2187:
2179:
181:
125:
1039:
2147:
2080:
1710:
921:
described al-Din as "endowed with great heroism, valour and high talents and accomplishments".
918:
884:
602:
482:
279:
65:
1105:
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from one of the lieutenants of Jalal ad-Din, sacked it, then proceeded to besiege the larger
424:
193:
1415:
1391:
1135:
980:
833:
557:
Jalal al-Din, who had just married Temur Malik's daughter to solidify ties, marched towards
91:
2236:
2226:
1331:
967:
526:
432:
8:
864:
542:
511:
290:
232:
2136:
2087:
1891:
1834:
1515:
1411:
1225:
1221:
1205:
821:
740:
698:
641:
185:
177:
115:
2171:
2037:
2020:
2012:
1987:
1968:
1945:
1915:
1881:
1859:
1840:
1815:
1798:
1776:
1673:
1627:(in Turkish). Ankara: Publications of the Ministry of Culture. pp. 81–83, 85–91.
1462:
1437:
1370:
1343:
1326:
1299:
1259:
1211:
1179:
1111:
950:
702:
570:
521:
501:
244:
240:
1895:
1083:
891:
2246:
2034:
Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander The Great to the Fall of The Taliban
1507:
1403:
1362:
1079:
911:
763:
578:
506:
428:
385:
372:
264:
224:
155:
38:
2008:
1706:"New Turkish series about Sultan Jalaluddin Khwarazmshah to release in Uzbekistan"
972:
1937:
1407:
1366:
922:
876:
784:
771:
744:
649:
610:
516:
450:
1496:"Jalāl Al-Dīn, the Mongols, and the Khwarazmian Conquest of the Panjāb and Sind"
1960:
1642:(in Russian). Vostochnaya Literatura, Russian Academy of Sciences. p. 288.
945:
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their destruction in 1246. His daughter, Turkan, would grow up in the court of
759:
420:
1942:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIV/4: Jade III–Jamalzadeh, Mohammad-Ali II. Work
849:
825:
2220:
2024:
1802:
829:
789:
303:
212:
103:
805:
375:, as was Samarkand. Genghis Khan then sent an army under his elite generals
208:, Jalal-al Din gained the loyalty of the majority of Khwarazmian loyalists.
1914:. Translated by Boyle, J.A. (third ed.). Mancherter University Press.
1303:
774:. In 1227, after the death of Genghis Khan, a new Mongol army commanded by
574:
550:
325:
276:
252:
228:
220:
173:
47:
1670:
The Mongol Conquests The Military Operations of Genghis Khan and Sübe'etei
1258:]. Translated by Mustafayev, Shahin; Welsford, Thomas. Moscow: Nauka.
590:
and ousted the Mongol administration; he then made a successful attack on
1790:
853:
720:
716:
606:
546:
416:
405:
397:
393:
389:
205:
143:
1829:
Cahen, Claude (1971). "ʿAbdallaṭīf al-Baghdādī et les Khwārizmiens". In
820:, the Mongols learned that Jalal ad-Din had recently been defeated; the
1519:
1495:
797:
732:
35:
1568:. Vol. 5, c.1198–c.1300. Cambridge University Press. p. 611.
1539:"Mongol Empire: Chormaquan and the Mongol Conquest of the Middle East"
689:
2163:
1944:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 404–405.
932:
860:
840:
who claimed that he was avenging his brother, who had been killed in
775:
694:
659:
645:
1511:
1256:
A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097–1231
1812:
A History of The Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids 1097–1231
796:
again in 1229. However, he was defeated in this campaign by Sultan
728:
627:
566:
558:
440:
358:
294:
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denied this to him because of al-Din's poor relationship with the
896:
779:
748:
666:
591:
412:
380:
369:
341:
189:
110:
79:
2105:
937:
880:
817:
736:
724:
678:
674:
670:
654:
562:
401:
248:
236:
216:
1878:
The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion
2155:
1909:
841:
793:
767:
595:
436:
365:
337:
333:
1136:"Description of life of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu. Chapter 38"
837:
753:
were allegedly put to death for not renouncing Christianity
587:
376:
354:
1210:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 58–61.
204:
led to his father's flight and death on an island in the
1836:
Iran and Islam: In Memory of the Late Vladimir Minorsky
936:, where he is associated with the mythological warrior
949:
independence" by the Iranian bureaucrat and historian
778:
was sent to invade al Din's lands; they were met near
626:
Coinage of Jalal al-Din Mangubarni. AR Double Dirham.
1204:
May, Timothy (2018). "The Mongols outside Mongolia".
423:, he attacked the garrison of a Mongol detachment at
1856:
The Empire of The Steppes: A History of Central Asia
1252:
Gosudarstvo Khorezmshakhov-Anushteginidov: 1097–1231
1686:
1176:
Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy
2002:
1984:Genghis Khan His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy
1959:Lane, George E. (2012). "The Mongols in Iran". In
480:
446:
275:Jalal al-Din was reportedly the eldest son of the
1766:(third ed.). Messers. Luzac and Company Ltd.
836:mountains and there in August he was killed by a
665:Under Doqshin's leadership, the Mongol army took
2218:
1839:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 149–166.
944:isolation against the Mongol army of Chormaqan.
614:slaughtered, along with his harem and children.
545:: Jalal al-Din Khwarazm-Shah crossing the rapid
314:
16:Shah of the Khwarazmian Empire from 1220 to 1231
2031:
1809:
1506:. British Institute of Persian Studies: 45–54.
1342:] (in Persian). Vol. 1. Translated by
219:. He managed to inflict an excellent defeat on
1853:
1604:
388:, the Shah died destitute on an island in the
2121:
1981:
1672:. West Midlands: Helion&Company Limited.
739:on 25 July 1225. That same year, he attacked
466:
340:and subsequent execution of Mongol envoys in
167:
1789:
1761:
856:, who married her to the governor of Mosul.
711:manuscript created in Shiraz, Iran, in 1438.
1967:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432.
1657:. Translated by Raverty, H. G. p. 285.
1459:Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection
1357:Golden, Peter (2009). "Inner Asia c.1200".
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1140:Vostochnaya Literatura (Eastern Literature)
1103:
215:patrols, he gathered a substantial army at
2128:
2114:
1912:Genghis Khan History of the World Conqurer
1770:
1325:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
751:, after which a hundred thousand citizens
473:
459:
29:
1637:
1618:
1616:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1392:"Sübe'etei Ba'atur, Anonymous Strategist"
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1249:
1199:
1197:
1195:
735:, and set himself up in their capital of
443:had all been taken by the Mongol forces.
321:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
202:Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
2057:
1928:
1667:
1431:
1389:
1298:(Second ed.). Gibb Memorial Trust.
1293:
1232:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1129:
1127:
1035:"Jalāl-Al-Din Kwārazmšāh (I) Mengübirni"
890:
875:
871:
688:
621:
537:
1872:
1773:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5
1578:
1490:
1427:
1425:
1272:
1104:Mikaberidze, Alexander (22 July 2011).
883:of Jalal ad-Din, citing Abbasid caliph
565:and attacked a besieging army north of
289:), while his mother was a concubine of
2219:
1965:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
1910:Juvaini, Ala-ad-Din Ata-Malik (1997).
1622:
1613:
1475:
1356:
1350:
1310:
1192:
1173:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
634:
258:
2109:
1828:
1764:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
1625:Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah and his era
1563:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1296:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
1154:
1133:
1124:
956:
895:Equestrian statue of Jalal ad-Din in
684:
454:
2000:
1958:
1692:
1422:
1069:
977:Uzbek Ministry of Culture and Sports
961:Jalal al-Din was the subject of the
1652:
1461:. St. Martin's Press. p. 181.
1456:
1359:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
1203:
1054:
804:in 1230, from whence he escaped to
309:
168:
159:
13:
2051:
1795:A Historical Atlas of Central Asia
1661:
1646:
1566:The New Cambridge Medieval History
1526:
832:. Jalal ad-Din took refuge in the
617:
180:. The eldest son and successor of
14:
2263:
2135:
188:, Jalal al-Din was brought up at
2088:Sultan of the Khwarezmian Empire
2011:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
904:Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi
408:during the latter half of 1220.
263:The spelling and meaning of his
255:until its final defeat in 1246.
1755:
1725:
1698:
1631:
1598:
1572:
1557:
1450:
1383:
1084:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_32712
1006:
447:Battles at Parwan and the Indus
284:
41:coin commemorating Jalal al-Din
2232:13th-century murdered monarchs
2019:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1775:. Cambridge University Press.
1607:Sîret-i Celâleddîn-i Mingburnî
1402:(1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 37.
1340:History of the World Conqueror
1097:
1027:
743:, defeating its forces in the
484:Battles involving Jalal ad-Din
419:and 300 cavalry. Crossing the
1:
2242:13th-century monarchs in Asia
1076:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
994:
792:. Jalal ad-Din moved against
315:Mongol invasion and accession
1858:. Rutgers University Press.
1605:Khorandezî Zeydârî, Nasawî.
1436:. Rutgers University Press.
1416:10.13173/jasiahist.47.1.0033
1408:10.13173/jasiahist.47.1.0033
1367:10.1017/CBO9781139056045.004
1361:. The Chinggisid Age: 9–25.
1020:
906:, described him as follows:
239:, from 1222–24, and then in
7:
2209:usurpers or rival claimants
1581:"Les Mongols et la Papauté"
332:between the Mongol general
10:
2268:
2058:Melville, Charles (2021).
1588:Revue de l'Orient Chrétien
1294:Barthold, Vasily (1968) .
1250:Buniyatov, Z. M. (2015) .
975:in collaboration with the
887:623–628 AH (1226–1231 AD).
577:to confront the Shah. The
318:
200:. Nevertheless, after the
2207:
2143:
2094:
2085:
2077:
1934:"Jalāl-al-Din Mengübirni"
1880:. Yale University Press.
1771:J. A. Boyle, ed. (1968).
1653:Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj.
1434:The Empire of the Steppes
1110:. ABC-CLIO. p. 441.
989:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
985:president of Turkmenistan
979:, where he was played by
492:
164:Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah
139:
131:
121:
109:
97:
85:
75:
71:
61:
53:
46:
28:
23:
2032:Tanner, Stephen (2002).
2004:"Jalāl al-Dīn Mangburnī"
1831:Clifford Edmund Bosworth
1810:Buniyatov, Z.M. (2015).
1396:Journal of Asian History
1335:
1072:"Jalāl al-Dīn Mangburnī"
999:
822:Nizari Ismaili Assassins
811:
609:and crushed them in the
1854:Grousset, Rene (2005).
1668:Sverdrup, Carl (2017).
1638:Buniyatov, Z.M (1996).
1609:. Tehran. p. 1344.
1432:Grousset, Rene (1991).
1390:Sverdrup, Carl (2013).
1226:10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11
549:on horseback, escaping
2017:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1982:Mclynn, Frank (2015).
1711:The News International
1623:Taneri, Aydin (1977).
1174:Mclynn, Frank (2015).
916:
899:
888:
712:
631:
554:
280:Ala ad-Din Muhammad II
182:Ala ad-Din Muhammad II
152:Jalal al-Din Mangburni
24:Jalal al-Din Mangburni
2001:Paul, Jürgen (2017).
1903:registration required
1070:Paul, Jürgen (2017).
908:
894:
879:
872:Legacy and assessment
816:Through the ruler of
692:
625:
541:
411:Jalal ad-Din rode to
328:had chosen to ignore
160:جلال الدین مِنکُبِرنی
1896:10.3366/j.ctt1n2tvq0
1762:Barthold W. (1968).
1579:Pelliot, P. (1923).
1332:Tarikh-i Jahangushay
1040:Encyclopædia Iranica
968:Mendirman Jaloliddin
927:Battle of Yassıçemen
885:Al-Mustansir Bi'llah
802:Battle of Yassıçemen
708:Tarikh-i Jahangushay
553:and the Mongol army.
178:Anushteginid dynasty
169:جلال الدین خوارزمشاه
1930:Bosworth, C. Edmund
1814:. IICAS Samarkand.
1737:turkmenistan.gov.tm
770:in Turkey from the
697:(left) against the
635:Indian subcontinent
543:Battle of the Indus
346:is heavily disputed
306:) to Jalal al-Din.
259:Name and early life
233:Battle of the Indus
194:at least one battle
2252:Anushtegin dynasty
2007:. In Fleet, Kate;
1457:Man, John (2004).
1344:Andrew Boyle, John
1327:Juvaini, Ata-Malik
957:Cultural influence
900:
889:
713:
705:in 1227. From the
685:Persia and Georgia
642:Sultanate of Delhi
632:
601:Genghis Khan, now
555:
396:, and had invaded
186:Khwarazmian Empire
116:Anushtegin dynasty
92:Silvan, Diyarbakır
2214:
2213:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2104:
2103:
2095:Succeeded by
2036:. DA CAPO Press.
1993:978-0-306-82396-1
1986:. Da Capo Press.
1974:978-0-19-987575-7
1951:978-1-934283-04-2
1821:978-9943-357-21-1
1797:. Brill, Boston.
1782:978-0-521-06936-6
1679:978-1-910777-71-8
1265:978-9943-357-21-1
1207:The Mongol Empire
1185:978-0-306-82396-1
1178:. Da Capo Press.
1117:978-1-59884-337-8
951:Ata-Malik Juvayni
824:sent a letter to
703:battle of Bolnisi
571:Battle of Waliyan
535:
534:
251:as the mercenary
162:), also known as
149:
148:
2259:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2078:Preceded by
2075:
2074:
2071:
2047:
2028:
2006:
1997:
1978:
1955:
1938:Yarshater, Ehsan
1925:
1906:
1899:
1869:
1850:
1825:
1806:
1786:
1767:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1729:
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1722:
1720:
1718:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1655:Tabakat-i Nasiri
1650:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1611:
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1602:
1596:
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1535:
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1387:
1381:
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1354:
1348:
1347:
1323:
1308:
1307:
1291:
1270:
1269:
1247:
1230:
1229:
1201:
1190:
1189:
1171:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1078:. Brill Online.
1067:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1031:
1014:
1010:
747:, and conquered
729:Caliph An Nasser
579:Battle of Parwan
487:
485:
475:
468:
461:
452:
451:
310:Mongol campaigns
288:
287: 1200–1220
286:
225:Battle of Parwan
172:), was the last
171:
170:
161:
101:qutlubika Khatun
57:1220–August 1231
33:
21:
20:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2139:
2134:
2100:
2098:Mongol conquest
2091:
2083:
2054:
2052:Further reading
2044:
2013:Rowson, Everett
1994:
1975:
1961:Daryaee, Touraj
1952:
1922:
1900:
1888:
1866:
1847:
1822:
1783:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1739:. 24 April 2015
1731:
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1537:
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1527:
1512:10.2307/4299834
1489:
1476:
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1444:
1430:
1423:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1355:
1351:
1337:
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1028:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
959:
923:Yaqut al-Hamawi
874:
814:
785:pyrrhic victory
745:battle of Garni
719:, ruler of the
701:(right) in the
687:
650:Abbasid caliphs
637:
620:
618:Later campaigns
536:
531:
488:
483:
481:
479:
449:
323:
317:
312:
283:
261:
102:
90:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2265:
2255:
2254:
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2244:
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2212:
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2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
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2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2144:
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2132:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2029:
2009:Krämer, Gudrun
1998:
1992:
1979:
1973:
1956:
1950:
1926:
1920:
1907:
1886:
1874:Jackson, Peter
1870:
1864:
1851:
1845:
1826:
1820:
1807:
1787:
1781:
1768:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1724:
1697:
1695:, p. 251.
1685:
1678:
1660:
1645:
1630:
1612:
1597:
1571:
1556:
1545:. 12 June 2006
1525:
1492:Jackson, Peter
1474:
1467:
1449:
1442:
1421:
1382:
1375:
1349:
1336:تاریخ جهانگشای
1309:
1271:
1264:
1231:
1216:
1191:
1184:
1153:
1123:
1116:
1096:
1053:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1004:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
958:
955:
946:Vasily Bartold
873:
870:
813:
810:
686:
683:
636:
633:
619:
616:
611:ensuing battle
533:
532:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
493:
490:
489:
478:
477:
470:
463:
455:
448:
445:
421:Karakum desert
319:Main article:
316:
313:
311:
308:
260:
257:
241:northwest Iran
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
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107:
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99:
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34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2264:
2253:
2250:
2248:
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2240:
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2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2206:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2159:(1127/8–1156)
2157:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:Khwarazmshahs
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2043:0-306-81233-9
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1921:0-7190-5144-4
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1887:9780300227284
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1865:0-8135-0627-1
1861:
1857:
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1846:9780852242001
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1479:
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1468:0-312-31444-2
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1453:
1445:
1443:0-8135-1304-9
1439:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1376:9781139056045
1372:
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1219:
1217:9780748642373
1213:
1209:
1208:
1200:
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1187:
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1177:
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1141:
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1128:
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1113:
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1108:
1100:
1085:
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1077:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1009:
1005:
992:
990:
986:
982:
981:Emre Kıvılcım
978:
974:
973:Mehmet Bozdağ
971:, created by
970:
969:
964:
963:Uzbek-Turkish
954:
952:
947:
941:
939:
935:
934:
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
907:
905:
898:
893:
886:
882:
878:
869:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:Northern Iran
827:
823:
819:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
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746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
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583:
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367:
362:
360:
356:
351:
350:Terken Khatun
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
307:
305:
304:Ghurid Empire
300:
299:Terken Khatun
296:
292:
281:
278:
273:
271:
266:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
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218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
198:Terken Khatun
195:
191:
187:
183:
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175:
165:
157:
153:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
114:
112:
108:
105:
104:Sulafa Khatun
100:
96:
93:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2195:
2086:
2067:
2063:
2033:
2016:
1983:
1964:
1941:
1911:
1877:
1855:
1835:
1811:
1794:
1791:Bregel, Yuri
1772:
1763:
1756:Bibliography
1743:12 September
1741:. Retrieved
1736:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1709:
1700:
1688:
1669:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1606:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1542:
1503:
1499:
1458:
1452:
1433:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1358:
1352:
1339:
1330:
1295:
1255:
1251:
1206:
1175:
1144:. Retrieved
1142:(in Russian)
1139:
1106:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1075:
1044:. Retrieved
1038:
1029:
1008:
966:
960:
942:
931:
917:
909:
901:
858:
846:
815:
757:
717:Burak Hadjib
714:
706:
699:Khwarezmians
664:
653:
638:
600:
584:
575:Shigi Qutuqu
556:
551:Genghis Khan
410:
363:
326:Genghis Khan
324:
277:Khwarazmshah
274:
269:
262:
253:Khwarazmiyya
229:Genghis Khan
221:Shigi Qutuqu
210:
174:Khwarazmshah
163:
151:
150:
48:Khwarazmshah
18:
2237:1199 births
2227:1231 deaths
2199:(1220–1231)
2191:(1200–1220)
2188:Muhammad II
2183:(1172–1193)
2180:Sultan-Shah
2175:(1172–1200)
2167:(1156–1172)
2151:(1097–1127)
2081:Muhammad II
1329:(c. 1260).
1134:An-Nasawi.
854:Hulagu Khan
850:Ögedei Khan
826:Ögedei Khan
721:Qara Khitai
607:River Indus
547:Indus River
417:Timur Malik
406:Gharchistan
398:Tocharistan
394:Transoxania
390:Caspian Sea
206:Caspian Sea
144:Sunni Islam
126:Muhammad II
89:August 1231
66:Muhammad II
62:Predecessor
2221:Categories
2196:Manguberdi
2148:Muhammad I
2092:1220–1231
2064:Iran Namag
1549:5 February
1543:HistoryNet
1146:2 November
1089:8 February
995:References
965:TV series
865:Mazandaran
861:pretenders
806:Diyarbakır
798:Kayqubad I
733:Eldiguzids
628:Qal 'a Nay
603:at Bamiyan
527:Yasi Cemen
368:fell, and
330:a skirmish
135:Ay-Chichek
2164:Il-Arslan
2025:1873-9830
1803:938109618
1693:Lane 2012
1046:28 August
1021:Citations
1013:soldiers.
933:Shahnameh
852:and then
776:Chormagan
695:Georgians
660:Samarkand
646:Iltutmish
373:was taken
297:princess
270:hazarmard
2015:(eds.).
1932:(2008).
1876:(2017).
1793:(2003).
1494:(1990).
780:Dameghan
772:Ayyubids
677:and the
594:, while
567:Charikar
559:Kandahar
441:Nishapur
386:Khorasan
359:Nishapur
140:Religion
2247:Sultans
1963:(ed.).
1940:(ed.).
1833:(ed.).
1717:7 April
1594:: 3–30.
1520:4299834
1304:4523164
919:Juzjani
912:Persian
897:Urgench
800:at the
760:Seljuqs
749:Tbilisi
741:Georgia
667:Nandana
592:Bukhara
569:in the
522:Bolnisi
502:Waliyan
429:Gurganj
413:Gurganj
381:Subutai
370:Bukhara
342:Gurganj
295:Qipchaq
291:Turkmen
245:Georgia
231:at the
223:at the
190:Gurganj
184:of the
176:of the
156:Persian
111:Dynasty
80:Gurganj
39:25 soʻm
2172:Tekish
2070:(3–4).
2040:
2023:
1990:
1971:
1948:
1918:
1894:
1884:
1862:
1843:
1818:
1801:
1779:
1676:
1518:
1465:
1440:
1414:
1373:
1302:
1262:
1224:
1214:
1182:
1114:
938:Rostam
881:Dirham
834:Silvan
818:Alamut
768:Akhlat
737:Tabriz
725:Kerman
679:Punjab
675:Lahore
671:Multan
655:tumens
563:Parwan
507:Parwan
497:Irghiz
439:, and
402:Guzgan
265:Turkic
249:Levant
237:Punjab
217:Ghazni
213:Mongol
132:Mother
122:Father
98:Spouse
2156:Atsiz
1936:. In
1892:JSTOR
1584:(PDF)
1516:JSTOR
1412:JSTOR
1338:[
1254:[
1222:JSTOR
1000:Notes
859:Some
842:Ahlat
812:Death
794:Ahlat
723:, in
596:Herat
517:Garni
512:Indus
437:Balkh
366:Otrar
338:Otrar
334:Jochi
54:Reign
36:Uzbek
2038:ISBN
2021:ISSN
1988:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1799:OCLC
1777:ISBN
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