427:
38:
531:
566:
486:
become his vassals in 1211. He finally destroyed
Western Karakhanids in 1212 and Ghurids in 1215 annexing with their remainder territories. During 1212 the city of Samarkand revolted killing 8,000–10,000 Khwarezmians living there. Muhammad, in retaliation, sacked the city and executed 10,000 citizens
582:
Trying to maintain diplomacy, Genghis sent an envoy of three men to the Shah, to give him a chance to disclaim all knowledge of the governor's actions and hand him over to the
Mongols for punishment. The shah executed the envoy (again, some sources claim one man was executed, some claim all three
402:
from the Ghurid rulers of
Bamiyan, but shortly recognized the authority of Ghiyath. Ghiyath, not glad about Tajuddin controlling Ghazni, and not daring to leave Ghur unprotected, requested help from the Muhammad II. Muhammad, however, instead invaded the domains of Ghiyath, capturing
552:
made contact with the Shah. Having only recently conquered two-thirds of what would one day be China, Genghis was looking to open trade relations, but having heard exaggerated reports of the
Mongols, the Shah believed this gesture was only a ploy to invade
557:
land. Genghis sent emissaries to
Khwarezm (reports vary – one stating a group of 100 Muslim merchants with a single Mongol leading them, others state 450) to emphasize his hope for a trade road. The Shah, in turn, had one of his governors
661:
Taksh's sucçessor, Alauddin
Muhammnad Khwarazm Shah, styled 'the Second Alexander' (1200-20), was the last of the old type of Emperor-Sultans, for Timur does not belong to this category
379:, who sent an army to aid Muhammad. Mu'izz, because of the pressure from the Kara-Khitans, was forced to relieve the siege and retreat. However, on his way to his domains in
426:
583:
were), and then immediately had the Mongol merchant party (Muslim and Mongol alike) put to death and their goods seized. These events led
Genghis to
37:
522:, the shah's army was caught in a blizzard. Thousands of warriors died. With the army decimated, the generals had no choice but to return home.
937:
584:
313:
255:
109:
548:
In 1218, a small contingent of
Mongols crossed borders in pursuit of an escaped enemy general. Upon successfully retrieving him,
1051:
804:
363:
in 1203 after months of illness. Muhammad II used this opportunity to invade the domains of the Ghurid Empire, and besieged
387:
in 1204. Mu'izz al-Din was later assassinated in 1206, throwing the Ghurid Empire into a civil war. During the civil war,
415:. Thirteen months later, Muhammad was freed from captivity, and once again invaded the domains of Ghiyath, and captured
930:
843:
777:
681:
530:
923:
562:, his uncle) openly accuse the party of spying, their rich goods were seized and the party was arrested.
1056:
651:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 42.
328:
died, Muhammad succeeded him. Right after his accession, however, his domains were invaded by the two
1046:
989:
333:
1005:
957:
907:
576:
215:
153:
99:
49:
769:
763:
693:
673:
356:, earning criticism from Ghiyath which led to the only reported quarrel between the brothers.
483:
388:
827:
1041:
1036:
571:
44:
565:
8:
861:
412:
376:
298:
235:
219:
946:
897:
294:
61:
981:
890:
839:
800:
773:
718:
A Comprehensive
History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century
677:
652:
395:
384:
325:
245:
148:
89:
611:
519:
341:
337:
278:
198:
794:
646:
645:(1992). "THE KHWARAZMIAN EMPIRE". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
823:
642:
423:, and captured Ghiyath. Ghiyath then agreed to recognize Muhammad's authority.
302:
177:
1030:
604:
514:
rejected his claim, Ala ad-Din
Muhammad gathered an army and marched towards
435:
705:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle
656:
549:
495:
367:. Mu'izz, however, managed to repel him from Herat and then pursued him to
828:"The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)"
759:
619:
479:
463:
451:
265:
133:
203:
536:
466:
from Western Karakhanids. He pursued expansionist policy and conquered
455:
352:, but he let his troops get out of control and got little further than
340:. Within weeks, the two brothers had moved their armies westwards into
184:
76:
973:
648:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
592:
491:
459:
447:
349:
282:
207:
615:
588:
559:
511:
467:
431:
368:
345:
309:
191:
623:
596:
541:
515:
507:
471:
408:
372:
305:
230:
915:
503:
475:
439:
399:
353:
329:
965:
600:
416:
404:
364:
360:
211:
170:
499:
420:
380:
375:, his capital. Muhammad desperately requested aid from the
290:
287:
Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Sanjar ibn Tekish
57:
569:
Muhammad II's death, depicted in a 1430 manuscript of the
308:
who eventually became a viceroy of a small province named
838:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202.
316:, which resulted in the utter destruction of his empire.
430:
A coin of 'Ala al-Din Muhammad II citing Abbasid caliph
707:, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 269.
411:. However, during his invasion he was captured by the
42:
Depiction of Muhammad II in a 1430 manuscript of the
348:, Mu'izz al-Din was sent on an expedition towards
747:Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia
731:The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History
674:History of civilizations of Central Asia, vol. IV
490:By 1217, he had conquered all the lands from the
1028:
585:retaliate with a force of 100,000 to 150,000 men
419:. Muhammad then invaded the Ghurid heartland of
518:to depose an-Nasir. However, when crossing the
741:
739:
641:
610:Ala ad-Din Muhammad fled and sought refuge in
931:
694:Enc. Islam, article: Muhammad, Mu'izz al-Din
758:
736:
938:
924:
796:Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection
36:
733:, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 70.
720:, (Dorling Kindersley Pvt., 2011), 53–54.
676:, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Pub. (1999)
540:of Ala ad-Din Muhammad II, struck at the
502:and demanded formal recognition from the
314:Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
822:
564:
529:
474:from Western Karakhanids and regions of
425:
768:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
174:: Ala ad-Din (shortly), Iskandar-i Sani
1029:
919:
752:
603:and others. Muhammad's capital city,
723:
297:from 1200 to 1220. His ancestor was
792:
13:
816:
434:and minted in the newly conquered
394:However, Ghiyath's Turkic general
14:
1068:
945:
749:, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 43.
591:in 1219 and sacked the cities of
898:Shah of the Khwarezmian Empire
786:
710:
698:
687:
666:
635:
391:managed to emerge victorious.
1:
1052:13th-century monarchs in Asia
836:The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
832:The Cambridge History of Iran
629:
281:: علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه;
131:1220 (aged 50–51)
7:
1019:usurpers or rival claimants
10:
1073:
446:Muhammad II then captured
312:. He was subjected to the
1017:
953:
904:
895:
887:
882:
855:
344:. Once they had captured
261:
251:
241:
229:
168:
163:
159:
147:
139:
127:
119:
115:
105:
95:
85:
75:
67:
56:
35:
28:
23:
857:Muhammad II of Khwarazm
830:. In Frye, R. N. (ed.).
672:Ahmad Hasan Dani et al.
319:
799:. Bantam. p. 176.
765:A History of Inner Asia
607:, followed soon after.
525:
154:Jalal ad-Din Manguberdi
716:Farooqui Salma Ahmed,
579:
577:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
545:
498:. He declared himself
443:
100:Jalal al-Din Mangburni
50:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
568:
533:
484:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
429:
389:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud
383:, he was defeated in
618:on an island in the
614:, and later died of
334:Ghiyath al-Din Ghori
275:Alā' al-Din Muhammad
30:The Second Alexander
862:House of Anushtegin
413:Kara-Khitan Khanate
377:Kara-Khitan Khanate
299:Anushtegin Gharchai
236:House of Anushtegin
1057:Anushtegin dynasty
793:Man, John (2005).
626:some weeks later.
580:
546:
510:. When the caliph
444:
295:Khwarazmian Empire
1024:
1023:
1010:
1002:
994:
986:
978:
970:
962:
914:
913:
905:Succeeded by
806:978-0-553-81498-9
622:near the port of
587:that crossed the
572:Jami' al-tawarikh
482:from Ghurids and
450:in 1207 from the
396:Taj al-Din Yildiz
385:Battle of Andkhud
324:After his father
271:
270:
225:
224:
143:Ay Chichek Khatun
45:Jami' al-tawarikh
1064:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
976:
968:
960:
940:
933:
926:
917:
916:
888:Preceded by
878:
871:
853:
852:
849:
811:
810:
790:
784:
783:
756:
750:
743:
734:
727:
721:
714:
708:
702:
696:
691:
685:
670:
664:
663:
639:
520:Zagros Mountains
359:Ghiyath died at
161:
160:
40:
21:
20:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1047:Muslim monarchs
1027:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1013:
949:
944:
910:
901:
893:
872:
866:
865:
858:
846:
834:. Vol. 5:
824:Bosworth, C. E.
819:
817:Further reading
814:
807:
791:
787:
780:
757:
753:
744:
737:
728:
724:
715:
711:
703:
699:
692:
688:
671:
667:
640:
636:
632:
528:
322:
196:
192:Turkic nickname
189:
182:
175:
132:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1070:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
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1011:
1003:
995:
987:
979:
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943:
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935:
928:
920:
912:
911:
906:
903:
894:
889:
885:
884:
883:Regnal titles
880:
879:
859:
856:
851:
850:
844:
818:
815:
813:
812:
805:
785:
778:
751:
745:Rafis Abazov,
735:
729:Michel Biran,
722:
709:
697:
686:
665:
643:Mohammad Habib
633:
631:
628:
527:
524:
492:river Jaxartes
487:of Samarkand.
321:
318:
269:
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26:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1069:
1058:
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1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1016:
1007:
1004:
999:
996:
991:
988:
983:
980:
975:
972:
969:(1127/8–1156)
967:
964:
959:
956:
955:
952:
948:
947:Khwarazmshahs
941:
936:
934:
929:
927:
922:
921:
918:
909:
900:
899:
892:
886:
881:
876:
869:
864:
863:
854:
847:
845:0-521-06936-X
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:
808:
802:
798:
797:
789:
781:
779:0-521-65704-0
775:
771:
767:
766:
761:
755:
748:
742:
740:
732:
726:
719:
713:
706:
701:
695:
690:
683:
682:81-208-1409-6
679:
675:
669:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:
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621:
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613:
608:
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602:
598:
594:
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586:
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563:
561:
556:
551:
543:
539:
538:
532:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:in 1210 from
457:
453:
449:
441:
437:
433:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:Mu'izz al-Din
335:
331:
327:
317:
315:
311:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
267:
264:
260:
257:
256:Terken Khatun
254:
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217:
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158:
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110:Terken Khatun
108:
104:
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98:
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78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
39:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
16:Khwarazm Shah
997:
896:
874:
867:
860:
835:
831:
795:
788:
764:
754:
746:
730:
725:
717:
712:
704:
700:
689:
668:
660:
647:
637:
609:
581:
570:
554:
550:Genghis Khan
547:
535:
496:Persian Gulf
489:
445:
393:
371:, besieging
358:
323:
286:
274:
272:
197:
190:
183:
176:
169:
43:
29:
18:
1042:1220 deaths
1037:1169 births
1009:(1220–1231)
1001:(1200–1220)
998:Muhammad II
993:(1172–1193)
990:Sultan-Shah
985:(1172–1200)
977:(1156–1172)
961:(1097–1127)
760:Svat Soucek
620:Caspian Sea
480:Balochistan
464:Transoxiana
452:Kara Khitay
438:capital of
266:Sunni Islam
206:Tekish ibn
202:: Muhammad
181:: Abul-Fath
134:Caspian Sea
86:Predecessor
24:Muhammad II
1031:Categories
1006:Manguberdi
958:Muhammad I
908:Manguberdi
902:1200–1220
630:References
456:Tabaristan
289:) was the
220:Anushtegin
188:: Muhammad
185:Given name
77:Coronation
974:Il-Arslan
593:Samarkand
460:Bavandids
448:Samarkand
332:brothers
283:full name
208:Il-Arslan
96:Successor
71:1200–1220
826:(1968).
762:(2002).
657:31870180
616:pleurisy
612:Khorasan
589:Jaxartes
560:Inalchuq
512:an-Nasir
468:Tashkent
432:al-Nasir
369:Khwarezm
346:Nishapur
342:Khorasan
310:Khwarizm
262:Religion
216:Muhammad
195:: Sanjar
106:Co-ruler
62:Khwarezm
624:Abaskun
605:Urgench
597:Bukhara
542:Bukhara
516:Baghdad
508:Baghdad
494:to the
472:Fergana
409:Tirmidh
398:seized
373:Gurganj
293:of the
279:Persian
982:Tekish
891:Tekish
873:
842:
803:
776:
684:, p182
680:
655:
504:caliph
476:Makran
440:Ghazni
436:Ghurid
400:Ghazni
354:Gurgan
330:Ghurid
326:Tekish
306:Ghulam
303:Turkic
252:Mother
246:Tekish
242:Father
140:Spouse
90:Tekish
966:Atsiz
875:Died:
868:Born:
601:Otrar
537:dinar
534:Gold
417:Herat
405:Balkh
365:Herat
361:Herat
320:Reign
231:House
212:Atsiz
199:Nasab
178:Kunya
171:Laqab
164:Names
149:Issue
68:Reign
877:1220
870:1169
840:ISBN
801:ISBN
774:ISBN
678:ISBN
653:OCLC
544:mint
526:Fall
500:shah
478:and
470:and
462:and
421:Ghur
407:and
381:Ghur
336:and
301:, a
291:Shah
218:ibn
214:ibn
210:ibn
128:Died
123:1169
120:Born
81:1200
58:Shah
770:106
575:by
555:his
506:in
350:Ray
204:ibn
60:of
48:by
1033::
772:.
738:^
659:.
599:,
595:,
454:,
285::
939:e
932:t
925:v
848:.
809:.
782:.
558:(
442:.
277:(
273:'
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