Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

18605: 5102: 9488: 4279: 7827: 11810:, pp. 27ff. – "Feyzullah's family is said to have come from the country near Vodina (now Edhessa in western Greek Macedonia). The surname Sofuzade, meaning 'son of a pious man', suggests that the ancestors of Zübeyde and Ali Rıza had a similar background. Cemil Bozok, son of Salih Bozok, who was a distant cousin of Atatürk and, later, his ADC, claims to have been related to both Ali Rıza's and Zübeyde's families. This would mean that the families of Atatürk's parents were interrelated. Cemil Bozok also notes that his paternal grandfather, Safer Efendi, was of Albanian origin. This may have a bearing on the vexed question of Atatürk's ethnic origin. Atatürk's parents and relatives all used Turkish as their mother tongue. This suggests that some at least of their ancestors had originally come from Turkey, since local Muslims of Albanian and Slav origin who had no ethnic connection with Turkey spoke Albanian, Serbo-Croat or Bulgarian, at least so long as they remained in their native land. 8223: 8869: 5258: 7052: 6856: 4194: 19517: 5184: 4995: 8284: 10562: 7298: 8955: 7807: 3890: 9336: 8804: 6995: 8026: 8553: 10104: 10085: 10066: 10047: 10028: 10009: 9990: 9971: 9952: 635: 623: 599: 584: 569: 8079:) from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire. Kemalism defines the "Turkish People" as "those who protect and promote the moral, spiritual, cultural and humanistic values of the Turkish Nation." One of the goals of the establishment of the new Turkish state was to ensure "the domination of Turkish national identity in every aspect of social life from the language that people speak in the streets to the language to be taught at schools, from the education to the industrial life, from the trade to the cadres of state officials, from the civil law to the settlement of citizens to particular regions." The process of unification through 8707: 7467: 10244: 10225: 10206: 8296: 10328: 9020:(August 1930) was founded with a liberal program and proposed that state monopolies should be ended, foreign capital should be attracted, and state investment should be curtailed. Nevertheless, Atatürk maintained the view that "it is impossible to attract foreign capital for essential development," and state capitalism became the dominant agenda during the depression era. In 1931, Atatürk proclaimed: "In the economic area ...the programme of the party is statism." However, the effect of free republicans was felt strongly and state intervention became more moderate and more akin to a form of 8584:, Turkey's foreign minister, initiated a move to revise the Straits' regime. Aras claimed that he was directed by Atatürk, rather than the Prime Minister, İsmet İnönü. İnönü was worried about harming relations with Britain, France, and Balkan neighbors over the Straits. However, the signatories of the Treaty of Lausanne agreed to join the conference, since unlimited military passage had become unfavourable to Turkey with the changes in world politics. Atatürk demanded that the members of the Turkish Foreign Office devise a solution that would transfer full control of the waterway to Turkey. 8005:(The Qur'an: the Tongue of the Religion of Truth). However, it was only in 1935 that the version of Yazır's work read in public found its way to print. In 1932, Atatürk justified the translation of the Qur'an by stating how he wanted to "teach religion in Turkish to Turkish people who had been practising Islam without understanding it for centuries." Atatürk believed that the understanding of religion and its texts was too important to be left to a small group of people. Thus, his objective was to make the Qur'an accessible to a broader demographic by translating it into modern languages. 19031: 8064: 7691: 7420: 548: 10286: 10263: 10183: 9938: 7440: 9671: 647: 1346: 9169: 10309: 7411:, Ahmed Şükrü, and İsmail Canbulat, were found guilty of treason and hanged. Because the investigation found a link between the members of the PRP and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, the PRP was dissolved following the outcomes of the trial. The pattern of organized opposition was broken; this action was to be the only broad political purge during Atatürk's presidency. Atatürk's statement, "My mortal body will turn into dust, but the Republic of Turkey will last forever," was regarded as a will after the assassination attempt. 9255: 8461: 9445: 8723:

These states had been ruled by the Ottoman Empire for centuries and had proved to be a powerful force. While the origins of the Balkan agreement may date as far back as 1925, the Balkan Pact came into being in the mid-1930s. Several important developments in Europe helped the original idea materialise, such as improvements in the Turkish-Greek alliance and the rapprochement between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. The most important factor in driving Turkish foreign policy from the mid-1930s onwards was the fear of Italy.

7687:, introducing it at university level in 1923–24 and establishing it as the norm throughout the educational system by 1927. Atatürk's reforms on education made it significantly more accessible: between 1923 and 1938, the number of students attending primary schools increased by 224% (from 342,000 to 765,000), the number of students attending middle schools increased by 12.5 times (from around 6,000 to 74,000), and the number of students attending high schools increased by almost 17 times (from 1,200 to 21,000). 8144: 4568: 7633: 9200:, but the relationship inspired a play by the Macedonian writer Dejan Dukovski, later filmed by Aleksandar Popovski. Fikriye was a nominal cousin of Atatürk, though not related by blood (she was Atatürk's stepfather Ragıp Bey's niece). Fikriye grew passionately attached to Atatürk; the full extent of his feelings for her is unclear but it is certain that they became very close after Fikriye divorced her Egyptian husband and returned to Istanbul. During the War of Independence, she lived with him in 7333:. He emphasized the issue of religion; he not only opposed the abolition of the Caliphate, but also the adoption of civil codes based on Western models, the closure of religious orders, the ban on polygamy, and the new obligatory civil marriage. Sheikh stirred up his followers against the policies of the government, which he considered anti-Islamic. In an effort to restore Islamic law, Sheik's forces moved through the countryside, seized government offices and marched on the important cities of 4754: 7080:

accepting of and responding to foreign representatives and reserve officers, and participating in official ceremonies and celebrations. He wanted to integrate the powers of the caliphate into the powers of the GNA. His initial activities began on 1 January 1924, when İnönü, Çakmak, and Özalp consented to the abolition of the caliphate. The caliph made a statement to the effect that he would not interfere with political affairs. On 1 March 1924, at the Assembly, Atatürk said:

7748: 9041: 10382: 6781: 4111: 9069: 3497: 2013: 22165: 9100: 22189: 3867: 22153: 10164: 12048: 1136: 21043: 19440: 19105: 18934: 22201: 7364:, along with his friends, established such a group on 17 October 1924. The censure became a confidence vote at the CHP for Atatürk. On 8 November, the motion was rejected by 148 votes to 18, and 41 votes were absent. The CHP held all but one seat in the parliament. After the majority of the CHP chose him, Atatürk said, "the Turkish nation is firmly determined to advance fearlessly on the path of the republic, civilization and progress". 10354: 7187: 8610: 8500:, were received by Atatürk in Istanbul. This meeting was followed by a Turkey-Afghanistan Friendship and Cooperation pact on 22 May 1928. Atatürk supported Afghanistan's integration into international organizations. In 1934, Afghanistan's relations with the international community improved significantly when it joined the League of Nations. Mahmud Tarzi received Atatürk's personal support until he died on 22 November 1933 in Istanbul. 10142: 10123: 7522:, was passed. Under the new code, women gained equality with men in such matters as inheritance and divorce, since Atatürk did not consider gender a factor in social organization. According to his view, society marched towards its goal with men and women united. He believed that it was scientifically impossible for Turkey to achieve progress and become civilized if Ottoman gender separation persisted. During a meeting he declaimed: 8884:'s pursuit of state-controlled economic policies was guided by a national vision; their goal was to knit the country together, eliminate foreign control of the economy, and improve communications within Turkey. Resources were channeled away from Istanbul, a trading port with international foreign enterprises, in favor of other, less developed cities in order to achieve a more balanced economic development throughout the country. 8098:, which obligated the Turkish people to adopt fixed, hereditary surnames and forbade names that contained connotations of foreign cultures, nations, tribes, and religions. As a result, many ethnic Armenians, Greeks, and Kurds changed their surnames. Non-Turkish surnames ending with "yan, of, ef, viç, is, dis, poulos, aki, zade, shvili, madumu, veled, bin" could not be registered and were replaced by "-oğlu". Furthermore, the 7557:, which was rarely practised in Turkey due to the Islamic tradition of avoiding idolatry. Atatürk believed that "culture is the foundation of the Turkish Republic," and described modern Turkey's ideological thrust as "a creation of patriotism blended with a lofty humanist ideal." He included both his own nation's creative legacy and what he saw as the admirable values of global civilization. The pre-Islamic 22177: 136: 4917:. Harbord would later recall that Atatürk told him of his disapproval of the Armenian genocide, and that he had allegedly stated that "the massacre and deportation of Armenians was the work of a small committee who had seized power", rather than by the government in actuality. In 1920, before the Turkish Parliament, Atatürk called the genocides a "shameful act" and didn't publicly deny them at that time. 3485: 12042: 8366:

traditions of our country confirm the opinion that Russian Communism is not applicable in Turkey." And in a speech on 1 November 1924, he said, "Our amicable relations with our old friend the Soviet Russian Republic are developing and progressing every day. As in past our Republican Government regards genuine and extensive good relations with Soviet Russia as the keystone of our foreign policy."

7072:. Abolishing the sultanate was easier because the survival of the caliphate at the time satisfied the partisans of the sultanate. This produced a split system with the new republic on one side and an Islamic form of government with the Caliph on the other side, and Atatürk and İnönü worried that "it nourished the expectations that the sovereign would return under the guise of Caliph." Caliph 5377: 5321: 54: 4632: 8170:", a perception of peace linked to his project of civilization and modernization. The outcomes of Atatürk's policies depended on the power of the parliamentary sovereignty established by the Republic. The Turkish War of Independence was the last time Atatürk used his military might in dealing with other countries. Foreign issues were resolved by peaceful methods during his presidency. 2025: 8265:. By the end of March 1925, the necessary troop movements were completed, and the whole area of the Sheikh Said rebellion was encircled. As a result of these manoeuvres, the revolt was put down. Britain, Iraq, and Atatürk made a treaty on 5 June 1926, which mostly followed the decisions of the League Council. The agreement left a large section of the Kurdish population and the 7395:. The PRP was not against Atatürk's main positions as declared in its program; they supported establishing secularism in the country and the civil law, or as stated, "the needs of the age" (article 3) and the uniform system of education (article 49). These principles were set by the leaders at the onset. The only legal opposition became a home for all kinds of differing views. 6918: 10368: 6843:. He capitalized on his reputation as an efficient military leader and spent the following years, up until his death in 1938, instituting political, economic, and social reforms. In doing so, he transformed Turkish society from perceiving itself as a Muslim part of a vast Empire into a modern, democratic, and secular nation-state. This had a positive influence on 7496: 17438:. Its unfortunate result was as heavy a burden for Turkey as it was for us. The great and ingenious reconstructor of the new Turkey gave his Allies, beaten by fate, the first example of resurrection. While Turkey, thanks to the realistic attitude of her State leadership, preserved her independent attitude Yugoslavia fell a victim to British intrigues." 8132:

agricultural banks, and implemented land reform that removed heavy taxes on peasants of the Ottoman era. He was described as the "Father of Turkish Agriculture". Atatürk also massively boomed the Turkish economy with heavy industrial production increased by 150% and GDP per capita rose from 800 USD to around 2000 USD by late 1930s, on par with Japan.

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policy of fascist Italy and the effect of a potential Bulgarian alignment with Nazi Germany. Atatürk thought of the Balkan Pact as a medium of balance in Turkey's relations with the European countries. He was particularly anxious to establish a region of security and alliances to the west of Turkey in Europe, which the Balkan Pact helped achieve.

12270:"1910, Albania broke a major uprising. Minister of War, Shefqet Mahmut Pasha, was personally involved in its printing. For this purpose decided to call his war headquarters Qemali Mustafa who was known as one of the generals prepared and laid him drafting the plan of operations. Mustafa at this time was in the Fifth Army Headquarters in Salonica" 11667:İstihbaratımıza nazaran, Atatürk'ün taşıdığı Kamâl adı Arapça bir kelime olmadığı gibi, Arapça Kemal kelimesinin delâlet ettiği manada da değildir. Atatürk'ün muhafaza edilen öz adı, Türkçe 'ordu ve kale' manasında olan Kamâl'dır. Son 'â' üstündeki tahfif işareti 'l'i yumuşattığı için, telâffuz hemen hemen Arapça 'Kemal' telâffuzuna yaklaşır. 4346:'s health facilities after only two weeks, but when his eye's situation worsened, he had to return and resume treatment. On 6 March 1912, Atatürk became the Commander of the Ottoman forces in Derna. He managed to defend and retain the city and its surrounding region until the end of the Italo-Turkish War on 18 October 1912. Atatürk, 8974:. Atatürk reacted to conditions of this period by moving toward integrated economic policies and establishing a central bank to control exchange rates. However, Turkey could not finance essential imports; its currency was shunned, and zealous revenue officials seized the meagre possessions of peasants who could not pay their taxes. 4326:, did not allow additional Ottoman troops to reach Libya through Egypt. Ottoman soldiers like Atatürk went to Libya either dressed as Arabs (risking imprisonment if noticed by the British authorities in Egypt) or by the very few available ferries (the Italians, who had superior naval forces, effectively controlled the sea routes to 7616:, invited by Atatürk to assist in educational reform, found that learning how to read and write Turkish in the traditional Arabic script took roughly three years. In the spring of 1928, Atatürk met in Ankara with several linguists and professors from all over Turkey to unveil his plan to implement a new alphabet for the written 10563: 7658:

were organized on scientific issues, education, history, economics, arts and language. Libraries were systematically developed, and mobile libraries and book transport systems were set up to serve remote districts. Literacy reform was also supported by strengthening the private publishing sector with a new law on copyrights.

8091:), an initiative created in the 1930s by law students but sponsored by the government. This campaign aimed to put pressure on non-Turkish speakers to speak Turkish in public. However, the campaign went beyond the measures of a mere policy of speaking Turkish to an outright prevention of any other language. 8540:'s call for greater Oriental-Middle Eastern cooperation, Reza Shah's goal in securing relations with Turkey that would help free Iran from Soviet and British influence, and Atatürk's foreign policy of ensuring stability in the region. The treaty's immediate outcome, however, was deterring Italian leader 7268:

and disciples. The best, the truest order is the order of civilization. To be a man it is enough to carry out the requirements of civilization. The leaders of dervish orders will understand the truth of my words, and will themselves close down their lodges and admit that their disciplines have grown up.

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After the Istanbul conference ended, we received an invitation to attend the celebration held by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the liberator of modern Turkey ... and I said: If the Turks considered you the worthiness of their father and they called you Atatürk, I say that this is not enough, but you are for

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Despite his radical secular reforms, Atatürk remained broadly popular in the Muslim world. He is remembered for being the creator of a new, fully independent Muslim country at a time of encroachment by Christian powers, and for having prevailed in a struggle against Western imperialism. When he died,

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was established, with Atatürk as the bank's first member. The bank's creation was a response to the growing need for a truly national establishment and a banking system which was capable of backing up economic activities, managing funds accumulated through policies of savings incentives, and offering

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During the second half of the 1930s, Atatürk tried to form a closer relationship with Britain. The risks of this policy change put the two men at odds. The Hatay issue and the Lyon agreement were two important developments in foreign policy that played a significant role in severing relations between

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were read in front of the public, creating significant controversy. These Turkish Qur'ans were fiercely opposed by members of the religious community, and the incident impelled many leading Muslim modernists to call upon the Turkish Parliament to sponsor a Qur'an translation of suitable quality. With

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using the new alphabet was published on 15 December 1928. Atatürk himself travelled the countryside in order to teach citizens the new alphabet. After vigorous campaigns, the literacy rate more than doubled from 10.6% in 1927 to 22.4% in 1940. To supplement the literacy reform, a number of congresses

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In the face of knowledge, science, and of the whole extent of radiant civilization, I cannot accept the presence in Turkey's civilized community of people primitive enough to seek material and spiritual benefits in the guidance of sheiks. The Turkish republic cannot be a country of sheiks, dervishes,

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The caliph had his own personal treasury and also had a personal service that included military personnel; Atatürk said that there was no "religious" or "political" justification for this. He believed that Caliph Abdülmecid II was following in the steps of the sultans in domestic and foreign affairs:

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and other cultural reforms were met with fierce opposition. The conservative elements were not appreciative, and they launched attacks on the Kemalist reformists. This was an important dimension in Atatürk's drive to reform the political system and to promote national sovereignty. By the consensus of

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were all defined under the Six Arrows. These fundamentals were not new in world politics or, indeed, among the elite of Turkey. What made them unique was that these interrelated fundamentals were explicitly formulated for Turkey's needs. A good example is the definition and application of secularism;

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that described the official version of events in the city. In the telegram, he alleged the Greek and Armenian minorities had "pre-arranged plans" to "destroy İzmir". There are allegations Atatürk chose to do little about the Greek and Armenian victims of the fires caused by Muslim rioters in order to

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In his early years, his mother encouraged Atatürk to attend a religious school, something he did reluctantly and only briefly. Later, he attended the Şemsi Efendi School (a private school with a more secular curriculum) at the direction of his father. When he was seven years old, his father died. His

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Biz Cumhuriyeti kurduğumuz zaman onu yaşatıp yaşatamayacağımız en büyük sorun idi. Çünkü Saltanatın ve Hilafetin lağvına karşı olanların sayısı çoktu ve hedefleri de Cumhuriyetti. Cumhuriyetin 10 yaşına bastığını görmek o yüzden önemliydi. Nitekim büyük Atatürk'ün emriyle 10'uncu yıl kutlamaları çok

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was negotiated by Atatürk with Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia. This mutual-defence agreement intended to guarantee the signatories' territorial integrity and political independence against attack from another Balkan state such as Bulgaria or Albania. It countered the increasingly aggressive foreign

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was a follower of Atatürk's domestic policy. Tarzi encouraged Amanullah Khan in social and political reform but urged that reforms should built on a strong government. During the late 1920s, Anglo-Afghan relations soured over British fears of an Afghan-Soviet friendship. On 20 May 1928, Anglo-Afghan

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during the summer of 1920. From the British perspective, if Atatürk stabilized Turkey, he would then turn his attention to Mosul and penetrate Mesopotamia, where the native population would likely join his cause. Such an event would result in an insurgent and hostile Muslim nation in close proximity

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names. The main proponent of the initiative had been a Turkish homogenization social-engineering campaign which aimed to assimilate geographical or topographical names that were deemed foreign and divisive against Turkish unity. The names that were considered foreign were usually of Armenian, Greek,

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There is no logical explanation for the political disenfranchisement of women. Any hesitation and negative mentality on this subject is nothing more than a fading social phenomenon of the past. ...Women must have the right to vote and to be elected; because democracy dictates that, because there are

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writes: "between the two wars, democracy could not be sustained in many relatively richer and better-educated societies. Atatürk's enlightened authoritarianism left a reasonable space for free private lives. More could not have been expected in his lifetime." Even though, at times, he did not appear

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in the country. Turkish women were taught not only child care, dress-making, and household management but also skills necessary for joining the economy outside the home. Atatürk's unified education program became a state-supervised system, which was designed to create a skill base for the social and

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era. The last group included colleges and minority schools in foreign languages that used the latest teaching models in educating pupils. The old medrese education was modernized. Atatürk changed the classical Islamic education for a vigorously promoted reconstruction of educational institutions. He

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which was signed on 30 October 1918, and all German and Austro-Hungarian troops in the Ottoman Empire were granted ample time to withdraw. On 31 October, Atatürk was appointed to the command of the Yıldırım Army Group, replacing Liman von Sanders. Atatürk organized the distribution of weapons to the

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However, Atatürk returned to the old spelling of Kemal from May 1937 and onwards. To make a soft transition, he avoided using the name as much as he could, either by not using it at all or by signing documents as 'K. Atatürk'. An official explanation was never given, but it is widely agreed that the

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But in looks Atatürk resembled local Albanians and Slavs. But there is no evidence that either Ali Riza or Zübeyde was descended from such Turkish nomads." page 28; "It is much more likely that Atatürk inherited his looks from his Balkan ancestors. But Albanians and Slavs are likely to have figured

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and was studying English in London when the war broke out. On 29 January 1923, they were married. Latife was jealous of Fikriye and demanded that she leave the house in Çankaya; Fikriye was devastated and immediately left in a carriage. According to official accounts, she shot herself with a pistol

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and its influence in their countries, resulting in a slow but continuous rapprochement between Ankara and Tehran. Both governments sent diplomatic missions and messages of friendship to each other during the Turkish War of Independence. The policy of the Ankara government in this period was to give

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succeeded all around the country. However, without the establishment of a real political spectrum, the party became the center to opposition of Atatürk's reforms, particularly in regard to the role of religion in public life. On 23 December 1930, a chain of violent incidents occurred, instigated by

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The heart of the new republic was the GNA, established during the Turkish War of Independence by Atatürk. The elections were free and used an egalitarian electoral system that was based on a general ballot. Deputies at the GNA served as the voice of Turkish society by expressing its political views

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remains a contentious debate and it is unclear if the Turks entered the city with these intentions. Many Turkish apologists argue that the regular Turkish Army did not play a role in these events. At the time, Atatürk was commander of the Turkish armed forces, and sent a telegram to the Minister of

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For example, in 1938, on his birthday, in a meeting with a delegation of Turkish politicians and journalists, he reaffirmed the primal and original role Atatürk had played for him and in doing so also pinpointed what was the essence of most far-right and Nazi interpretations of Atatürk in interwar

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His mother, Subeida, was the daughter of a small tenant of a farm in Southern Albania. According to such reliable evidence as I was able to collect, this blonde-haired, blue-eyed, robust woman was an Albanian whose mother, in turn, was a Macedonian. Mustapha Kemal with his blue eyes and blond hair

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The first (1929–1933) and second five-year economic plans were enacted under the supervision of Atatürk. The first five-year economic plan promoted consumer substitution industries. However, these economic plans changed drastically with the death of Atatürk and the rise of World War II. Subsequent

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In the early 1930s, changes and developments in world politics required Turkey to make multilateral agreements to improve its security. Atatürk strongly believed that close cooperation between the Balkan states based on the principle of equality would have an important effect on European politics.

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once stated, with regard to Atatürk, that "...Greece, which has the highest estimation of the renowned leader, heroic soldier, and enlightened creator of Turkey. We will never forget that President Atatürk was the true founder of the Turkish-Greek alliance based on a framework of common ideals and

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from Greece blocked rapprochement. Venizelos moved forward with an agreement with Turkey, despite accusations of conceding too much on the issues of naval armaments and the properties of Ottoman Greeks from Turkey. In spite of Turkish animosity against the Greeks, Atatürk resisted the pressures of

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In 1925, the League of Nations formed a three-member committee to study the case while the Sheikh Said Rebellion was on the rise. Partly because of the continuing uncertainties along the northern frontier (present-day northern Iraq), the committee recommended that the region should be connected to

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did not signify relinquishing Mosul, but rather waiting for a time when Turkey might be stronger. Nevertheless, the artificially drawn border had an unsettling effect on the population on both sides. Later, it was claimed that Turkey began where the oil ends, as the border was drawn by the British

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Atatürk generated media attention to propagate modern education during this period. He instigated official education meetings called "Science Boards" and "Education Summits" to discuss the quality of education, training issues, and certain basic educational principles. He said, "our should aim to

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in 1925 after the adoption of the 1924 constitution. The only political party of the GNA was the "People's Party", founded by Atatürk on 9 September 1923. (But according to the party culture the foundation date was the opening day of Sivas Congress on 4 September 1919). On 10 November 1924, it was

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in 1923, which saw Muslim Turkish mobs and paramilitaries openly engaged in mass murder of Greeks and Armenians and destroy the city's Greek and Armenian quarters, killing an estimated 100,000 people. Whether these atrocities, including the fire, was part of the genocides of Asia Minor's Christian

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As the president of the newly formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk initiated a rigorous program of political, economic, and cultural reforms with the ultimate aim of building a republican and secular nation-state. He made primary education free and compulsory, opening thousands of new schools all over

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was founded on 16 February 1925 by his directive. He also ordered the establishment of the Turkish Aircraft Association Lottery. Instead of the traditional raffle prizes, this new lottery paid money prizes. Most of the lottery income was used to establish a new factory and fund aviation projects.

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Atatürk was also credited for his transformational change in Turkish agriculture and ecological development. The Kemalist government planted four million trees, modernized the Turkish agricultural mechanism, implemented flood controls, opened schools in rural areas with rural institutions such as

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On 5 December 1934, Turkey moved to grant full political rights to women. The equal rights of women in marriage had already been established in the earlier Turkish civil code. The role of women in Atatürk's cultural reforms was expressed in the civic book prepared under his supervision. In it, he

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was uncovered in Smyrna (İzmir). It originated with a former deputy who had opposed the abolition of the Caliphate. What originally was an inquiry into the planners shifted to a sweeping investigation. Ostensibly, its aims were to uncover subversive activities, but in truth, the investigation was

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He led wide-ranging reforms in social, cultural, and economic aspects, establishing the new Republic's backbone of legislative, judicial, and economic structures. Though he was later idealized by some as an originator of sweeping reforms, many of his reformist ideas were already common in Ottoman

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According to our intelligence, the name 'Kamâl' that Atatürk bears is not an Arabic word, nor does it have the meaning by the Arabic word kemal . Atatürk's given name, which is being retained, is 'Kamâl', the Turkish meaning of which is army and fortress. As the circumflex accent on the final 'â'

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as the prime minister of the 9th government. Integrated economic policies reached their peak with the signing of the 1939 Treaty with Britain and France. The treaty signaled a turning point in Turkish history since it was the first step towards an alliance with the West. After İsmet İnönü became

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became the Minister of Economy at Atatürk's request and served until 1937. During this period, the country moved toward a mixed economy with its first private initiatives. Textile, sugar, paper, and steel factories (financed by a loan from Britain) were the private sectors of the period. Besides

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would serve as a replacement for the old Arabic script and a solution to the literacy problem, since the new alphabet did not retain the complexities of the Arabic script and could be learned within a few months. When Atatürk asked the language experts how long it would take to implement the new

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of 1923. The initial choices of Atatürk's economic policies reflected the realities of his time. After World War I, due to the lack of any real potential investors to fund private sector industry, Atatürk established many state-owned factories for agriculture, machinery, and textile industries.

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Atatürk instigated economic policies to develop small and large scale businesses, but also to create social strata (i.e. industrial bourgeoisie coexisting with the peasantry of Anatolia) that were virtually non-existent during the Ottoman Empire. The primary problem faced by the politics of his

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did not accept Atatürk's stance, and Iranian religious power centres perceived the real motive behind Atatürk's reforms was to undermine the power of the clergy. By the mid-1930s, Reza Shah's efforts had upset the clergy throughout Iran, thus widening the gap between religion and government. As

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party rule which held sway in the Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy. Some perceived his opposition and silencing of these ideologies as a means of eliminating competition; others believed it was necessary to protect the young Turkish state from succumbing to the instability of new ideologies and

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In the following years, he altered his stance somewhat; the country needed an immense amount of reconstruction, and "direct government by the Assembly" could not survive in such an environment. The revolutionaries faced challenges from the supporters of the old Ottoman regime, and also from the

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Atatürk's private journal entries dated before the establishment of the republic in 1923 show that he believed in the importance of the sovereignty of the people. In forging the new republic, the Turkish revolutionaries turned their back on the perceived corruption and decadence of cosmopolitan

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Although Atatürk was critical of the Armenian genocide and Kemalists had pledged to prosecute those involved with the genocide, on March 31, 1923, a general amnesty was declared for those who had been convicted of court-martial and by the municipal courts after the defeat of the Ottoman forces.

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The triangle of Atatürk, Fikriye, and Latife became the subject of a manuscript by Atatürk's close friend, Salih Bozok, though the work remained unpublished until 2005. Latife was briefly and literally the face of the new Turkish woman, appearing in public in Western clothing with her husband.

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Haricî siyaset bir heyet-i içtimaiyenin teşekkülü dahilisi ile sıkı surette alâkadardır. Çünkü teşekkül-ü dahiliyeye istinat etmeyen haricî siyasetler daima mahkûm kalırlar. Bir heyet-i içtimaiyenin teşekkül-ü dahilisi ne kadar kuvvetli olursa, siyaset-i hariciyesi de o nisbette kavi ve rasin

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However, after the Turkish army entered İzmir in 1922, Atatürk met Latife while staying at the house of her father, the shipping magnate Muammer Uşakizade (later Uşaklı). Latife fell in love with Atatürk; again the extent to which this was reciprocated is unknown, but Atatürk was impressed by

7218:

introduced the use of Western-style hats instead of the fez. Atatürk first made the hat compulsory for civil servants. The guidelines for the proper dressing of students and state employees were passed during his lifetime; many civil servants adopted the hat willingly. In 1925, Atatürk wore a

9081:

these businesses, government-owned power plants, banks, and insurance companies were established. In this period, Atatürk promoted public-private sector cooperation and the expansion of private businesses with private shareholders firms allowed to purchase shares in state-owned enterprises.

8941:

The Turkish government under Atatürk developed many economic and infrastructure projects within the first decade of the republic. However, the Turkish economy was still largely agrarian, with primitive tools and methods. Roads and transportation facilities were still far from sufficient, and

8365:

Despite his relations with the Soviet Union, Atatürk was not willing to commit Turkey to communism. "Friendship with Russia," he said, "is not to adopt their ideology of communism for Turkey." Moreover, Atatürk declared, "Communism is a social issue. Social conditions, religion, and national

6822:

With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, efforts to modernise the country started. The new government analyzed the institutions and constitutions of Western states such as France, Sweden, Italy, and Switzerland and adapted them to the needs and characteristics of the Turkish nation.

8568:

should remain open to all commercial vessels: seizure of foreign military vessels was subject to certain limitations during peacetime, and, even as a neutral state, Turkey could not limit any military passage during wartime. The Lausanne Straits Agreement stated that the waterway was to be

4924:, a key perpetrator of the genocides, has also been controversial but poorly understood. While the two men may have been close at times, Atatürk held a personal dislike of Enver Pasha; he once said to a confidant that Enver Pasha was a dangerous figure who might lead the country to ruin. 7178:. The unification of education under one curriculum ended "clerics or clergy of the Ottoman Empire", but was not the end of religious schools in Turkey; they were moved to higher education until later governments restored them to their former position in secondary after Atatürk's death. 7157:

reforms aimed to prepare citizens for roles in public life through increasing public literacy. He wanted to institute compulsory primary education for both girls and boys; since then this effort has been an ongoing task for the republic. He pointed out that one of the main targets of

9308:, Atatürk donated all of his possessions to the Republican People's Party, provided that the yearly interest of his funds would be used to look after his sister Makbule and his adopted children, and fund the higher education of İsmet İnönü's children. The remainder was willed to the 8907:. Regie, as part of the council, had control over tobacco production, storage, and distribution (including export) with unchallenged price control. Consequently, Turkish farmers were dependent on the company for their livelihoods. In 1925, Regie was taken over by the state and named 7490:

The social change can come by (1) educating capable mothers who are knowledgeable about life; (2) giving freedom to women; (3) a man can change his morals, thoughts, and feelings by leading a common life with a woman; as there is an inborn tendency towards the attraction of mutual

7238:

Even though he personally promoted modern dress for women, Atatürk never made specific reference to women's clothing in the law, as he believed that women would adapt to the new clothing styles of their own free will. He was frequently photographed on public business with his wife

8718:

Until the early 1930s, Turkey followed a neutral foreign policy with the West by developing joint friendship and neutrality agreements. These bilateral agreements aligned with Atatürk's worldview. By the end of 1925, Turkey had signed fifteen joint agreements with Western states.

8210:, which consolidated the "Turkish lands", declared that Mosul Vilayet was a part of the historic Turkish heartland. The British were in a precarious situation with the Issue of Mosul and were adopting almost equally desperate measures to protect their interests. For example, the 7881:

into Turkish. He wanted the Turkish language reform to be methodologically based. Any attempt to "cleanse" the Turkish language of foreign influence without modelling the integral structure of the language was inherently wrong to him. He personally oversaw the development of the

7126:

The removal of the caliphate was followed by an extensive effort to establish the separation of governmental and religious affairs. Education was the cornerstone in this effort. In 1923, there were three main educational groups of institutions. The most common institutions were

7665:

at the primary education level, and Dewey proved integral to the effort. Dewey presented a paradigmatic set of recommendations designed for developing societies moving towards modernity in his "Report and Recommendation for the Turkish educational system". He was interested in

5137:, including the regions that Turkish nationals viewed as their heartland. Atatürk insisted on the country's complete independence and the safeguarding of interests of the Turkish majority on "Turkish soil". He persuaded the GNA to gather a National Army. The GNA army faced the 3757:" and a "remarkable promoter of the sense of understanding between peoples and durable peace between the nations of the world and that he worked all his life for the development of harmony and cooperation between peoples without distinction". Atatürk was also credited for his 8591:

was signed by Bulgaria, Great Britain, Australia, France, Japan, Romania, the Soviet Union, Turkey, Yugoslavia and Greece. It became the primary instrument governing the passage of commercial and war vessels through the Dardanelles Strait. The agreement was ratified by the

8517:

Russia and Great Britain strengthened their holds in the Middle East, Atatürk feared the occupation and dismemberment of Iran as a multi-ethnic society by these European powers. Like Atatürk, Reza Shah wanted to secure Iran's borders, and in 1934, the Shah visited Atatürk.

8257:(1924–1927) set out to establish a new government positioned to cut Turkey's link to Mesopotamia. The relationship between the rebels and Britain was investigated. In fact, British assistance was sought after the rebels decided that the rebellion could not stand by itself. 6875:...by complete independence, we mean of course complete economic, financial, juridical, military, cultural independence and freedom in all matters. Being deprived of independence in any of these is equivalent to the nation and country being deprived of all its independence. 5219:

on 19 September 1921. The Allies, ignoring the extent of Atatürk's successes, hoped to impose a modified version of the Treaty of Sèvres as a peace settlement on Angora, but the proposal was rejected. In August 1922, Atatürk launched an all-out attack on the Greek lines at

7165:

Unification of education was put into force on 3 March 1924 by the Law on Unification of Education (No. 430). With the new law, education became inclusive, organized on a model of the civil community. In this new design, all schools submitted their curriculum to the

11964:(2002), T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı: "Aile Selânik'e Manastır ilinin Debrei Bâlâ sancağına bağlı Kocacık bucağından gelmişti. Ali Rıza Efendi'nin doğum yeri olan Kocacık bucağı halkı da Anadolu'dan gitme ve tamamıyla Türk, Müslüman Oğuzların Türkmen boylarındandırlar." 9227:

There is a controversy on Atatürk's religious beliefs. Some researchers have emphasized that his discourses about religion are periodic and that his positive views related to this subject are limited in the early 1920s. Some Turkish sources claim he was a devout

7502: 7500: 7497: 7349:, who on 3 March 1925 ordered the invocation of the "Law for the Maintenance of Order" in order to deal with the rebellion. It gave the government exceptional powers and included the authority to shut down subversive groups. The law was repealed in March 1927. 4118:

Shortly after graduation, he was arrested by the police for his anti-monarchist activities. Following confinement for several months he was released only with the support of Rıza Pasha, his former school director. After his release, Atatürk was assigned to the

11624: 7501: 9464: 9370:. Atatürk statues have been erected in all Turkish cities by the Turkish Government, and most towns have their own memorial to him. His face and name are seen and heard everywhere in Turkey; his portrait can be seen in public buildings, in schools, on all 7430:

In the years following 1926, Atatürk introduced a radical departure from previous reformations established by the Ottoman Empire. For the first time in history, Islamic law was separated from secular law and restricted to matters of religion. He stated:

8452:

peaceful cooperation. He developed ties of friendship between the two nations which it would be unthinkable to dissolve. Greece will guard its fervent memories of this great man, who determined an unalterable future path for the noble Turkish nation."

11646: 8989:

but also the turbulent economic issues of the Great Depression. For example, until the early 1930s, Turkish private business could not acquire exchange credits. It was impossible to integrate the Turkish economy without a solution to these problems.

4816:

Atatürk's last active service in the Ottoman Army was organizing the return of the Ottoman troops left behind to the south of the defensive line. In early November 1918, the Yıldırım Army Group was officially dissolved, and Atatürk returned to an

16392:

Nazilli cotton print factory was established over an area of 65.000 m2 on the Nazilli Bozdoğan highway. It is the "first Turkish cotton print factory" the foundation of which was laid on 25 August 1935 and which was opened by Atatürk with great

11987: 4722:), with Turks instead of Germans in command. Following the rejection of his report, Atatürk resigned from the Seventh Army and returned to Constantinople. There, he was assigned with the task of accompanying the crown prince (and future sultan) 7482:, Ottoman practice discouraged social interaction between men and women. Atatürk began developing social reforms to address this issue very early, as was evident in his personal journal. He and his staff discussed issues such as abolishing the 8427:

Greece renounced all its claims over Turkish territory, and the two sides concluded an agreement on 30 April 1930. On 25 October, Venizelos visited Turkey and signed a treaty of friendship. Venizelos even forwarded Atatürk's name for the 1934

7006:

and preferences. It had the right to select and control both the government and the Prime Minister. Initially, it also acted as a legislative power, controlling the executive branch and, if necessary, served as an organ of scrutiny under the

4772:

became the new Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in July 1918, he called Atatürk to Constantinople, and after several meetings in the months July and August 1918, reassigned him to the command of the Seventh Army in Palestine. Atatürk arrived in

4213:, then an Ottoman territory) under the pretext of suppressing a tribal rebellion towards the end of 1908. According to Mikush however, he volunteered for this mission. He suppressed the revolt and returned to Constantinople in January 1909. 4655:) and appoint Atatürk to its command, but he refused the proposal and this army was never established. Instead, on 7 March 1917, Atatürk was promoted from the command of the XVI Corps to the overall command of the Second Army, although the 4170:, with membership number 322, although in later years he became known for his opposition to, and frequent criticism of, the policies pursued by the CUP leadership. On 22 June 1908, he was appointed the Inspector of the Ottoman Railways in 9153:

In 1935, Turkey was becoming an industrial society based on the Western European model set by Atatürk. However, the gap between Atatürk's goals and the achievements of the socio-political structure of the country had not yet been closed.

8122:

was a policy adopted by the Turkish government which set forth the basic principles of immigration. The law, however, is regarded by some as a policy of assimilation of non-Turkish minorities through a forced and collective resettlement.

7783:

failed during this period was that not all groups in the country had agreed to a minimal consensus regarding shared values (mainly secularism) and shared rules for conflict resolution. In response to such criticisms, Atatürk's biographer

7707:(Civic knowledge for the citizens, 1930), introduced the science of comparative government and explained the means of administering public trust by explaining the rules of governance as applied to the new state institutions. The second, 9786:

He is a man born out of due season, an anachronism, a throw-back to the Tartars of the Steppes, a fierce elemental force of a man. Had he been born in the centuries when all Central Asia was on the move he would have ridden out with

7534:: If henceforward the women do not share in the social life of the nation, we shall never attain to our full development. We shall remain irremediably backward, incapable of treating on equal terms with the civilizations of the West. 4538:

ball in Sofia and fell in love with her. The two danced at the ball and started to secretly date in the following days. Atatürk twice asked Dimitrina's parents for their permission to marry her (the second time was in 1915, during

8750:

The borders of the allies in the Balkan Pact are a single border. Those who covet this border will encounter the burning beams of the sun. I recommend avoiding this. The forces that defend our borders are a single and inseparable

7499: 7403:

used to undermine those disagreeing with Atatürk's cultural reforms. The investigation brought a number of political activists before the tribunal, including Karabekir, the leader of the PRP. A number of surviving leaders of the

7018:

between the legislative and the executive organs of the state, whereas the separation of these two within the judiciary system was a strict one. Atatürk, then the President, occupied a dominant position in this political system.

7251:, who provided the real role model for the Turkish women of the future. He wrote: "The religious covering of women will not cause difficulty ... This simple style is not in conflict with the morals and manners of our society." 9764:

us "Atasharq" . Its meaning did not come from any female head of delegation, and thanked me very much for the great influence, and then I begged him to present us with a picture of his Excellency for publication in the journal

9053:

governments took measures that harmed the economic productivity of Turkey in various ways. The achievements of the 1930s were credited to early 1920s implementations of the economic system based on Atatürk's national policies.

8755:

The Balkan Pact was signed by the GNA on 28 February. The Greek and Yugoslav Parliaments ratified the agreement a few days later. The unanimously ratified Balkan pact was formally adopted on 18 May 1935 and lasted until 1940.

15315:Çağatay, Soner 2002 'Kemalist dönemde göç ve iskan politikaları: Türk kimliği üzerine bir çalışma' (Policies of migration and settlement in the Kemalist era: a study on Turkish identity), Toplum ve Bilim, no. 93, pp. 218–41. 12360: 7648:

Over the next several months, Atatürk pressed for the introduction of the new Turkish alphabet and made public announcements of the upcoming overhaul. The creation of the alphabet was undertaken by the Language Commission

11951:(2004), Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı: "Babası Ali Rıza Efendi (doğ. 1839), annesi Zübeyde Hanımdır, baba dedesi Hafız Ahmet Efendi, 14–15. yy.da Anadolu'dan göç ederek Makedonya'ya yerleşen Kocacık Yörüklerindendir." 7227:, one of the most conservative towns in Anatolia, to explain that the hat was the headgear of civilized nations. The last part of reform on dress emphasized the need to wear modern Western suits with neckties as well as 9666:

eulogised him as a "truly great personality in the Islamic world, a great general, and a great statesman", declaring that his memory would "inspire Muslims all over the world with courage, perseverance, and manliness".

7513:

Atatürk needed a new civil code to establish his second major step of giving freedom to women. The first part was the education of girls, a feat established with the unification of education. On 4 October 1926, the new

4950:

Turkey also refused to deliver those involved with the crimes to the Allies, arguing that it would violate Turkish sovereignty. Some of the war criminals were also invited to the government of the new Turkish republic.

9791:

under the banner of the Grey Wolf, and with the heart and instincts of a Grey Wolf. With his military genius, and his ruthless determination unweakened by sentiments, loyalties or moralities, he might well have been a

7675:

economic progress of the country by educating responsible citizens as well as useful and appreciated members of society. In addition, Turkish education became an integrative system, aimed to alleviate poverty and used

7111:(1931), but failed to reach a consensus. Turkey did not accept the re-establishment of the caliphate and perceived it as an attack to its basic existence. Meanwhile, Atatürk and the reformists continued their own way. 8855:

period was the lag in the development of political institutions and social classes which would steer such social and economic changes. Atatürk's vision regarding early Turkish economic policy was apparent during the

8424:

historic enmities and was sensitive towards past tensions; at one point, he ordered the removal of a painting showing a Turkish soldier plunging his bayonet into a Greek soldier by stating, "What a revolting scene!"

7144:

Today, our most important and most productive task is the national education affairs. We have to be successful in national education affairs and we shall be. The liberation of a nation is only achieved through this

6891:

to mark the changes between the old Ottoman and the new republican rule. Each change was symbolized as an arrow in this banner. This defining ideology of the Republic of Turkey is referred to as the "Six Arrows", or

17412:

Germany: "Atatürk was the first to show that it is possible to mobilize and regenerate the resources that a country has lost. In this respect Atatürk was a teacher; Mussolini was his first and I his second student."

17338: 4705:

regarding the grim situation and lack of adequate resources in the Palestinian front. However, Talaat Pasha ignored their observations and refused their suggestion to form a stronger defensive line to the north, in

9463: 7793:: a system of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions as opposed to the force-backed structures of the state. In one of his many speeches about the importance of democracy, Atatürk said in 1933: 9374:

banknotes, and in the homes of many Turkish families. At 9:05 am on every 10 November, at the exact time of Atatürk's death, most vehicles and people in the country's streets pause for one minute in remembrance.

7341:. Members of the government saw the Sheikh Said Rebellion as an attempt at a counter-revolution. They urged immediate military action to prevent its spread. With the support of Atatürk, the acting prime minister 15413: 8536:. The signatories agreed to preserve their common frontiers, to consult together in all matters of common interest, and to commit no aggression against one another's territory. The treaty united the Afghan King 8394:

During the second half of the 1930s, Atatürk tried to establish a closer relationship with Britain and other major Western powers, which caused displeasure on the part of the Soviets. The second edition of the

22816: 8919:. Kemalists accompanied this achievement with the development of the country's cotton industry, which peaked during the early 1930s. Cotton was the second most important industrial crop in Turkey at the time. 4901:. Historical evidence proves decisively that he was not involved with the killings, and that he later went on to condemn them. One such explicit condemnation was in September 1919, when Atatürk met with the 4341:

splinter from a damaged building's rubble struck Atatürk's left eye, causing permanent tissue damage, but not total loss of sight. He received medical treatment for nearly a month; he attempted to leave the

8199:

followed the British War Office's instruction that "every effort was to be made to score as heavily as possible on the Tigris before the whistle blew", capturing Mosul three days after the signature of the

9800:

riding at the head of great hordes of wild horsemen, conquering countries, devouring and destroying cities, and filling in the intervals of peace between campaigns with wild and hideous orgies of wine and

5101: 4785:, the Eighth Army was holding the coastal flank but fell apart and Liman Pasha ordered the Seventh Army to withdraw to the north in order to prevent the British from conducting a short envelopment to the 22836: 8353:

Relations between the two countries were friendly but were based on the fact that they were against a common enemy: Britain and the West. In 1920, Atatürk toyed with the idea of using a state-controlled

7288:

in Konya. The institutional expression of religious ideologies became illegal in Turkey; a politically neutral form of any religious ideology, functioning as social associations, was permitted to exist.

7629:

alphabet into the Turkish language, most of the professors and linguists said between three and five years. Atatürk was said to have scoffed and openly stated, "We shall do it in three to five months".

15387: 8827:. On behalf of the League of Nations, the representatives of France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Turkey prepared a constitution for Hatay, which established it as an autonomous 7243:, who covered her head in accordance with Islamic tradition. He was also frequently photographed on public business with women wearing modern Western clothes. But it was Atatürk's adopted daughters, 10608: 10600: 3913:

Atatürk was born either in the Ahmet Subaşı neighbourhood or at a house (preserved as a museum) in Islahhane Street (now Apostolou Pavlou Street) in the Koca Kasım Pasha neighbourhood in Salonica (

7866:, which supported intelligent and hard-working children in financial need, as well as material and scientific contributions to the educational life. In 1933, Atatürk ordered the reorganization of 9016:

perspective, Atatürk faced the problem of political upheaval. The establishment of a new party with a different economic perspective was necessary; he asked Ali Fethi Okyar to meet this end. The

7435:

We must liberate our concepts of justice, our laws and our legal institutions from the bonds which, even though they are incompatible with the needs of our century, still hold a tight grip on us.

4604:. He became the front-line commander after correctly anticipating where the Allies would attack, and held his position until they retreated. Following the Battle of Gallipoli, Atatürk served in 16939: 3797:, his teacher gave this name "in admiration of capability and maturity." According to other sources, his teacher wanted to distinguish Atatürk from another student who was also named Mustafa. 12856:

The martyrdom of Smyrna and eastern Christendom; a file of overwhelming evidence, denouncing the misdeeds of the Turks in Asia Minor and showing their responsibility for the horrors of Smyrna

10680:

His birthday is unknown. 19 May–the day he landed to Samsun in 1919 to start the nationalist resistance–is considered his symbolic birthday. It was also claimed that he was born in 1880. See

7982:

Almost all Qur'ans in Turkey before the 1930s were printed in Old Arabic. However, in 1924, three Turkish translations of the Qur'an were published in Istanbul, and several renderings of the

3358: 8246:

attempted to disclaim the existence of oil in the Mosul area. On 23 January 1923, Curzon argued that the existence of oil was no more than hypothetical. However, according to the biographer

7542:'s labor participation rate was as high as 70%. The participation rate continued to decline after the democratization of Turkey due to the backlash of conservative norms in Turkish society. 9461: 15352:"Atatürk, The National Agricultural Leader, Father of Modern Turkish Agriculture and The National Development: A Review From the Perspective of Agricultural Communications and Leadership" 7162:

had to be raising a generation nourished with what he called the "public culture". The state schools established a common curriculum which became known as the "unification of education".

11264: 11080: 8580:

gave Atatürk the opportunity to resume full control over the Straits. "The situation in Europe", Atatürk declared "is highly appropriate for such a move. We shall certainly achieve it".

4337:

During the Battle of Derna on 16–17 January 1912, while Atatürk was assaulting the Italian-controlled fortress of Kasr-ı Harun, two Italian planes dropped bombs on the Ottoman forces; a

17644: 8512:

moral support in order to reassure Iranian independence and territorial integrity. The relations between the two countries were strained after the abolishment of the Caliphate. Iran's

6991:, and Şefik Hüsnü were tried and sentenced to prison terms. Then, in 1937, a delegation headed by Atatürk decided to censor the writings of Kıvılcımlı as harmful communist propaganda. 6946:. Once a provincial town deep in Anatolia, the city was thus turned into the center of the independence movement. Atatürk wanted a "direct government by the Assembly" and visualized a 14961:

Vryonis, Speros (2005). The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul. New York: Greekworks.com, Inc.

10452: 9278:. During his stay in Istanbul, he made an effort to keep up with his regular lifestyle, but eventually succumbed to his illness. He died on 10 November 1938, at the age of 57, in the 12356: 11461: 11294: 7498: 19874: 16056: 9143:

president in 1938, the differences between İnönü (who promoted state control) and Bayar (who was liberal) came to the forefront. On 25 January 1939, Prime Minister Bayar resigned.

8569:

demilitarised and its management left to the Straits Commission. The demilitarised zone heavily restricted Turkey's domination and sovereignty over the Straits, and the defence of

17001: 14691: 7797:

Republic means the democratic administration of the state. We founded the Republic, reaching its tenth year. It should enforce all the requirements of democracy as the time comes.

8399:(Volume 20, 1953) was unequivocally critical of Atatürk's policies in the last years of his rule, calling his domestic policies "anti-popular" and his foreign course as aimed at 8588: 2814: 11477: 19428: 16510: 7371:(PRP) with 29 deputies and the first multi-party system began. Some of Atatürk's closest associates who had supported him in the early days of the War of Independence such as 22711: 22312: 14772:

Ayhan Aktar, "Cumhuriyet'in İlk Yıllarında Uygulanan 'Türkleştirme' Politikaları," in Varlık Vergisi, ve 'Türkleştirme' Politikaları, 2nd ed. (Istanbul: İletişim, 2000), 101.

9487: 5391: 5070:. The fourth (and last) term of the parliament opened in Constantinople on 12 January 1920. It was dissolved by British forces on 18 March 1920, shortly after it adopted the 22721: 22464: 9462: 7967:) across the country allowed greater access to a wide variety of artistic activities, sports, and other cultural events. Atatürk supported and encouraged the visual and the 4889:

movement. As for the actual occurrences of the genocides, Atatürk had since divested from the movement and was serving as a relatively junior Lieutenant Colonel fighting in

17342: 7926:"). Atatürk formally introduced the Sun Language Theory into Turkish political and educational circles in 1935, although he did later correct the more extremist practices. 22766: 16383: 15887: 9056:

In 1931, Atatürk watched the development of the first national aircraft, MMV-1. He realised the important role of aviation and stated, "the future lies in the skies". The

5240: 4278: 22343: 16086: 15933:

Narlı, Nilüfer (1993): "Turco-Iranian Relations from the Islamic Revolution to Gulf War and Beyond: Co-operation or Competition in the Muslim World". CEMOTI. (15): 265–95

9759:

was elected by the conference as the vice-president of the International Women's Union. Huda considered Atatürk as a role model for her actions and wrote in her memoirs:

8938:

as another important step in industrialisation, railways were given high priority. The Turkish State Railway developed an extensive railway network in a very short time.

7170:", a government agency modeled after other countries' ministries of education. Concurrently, the republic abolished the two ministries and made clergy subordinate to the 22821: 19406: 15294: 11409: 8373:

on 16 December 1925, they left the League of Nations Council to grant a mandate for the Mosul region to Britain without their consent. Atatürk countered by concluding a

7352:

There were also parliamentarians in the GNA who were not happy with these changes. So many members were denounced as opposition sympathizers at a private meeting of the

15409: 14395: 8742:

The Balkan Pact provided for regular military and diplomatic consultations. The importance of the agreement is best seen in a message Atatürk sent to the Greek Premier

7826: 5030:, declaring the independence of the country was in danger. He resigned from the Ottoman Army on 8 July, and the Ottoman government issued a warrant for his arrest. But 17424: 16705: 10934: 4620:

after the massive Russian offensive had reached key Anatolian cities. On 7 August, he rallied his troops and mounted a counteroffensive. Two of his divisions captured

10719: 22444: 19879: 17316: 15351: 15148: 12538: 7391:

of the CHP. Leaders of the party strongly supported the Kemalist revolution in principle, but had different opinions on the cultural revolution and the principle of

7206:. He was determined to force the abandonment of the sartorial traditions of the Middle East and finalize a series of dress reforms, which were originally started by 1084: 12831: 17597: 16565: 15965: 13260: 1077: 16223: 5051:("National Pact"). Atatürk was appointed as the head of the executive committee of the Congress, which gave him the legitimacy he needed for his future politics. 22801: 22045: 2595: 19884: 4322:

to put down the rebellion there, so the Ottoman government was caught with inadequate resources to counter the Italians in Libya. Britain, which controlled the

22761: 15842: 14516: 9285:

Atatürk's funeral called forth both sorrow and pride in Turkey, and 17 countries sent special representatives, while nine contributed armed detachments to the

9088:

print factory" opened. As part of the industrialization process, cotton planting was promoted to furnish raw material for future factory settlements. By 1935,

7232: 19804: 18532: 15585:... Ata'nın öncelikli dış politika sorununun Musul olduğunu söylüyor. Musul'u bırakmama konusunda aktif bir politika izlenmesinden yana olduğunu belirtiyor... 15383: 8135:

Atatürk's regime also passed the 1936 Labor Law, which gave substantial wage increases and improved the working conditions of workers in Turkish enterprises.

18405:Özelli, M. Tunç (January 1974). "The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic". 17365: 17271: 12295: 8052: 12618: 4965: 22681: 11803: 11513: 8771:

spread rapidly, eventually triggering World War II. The goal of Atatürk to protect southeast Europe failed with the dissolution of the pact. In 1938, the

3710:

granted him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which means "Father of the Turks", in recognition of the role he played in building the modern Turkish Republic.

22434: 19854: 19093: 13304: 5281:

and other issues. Although the conference paused on 4 February, it continued after 23 April mainly focusing on the economic issues. On 24 July 1923, the

13716: 13581: 13573: 9249: 7399: 3711: 3580: 1202: 1197: 22756: 20973: 19421: 11995: 8222: 6966:. Atatürk saw the consequences of fascist and communist doctrines in the 1920s and 1930s and rejected both. He prevented the spread into Turkey of the 22368: 16936: 16203:

Cemal Kutay, "Celal Bayar", Volume I, Istanbul, 1939, p. 25; Cemal Kutay, "Celal Bayar: Bir Türk'ün Biyografisi", Istanbul, Onan Matbaası, t.y., p. 82

15074:

the Surname Law was meant to foster a sense of Turkishness within society and prohibited surnames that were related to foreign ethnicities and nations

11244:

the Surname Law was meant to foster a sense of Turkishness within society and prohibited surnames that were related to foreign ethnicities and nations

7979:, opera, ballet, and theatre took greater hold in the country. Book and magazine publications increased as well, and the film industry began to grow. 4694:

who became the new commander of the Yıldırım Army Group in early 1918.) Atatürk did not get along well with General von Falkenhayn and, together with

22239: 20803: 14747: 4343: 3654:(known in English at the time as Angora), he defeated the forces sent by the Allies, thus emerging victorious from what was later referred to as the 1564: 20068: 17045: 16619: 11434: 11317: 9330: 8387:

visited Turkey and attended the tenth year celebrations of the Republic. Atatürk explained his position regarding the realization of his plan for a

1177: 18556: 12826: 7653:) with the initiative of Atatürk. On 1 November 1928, he introduced the new Turkish alphabet and abolished the use of the Arabic script. The first 3686:

in local elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a few years later, in 1934, full universal suffrage. His government carried out a policy of

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The Balkan Pact turned out to be ineffective for reasons that were beyond Atatürk's control. The pact failed when Bulgaria attempted to raise the

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in the autumn of 1920 and later against the Greeks were made possible by a steady supply of gold and armaments to the Kemalists from the Russian

2055: 16023:

Yilmaz Altuð, "Atatürk'ün Dis Politikasý," B.Ü. Uluslararasi Atatürk Konferansý Tebligleri, 10–11 November 1980, Vol. II, Istanbul 1981, p. 486.

7987:

the support of Atatürk, the Parliament approved the project and the Directorate of Religious Affairs appointed Mehmet Akif (Ersoy) to compose a

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ASD: Speeches and statements by Atatürk, volume I pages 361–63 published by Atatürk Culture, language and history Higher Institute, Ankara 1989

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provide opportunities for all pupils to learn and to achieve." He was personally engaged with the development of two textbooks. The first one,

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Peter Sluglett, "The Primacy of Oil in Britain's Iraq Policy", in the book "Britain in Iraq: 1914–1932" London: Ithaca Press, 1976, pp. 103–16

14620: 9519: 7051: 22826: 22731: 22726: 21708: 20778: 20040: 19829: 19414: 17640: 9578:

are a few examples of Atatürk memorials outside Turkey. He has roads named after him in several countries, such as the Kemal Atatürk Marg in

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oriented foreign policy and friendship with neighboring countries such as Iran, Yugoslavia, Iraq, and Greece, as well as the creation of the

21871: 21250: 20663: 18815: 18735: 16051: 11876: 9716:, which saw him as the pioneer of independence from colonial powers. The leaders of such countries included Atatürk's Iranian contemporary 8312: 7768: 5079: 4790: 3527: 19436: 18369: 16439:

Refik Saydam başbakan oldu – İstifa eden Celal Bayar'ın yerine Refik Saydam, 25 Ocak 1939'da Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 11. hükümetini kurdu.

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signed ten days later, on 18 October 1912. Since 1923, historians have preferred to name this treaty as the "Treaty of Ouchy", after the

4205:

He was proposing depoliticization in the army, a proposal which was disliked by the leaders of the CUP. As a result, he was sent away to

14699: 13440: 12890: 12509: 7529:: Win for us the battle of education and you will do yet more for your country than we have been able to do. It is to you that I appeal. 4330:). However, despite all the hardships, Atatürk's forces in Libya managed to repel the Italians on a number of occasions, such as at the 4086: 1192: 547: 22676: 21844: 21245: 20164: 17470: 15652: 8646: 7539: 5207:

was fought from 23 August–13 September 1921 and ended with the defeat of the Greeks. After this victory, Atatürk was given the rank of

4187: 1603: 471: 20678: 17075: 16998: 16918: 13334: 10417: 9391: 7940:" ("Our Great Leader Ata Türk Mustafa Kemal") in the opening speech of the 2nd Language Day on 26 September 1934. Later, the surname " 7383:(later Ali Fuat Cebesoy) were among the members of the new party. The PRP's economic program suggested liberalism, in contrast to the 3952:

Claims and theories about Atatürk's ancestry are strikingly varied and contrasting. According to Andrew Mango, his family was Muslim,

22846: 20798: 19117: 16611: 13233:

newspaper dated 9 August 1921, reproducing the dispatches of AA dated 5 August and 6th, 1921, announced that Atatürk was promoted to

11481: 8831:

within Syria. Despite some inter-ethnic violence, an election was conducted in 1938 by the local legislative assembly. The cities of

8278: 7983: 6823:

Highlighting the public's lack of knowledge regarding Atatürk's intentions, the public cheered: "We are returning to the days of the

5233: 4985: 4019: 3647: 3013: 2669: 1903: 588: 17618: 14992: 12321: 11357: 9163: 8627: 3861: 1172: 22876: 22796: 22746: 22741: 21642: 20814: 17247: 17009: 13905: 13637: 9196:. Little is known of his relationship with Eleni, who, according to a folk legend, fell in love with him while he was a student in 9061:

However, Atatürk did not live to see the flight of the first Turkish military aircraft built at that factory. Operational American

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in the country. In May 1920, the power struggle between the two governments led to a death sentence in absentia for Atatürk by the

5062:

held in December 1919 gave a sweeping majority to candidates of the "Association for Defence of Rights for Anatolia and Roumelia" (

4933: 4193: 3431: 2951: 16115: 15286: 8653: 7131:

based on Arabic, the Qur'an, and memorization. The second type of institution was idadî and sultanî, the reformist schools of the

4314:. The invading Italian army had a strength of 150,000 men; it was opposed by 20,000 Bedouins and 8,000 Turks. A short time before 4041:

mother wanted him to learn a trade, but without consulting them, Atatürk took the entrance exam for the Salonica Military School (

22811: 22781: 21031: 19086: 19030: 14324: 10422: 8484: 8342:

with Soviet Russia, which was a major diplomatic breakthrough for the Kemalists. The Treaty of Moscow, followed by the identical

8323:

in gold as well as armaments "as first aid" to his forces. In 1920 alone, the Lenin government supplied the Kemalists with 6,000

8196: 7167: 6847:

because from then on, what mattered at school was science and education; Islam was concentrated in mosques and religious places.

6366: 5087: 3070: 3038: 3031: 2769: 2620: 692: 16668: 16507: 16387: 15877: 12583: 12357:"I remember well the meeting very interesting, I had casually with Mustafa Qemali in 1910, at the time, still a mere lieutenant" 12273: 9527: 7356:(CHP) that Atatürk expressed his fear of being among the minority in his own party. He decided not to purge this group. After a 22871: 22791: 22134: 21276: 21223: 19444: 18504: 17116: 16322: 16218: 16081: 13172: 10250: 10231: 10212: 8994: 7100:

in May 1926 and a resolution was passed declaring the caliphate "a necessity in Islam", but failed to implement this decision.

6980: 5510: 5289: 5183: 3663: 3338: 2956: 2228: 1990: 271: 14009: 13972: 13925: 12876:

The Unionist Factor: The Rôle [sic] of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905–1926

11383: 22776: 22232: 20593: 19942: 18277: 18255: 18236: 18170: 18151: 18127: 18108: 18086: 18045: 18026: 17997: 17975: 17956: 17917: 17907: 17893: 17849: 17827: 17806: 17787: 17742: 17723: 17699: 17404: 17310: 17227: 17198: 17167: 16772: 16742: 16650: 16456: 15918: 15817: 15269: 15232: 15184: 15123: 15095: 15026: 14882: 14794: 14730: 14607: 14432: 14399: 14117: 13755: 13434: 13140: 13108: 13039: 13017: 12920: 12243: 11796: 11716: 11689: 11390:. A Westview Replica Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, Inc. and Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill. p. xiii. 11116: 10788: 10713: 8075:

was founded in 1923, nationalism and secularism were two of the founding principles. Atatürk aimed to create a nation state (

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as they decided whether they should confirm the Turkish action or appoint a new caliph. A "Caliphate Conference" was held in

6517: 6457: 4589: 4562: 3416: 3381: 3026: 1898: 818: 14940: 14073:

Touraj Atabaki, Erik Jan Zürcher, 2004, Men of Order: authoritarian modernization under Atatürk and Reza Shah, I.B. Tauris,

12796: 11722: 10907: 8660: 21154: 21009: 18753: 18622: 15568: 12731: 10717: 8239:

geophysicists based on locations of oil reserves. Atatürk did not want this separation. To address Atatürk's concerns, the

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and integrating women into the outside world. His plans to surmount the task were written in his journal in November 1915:

7092:

and its powers within Turkey were transferred to the GNA. Other Muslim nations debated the validity of Turkey's unilateral

6590: 4244: 3421: 3406: 3396: 3391: 3233: 2966: 2906: 2764: 2689: 2367: 15358: 15219: 15140: 14094: 14053:

Book Review of Zürcher's "Political Opposition in the Early Turkish Republic: The Progressive Republican Party, 1924–1925"

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While three inspectors from the League of Nations Committee were sent to the region to oversee the situation in 1924, the

7561:

became the subject of extensive research, and particular emphasis was placed on the widespread Turkish culture before the

6507: 4994: 4793:

during its retreat from Nablus on 21 September 1918. Nevertheless, Atatürk managed to form a defence line to the north of

1182: 1167: 1114: 22851: 21601: 21316: 21142: 20103: 15655:'s magazine). Moscow, 1963, № 11, pp. 147–48. The first publication of Atatürk's letter to Lenin in excerpts, in Russian. 15524:'Yurtta Sulh' herşeyden önce ülkede, o insanın, insanca yaşamasını, insanlık tıynetinin gereğinin tanınmasını ifade eder. 14279:

The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and Its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic

13787: 13406:

Gerd Nonneman, Analyzing Middle East foreign policies and the relationship with Europe, Published 2005 Routledge, p. 204

13257: 12821: 9379: 8892: 8283: 8099: 6802: 6660: 6286: 5977: 5274: 5273:

of the GNA, refused any proposal that would compromise Turkish sovereignty, such as the control of Turkish finances, the

5228:, and Turkish forces regained control of İzmir on 9 September 1922. On 10 September 1922, Atatürk sent a telegram to the 5074:("National Pact"). Atatürk called for a national election to establish a new Turkish Parliament seated in Angora. – the " 4656: 3401: 3273: 3203: 3078: 2759: 2048: 1534: 1487: 312: 17594: 16573: 15962: 9551: 5142: 4821:, the Ottoman capital, on 13 November 1918. For a period of time, he worked at the headquarters of the Ministry of War ( 878: 22092: 21632: 21622: 20841: 20349: 19079: 18915: 16213: 11395: 10985: 10981: 10977: 9817:(who believed the liberation efforts would fail and cause a more severe punishment by the Allies) as a "bandit chief". 8982: 8904: 8642: 8355: 8347: 7084:

The religion of Islam will be elevated if it will cease to be a political instrument, as had been the case in the past.

6677: 6487: 5947: 5266: 5134: 5034:

and other military commanders active in Eastern Anatolia followed Atatürk's lead and acknowledged him as their leader.

5018:

to reorganize what remained of the Ottoman military units and to improve internal security. On 19 May 1919, he reached

4826: 4798: 3659: 3426: 3411: 3386: 3245: 3208: 3118: 2916: 1923: 1224: 477: 20515: 17869:

Formation of Factory Settlements Within Turkish Industrialization and Modernization in 1930s: Nazilli Printing Factory

17591:

The Two Kemals; The Polished Aristocrat of European Circles in Contrast With the Ruthless Commander of Fanatical Turks

16371:

Formation of factory settlements within Turkish industrialization and modernization in 1930s: Nazilli printing factory

11521:

Benim adım Mustafa. Senin adın da Mustafa. Arada bir fark olmalı, ne dersin, senin adının sonuna bir de Kemal koyalım.

7597:" (1935) after the Hittites. He also stressed the folk arts of the countryside as a wellspring of Turkish creativity. 5015: 22706: 21637: 21584: 21522: 21210: 21193: 20648: 20296: 20033: 18787: 17765: 17464: 16976: 16859:

The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, Graham Oppy, Lexington Books, 2011

16726: 16408: 16098: 15978: 15334: 14966: 14934: 14907: 14819: 14478: 14078: 13624: 13411: 13378: 12884: 12790: 12562: 12503: 12198: 12115: 12025: 11935: 11327: 11148: 11022: 10920: 10884: 10841: 10569: 10133: 9017: 8693: 8593: 8577: 8167: 7752: 7728: 6897: 6767: 6232: 6017: 5417: 5216: 5075: 4399: 3758: 3707: 3702:

in public, but were allowed to maintain their own languages in private and within their own communities; non-Turkish

3634:; while never involved, Atatürk's role in their aftermath was the subject of discussion. Following the defeat of the 3098: 3083: 2921: 1805: 1317: 1087: 1040: 1006: 873: 465: 22651: 20983: 16178: 9270:. During 1937, indications that Atatürk's health was worsening started to appear. In early 1938, while on a trip to 7711:(Geometry, 1937), was a text for high schools and introduced many of the terms currently used in Turkey to describe 7118:

courts were abolished with the law "Mehakim-i Şer'iyenin İlgasına ve Mehakim Teşkilatına Ait Ahkamı Muaddil Kanun".

4825:) in Constantinople and continued his activities in this city until 16 May 1919. Along the established lines of the 1765: 22861: 22831: 22225: 22070: 21755: 21554: 21478: 21266: 20793: 18540: 17546: 16543: 15213: 15211: 15061: 12970: 11564: 11231: 11190: 10747: 10148: 9872: 9712:

As a role model that encouraged national sovereignty, Atatürk was especially revered in countries of the so-called

9057: 8211: 7780: 6635: 6306: 5059: 3828:

meant "fortification", "fortress", "army", and "shield". On 4 February 1935, the government's official news agency

3520: 3238: 3123: 3093: 3088: 2984: 2961: 2871: 2819: 2718: 2072: 17373: 17268: 15468: 12709: 12299: 11988:"Mustafa Kemal Ataturk – memorial museum in village Kodzadzik (Коџаџик) in Municipality Centar Zupa (Центар Жупа)" 9709:, also respected Atatürk. President Kennedy paid tribute to Atatürk in 1963 on the 25th anniversary of his death. 9351: 8891:

was an important industrial crop, but its cultivation and manufacture had been under French monopolies granted by

8346:

in October the same year, gave Turkey a favourable settlement of its north-eastern frontier at the expense of the

6547: 3883: 2432: 1363: 1080: 22248: 21750: 21198: 20275: 20224: 17985: 12610: 10640: 10400: 10110: 9454: 9406:

representing him. The demarcation between a criticism and an insult was defined as a political argument, and the

8954: 8916: 8848: 7806: 7404: 7171: 5399: 5166: 4644: 4585: 4167: 4101: 3436: 3333: 2779: 2744: 2605: 2600: 928: 459: 237: 19607: 19055: 16461: 15208: 13732:

büyük bir bayram oldu. Biz de Cumhuriyetin ve devletin kurumlaştığını göstermeye bundan sonra hep itina ettik...

11800: 11510: 8432:. Even after Venizelos' fall from power, Greco-Turkish relations remained cordial. Indeed, Venizelos' successor 7992: 883: 22736: 22691: 22317: 21892: 21589: 21544: 21458: 21436: 21349: 20683: 19101: 16905: 16888: 16865: 16840: 16819: 16798: 16692: 16522: 16068: 12441: 10129: 9411: 9147: 8631: 8262: 7546: 7424: 6795: 5641: 5173: 4781:. The Seventh Army was holding the central sector of the front lines. On 19 September, at the beginning of the 3328: 3298: 3130: 2979: 2911: 2041: 1301: 31: 20573: 14593:

Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır, (1935), "Hak dini Kur'an dili: Yeni mealli Türkçe tefsir" 9 volumes, printed in Istanbul

13296: 13213: 10752:

24 Kasım 1934'te Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi 2587 sayılı kanunla Gazi Mustafa Kemal'e Atatürk soyadını verdi.

10395: 7612:

loan vocabulary. However, as little as 10% of the population was literate. Furthermore, the American reformer

7297: 6562: 22841: 22751: 22686: 21981: 21698: 21419: 20834: 20756: 20751: 20638: 18908: 18726: 18698: 15947:

Gokhan Cetinsaya "Essential friends and natural enemies: the historical roots of Turkish-Iranian relations."

13706: 13570: 9220:

During his lifetime, Atatürk adopted thirteen children: a boy and twelve girls. Of these, the most famous is

8876:

visiting the Sümerbank Nazilli Cotton Factory, which was established as a part of the cotton-related industry

8119: 8044: 7863: 7259:

On 30 August 1925, Atatürk's view on religious insignia used outside places of worship was introduced in his

5932: 5192: 5055: 4667: 4355: 4046: 4030: 3766: 3353: 3286: 3188: 2728: 2706: 2615: 863: 717: 707: 639: 17: 22701: 15608:

Olson, Robert W. (1989) The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925, p. 45

11643: 9766: 8911:. Government control of tobacco was one of the greatest achievements of the Kemalist political machinery's " 6542: 5351: 88: 22866: 22569: 22193: 22065: 21760: 21391: 21371: 20988: 20978: 20734: 20283: 20026: 20002: 19951: 18949: 18876: 18843: 18672: 14602:

Michael Radu, (2003), "Dangerous Neighborhood: Contemporary Issues in Turkey's Foreign Relations", p. 125,

12782:

Ottomans Imagining Japan: East, Middle East, and Non-Western Modernity at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

10315: 9407: 9387: 9309: 9290: 9150:

was founded in 1923, and its motto was: "The Turkish driver is a man of the most exquisite sensitivities."

8415:, was also determined to establish normal relations between his country and Turkey. The war had devastated 7933: 7839: 7353: 7032: 7011: 7007: 6757: 6720: 6640: 6600: 6502: 6497: 4818: 4613: 3703: 3213: 2679: 1908: 1323: 1052: 921: 702: 627: 438: 410: 19849: 19839: 18930: 17280: 15681:

Yılmaz Altuğ, Foreign Policy of Atatürk, Atatürk arastirma merkezi dergisi, Vol. VI, No. 16, November 1989

14751: 9025: 7922:

titled "La psychologie de quelques éléments des langues Turques" ("the psychology of some elements of the

7459:

were closed. Establishing the civic law needed time, so Atatürk delayed the inclusion of the principle of

1780: 22696: 22020: 21647: 21627: 21549: 21473: 21218: 21024: 20703: 20693: 20598: 20311: 20301: 20291: 20128: 18618: 17576: 17025: 15963:

Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII

12238:

D.V.Mikusch: Zwichen Europe und Asien (translation Esat Mermi Erendor), İkarus Yayınları, İstanbul, 1981

11431: 10447: 9217:

However, their marriage was not happy; after frequent arguments, the two were divorced on 5 August 1925.

8803: 8764: 8315:'s government Atatürk promised to coordinate his military operations with the Bolsheviks' "fight against 8162:, 1928. King Amānullāh attempted to emulate many of Atatürk's reforms in Afghanistan, but was overthrown. 7419: 6994: 6984: 6492: 4959: 4731: 4597: 4522:) on 1 March 1914. While in Bulgaria, he met with Dimitrina Kovacheva, the daughter of Bulgarian general 4159: 4139: 4120: 3993: 3889: 3655: 3513: 3343: 3135: 3105: 3021: 3006: 3001: 2991: 2684: 2659: 2517: 1001: 20951: 19819: 17799:

Statism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929–1939

16273:

Etatism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929–1939

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news article about the admiration of women from different parts of the world for Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,

9425:

objected to the Turkish laws protecting the memory of Atatürk, arguing that they contradict the current

8667: 8552: 8102:

initiative by the Turkish government replaced non-Turkish geographical and topographic names within the

8047:

yielded 18 female MPs out of a total of 395 representatives, compared to nine out of 615 members in the

4066: 1356: 42: 22856: 22656: 21743: 21718: 21596: 21446: 21283: 21271: 21137: 20653: 20316: 20306: 20194: 19814: 17709: 17159: 15809: 14988: 10319: 10300: 10277: 10197: 9779: 9651: 9313: 9001:'s role during its initial years as a central bank was phased out. Later specialized banks such as the 8247: 7858:) was established in 1931, and began maintaining archives in 1932 for conducting research works on the 7851: 7811: 7093: 6595: 6296: 5967: 5106: 4739: 4660: 4609: 4495:

between 1365 and 1453, thus of utmost historic importance for the Turks) together with most of eastern

4224: 4008: 3173: 2749: 2573: 1264: 1229: 958: 953: 804: 697: 22459: 19834: 19582: 19246: 17491: 15327:

The settlement issue in Turkey and the Kurds : an analysis of spatial policies, modernity and war

15261:

The settlement issue in Turkey and the Kurds : an analysis of spatial policies, modernity and war

14178: 13999:"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913–1950" 13962:"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913–1950" 13844: 11844: 9367: 9335: 9262:

Throughout most of his life, Atatürk was a moderate-to-heavy drinker, often consuming half a litre of

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and Derby-style hats instead of antiquated religion-based clothing such as the veil and turban in the

7214:

was established by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826 as part of the Ottoman Empire's modernization effort. The

4927:

The primary concern towards Atatürk was the Turkish government's involvement with and reaction to the

22716: 22338: 22307: 21921: 21559: 21539: 21186: 20788: 20354: 20179: 20133: 19935: 19501: 19204: 15769: 15724: 15712: 10741: 10254: 10216: 9806: 9647: 9422: 9274:, he suffered from a serious illness. He went to Istanbul for treatment, where he was diagnosed with 8711: 8561: 8396: 8240: 8235: 7515: 7479: 7466: 6951: 6933:. The Mevlevi Order managed to transform itself into a non-political organization which still exists. 6605: 6572: 6472: 6467: 6137: 5754: 5282: 5252: 5023: 4842: 3683: 3639: 3564: 3268: 3195: 3065: 2974: 2723: 2701: 2694: 948: 22554: 22544: 20490: 19920: 18587: 15748: 15507: 12082: 9346:, is visited by large crowds every year during national holidays such as Republic Day on October 29. 8581: 8025: 7915: 4938: 22119: 21785: 21483: 21412: 21181: 20998: 20808: 20364: 20344: 20334: 19109: 18474:

Volkan, Vamık D. (1981). "Immortal Atatürk – Narcissism and Creativity in a Revolutionary Leader".

17456: 16296: 15852: 14624: 10631: 7976: 7601: 7203: 6947: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6522: 6097: 5500: 5146: 5010:

On 30 April 1919, Fahri Yaver-i Hazret-i Şehriyari ("Honorary Aide-de-camp to His Majesty Sultan")

4989: 4782: 4458: 4074: 4058: 3675: 3323: 3220: 2834: 2739: 2482: 1795: 1467: 943: 933: 219: 22484: 19708: 19323: 18564: 13598:

Koçak, Cemil (2005) "Parliament Membership during the Single-Party System in Turkey (1925–1945)",

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fighters were being produced in Turkey soon after his death and before the onset of World War II.

8970:

The young republic, like the rest of the world, found itself in a deep economic crisis during the

8295: 7240: 22181: 21468: 21441: 21386: 21381: 21233: 20773: 20746: 20359: 20339: 20214: 20063: 19889: 19219: 14471: 10412: 10174: 9663: 8887:

For Atatürk and his supporters, tobacco remained wedded to his pursuit of economic independence.

8620: 8381: 8339: 7944:" ("father of the Turks") was accepted as the surname of Mustafa Kemal after the adoption of the 7444: 6655: 6645: 6610: 6326: 5972: 5563: 5475: 5343: 4331: 4273: 4236: 3849: 3699: 3454: 3291: 3281: 3163: 3153: 2941: 2891: 2856: 2674: 2632: 2627: 2590: 2585: 1913: 1725: 1647: 1329: 1279: 1249: 1244: 983: 938: 912: 853: 770: 760: 80: 22589: 22539: 21228: 20936: 20871: 20724: 19773: 19385: 19375: 19020: 16834:

Islamism: A Documentary and Reference Guide, John Calvert John, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008

14981:"The Social Life of the State's Fantasy: Memories and Documents on Turkey's Surname Law of 1934" 11873: 11173:"The Nation's Imprint: Demographic Engineering and the Change of Toponymes in Republican Turkey" 9132: 9128: 9104: 6840: 5386:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

5309: 5285:

was signed by the Powers with the GNA, thus recognising the latter as the government of Turkey.

5225: 4142:(Özdeş). He joined a small secret revolutionary society of reformist officers led by a merchant 4027: 3600: 3584: 2527: 2452: 1217: 1021: 21976: 21916: 21904: 21797: 21654: 21147: 21070: 21017: 20876: 20729: 20708: 20623: 19824: 18745: 18389: 16737:

Prof. Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı, "Atatürk'ün Din ve Laiklik Anlayışı", Atatürk Research Center, 2012;

15171: 14647: 11125: 11038: 11036: 11034: 10442: 10334: 9701:, who called Atatürk a "star in the darkness". Some presidents of the United States, including 9032:(The Cadre) movement, claimed that Atatürk found a third way between capitalism and socialism. 8931: 8824: 8776: 8768: 8155: 8084: 7727:

to establish a new party. Atatürk insisted on the protection of secular reforms. The brand-new

7108: 7089: 6871:

Atatürk's driving goal was the complete independence of the country. He clarified his position:

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Wilson, M. Brett (2009). "The First Translations of the Qur'an in Modern Turkey (1924–1938)".

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interests that women must defend, and because there are social duties that women must perform.

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intellectual circles at the turn of the 20th century and were expressed more openly after the

5779: 2789: 22504: 22358: 22282: 22124: 21909: 21899: 21866: 21606: 21429: 20916: 20906: 20480: 20244: 20239: 20209: 19967: 19859: 19241: 19182: 19172: 18970: 18886: 18853: 16833: 16787: 13424: 12874: 12489: 11679: 10768: 10616: 10091: 10053: 9958: 9810: 9702: 9232:. However, according to other sources, Atatürk himself was an agnostic, i.e. non-doctrinaire 9045: 8881: 8436:

came to visit Atatürk in September 1933 and signed a more comprehensive agreement called the

8412: 8254: 8189: 8188:, was one of the first foreign affairs-related controversies of the new Republic. During the 8063: 7988: 7690: 7346: 7318: 7056: 6942:(as Angora has been known in English since 1930), the country's new capital and reformed the 6917: 6881: 6836: 6710: 6532: 6346: 6227: 5839: 5819: 5729: 5573: 5455: 5293: 5270: 5204: 5003: 4830: 4695: 4395: 4179: 4105: 3961: 3723: 3643: 3168: 2931: 2926: 2896: 2886: 2824: 2532: 2437: 2126: 1963: 1810: 1775: 1637: 1571: 1559: 1067: 1062: 1011: 848: 828: 750: 491: 177: 21039: 20961: 17450: 16962: 11031: 9937: 9515: 9213:

Atatürk had given her as a present. However, it was rumoured that she was instead murdered.

8807:

Telegram sent by Atatürk after the local legislative assembly accepted his proposal for the

7971:, which had been suppressed by Ottoman leaders, who regarded depiction of the human form as 5091: 4596:. Atatürk was given the task of organizing and commanding the 19th Division attached to the 4383: 3793:) was given to him by his mathematics teacher, Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Efendi. According to 3746: 1825: 1187: 22666: 22661: 22272: 22060: 22055: 22040: 21986: 21931: 21815: 21674: 21659: 21507: 21424: 21238: 20857: 20783: 20530: 20420: 20400: 20189: 20093: 19928: 19491: 17903: 17067: 16347:

Dilek Barlas, Etatism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies p. 61

13326: 11749:"Reconstructing the past in a post-Ottoman village: Turkishness in a transnational context" 10876: 10833: 10596: 10235: 8772: 8358:

to forestall the perceived spread of communist ideas in the country and gain access to the

8250:, "England wanted Mosul and its oil. The Kurds were the key to Mosul and the oil of Irak." 8095: 7945: 7361: 7175: 7015: 6695: 6437: 6376: 5739: 5661: 5568: 5535: 5237: 5162: 5031: 4838: 4675: 4299: 4287: 4250:

Later, in the autumn of 1910, he was among the Ottoman military observers who attended the

4206: 3805:. According to Alkan, Atatürk seems to have embraced the name Kemal during his army years. 3695: 3588: 3552: 3469: 3459: 2839: 2809: 2578: 2280: 2174: 2164: 2099: 2094: 2080: 1980: 1946: 1750: 1735: 1657: 1652: 1482: 1439: 1414: 1294: 1274: 1239: 1030: 978: 868: 838: 20415: 19869: 19743: 19198: 18664: 14306:

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde Atatürk Dönemi Eğitim Politikaları (1923–1938) ve Coğrafya Eğitimi

12381:

KUJTIME nga: Eqrem Bej Vlora. Ekrem Bey Vlora, Lebenserinnerungen – Teilband II: 1912–1925

11322:. Vishal Enclave, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd. p. 133. 11008: 11006: 10736: 9279: 7439: 7140:, which he believed was more important than the Turkish War of Independence. He declared: 4147: 4097: 3715: 1057: 453: 8: 21936: 21887: 21820: 21770: 21669: 21579: 21527: 21340: 21321: 21107: 20911: 20613: 20475: 20329: 20108: 20049: 19703: 18938: 17614: 16285:

Turkey in economic crisis (1927–1930): a panoramic vision. Journal Middle Eastern Studies

13883:

Quoted in Atatürkism, Vol. 1 (Istanbul: Office of the Chief of General Staff, 1982), 126.

12325: 11349: 10432: 9675: 9523: 9209: 8986: 8784: 8508: 8374: 8201: 8148: 7899: 7883: 7867: 7570: 7471: 7159: 6670: 6615: 6537: 6447: 6336: 5849: 5631: 5621: 5616: 5505: 5339: 5045:. Those who opposed the Allies in various provinces in Turkey issued a declaration named 4805: 4679: 4636: 4576: 3770: 3611: 3596: 3576: 3464: 3225: 3053: 2799: 2664: 2552: 2487: 2307: 2221: 2189: 2169: 2104: 1958: 1667: 1610: 1593: 1529: 1509: 1477: 1284: 890: 833: 745: 712: 651: 151: 76: 22429: 22363: 22353: 20658: 19753: 19637: 19486: 19481: 19339: 19333: 19301: 19291: 19281: 19251: 19045: 19005: 18640: 18265: 17243: 15384:"Factories established by Atatürk, the founder of Turkey, in first 15 years of Republic" 14980: 13641: 12870: 12854: 12160:

Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri

9778:, first published in 1932 and the first biography of Atatürk published in his lifetime, 9670: 8564:

included the Lausanne Straits Agreement. The Lausanne Straits Agreement stated that the

7068:

the Muslim majority in early centuries, the caliphate was the core political concept of

6832: 5208: 5130: 3560: 675: 122: 22494: 22107: 22050: 22030: 21943: 21832: 21775: 21571: 21493: 21159: 21080: 21075: 20768: 20688: 20633: 20568: 20510: 20435: 20430: 19904: 19010: 18438: 18430: 18356: 18319: 16110: 15882: 15802: 15460: 14852: 14563: 14493: 14309: 12962: 12701: 12346:

Enstehung und Ausbau der Königsdiktatur in Albanien, 1912–1939 Von Michael Schmidt-Neke

11770: 11556: 11072: 11003: 9627: 9305: 9293:, but they were transferred on 10 November 1953 (15 years after his death) in a 42-ton 9221: 9173: 8978: 8529: 8521: 8384: 8300: 8193: 7695: 7654: 7244: 6909:

the Kemalist secular state significantly differed from predominantly Christian states.

6751: 6725: 6567: 6557: 6527: 6482: 6427: 6413: 6276: 6217: 5992: 5907: 5626: 5347: 5200: 5138: 5047: 4910: 4902: 4601: 4571: 4558: 4515: 4391: 4323: 4318:

declared war, many of the Ottoman troops in Libya were sent to the Ottoman province of

3942: 3801:

suggests that he may have chosen the name himself as a tribute to the nationalist poet

3610:

Atatürk came to prominence for his role in securing the Ottoman Turkish victory at the

3572: 2754: 2502: 2492: 2472: 2442: 2392: 2372: 2357: 2243: 2194: 2116: 1970: 1815: 1740: 1632: 1620: 1499: 1047: 973: 823: 511: 84: 70: 22624: 22619: 22584: 22574: 20535: 20520: 20007: 19783: 19768: 19380: 17842:

The workshop and the world: what ten thinkers can teach us about science and authority

17713: 16434: 14332: 14128:

Atillasoy, Atatürk : The First President and Founder of the Turkish Republic, 13.

10963:. Macmillan Master Series (2nd ed.). Basingstoke or London: MacMillan Education. 9201: 8923: 5141:

propped up by the Allied occupation forces and had the immediate task of fighting the

4742:

and his high-ranking generals in person. During the return trip, he briefly stayed in

4738:

would soon lose the war. He did not hesitate to openly express this opinion to Kaiser

3930: 1760: 1745: 505: 38: 22388: 22205: 22152: 22114: 22077: 21963: 21948: 21765: 21703: 21690: 21664: 21532: 21463: 21407: 21326: 21119: 21094: 21055: 20931: 20603: 20583: 20505: 20440: 20324: 20229: 20184: 20159: 20118: 20073: 19763: 19602: 19355: 18516: 18491: 18483: 18462: 18442: 18422: 18381: 18360: 18348: 18311: 18273: 18251: 18232: 18210: 18193: 18176: 18166: 18147: 18141: 18123: 18104: 18082: 18060: 18041: 18022: 18016: 18003: 17993: 17971: 17952: 17932: 17913: 17889: 17872: 17855: 17845: 17823: 17817: 17802: 17783: 17761: 17738: 17719: 17695: 17460: 17400: 17306: 17223: 17194: 17163: 17112: 17037: 16972: 16901: 16884: 16861: 16836: 16815: 16794: 16768: 16738: 16722: 16688: 16665: 16646: 16518: 16094: 16064: 15974: 15914: 15836: 15813: 15330: 15265: 15228: 15180: 15119: 15091: 15022: 14962: 14930: 14903: 14878: 14873:

Suny, Ronald Grigor; Göçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M., eds. (23 February 2011).

14856: 14815: 14790: 14726: 14603: 14474: 14438: 14428: 14113: 14074: 13751: 13620: 13619:

Majid Khadduri (2006) War and peace in the law of Islam, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.,

13430: 13407: 13374: 13168: 13136: 13104: 13035: 13013: 12954: 12916: 12880: 12786: 12693: 12575: 12558: 12499: 12437: 12269: 12239: 12194: 12111: 12021: 11931: 11792: 11774: 11712: 11685: 11548: 11401: 11391: 11323: 11144: 11112: 11102: 11100: 11098: 11064: 11060: 11018: 10973: 10964: 10926: 10916: 10880: 10864: 10837: 10820: 10794: 10784: 10709: 10034: 9756: 9741: 9686: 9430: 9415: 9168: 9013: 8731:. Both the Turks and the various Balkan states felt threatened by Italian ambitions. 8433: 8429: 8388: 8231: 7871: 7859: 7723:

On 11 August 1930, Atatürk decided to try a multiparty movement once again and asked

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In April 1909 in Constantinople, a group of soldiers began a counter-revolution (see

4015: 3679: 3627: 3501: 2881: 2804: 2774: 2387: 2319: 2297: 2204: 2154: 2109: 2029: 2017: 1985: 1870: 1642: 1524: 1514: 988: 897: 858: 843: 799: 765: 755: 22564: 22519: 20762: 20668: 20410: 19909: 19778: 19597: 19592: 19050: 18990: 18524: 18163:

The Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective: Essays in Honour of Albert Hourani

16326: 15019:

Citizenship and identity in Turkey : from Atatürk's republic to the present day

14926:

Citizenship and identity in Turkey : from Atatürk's republic to the present day

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with the USSR on 17 December. In 1935, the pact was prolonged for another 10 years.

6032: 5490: 3981: 3812:

Atatürk on his first ID card in 1934, his name appeared as Kemal Atatürk, while the

3706:

were replaced and non-Turkish families were ordered to adopt a Turkish surname. The

2412: 22348: 22035: 22003: 21825: 21780: 21723: 21376: 21299: 21114: 20941: 20485: 20143: 19844: 19758: 19541: 19496: 18609: 18414: 18340: 18303: 18294:

Eastham, J. K. (March 1964). "The Turkish Development Plan: The First Five Years".

18226: 18137: 17837: 16856:"I have no religion, and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea..." 15452: 15051: 14844: 14555: 14191: 13998: 13961: 13917: 12946: 12769:

Mustafa Kemal Pasha's speech on his arrival in Angora (now Ankara) in November 1919

12685: 11760: 11502: 11221: 11180: 11056: 10872: 10829: 10589: 10485: 10373: 9721: 9491: 9085: 9021: 8971: 8963: 8943: 8724: 8525: 8215: 8107: 7960: 7923: 7847: 7776: 7741: 7676: 7637: 7625: 7617: 7609: 7519: 7408: 7380: 7154: 6745: 6705: 6422: 6256: 6162: 6062: 6047: 5957: 5887: 5794: 5789: 5764: 5671: 5651: 5636: 5495: 5199:, just eighty kilometers west of Ankara. On 5 August 1921, Atatürk was promoted to 5095: 4973: 4932:

minorities that the Turkish army and government carried out during WWI is unclear,

4621: 4454: 4435: 4421: 4375: 4315: 4143: 4135: 4128: 3972:, Müjgân Cunbur, Numan Kartal and Hasan İzzettin Dinamo, Ali Rıza's ancestors were 3969: 3953: 3671: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3140: 2996: 2829: 2522: 2462: 2447: 2422: 2417: 2209: 2179: 2149: 1951: 1850: 1845: 1790: 1785: 1519: 1504: 1098: 1072: 968: 902: 792: 787: 22614: 22599: 22469: 22393: 20740: 20673: 20545: 20525: 20460: 19972: 19748: 19647: 19365: 19296: 19286: 19271: 19235: 18331:

Emrence, Cem (2003). "Turkey in Economic Crisis (1927–1930): A Panoramic Vision".

18081:(Paperback ed.). Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. 16813:, Brief Insights Series by Julian Baggini, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009 14875:

A question of genocide : Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire

12047:. United States, University of Wisconsin – Madison: Houghton Mifflin. p. 73. 11765: 11748: 11095: 10667:

In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Mustafa Kemal, the title is

9254: 8958:

Atatürk supported large-scale government subsidized industrial complexes, such as

8460: 8206: 8029:

Eighteen female MPs joined the Turkish Parliament with the 1935 general elections.

7929: 7073: 6077: 5987: 4183: 3837:

softens the 'l' the pronunciation closely approximates that of the Arabic 'Kemal'.

3722:, at the age of 57; he was succeeded as president by his long-time prime minister 1865: 907: 22771: 22479: 22378: 22169: 22102: 22082: 22013: 22008: 21953: 21926: 21837: 21810: 21488: 21453: 20628: 20618: 20219: 20204: 20199: 20169: 19728: 19632: 18614: 18344: 17601: 17498: 17275: 17005: 16943: 16672: 16514: 16119: 16090: 16060: 15969: 15859: 15259: 14924: 14780: 14778: 14654: 14248:

Kayadibi, Fahri (2006). "Atatürk Döneminde Eğitim ve Bilim Alanında Gelişmeler".

14098: 13577: 13264: 13069: 13057: 12780: 12542: 12103: 11880: 11854: 11807: 11706: 11650: 11628: 11532: 11517: 11465: 11438: 11138: 10723: 10668: 10651: 10387: 9725: 9706: 9655: 9635: 9550:(which also serves as a memorial to the ANZAC troops who died at Gallipoli); the 8997:

was established. The bank's primary purpose was to control the exchange rate and

8912: 8888: 8743: 8513: 8468: 8448: 8328: 8230:

In 1923, Atatürk tried to persuade the GNA that accepting the arbitration of the

7789:

to be a democrat in his actions, Atatürk always supported the idea of building a

7680: 7667: 7662: 7509:, a documentary film about Atatürk and the modernization of the Turkish Republic. 6972: 6785: 6477: 6462: 6102: 5982: 5942: 5917: 5897: 5844: 5829: 5681: 5676: 5545: 5540: 5530: 5485: 5460: 5278: 5212: 5027: 4981: 4969: 4858: 4727: 4379: 4171: 4054: 3906: 3568: 2467: 2377: 2342: 2260: 2159: 2131: 1855: 1598: 1576: 1492: 1472: 1444: 1424: 1269: 1254: 1016: 963: 116: 22559: 22514: 22499: 22489: 22287: 20425: 19982: 19733: 19723: 19370: 19360: 19350: 19345: 19328: 19306: 19229: 19138: 19015: 18980: 18797: 18718: 18708: 18682: 16754:

Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri, Ankara 1959, 2. Baskı, II, 66–67; s. 90. III, 70

15572: 15278: 15253: 15251: 14835:

Aslan, Senem (April 2007). ""Citizen, Speak Turkish!": A Nation in the Making".

12735: 9193: 9116: 9108: 8899:

and Narquileh Tobacco. The Ottoman Empire had given the tobacco monopoly to the

8556:

Atatürk observes the Turkish troops during the military exercise on 28 May 1936.

8496:

politics gained a positive perspective, when Amanullah Khan and his wife, Queen

8143: 7819: 7387:

of the CHP, and its social program was based on conservatism in contrast to the

6828: 5882: 5709: 4671: 4480: 4362:

on 8 October 1912. Having lost the war, the Ottoman government had to surrender

4347: 4197:

Atatürk (front row, second from left) with the Ottoman Turkish observers at the

3965: 242: 22373: 22302: 22025: 21805: 21728: 21361: 21129: 21090: 20643: 20608: 20578: 20563: 20078: 19738: 19506: 19224: 17753: 16381: 15238: 15221:

The Hemshin: history, society and identity in the highlands of northeast Turkey

14900:

Cumhuriyet yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri bir türkleştirme serüveni; (1923–1945)

14470:

Geoffrey L. Lewis (1999), The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success,

14195: 14090: 13571:

Başvekalet Kararlar Dairesi Müdürlüğü 15 Aralık 1937 tarih, 7829 nolu kararname

13269: 13124: 11677: 11045:"Citizenship and Minorities: A Historical Overview of Turkey's Jewish Minority" 9962: 9818: 9733: 9503: 9426: 9418:. A government website was created to denounce websites that violate this law. 9383: 9350:

Kemal Atatürk is commemorated by many memorials throughout Turkey, such as the

8935: 8343: 8308: 8179: 8019: 7898:

primal language. His ideas could be traced to the work by the French scientist

7683:. Atatürk himself put special emphasis on the education of girls and supported 7621: 7589:. To attract public attention to past cultures, he personally named the banks " 7566: 7562: 7558: 7310: 7285: 7215: 7059:

celebrations on the second anniversary of the Turkish Republic, 29 October 1925

6930: 6888: 6715: 6442: 6408: 6207: 6197: 6152: 6112: 6107: 6052: 6042: 6037: 6022: 5952: 5937: 5922: 5912: 5824: 5724: 5714: 5704: 5221: 5038: 4977: 4894: 4886: 4801:, Atatürk was the only Turkish general in the war who never suffered a defeat. 4735: 4719: 4711: 4683: 4593: 4492: 4327: 4151: 3997: 3989: 3973: 3946: 3934: 3918: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3871: 3829: 3816:

Mustafa had disappeared altogether. In February 1935, Atatürk began to use the

3734: 3691: 3635: 3623: 3489: 3110: 3048: 2733: 2547: 2537: 2507: 2427: 2402: 2352: 2314: 2292: 2216: 2199: 2184: 1860: 1840: 1830: 1720: 1700: 1581: 1419: 1259: 573: 525: 383: 22529: 22419: 22398: 22292: 20495: 20455: 20385: 20174: 19992: 19642: 19311: 19187: 19000: 18975: 18418: 17859: 17492:

Remarks on the 25th Anniversary of the Death of Kemal Atatürk, 4 November 1963

16122:. AVRASYA Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, Volume: IV, Issue: 7, July 2015. 15456: 15173:

Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey

14848: 14775: 14559: 13783: 13128: 9363: 9139: 9077: 8895:. The tobacco and cigarette trade was controlled by two French companies: the 8873: 7775:. This came amidst arguments that Atatürk's single-party rule did not promote 7463:(the constitutional principle of secularism in France) until 5 February 1937. 6007: 4841:(the two largest Ottoman cities at the time) sparked the establishment of the 4753: 3956:

and precariously middle-class. His father Ali Rıza is thought to have been of

3802: 187: 22645: 22604: 22157: 22097: 21998: 21738: 21733: 21366: 21311: 21102: 20926: 20138: 18596: 18520: 18487: 18466: 18426: 18385: 18352: 18315: 17041: 17033: 16182: 15248: 14745: 13838: 12958: 12697: 11552: 11068: 10780: 10776: 10359: 10296: 10273: 10193: 10072: 9977: 9788: 9623: 9185: 9120: 8896: 8416: 8400: 8266: 8185: 8080: 7895: 7790: 7737: 7671: 7632: 7605: 7302: 6922: 6864: 6844: 6552: 6386: 6356: 6266: 6172: 6167: 6142: 6122: 5962: 5834: 5809: 5784: 5769: 5759: 5744: 5699: 5465: 5441: 5196: 4906: 4715: 4707: 4567: 4319: 3727: 3687: 3363: 3263: 3258: 3250: 3043: 2866: 2287: 2265: 2250: 1800: 1755: 1715: 1710: 1615: 1395: 22534: 20956: 20540: 20083: 19894: 18495: 18214: 18180: 18076: 18007: 17936: 17876: 17269:

Time to break out of legislative straitjacket that is stifling media freedom

17131: 16900:

Tariq Ramadan, Islam and the Arab Awakening, Oxford University Press, 2012,

16854:...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the secular Turkish Republic. He said: 15088:

Improvising Turkishness: Being Armenian in post-Ottoman Istanbul (1918–1933)

10968: 10930: 8836: 8083:

continued and was fostered under Atatürk's government with such policies as

7338: 6979:) was launched, and a widespread arrest policy was put in place against the 5398:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

4150:("Motherland and Liberty"). On 20 June 1907, he was promoted to the rank of 2647: 22509: 22439: 22383: 22333: 22297: 22262: 22129: 22087: 21713: 21164: 20946: 20450: 20390: 20234: 20113: 19997: 19987: 19977: 19899: 19192: 18985: 18600: 18591: 18450: 18222: 18197: 18096: 18072: 18064: 17668: 17428: 17100: 16721:(Atatürk ve Din Eğitimi, A. Gürtaş, p. 26), Atatürk Research Center, 2007; 16643:

The Crescent and the Couch: Cross-Currents Between Islam and Psychoanalysis

15425: 15048:

European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey

13156: 12296:"Mustafa Atatürk had assisted in the military operation in Albania in 1910" 11218:

European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey

10702: 10015: 9996: 9797: 9698: 9502:

In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the

9371: 9062: 8998: 8900: 8728: 8497: 8492: 8476: 8320: 8112: 8015: 7968: 7785: 7460: 7452: 7322: 6967: 6222: 6202: 6187: 6147: 6132: 6092: 6027: 6012: 5902: 5804: 5470: 5123: 4786: 4761: 4743: 4702: 4699: 4363: 4307: 4283: 4228: 3922: 3875: 3798: 3786: 3733:

In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the

2849: 2713: 2610: 2512: 2477: 2397: 1770: 1690: 1685: 379: 22217: 20500: 17944: 16412: 16083:

Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An 'Active' Neutrality

12110:, 2nd ed.; Volume 5: Coh-Doz, Macmillan Reference US, Thomson Gale, 2007, 11450: 10863:

Books, Market House Books Market House (2003), Books, Market House (ed.),

9821:

in this context called him the "most terrible of all the terrible Turks".

9339: 9298: 9224:, Turkey's first female pilot and the world's first female fighter pilot. 9002: 8959: 8934:

was established. Because Atatürk considered the development of a national

8823:

was based on the old administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire called the

8573:

was impossible without sovereignty over the water that passed through it.

7815: 7767:

In November 1930, Ali Fethi Okyar dissolved his own party. A more lasting

7747: 7590: 7248: 4857:

reportedly committed by the CUP and the declining Ottoman Empire, but now

3794: 1207: 419: 22609: 22524: 22424: 22277: 21993: 21304: 20967: 20896: 20470: 20395: 20267: 20098: 19627: 19476: 19261: 19209: 19177: 19148: 18995: 18825: 17775: 17435: 14809: 12950: 12822:""Facing History: Denial and Turkish National Security." | Wilson Center" 9926: 9737: 9729: 9713: 9690: 9679: 9643: 9547: 9359: 9294: 9146:

Atatürk also supported the establishment of the automobile industry. The

9093: 9040: 8820: 8808: 8735: 8565: 8441: 8316: 7891: 7878: 7756: 7724: 7684: 7342: 7334: 7314: 7069: 6700: 6237: 6177: 6127: 6072: 5867: 5799: 5525: 5520: 4921: 4862: 4552: 4540: 4531: 4527: 4450: 4415: 4359: 4351: 4243:, the Albanian lord, politician, writer, and one of the delegates of the 4240: 4057:) where he excelled at mathematics. On 14 March 1899, he enrolled at the 4000: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3615: 3058: 2946: 2901: 2861: 2654: 2542: 2407: 2255: 1997: 1888: 1695: 1434: 813: 782: 182: 20445: 18627: 17538: 16535: 16002:

Soysal, İsmail, 1983, "Turkey's Diplomatic treaties", TTK, Ankara p. 493

15043: 12966: 12934: 12614: 11560: 11536: 11213: 11172: 10381: 9685:

The range of Atatürk's admirers extends from the British Prime Minister

9068: 7455:, modelled after the Italian penal code, was passed. On 4 October 1926, 6780: 22549: 20993: 20921: 20826: 20369: 19809: 19713: 19677: 19276: 19256: 19214: 19143: 18323: 15790:

Soysal, İsmail, 1983, "Turkey's Diplomatic treaties", TTK, Ankara p. 29

15464: 15440: 12705: 12673: 10292: 10269: 10189: 9845:

Ta’biye Mes’elesinin Halli ve Emirlerin Sûret-i Tahrîrine Dâir Nasâyih

9595: 9591: 9543: 9539: 9531: 9479: 9099: 8819:

In 1936, Atatürk raised the "Issue of Hatay" at the League of Nations.

8780: 8634: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8537: 8391:

economically uniting Turkey, Greece, Romania, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria.

7975:. Many museums opened, architecture began to follow modern trends, and 7952: 7907: 7894:

theory which proposed that all human languages were descendants of one

7613: 7392: 7376: 7372: 7326: 7220: 7191: 7150: 6954:, where the National Parliament would be the ultimate source of power. 6901: 6740: 6730: 6192: 6157: 6082: 6067: 6002: 5927: 5872: 5774: 5719: 5598: 5583: 4730:

and Germany. While in Germany, Atatürk visited the German lines on the

4254:

army manoeuvres in France, and in 1911, served at the Ministry of War (

4062: 3817: 3813: 3592: 2794: 2642: 2637: 2457: 2382: 2275: 2270: 1975: 1820: 1409: 22817:

Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey)

20018: 18434: 18192:(in Turkish). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi. 18120:

Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges

17965: 17888:. New Jersey and Woodstock (Oxfordshire): Princeton University Press. 16482:

Stone, Norman "Talking Turkey". National Interest, Fall2000, Issue 61.

15056: 14424:

Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges

14179:"Female labor force participation in Turkey: The role of conservatism" 14112:

Daisy Hilse Dwyer, (1990), "Law and Islam in the Middle East", p. 77,

12020:, Birinci Cilt (1st vol.): 1881–1919, 14th ed., Remzi Kitabevi, 1997, 11226: 11185: 9286: 8184:

The Issue of Mosul, a dispute with the United Kingdom over control of

4439: 4354:, and the other Ottoman military commanders in Libya had to return to 4282:

Atatürk (left) with an Ottoman military officer and Bedouin forces in

4110: 4011: 3866: 3359:

Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes

3348: 20405: 20249: 19950: 19317: 19266: 17219: 17108: 16968: 16765:

The Cambridge history of Turkey: Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern World

16451: 14723:

Turkey, Islam, nationalism, and modernity : a history, 1789–2007

14623:. Representation of the European Commission to Turkey. Archived from 13164: 12495: 11343: 11341: 11339: 10114: 9814: 9717: 9639: 9599: 9579: 9559: 9275: 9267: 9092:

became a major industrial center beginning with the establishment of

8541: 8504: 8465: 8359: 8014:. The opera, staged at the People's House in Ankara, was composed by 7911: 7831: 7582: 7574: 7554: 7388: 7224: 7211: 7207: 7149:

In the summer of 1924, Atatürk invited American educational reformer

7064: 6959: 6212: 5892: 5588: 5480: 5177: 4890: 4878: 4870: 4769: 4723: 4687: 4431: 4371: 4338: 4004: 3957: 3496: 2233: 2012: 1539: 1449: 1135: 18307: 17931:. Ankara: Turkish National Commission for UNESCO. pp. 165–170. 16883:, The Oxford Handbook of Secularism, Oxford University Press, 2017, 14812:

Muqarnas : an annual on the visual culture of the Islamic world

13559:

1927 Komünist Tevkifatı, "İstanbul Ağır Ceza Mahkemesindeki Duruşma"

13297:"Turkey – Declaration of the Turkish republic | history – geography" 12689: 8985:. At the time, Atatürk not only had to deal with the payment of the 8609: 8299:

Exchanges on the concept of a Balkan Federation during the visit of

7202:

Beginning in the fall of 1925, Atatürk encouraged the Turks to wear

7186: 4034: 3749:, describing him as "the leader of the first struggle given against 21849: 21176: 20123: 20088: 17399:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 116. 17140: 15690:

Yılmaz Altuğ, Türk Devrim Tarihi Dersim, 1919–1938, 1980 s. p. 136.

13711: 13217: 12859:. University of California Libraries. London, G. Allen & Unwin. 10464: 10095: 10076: 10057: 10038: 10019: 10000: 9981: 9748: 9603: 9563: 9555: 9124: 8570: 7972: 7771:

began in 1945. In 1950, the CHP ceded the majority position to the

7712: 7586: 7132: 6971:

competing factions. Under Atatürk, the arrest process known as the

6893: 6057: 5814: 5578: 5515: 5305: 5066:), headed by Atatürk, who himself remained in Angora, now known as 4966:

Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk § War of Independence

4834: 4511: 4484: 4477: 4447: 4430:

On 1 December 1912, Atatürk arrived at his new headquarters on the

4387: 4124: 4070: 4023: 3985: 3893:

The reconstructed house of Atatürk's paternal grandparents, in the

3719: 3604: 2302: 2238: 2121: 1918: 1835: 1554: 1309: 1234: 399: 21859: 17926: 14442: 14210:

Atatürk : first president and founder of the Turkish Republic

12760:(translation Ayhan Tezel), Sander yayınları, İstanbul, 1972 p. 210 11336: 11044: 10798: 10453:

List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence

10406: 9805:

However, Atatürk's acclaim is not universal. As the leader of the

8524:

was paragraphed in Geneva, but its signing was delayed due to the

8010: 7046: 5158: 4943: 4674:

on 7 August 1917, who was under the command of the German general

4608:

until 14 January 1916. He was then assigned to the command of the

4158:) and on 13 October 1907, was assigned to the headquarters of the 3642:, which resisted mainland Turkey's partition among the victorious 15044:"Incoherent State: The Controversy over Kurdish Naming in Turkey" 13918:"SABAH – 28/10/2005 – Mevlevi Alayı ile Atatürk'e destek oldular" 13548:, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2006, sayı 15. 13076:(translation Ayhan Tezel), Sander yayınları, İstanbul, 1972 p.293 12259:(translation Ayhan Tezel), Sander yayınları, İstanbul, 1972 p. 68 11214:"Incoherent State: The Controversy over Kurdish Naming in Turkey" 9619: 9607: 9237: 9189: 9089: 9006: 8832: 8792: 8788: 8760: 8332: 7733: 7641: 7594: 7578: 7384: 7357: 7281: 7277: 7128: 6963: 6938:

Constantinople and its Ottoman heritage. For instance, they made

6926: 6905: 5083: 5011: 4757:

Atatürk in 1918, the Commander of the Yıldırım Army Group and an

4647:

government in Constantinople proposed to establish a new army in

4543:) and was twice refused, which left him with a lifelong sadness. 4519: 4503: 4251: 4198: 3809: 3782: 2844: 2324: 1662: 1429: 667: 472:

Association for the Defence of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia

18248:

The Turkey of Atatürk; Social Process in the Turkish Reformation

17966:İnan, Ayşe Afet; Sevim, Ali; Süslü, Azmi; Tural, M Akif (1998). 17186:

Kiss, Bow, Or Shake Hands: How to Do Business in Sixty Countries

16358:

The Turkey of Atatürk: Social Process in the Turkish Reformation

16032:Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Tek Adam, Vol. 3, Ýstanbul 1988, p. 331. 15118:(in Turkish) (1. basım. ed.). İstanbul: Everest Yayınları. 14902:(in Turkish) (7 ed.). İstanbul: İletişim. pp. 137–47. 13530:

Bozkurt, Gülnihal (2003). "Atatürk Dönemi Türk Dış Politikası".

13463:

The Turkey of Atatürk: social process in the Turkish reformation

11975:

Kutsal İsyan: Millî Kurtuluş Savaşı'nın Gerçek Hikâyesi, 2. cilt

11405: 11287:"Turkey commemorates Atatürk on 78th anniversary of his passing" 9831:

Cumalı Ordugâhı - Süvâri: Bölük, Alay, Liva Tâlim ve Manevraları

9263: 8922:

In 1924, with the initiative of Atatürk, the first Turkish bank

8528:. On 8 July 1937, Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan signed the 7744:

came to be considered a serious threat against secular reforms.

7272:

On 2 September, the government issued a decree closing down all

7153:

to Ankara to advise him on how to reform Turkish education. His

3977: 22837:

Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

21854: 21047: 21042: 19447: 19439: 19158: 19104: 18933: 16922: 15109: 15107: 13729:İsmet Paşa "kurumlaşma" ile neyi kastettiğini de şöyle anlattı: 13032:

Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789-2007

9942: 9752: 9694: 9535: 9507: 9343: 9271: 9229: 9197: 9035: 8828: 8775:

at peacetime strength consisted of 174,000 soldiers and 20,000

8533: 8370: 8272: 8159: 8103: 8072: 8008:

In 1934, Atatürk commissioned the first Turkish operatic work,

7996: 7919: 7760: 7456: 7273: 7228: 7136:

linked educational reform to the liberation of the nation from

7115: 6939: 6925:, before its institutional expression became illegal and their 6860: 5734: 5154: 5067: 5019: 4999: 4882: 4794: 4778: 4777:

on 26 August 1918, then continued south to his headquarters in

4774: 4747: 4605: 4496: 4488: 4443: 4403: 4367: 4311: 4232: 4163: 4050: 4003:

ancestry. According to some various claims, she descended from

3926: 3879: 3790: 3738: 3651: 3318: 2815:

International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties

2784: 1893: 603: 414: 220:

Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly

135: 18018:

The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire

15701:

Atatürk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey

15163: 14325:"Kemalizm'in Model Ders Kitabı: Vatandaş İçin Medeni Bilgiler" 11604:

Atatürk on Screen: Documentary Film and the Making of a Leader

11257:"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün Nüfus Hüviyet Cüzdanı. (24.11.1934)" 11140:

Turkey beyond nationalism: towards post-nationalist identities

8440:

between Greece and Turkey, which was a stepping stone for the

8126: 5232:

stating that the Turkish population was so worked up that the

4625: 20588: 17951:(in Turkish). Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. 16937:"Not Everyone Cheers Turkey's Move To Tighten Alcohol Rules." 15116:

Adını unutan ülke: Türkiye'de adı değiştirilen yerler sözlüğü

12193:

Falih Rıfkı Atay: Çankaya, Pozitif Yayınları, İstanbul, 2004

11681:

Salonique, 1830–1912: une ville ottomane à l'âge des Réformes

10655: 10645: 10526: 9925:

He received awards and decorations before, during, and after

9865: 9793: 9615: 9611: 9587: 9583: 9575: 9567: 9233: 9177: 9029: 8908: 8324: 7483: 7137: 7104: 7097: 6999: 5261:

A British cartoon of 1923 satirising Atatürk's rule in Turkey

5111: 5042: 4914: 4866: 4813:

in case of a defensive conflict against the invading Allies.

4810: 4648: 4507: 4303: 4210: 4114:

Atatürk on the day of graduation from the War Academy in 1905

3631: 1335: 17735:

Atatürk: First President and Founder of the Turkish Republic

17567:

Huda Shaarawi's Diaries – Book of Al-Hilal, September / 1981

15908: 15104: 14810:

Sibel Bozdoǧan; Gülru Necipoğlu; Julia Bailey, eds. (2007).

14684: 12555:

Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913

11348:

Kandogan, Eser; Seferoglu, Süleyman Sadi (12 January 1994).

10549: 9654:. There are many statues and streets named after Atatürk in 9386:(despite being the conservative opposition to Atatürk's own 9266:

a day; he also smoked tobacco, predominantly in the form of

8727:

had frequently proclaimed his intention to place the entire

8338:

In March 1921, the GNA representatives in Moscow signed the

8335:. In the subsequent two years, the amount of aid increased. 7280:

and other religious ideological lodges. Atatürk ordered the

4848: 4789:. The Seventh Army retired towards the Jordan River but was 4631: 15264:(. ed.). Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p. 354. 12472: 12459: 11350:"Ataturk: Creator of Modern Turkey / Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" 10543: 10517: 10509: 10503: 9571: 8472: 8288: 4874: 17844:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc. pp. 189–204. 17578:

Grey Wolf: Mustafa Kemal – An intimate study of a dictator

14582:

The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English

14331:, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 233–49, archived from 11980: 11678:

Méropi Anastassiadou; Méropi Anastassiadou-Dumont (1997).

10654:

style name, the given name is Mustafa Kemal, the title is

10494: 9904:, Selanik Asır Matbaası, Thessaloniki, 1908. (From German) 8279:

Russia–Turkey relations § Turkey and the Soviet Union

8058: 5246: 5098:(Cebesoy) were also sentenced to death alongside Atatürk. 5078:" (GNA). On 23 April 1920, the GNA opened with Atatürk as 5026:

against the occupying forces. In June 1919, he issued the

4953: 4502:

In 1913, he was appointed the Ottoman military attaché to

18645: 18136: 17715:

Grey Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator

17244:"Turkish Telecommunications Presidency: Internet Hotline" 17182: 16947: 15590: 13371:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

12532:

The Balkan Wars 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War

12322:"1912 | Aubrey Herbert: A Meeting with Isa Boletini" 11507:

Sınıf arkadaşım Atatürk: okul ve genç subaylık hâtıraları

11261:İşte Atatürk | Atatürk Hakkında Bilmek İstediğiniz Herşey 10537: 9776:

Grey Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator

9646:. In addition, the entrance to Princess Royal Harbour in 9084:

In 1935, the first Turkish cotton print factory "Nazilli

8927:

resources where necessary to trigger industrial impetus.

8596:

on 31 July 1936 and went into effect on 9 November 1936.

7367:

On 17 November 1924, the breakaway group established the

7076:

was elected after the abolition of the sultanate (1922).

4861:, Atatürk was a member of the CUP, and to that extent, a 4022:

community of Salonica in the Ottoman period, many of his

18117: 17970:(in Turkish). Ankara: AKDTYK Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi. 17871:(in Turkish). Ankara: Middle East Technical University. 17156:

Faces of the State: Secularism and Public Life in Turkey

16919:"Why I Love Turkey's Smoking, Drinking Founding Father." 16508:

Atatürk: Eine Biographie, Klaus Kreiser, C.H. Beck, 2011

16244:İbrahim Kaya, Social Theory and Later Modernities, p. 90 11107:

Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle, eds. (3 August 2012).

9932: 9851:

Taʼlîm ve Terbiye-i Askeriyye Hakkında Nokta-i Nazarlar

9562:; and squares called the Plaza Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 9289:. Atatürk's remains were originally laid to rest in the 7830:

Atatürk at the opening of the Türkkuşu flight school in

5296:

has been celebrated as a national holiday on that date.

3690:, trying to create a homogeneous, unified and above all 17216:

Turkey: Terrorism, Civil Rights, and the European Union

16612:"Turkey in the 21st century: The Legacy Of Mrs Ataturk" 13674: 13672: 13640:. The National Interest. 3 January 2007. Archived from 13486: 13484: 9747:

The Twelfth International Women Conference was held in

9622:; Mustafá Kemal Atatürk Street in the Naco district of 9552:

Atatürk Memorial in the place of honour on Anzac Parade

9258:

A view from the state funeral of Atatürk, November 1938

5022:. His first goal was the establishment of an organized 4750:

for medical treatment between 30 May and 28 July 1918.

4690:

in December 1917, Erich von Falkenhayn was replaced by

4476:, he took part in the Ottoman Army forces commanded by 4220:). Atatürk was instrumental in suppressing the revolt. 2596:

Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe

18078:

Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey

16685:

Political Islam in Turkey: Running West, Heading East?

14250:

Istanbul University Journal of the Faculty of Theology

13615: 13613: 13611: 13609: 13607: 11835: 11833: 11825:

Atatürk: the biography of the founder of modern Turkey

11789:

Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey

11015:

Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey

10706:

Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey

9119:

established the first Turkish aircraft factory in the

8977:

In 1929, Atatürk signed a treaty that resulted in the

8340:

Treaty of Moscow ("Friendship and Brotherhood" Treaty)

8331:, 17,600 projectiles as well as 200.6 kg of gold 7914:

used by Sumerians, and the paper by Austrian linguist

7906:, which postulates that all languages originated from 6839:

in political positions where they could institute his

6414: 4390:

where it was signed, to distinguish it from the later

16382:

Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

12605: 12603: 12601: 12162:, Ankara: Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, 1972, p. 1. 12075:"Turkey: The land a dictator turned into a democracy" 10762: 10760: 10570: 10552: 10520: 10514: 10506: 10497: 9382:-controlled Turkish parliament led by Prime Minister 9240:, who was antireligious and anti-Islamic in general. 7718: 7292: 4833:(British, Italian, French and Greek forces) occupied 4666:

In July 1917, he was appointed to the command of the

4628:, upsetting the calculations of the Russian Command. 4073:) and graduated in 1902. He later graduated from the 22722:

Members of the Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)

18165:. Oxford: Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College. 17525:

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Vom Staatsgründer zum Mythos.

17294: 17292: 17290: 13669: 13481: 12158:

T. C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları,

11017:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 167. 10546: 10540: 10529: 10500: 10349: 9755:

on 18 April 1935, and Egyptian nationalist-feminist

9184:

Kemal Atatürk's name is associated with four women:

8915:" of the economy for a country that did not produce 6912: 4837:. The occupation of Constantinople, followed by the 22767:

Ottoman military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War

18370:"Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women" 18146:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 17927:İğdemir, Uluğ; Mango, Andrew (translation) (1963). 17912:. New Haven, Conn.; London: Yale University Press. 17751: 17366:"The 20th-Century Dictator Most Idolized by Hitler" 16706:

Taha Akyol: Atatürk yargı bağımsızlığını reddediyor

14746:Republic Of Turkey Ministry Of National Education. 13839:Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education. 13604: 12993:

Judgement at Istanbul: the Armenian Genocide Trials

12816: 12814: 11830: 11704: 11000:, Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998, pp. 48, 59, 250 10534: 10523: 10491: 10488: 8261:Iraq with the condition that the UK would hold the 7904:

L'Origine des Langues, des Religions et des Peuples

7801: 7470:Atatürk attending a class at the Law School of the 7414: 5187:

Atatürk inspects the Turkish troops on 18 June 1922

4461:'s 7th Rila Infantry Division under the command of 4374:(three provinces forming present-day Libya) to the 3618:. During this time, the Ottoman Empire perpetrated 22822:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class 20974:Association for the Support of Contemporary Living 18563:. 23 November 1953. pp. 37–39. Archived from 17968:Medeni bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün el Yazıları 16791:by Gareth Jenkins, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 84 16496:The Turkish Development Plan: The First Five Years 15801: 15639:, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4, 1999, 20 15410:"Turkish GDP per capita and GDP growth, 1923–1990" 15227:(Repr. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 161. 14680:Medeni bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün el yazıları 14263:Wiegand, Wayne A.; Davis, Donald G., eds. (1994). 14177: 13133:Judgment at Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials 12598: 11949:Türk dünyası edebiyatçıları ansiklopedisi, 2. cilt 10819: 10757: 8507:, leader of Iran, had a common approach regarding 8115:, Bulgarian, Kurdish, Assyrian, or Arabic origin. 7995:to author a Turkish language Qur'anic commentary ( 7810:In 1931, during the establishment ceremony of the 7263:. This speech also had another position. He said: 5269:began on 21 November 1922. Turkey, represented by 4635:Atatürk with Ottoman military officers during the 22712:Leaders of the Republican People's Party (Turkey) 20804:Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation 17840:(2019). "Kemal Atatürk: Science and Patriotism". 17298: 17287: 15909:Jentleson, Bruce W.; Paterson, Thomas G. (1997). 15747:. 6 November 1933. pp. 37–39. Archived from 15727:, 1st edition, Moscow, Vol. 55, 1947, column 377. 15715:, 1st edition, Moscow, Vol. 55, 1947, column 374. 15287:"Names of 12,211 Villages Were Changed in Turkey" 14648:Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women 13743: 13737: 13422: 12411: 12409: 12407: 11665:, volume 2, Millî Eğitim Matbaası, 1974, p. 131. 11347: 11109:Social relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915 9024:. One of Atatürk's radical left-wing supporters, 7877:Atatürk dealt with the translation of scientific 6904:. The fundamentals of nationalism, populism, and 3945:. Only one of Mustafa's siblings, a sister named 3664:proclaimed the foundation of the Turkish Republic 22643: 18190:Mesaî : Halk Şûrâlar Fırkası Programı, 1920 14872: 14739: 14698:(in Slovenian). 18 November 2013. Archived from 13416: 13216:. Anadolu Ajansı Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from 12827:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 12811: 12405: 12403: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12393: 12391: 12389: 12387: 12127:Bernd Rill: Kemal Atatürk. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1985 11894:From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans 11106: 10906:Zürcher, Erik Jan (1993). "Biographical Notes". 10251:3rd Class Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary) 10232:2nd Class Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary) 9250:Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 8863: 8303:, a vision of Atatürk's which was never achieved 7870:into a modern institution and later established 5082:; this act effectively created the situation of 3988:. His mother Zübeyde is thought to have been of 3670:the country. He also introduced the Latin-based 20699:Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings 18615:Newspaper clippings about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 18143:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 17536: 16181:(in Turkish). BİA Haber Merkezi. Archived from 16165:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 16041:Atatürk'ün Milli Dış Politikası, Vol. 2, p. 355 15553: 15551: 15090:. Ann Arbor: New York University. p. 169. 14427:. United Nations University Press. p. 95. 13284:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 12732:"RAF History – Bomber Command 60th Anniversary" 12221: 12219: 12154: 12152: 12150: 12148: 11377: 11375: 10734: 9392:a law (Law on Crimes Committed Against Atatürk) 8942:management of the economy was inefficient. The 8369:After the Turks withdrew their delegation from 8226:Atatürk in the days of the Mosul question, 1925 7047:Civic independence and the Caliphate, 1924–1925 6896:. Kemalism is based on Atatürk's conception of 5288:On 29 October 1923, the Republic of Turkey was 4530:), who had recently completed her education in 4526:(against whose forces he had fought during the 37:"Atatürk" redirects here. For the airport, see 22802:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class 18505:"John Dewey in Turkey: An Educational Mission" 17452:Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination – Stefan Ihrig 15329:(. ed.). Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. 15141:"Norşin'den Potamya'ya hayali coğrafyalarımız" 14420: 12487: 11013:Sofos, Umut Özkırımlı & Spyros A. (2008). 10171:Commander Grand Cross Order of Saint Alexander 9208:Latife's intellect: she was a graduate of the 8949: 4261: 3960:origin by some authors; however, according to 3765:that resisted the expansionist aggressions of 3146:Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance 2765:Free Democratic Party/Radical Democratic Party 2707:Democratic Union-Agricultural and Labour Party 22762:Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars 22233: 21025: 20842: 20034: 19936: 19422: 19087: 18916: 18228:The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923 17339:"Hitler's Infatuation with Atatürk Revisited" 17153: 16323:"History of Turkish Aeronautical Association" 15772:, 2nd edition, Moscow, Vol. 20, 1953, p. 504. 15735: 15733: 15629: 14787:Grammatology and literary modernity in Turkey 14526: 12654: 12652: 12384: 8483:From 1919, Afghanistan was in the midst of a 8166:Atatürk's foreign policy followed his motto " 6983:members. Communist political figures such as 6803: 5350:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 5014:Atatürk was assigned as the inspector of the 4453:, but this offensive was repulsed during the 3694:under the Turkish banner. Under Atatürk, the 3603:and socio-political theories became known as 3559:1881 – 10 November 1938), was a Turkish 3521: 2049: 1364: 87:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 18407:International Journal of Middle East Studies 17363: 16146: 16144: 15878:"Meanwhile: Dressing to rule in Afghanistan" 15642: 15548: 15535: 15488: 15486: 14916: 14548:International Journal of Middle East Studies 14466: 14464: 14262: 14202: 13827:John Dewey in Turkey: An Educational Mission 13123: 12638: 12636: 12216: 12176:Çankaya: Atatürk'ün doğumundan ölümüne kadar 12145: 11908:Çankaya: Atatürk'ün doğumundan ölümüne kadar 11616:Murat Belge, Tanıl Bora, Murat Gültekingil. 11384:"Atatürk's Achievement: Some Considerations" 11372: 11352:. Türkiye On The Web: A Cultural Warehouse. 10771:. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). 9614:, Pakistan; Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Street in 9036:Liberalization and planned growth, 1931–1939 8520:In 1935, the draft of what would become the 8273:Relations with the Russian SFSR/Soviet Union 7769:multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey 7732:the rebellion of Islamic fundamentalists in 5180:government from the autumn of 1920 onwards. 4546: 4438:, he took part in the amphibious landing at 4201:army manoeuvres in France, 28 September 1910 4061:in the neighbourhood of Pangaltı within the 3848:issue with Atatürk's name was linked to the 3682:during Atatürk's presidency. In particular, 325:9 September 1923 – 10 November 1938 313:Leader of the Republican People's Party 22682:Committee of Union and Progress politicians 22247: 17760:(in French). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. 17718:. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press. 17539:"Habib Bourguiba ou la modernité inachevée" 17305:. Princeton University Press. p. 128. 17183:Morrison, Terry; Conaway, Wayne A. (1994). 16403: 16401: 16267: 16265: 16263: 15949:Middle East Review of International Affairs 15085: 13750:. Princeton University Press. p. 158. 13373:. Cambridge University Press. p. 226. 13368: 13098: 12863: 12436:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 17. 11742: 11740: 10766: 10458:Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence 10333:Kingdom of Afghanistan: Alüyülala Order of 9606:; the Atatürk Road in the southern city of 9455:John F. Kennedy's speech concerning Atatürk 9331:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality 8127:Social policy reforms and economic progress 8094:Another example of nationalisation was the 7553:) opened its doors. The museum highlighted 7360:gave the chance to have a breakaway group, 7284:lodges to be converted to museums, such as 7233:Law Relating to Prohibited Garments of 1934 7103:Two other Islamic conferences were held in 3941:), title deed clerk and lumber trader, and 3583:in 1938. He undertook sweeping progressive 164:29 October 1923 – 10 November 1938 22240: 22226: 21032: 21018: 20849: 20835: 20165:Association for Defence of National Rights 20041: 20027: 19943: 19929: 19429: 19415: 19094: 19080: 18923: 18909: 18122:. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. 17902: 17527:Parthas-Verlag, Berlin, 2004, p. 228. 16597:Latife ve Fikriye İki Aşk Arasında Atatürk 15730: 15677: 15675: 15673: 14517:"Gazi, önerilen 14. soyadını kabul etmiş!" 14421:Saikal, Amin; Schnabel, Albrecht (2003) . 14058: 13866: 13864: 13862: 13594: 13592: 13590: 13429:. Princeton University Press. p. 55. 13099:Heper, Metin; Sayari, Sabri (7 May 2013). 12674:"Mustafa Kemal und England in Neuer Sicht" 12649: 12415:Ana Britannica (1987) Vol. 2 (Ami – Avr): 11938:, p. 37, dipnote no. 6 (Atay, 1980, s. 17) 6810: 6796: 5064:Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti 4176:Doğu Rumeli Bölgesi Demiryolları Müfettişi 3591:, industrializing nation. Ideologically a 3528: 3514: 2056: 2042: 1371: 1357: 134: 30:For other people named Mustafa Kamal, see 22757:Ottoman military personnel of World War I 20799:How happy is the one who says I am a Turk 18632: 18502: 18160: 18118:Saikal, Amin; Schnabel, Albrecht (2003). 17815: 17732: 17708: 16490: 16488: 16141: 15911:The American Journal of International Law 15875: 15596: 15483: 15324: 15257: 15055: 15012: 15010: 14461: 14131: 14108: 14106: 13886: 13387: 12852: 12778: 12633: 12168: 11900: 11864: 11862: 11764: 11601: 11480:. Turkish Embassy website. Archived from 11315: 11225: 11184: 11143:( ed.). London: Tauris. p. 45. 10054:Second Class Knight Order of the Medjidie 9914: 8849:Atatürk's reforms § Economic reforms 8694:Learn how and when to remove this message 8455: 8406: 5418:Learn how and when to remove this message 4986:Government of the Grand National Assembly 4849:Ottoman genocides (1913–1924) and Atatürk 4178:). In July 1908, he played a role in the 3014:Progressive Democratic Party of the North 2670:Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party 20856: 19952:Leaders of the Republican People's Party 17883: 17641:"Atatürk'ün Rütbe, Nişan ve Madalyaları" 17580:(fifth cheap edition, July 1935), p. 333 17530: 17010:Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey) 16645:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 68. 16603: 16398: 16260: 15943: 15941: 15939: 15658: 15505: 15217: 15169: 15113: 14868: 14866: 14725:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 14303: 14247: 13030:Findley, Carter V. (21 September 2010). 11922:Vamık D. Volkan & Norman Itzkowitz, 11891: 11746: 11737: 10092:First Class Knight Order of the Medjidie 9959:Fifth Class Knight Order of the Medjidie 9936: 9669: 9486: 9334: 9253: 9167: 9098: 9067: 9039: 8953: 8867: 8802: 8705: 8551: 8459: 8294: 8282: 8221: 8142: 8062: 8024: 7862:. On 1 January 1928, he established the 7825: 7805: 7746: 7689: 7631: 7494: 7478:In keeping with the Islamic practice of 7465: 7438: 7418: 7296: 7185: 7050: 6993: 6916: 6854: 5256: 5195:, the Greek army advanced as far as the 5182: 5100: 4993: 4752: 4630: 4584:In 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the 4566: 4510:, Bulgaria) and promoted to the rank of 4409: 4294:In 1911, he volunteered to fight in the 4277: 4192: 4109: 4087:Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3888: 3870:The house where Atatürk was born in the 3865: 2952:Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente 284:24 April 1920 – 29 October 1923 20704:2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault 20048: 18877:Leader of the Republican People's Party 18606:Works by or about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 18330: 18293: 18264: 18245: 18204: 18054: 18038:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey 18014: 17984: 17801:. New York: Brill Academic Publishers. 15913:. Oxford University Press. p. 24. 15866:. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2020. 15670: 15132: 14789:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 14720: 14390: 14388: 14354:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey 14292:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey 14236:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey 14038: 14036: 14034: 14032: 14030: 13859: 13821: 13819: 13817: 13815: 13813: 13811: 13809: 13807: 13805: 13587: 13580:. Erişim tarihi: 9 Şubat 2019. Ayrıca: 13529: 13505:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey 13101:The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey 13079: 13029: 12869: 12671: 12434:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey 12225:T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Yayınları, 12189: 12187: 12136: 11896:. Intercultural Press Inc. p. 212. 11597: 11595: 11388:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey 10905: 10418:Law on Crimes Committed Against Atatürk 9853:, Edirne Sanayi Mektebi Matbaası, 1916. 9847:, Edirne Sanayi Mektebi Matbaası, 1916. 9570:and the Largo Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 8839:(Alexandretta) joined Turkey in 1939. 8350:, then nominally an independent state. 8311:, the Bolshevik leader and head of the 8269:on the non-Turkish side of the border. 8059:Unification and nationalisation efforts 7932:, a politician who was the head of the 7846:) for conducting research works in the 6958:supporters of newer ideologies such as 6859:Atatürk at the opening ceremony of the 6367:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 5247:Establishment of the Republic of Turkey 5172:The GNA military successes against the 4954:Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) 4791:destroyed by British aerial bombardment 4045:) in 1893. In 1896, he enrolled in the 3789:(meaning "perfection" or "maturity" in 14: 22672:20th-century prime ministers of Turkey 22644: 21962: 18473: 18404: 18187: 18035: 17949:Atatürk Hakkında Hatıralar ve Belgeler 17836: 17796: 17774: 17664: 17662: 17517: 17425:address to the Reichstag on 4 May 1941 17364:O'Connor, William (24 November 2014). 17099: 17095: 17093: 16960: 16687:G. Jenkins, Publisher Springer, 2008, 16640: 16609: 16594: 16485: 16219:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey 16104: 15827: 15566: 15508:"Peace at home and peace in the world" 15471:from the original on 18 September 2023 15438: 15318: 15284: 15007: 14978: 14784: 14618: 14545: 14380:Atatürk Hakkında Hatıralar ve Belgeler 14322: 14175: 14103: 13307:from the original on 14 September 2020 13155: 13034:. Yale University Press. p. 222. 12712:from the original on 25 September 2021 12611:"Atatürk'ün Bulgar aşkı belgesel oldu" 12586:from the original on 21 September 2022 12467:The History of the Italian-Turkish War 12431: 11859: 11531: 11455:Atatürk hakkında hâtıralar ve belgeler 11381: 11136: 11042: 10991: 10213:Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary) 9921:List of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's awards 9164:Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 9138:On 25 October 1937, Atatürk appointed 8995:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey 8946:brought many changes to this picture. 7698:after the 7th-year celebration meeting 7569:civilizations. He instigated study of 5203:of the forces by the GNA. The ensuing 4942:rebuild the city as Turkish-dominated 4306:). He served mainly in the areas near 4258:) in Constantinople for a short time. 4077:in Constantinople on 11 January 1905. 3949:survived childhood; she died in 1956. 3862:Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3339:Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club 272:Speaker of the Grand National Assembly 22787:People sentenced to death in absentia 22221: 21013: 20830: 20022: 19924: 19410: 19075: 18904: 18646:Offices held by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 18644: 18631: 18509:Journal of American Studies of Turkey 18449: 18095: 18071: 18040:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 17909:Political Order in Changing Societies 17866: 17822:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 17689: 17394: 17213: 16917:Aydıntaşbaş, Aslı (7 December 2008). 16457:Touring and Automobile Club of Turkey 16136:Political Order in Changing Societies 15936: 15799: 15416:from the original on 2 September 2022 15390:from the original on 15 December 2021 15138: 15041: 14863: 14834: 14596: 13990: 13953: 13928:from the original on 21 December 2019 13719:from the original on 21 November 2011 13135:. Berghahn Books. pp. 196, 199. 13053: 13051: 12932: 12491:Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991 12427: 12425: 12363:from the original on 26 February 2021 12324:. Albanianhistory.net. Archived from 12040: 11297:from the original on 11 December 2021 11211: 11193:from the original on 29 December 2012 11170: 11012: 10940:from the original on 27 February 2023 10862: 10682:Personal life of Atatürk § Birth date 10588: 10035:Second Class Knight Order of Osmanieh 9933:Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey 9732:. The Pakistani poet and philosopher 9598:; the Atatürk Avenue in the heart of 8544:from interfering in the Middle East. 8319:governments" and requested 5 million 8291:Embassy in Ankara, on 7 November 1927 7254: 7121: 7022:The one-party regime was established 6921:Atatürk in 1923, with members of the 6518:1946 Italian institutional referendum 6458:Spanish American wars of independence 5191:After a series of battles during the 4845:and the Turkish War of Independence. 4682:(after the British forces of General 4563:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 4491:(Adrianople, the capital city of the 4065:district of the Ottoman capital city 3933:, a military officer originally from 417:(21 November 1938 – 10 November 1953) 232:3 May 1920 – 24 January 1921 27:President of Turkey from 1923 to 1938 22827:Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey 22732:Monastir Military High School alumni 22727:Military personnel from Thessaloniki 22188: 22176: 20679:1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt 18881:9 September 1923 – 10 November 1938 18367: 18221: 18207:Universality of Atatürk's Philosophy 17943: 17758:Mustafa Kemal et la Turquie nouvelle 17319:from the original on 6 November 2023 16767:, Cambridge University Press, 2008; 16176: 16093:, Cambridge University Press, 2004, 16063:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, 15973:(PDF), University Press of America. 15890:from the original on 4 February 2021 15514:from the original on 30 January 2008 15016: 14943:from the original on 7 December 2023 14922: 14897: 14385: 14152:Universality of Atatürk's philosophy 14027: 14015:from the original on 3 November 2020 13978:from the original on 3 November 2020 13802: 13704: 13258:Kemal Won't Insure Against Massacres 13247:Greco-Turkish wars, Britannica CD 99 12991:Dadrian, Vahakn N. and Taner Akçam. 12184: 11592: 11509:, İnkılâp ve Aka Kitabevleri, 1967, 11457:, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1959, 11360:from the original on 9 November 2015 10958: 10915:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 384. 10877:10.1093/acref/9780192800916.001.0001 10834:10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001 10635: 10429:– 24 March 1923 and 21 February 1927 10316:1st Class Order of the Crown Prussia 9883:, Milliyet Matbaası, İstanbul, 1930. 9516:Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial 9243: 9096:followed by a calico print factory. 8842: 8632:adding citations to reliable sources 8603: 8526:border dispute between Iran and Iraq 7951:Beginning in 1932, several hundred " 7938:Ulu Önderimiz Ata Türk Mustafa Kemal 7321:. Sheikh Said was a wealthy Kurdish 6850: 5370: 5314: 5037:On 4 September 1919, he assembled a 4324:Ottoman provinces of Egypt and Sudan 4245:Albanian Declaration of Independence 3747:Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial 2907:Movement for Constitutional Freedoms 2690:Democratic Socialist Party of Greece 47: 18848:29 October 1923 – 10 November 1938 18816:Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey 17819:A History of the Modern Middle East 17659: 17514:Rowohlt, Reinbek 1985, p. 146. 17250:from the original on 5 October 2011 17090: 16303:from the original on 24 August 2006 15876:Datta-Ray, Sunanda (18 June 2002). 15151:from the original on 6 January 2014 14929:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 61. 14877:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14748:"Turkish National Education System" 14534:A History of the Modern Middle East 14449:from the original on 5 October 2023 14184:Women's Studies International Forum 13786:. Ministry of Culture And Tourism. 13600:European Journal of Turkish Studies 13561:, Birikim Yayınları, İstanbul, 1978 13337:from the original on 21 August 2022 13206: 13188:Documents on British Foreign Policy 13149: 13117: 11267:from the original on 5 October 2023 11177:European Journal of Turkish Studies 10767:Cuthell Jr., David Cameron (2009). 9414:to execute the law rather than the 9297:to a mausoleum overlooking Ankara, 8893:capitulations of the Ottoman Empire 8795:brigades, and 7 frontier commands. 8729:Mediterranean under Italian control 8138: 7600:At the time, the republic used the 7472:Istanbul House of Multiple Sciences 7423:Atatürk at the 1927 opening of the 7088:On 3 March 1924, the caliphate was 6287:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 4239:as well. In 1910, Atatürk met with 3650:in the present-day Turkish capital 3274:Republican Democratic Concentration 2760:Federal Democratic Republican Party 24: 22807:Recipients of the Legion of Honour 20350:Nationalist and Conservative Party 19793:Interim speakers of the parliament 17886:Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography 17647:from the original on 15 March 2020 17621:from the original on 15 March 2020 17537:Girbeau, Sabine (18 August 2003). 17302:Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography 16464:from the original on 31 March 2016 16177:Aysu, Abdullah (29 January 2003). 13764:from the original on 1 August 2023 13747:Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography 13443:from the original on 1 August 2023 13426:Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography 13048: 12973:from the original on 31 March 2022 12893:from the original on 1 August 2023 12799:from the original on 1 August 2023 12512:from the original on 1 August 2023 12422: 11847:Turkish mother and Albanian father 11725:from the original on 1 August 2023 11412:from the original on 1 August 2023 10869:Who's Who in the Twentieth Century 10773:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 10155: 9443: 8983:Ottoman Public Debt Administration 8547: 8348:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic 7719:Opposition to Atatürk in 1930–1931 7593:" (1932) after the Sumerians and " 7293:Opposition to Atatürk in 1924–1927 5135:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire 4827:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire 4231:was leading Albanian uprisings in 4080: 3246:Radical Socialist Republican Party 25: 22888: 22677:20th-century presidents of Turkey 20779:Confiscation of Armenian property 20649:Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul 20297:Republican Villagers Nation Party 19445:Speakers of the Parliament of the 18588:Works about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 18581: 18272:. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. 17615:"Atatürk'ün Madalya ve Nişanları" 17549:from the original on 17 June 2018 17473:from the original on 12 July 2014 17434:"Turkey had been our ally in the 16546:from the original on 6 April 2023 16411:. Nuridemirag.com. Archived from 16386:. T.C. Government. Archived from 16112:Hatay'ın Anavatana Katılma Süreci 15853:"Atatürk on a Gallipoli pedestal" 15349: 15297:from the original on 20 July 2009 15064:from the original on 26 July 2012 15042:Aslan, Senem (29 December 2009). 14750:. T.C. Government. Archived from 13996: 13959: 13843:. T.C. Government. Archived from 13790:from the original on 3 March 2016 13638:"Review: Revivalism, Shi'a Style" 13532:Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi 12834:from the original on 2 April 2022 12621:from the original on 10 July 2022 12276:from the original on 26 July 2011 12081:. 12 October 1953. Archived from 12051:from the original on 9 March 2024 11567:from the original on 3 April 2022 11356:. New York: Columbia University. 11234:from the original on 26 July 2012 11212:Aslan, Senem (29 December 2009). 10590:[mʊs'tafɑce'mɑʎ̟ɑtɑ'tyrc] 10438:Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 10147:Turkey: Murassa Order awarded by 10134:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 9135:, were produced in this factory. 8798: 8173: 8168:Peace at home, peace in the world 7838:In 1931, Atatürk established the 7301:Atatürk is greeted by marines in 7181: 6913:Emergence of the state, 1923–1924 5236:would not be responsible for the 5114:, U.S., called Atatürk "Turkey's 4400:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 3666:in its place the following year. 3587:, which modernized Turkey into a 2922:National Progressive Center Union 1318:Peace at Home, Peace in the World 1183:Atatürk International Peace Prize 422:, Ankara (since 10 November 1953) 22847:Turkish political party founders 22199: 22187: 22175: 22164: 22163: 22151: 21555:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 21041: 19515: 19438: 19103: 19029: 18932: 18820:24 April 1920 – 29 October 1923 18792:25 April 1920 – 24 January 1921 18246:Webster, Donald Everett (1973). 18140:; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976–1977). 17990:Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation 17737:. Woodside, NY: Woodside House. 17633: 17607: 17584: 17570: 17561: 17504: 17501:. Audio file on: jfklibrary.org. 17485: 17443: 17417: 17388: 17357: 17341:. Turkey Analyst. Archived from 17331: 17262: 17236: 17207: 17176: 17147: 17125: 17078:from the original on 26 May 2021 17060: 17048:from the original on 26 May 2021 17018: 16992: 16954: 16929: 16911: 16894: 16873: 16848: 16827: 16803: 16781: 16757: 16748: 16731: 16711: 16704:Düzel, Neşe (6 February 2012). " 16698: 16678: 16659: 16634: 16588: 16558: 16528: 16501: 16476: 16444: 16427: 16375: 16363: 16350: 16341: 16315: 16289: 16277: 16247: 16238: 16226:from the original on 4 June 2020 16206: 16197: 16170: 16157: 16128: 16074: 16044: 16035: 16026: 16017: 16005: 15996: 15983: 15954: 15927: 15902: 15869: 15846: 15835:The Nomination Database for the 15793: 15784: 15775: 15763: 15718: 15706: 15693: 15684: 15620: 15611: 15602: 15560: 15529: 15499: 15432: 15402: 15376: 15343: 15309: 15196:from the original on 26 May 2013 15079: 15035: 14995:from the original on 8 June 2020 14972: 14955: 14891: 14828: 14803: 14766: 14714: 14672: 14660: 14639: 14612: 14587: 14574: 14539: 14510: 14501: 14484: 14414: 14372: 14359: 14346: 14316: 14297: 14284: 14271: 14256: 14241: 14228: 14215: 14169: 14164:Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation 14156: 14144: 14122: 14084: 14067: 14045: 13948:Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation 13940: 13910: 13899: 13877: 13832: 13776: 13698: 13685: 13656: 13630: 13564: 13551: 13538: 13523: 13510: 13497: 13468: 13455: 13423:M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (9 May 2011). 13400: 13362: 13349: 13319: 13289: 13276: 13250: 13241: 12660:Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation 12178:, İstanbul: Betaş, 1984, p. 29. 11910:, İstanbul: Betaş, 1984, p. 17. 11289:. News > Türkiye > Local. 11137:Kieser, Hans-Lukas, ed. (2006). 11061:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2005.00262.x 10769:"Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal)" 10484: 10380: 10366: 10352: 10326: 10307: 10284: 10261: 10242: 10223: 10204: 10181: 10162: 10149:Turkish Aeronautical Association 10140: 10121: 10102: 10083: 10064: 10045: 10026: 10007: 9988: 9969: 9950: 9873:Turkish Aeronautical Association 9857:Zâbit ve Kumandan ile Hasb-ı Hâl 9841:, Selanik Askeri Matbaası, 1911. 9478:Problems playing this file? See 9459: 9157: 9058:Turkish Aeronautical Association 9048:at Nazilli Cotton Factory (1937) 8608: 8307:In his 26 April 1920 message to 8212:Iraqi revolt against the British 8204:(30 October 1918). In 1920, the 7802:Modernization efforts, 1931–1938 7415:Modernization efforts, 1926–1930 6779: 6307:Discourses Concerning Government 5375: 5334:to read and navigate comfortably 5319: 4885:, as it was then simply an anti- 4406:(at that time known as Angora). 4026:opponents who were disturbed by 3832:gave the following explanation: 3680:equal civil and political rights 3495: 3483: 2872:Liberals, Democrats and Radicals 2820:Italian Democratic Liberal Party 2719:Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 2023: 2011: 1344: 1134: 645: 633: 621: 597: 582: 567: 546: 478:Official Turkish Communist Party 67:to read and navigate comfortably 52: 22877:20th-century presidents in Asia 22797:Recipients of the Imtiyaz Medal 22747:Ottoman Military College alumni 22742:Ottoman Military Academy alumni 22200: 20276:Committee of Union and Progress 20225:Turkish Resistance Organisation 18476:Psychoanalytic Study of Society 17694:. London; New York: Routledge. 17677: 17397:Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination 16961:Macfie, Alexander Lyon (2014). 16719:Atatürk'ün Fikir ve Düşünceleri 16675:, Hargrave Pioneers of Aviation 16409:"Nuri Demirağ Aircraft Factory" 16012:League of Nations Treaty Series 14837:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 14721:Findley, Carter Vaughn (2010). 14621:"Interview with Semiha Berksoy" 14265:Encyclopedia of Library History 13193: 13181: 13092: 13063: 13023: 13002: 12985: 12933:Kırlı, Biray Kolluoḡlu (2005). 12926: 12913:The Whispering Voices of Smyrna 12905: 12846: 12772: 12763: 12750: 12724: 12665: 12568: 12547: 12524: 12481: 12450: 12375: 12349: 12340: 12314: 12288: 12262: 12249: 12232: 12203: 12130: 12121: 12097: 12067: 12034: 12010: 11967: 11954: 11941: 11916: 11885: 11817: 11781: 11747:Zadrożna, Anna (31 July 2017). 11698: 11671: 11663:Atatürk'ün İstanbul'daki Hayatı 11655: 11633: 11610: 11579: 11537:"Atatürk as Founder of a State" 11525: 11496: 11470: 11444: 11424: 11309: 11279: 11249: 11205: 11164: 11083:from the original on 3 May 2020 11049:Journal of Historical Sociology 10952: 10899: 10401:European interwar dictatorships 9893: 9809:, Atatürk was described by the 9632:the street and memorial Atatürk 9586:; the Kemal Atatürk Avenues in 9520:Atatürk Monument in Mexico City 9127:. The first Turkish airplanes, 9115:In 1936, Turkish industrialist 8903:as a limited company under the 8619:needs additional citations for 8411:The post-war leader of Greece, 8403:with the "imperialist powers". 8219:to British territory in India. 7405:Committee of Union and Progress 7172:department of religious affairs 6573:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 5122:On 10 August 1920, the Ottoman 4592:of World War I allied with the 4182:which seized power from Sultan 4168:Committee of Union and Progress 4102:Committee of Union and Progress 3658:. He subsequently proceeded to 2780:Free-thinking Democratic League 2601:Authentic Radical Liberal Party 718:Army of Grand National Assembly 460:Committee of Union and Progress 69:. When this tag was added, its 22812:Recipients of the Liakat Medal 22782:People of the Dersim rebellion 20984:Atatürkist Thought Association 20815:Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez! 20684:Zirve Publishing House murders 20674:Assassination of Kemal Türkler 20639:1957 arson attack at Tahtakale 19399:denote acting prime ministers. 18597:Works by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 18539:. pp. 7–8. Archived from 17595:New York Times, 1 October 1922 15951:Vol. 7, No. 3 – September 2003 15139:Halis, Mujgan (30 July 2011). 14619:Paydak, Selda (January 2000). 13841:"Atatürk's views on education" 12853:Oeconomos, Lysimachos (1922). 12456:Jacob M. Landau, (1984), p. 48 12041:Fodor, Marcel William (1939). 11111:. Leiden: Brill. p. 300. 10961:Mastering Modern World History 10909:Turkey : a modern history 10856: 10812: 10750:, Centre for Islamic Studies. 10728: 10696: 10674: 10671:, and there is no family name. 10661: 10658:, and there is no family name. 10625: 10477: 9807:national movement of 1919–1923 9421:In 2010, the French-based NGO 9342:, the mausoleum of Atatürk in 9148:Turkish Automobile Association 8979:restructuring of Turkey's debt 8599: 8419:, and the financial burden of 8263:British Mandate of Mesopotamia 7984:Qur'an in the Turkish language 7779:. The reason experiments with 7547:State Art and Sculpture Museum 7445:Çankaya Presidential Residence 7443:Atatürk at the library of the 7425:State Art and Sculpture Museum 7223:during a public appearance in 7168:Ministry of National Education 6998:In 1924, during his speech in 6508:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 6488:German Revolution of 1918–1919 5174:Democratic Republic of Armenia 5016:Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate 4358:following the outbreak of the 4223:In 1910, he was called to the 4091: 3684:women were given voting rights 3638:after World War I, he led the 2912:National and Social Liberation 2621:Union of the Democratic Centre 1302:State Art and Sculpture Museum 466:Ottoman Liberal People's Party 32:Mustafa Kamal (disambiguation) 13: 1: 22872:Turks from the Ottoman Empire 22792:Politicians from Thessaloniki 18231:. London; New York: Longman. 18059:. New York: The John Day Co. 17816:Cleveland, William L (2004). 17752:Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis; 16935:Kenyon, Peter (7 June 2013). 16610:Turgut, Pelin (1 July 2006). 15667:. Moscow, 1963, № 11, p. 148. 15285:Korkut, Tolga (14 May 2009). 14668:Vatandaş İçin Medeni Bilgiler 14523:. Retrieved 18 December 2017. 13705:Eksi, Oktay (16 April 2008). 12915:, Dorrance Publishing, 2010, 11994:. 24 May 2013. Archived from 11827:, (Overlook TP, 2002), p. 27. 11766:10.1080/00905992.2017.1287690 11711:. Pal Medya ve Organizasyon. 10690: 9879:Vatandaş için Medeni Bilgiler 9839:Ta’biye ve Tatbîkat Seyahati 9728:, and the Egyptian President 9512:The Atatürk Year in the World 9352:Atatürk International Airport 8864:State intervention, 1923–1929 8847:For conceptual analysis, see 8578:reoccupation of the Rhineland 7864:Turkish Education Association 7705:Vatandaş İçin Medeni Bilgiler 7551:Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi 7451:On 1 March 1926, the Turkish 5304:For conceptual analysis, see 5299: 4659:were soon withdrawn when the 4047:Monastir Military High School 3976:, ultimately descending from 3878:(Thessaloniki in present-day 3855: 3743:The Atatürk Year in the World 3556: 3354:Union, Progress and Democracy 2962:Party of Independence and '48 2957:Party of Democratic Socialism 2729:European Republicans Movement 372: 22777:People from Salonica vilayet 22046:Intangible cultural heritage 21392:Southeastern Anatolia Region 21224:Proclamation of the republic 20664:Political violence in Turkey 18368:Omur, Aslı (December 2002). 18345:10.1080/00263200412331301787 17867:Doğan, Çağatay Emre (2003). 17154:Navaro-Yashin, Yael (2002). 16599:. Istanbul: Truva Yayınları. 15571:(in Turkish). Archived from 15439:Singer, Morris (July 1983). 15218:Simonian, Hovann H. (2007). 15017:İnce, Başak (15 June 2012). 14497:. Istanbul. 9 February 1936. 14491:"Turks Teach New Theories". 13546:Kadro Hareketi ve Kadrocular 12935:"Forgetting the Smyrna Fire" 12734:. Raf.mod.uk. Archived from 12298:. Zeriyt.com. Archived from 11705:Cemal Çelebi Granda (2007). 11620:(2002), İletişim Yayınları, 11293:. Ankara. 10 November 2016. 10646: 9720:, the Indian Prime Minister 9436: 9310:Turkish Language Association 9291:Ethnography Museum of Ankara 8763:issue, only to end with the 7934:Turkish Language Association 7840:Turkish Language Association 7369:Progressive Republican Party 7174:, one of the foundations of 7012:Turkish Constitution of 1924 7008:Turkish Constitution of 1921 6758:Republic without republicans 6503:11 September 1922 Revolution 6498:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 5400:Knowledge's inclusion policy 4643:Following this victory, the 4225:Ottoman provinces in Albania 2680:Democratic Left of Catalonia 2229:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 922:Sinai and Palestine Campaign 7: 21317:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 20694:Assassination of Hrant Dink 20599:Turkish War of Independence 20129:Turkish Cypriot nationalism 18619:20th Century Press Archives 18209:. Ankara: Pan Matbaacılık. 17884:Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2011). 17710:Armstrong, Harold Courtenay 17692:The Making of Modern Turkey 15804:A Concise History of Greece 15781:Karamanlis, 1995, pp. 95–97 15540:(in Turkish). p. 123. 15441:"Atatürk's Economic Legacy" 15086:Ekmekcioglu, Lerna (2010). 14308:(PhD thesis) (in Turkish), 13087:The Making of Modern Turkey 11962:Atatürk ve Kocacık Türkleri 11930:), Bağlam Yayınları, 1998, 11868:Isaac Frederick Marcosson, 10871:, Oxford University Press, 10448:Turkish War of Independence 10396:Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo 10345: 9410:(a political position) was 9204:as his personal assistant. 9192:, Dimitrina Kovacheva, and 9172:Kemal Atatürk and his wife 9109:Nuri Demirağ Aircraft Works 9076:In 1932, liberal economist 8950:Great Depression, 1929–1931 8765:Italian invasion of Albania 8067:Statue of Atatürk in Samsun 8053:US House of Representatives 7814:. Atatürk is standing with 7812:Turkish History Institution 7670:with the goal of forming a 7538:Additionally, the Kemalist 7400:plot to assassinate Atatürk 6929:lodge was changed into the 6493:Turkish War of Independence 6415: 5342:content into sub-articles, 5133:, finalizing plans for the 4960:Turkish War of Independence 4262:Italo-Turkish War (1911–12) 3656:Turkish War of Independence 3567:statesman, author, and the 3344:Transnational Radical Party 3106:Radical Federative Movement 3002:Portuguese Republican Party 2992:Political Party of Radicals 2685:Democratic-Republican Party 2660:Czech National Social Party 1002:Turkish War of Independence 79:content into sub-articles, 10: 22893: 22852:Turkish religious sceptics 21148:Conquest of Constantinople 20654:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 20307:Nationalist Movement Party 18503:Wolf-Gazo, Ernest (1996). 18453:(2000). "Talking Turkey". 18205:Tüfekçi, Gürbüz D (1981). 17733:Atillasoy, Yüksel (2002). 17299:M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (2011). 17160:Princeton University Press 16951:. Retrieved 26 April 2020. 16926:. Retrieved 25 April 2020. 16778:. Retrieved 27 March 2015. 16384:"Aydın – Historical Ruins" 15810:Cambridge University Press 14989:University of Pennsylvania 14196:10.1016/j.wsif.2013.04.006 13744:M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (2011). 12672:Jäschke, Gotthard (1975). 11843:, (Goemaere Press, 2007), 10748:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation 10737:"II. ATATÜRK ve TÜRK DİLİ" 9918: 9744:wrote poems in his honor. 9542:; the Atatürk Memorial in 9534:; the Atatürk Monument in 9328: 9314:Turkish Historical Society 9247: 9161: 8905:Council of the Public Debt 8846: 8491:. Afghan Foreign Minister 8287:During a reception at the 8276: 8177: 8051:and six out of 435 in the 7991:, and the Islamic scholar 7852:Turkish Historical Society 7540:one-party period of Turkey 7447:in Ankara, on 16 July 1929 7094:abolition of the caliphate 6548:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 6297:The Commonwealth of Oceana 5303: 5250: 5107:The Abilene Daily Reporter 4963: 4957: 4556: 4550: 4434:peninsula and, during the 4419: 4413: 4271: 4265: 4095: 4084: 3859: 3039:Progressive People's Party 2770:Free-minded People's Party 1230:Abolition of the caliphate 1225:Abolition of the sultanate 805:Siege of Adrianople (1913) 36: 29: 22407: 22326: 22318:Fevzi Lütfi Karaosmanoğlu 22255: 22147: 21880: 21796: 21689: 21655:The constitutional system 21615: 21570: 21515: 21506: 21400: 21348: 21339: 21292: 21259: 21209: 21187:Second Constitutional Era 21172:Decline and modernization 21128: 21089: 21063: 21054: 20989:Republican People's Party 20885: 20864: 20789:Denial of Kurds by Turkey 20717: 20554: 20378: 20355:Rights and Equality Party 20284:Republican People's Party 20258: 20152: 20134:Turkish-Islamic synthesis 20056: 19958: 19850:Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu 19792: 19686: 19660: 19616: 19571: 19553:in period of Bicameralism 19550: 19524: 19513: 19454: 19394: 19157: 19116: 19110:Prime ministers of Turkey 19038: 19027: 18958: 18945: 18883: 18874: 18865: 18860: 18850: 18841: 18832: 18822: 18813: 18804: 18794: 18785: 18776: 18771: 18750: 18742: 18723: 18715: 18705: 18695: 18689: 18679: 18669: 18661: 18656: 18651: 18638: 18419:10.1017/s0020743800032803 18015:Kinross, Patrick (1979). 17992:. London: Phoenix Press. 17497:22 September 2018 at the 17281:Reporters Sans Frontières 17214:Yonah, Alexander (2007). 16789:Political Islam in Turkey 16763:Reşat Kasaba, "Atatürk", 16435:"Tarihte Bugün – 25 Ocak" 15703:. New York, 1965, p. 464. 15457:10.1080/00263208308700552 15325:Jongerden, Joost (2007). 15258:Jongerden, Joost (2007). 15170:Sahakyan, Lusine (2010). 14849:10.1080/13537110701293500 14560:10.1017/s0020743809091132 14267:. Routledge. p. 462. 14221:Falih Rıfkı Atay (1969). 13103:. Routledge. p. 41. 12779:Worringer, Renée (2014). 12432:Landau, Jacob M. (1984). 11872:, Ayer Publishing, 1969, 11382:Landau, Jacob M. (1984). 10742:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam 10620: 9724:, the Tunisian President 9648:Albany, Western Australia 9423:Reporters Without Borders 9400:hatırasına alenen hakaret 9388:Republican People's Party 9324: 9319: 9026:Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu 8962:, increasingly after the 8712:Alexander I of Yugoslavia 8710:During the visit of King 8397:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 8241:British Foreign Secretary 8100:geographical name changes 8018:and performed by soprano 7354:Republican People's Party 7039:was replaced by the word 7033:Republican People's Party 6981:Communist Party of Turkey 6952:parliamentary sovereignty 6721:The Emperor's New Clothes 6473:5 October 1910 revolution 6468:French Revolution of 1848 5491:Liberty as non-domination 5253:Treaty of Lausanne (1923) 4920:Atatürk's relations with 4843:Turkish National Movement 4726:during his train trip to 4574:and Atatürk on the daily 4547:First World War (1914–18) 4472:In June 1913, during the 4392:Treaty of Lausanne (1923) 4380:Treaty of Lausanne (1912) 3992:origin, and according to 3820:name Kamâl. According to 3726:, and was honored with a 3678:. Turkish women received 3640:Turkish National Movement 3196:Radical Party of the Left 3075:Radical Democratic Party 2724:European Radical Alliance 2695:Georgios Papandreou Party 2616:Centre Union – New Forces 1324:Republican People's Party 1121: 1112: 726: 685: 660: 613: 559: 554: 542: 532: 521: 498: 487: 444: 439:Republican People's Party 434: 426: 406: 389: 368:(Mustafa son of Ali Rıza) 360: 355: 351: 341: 329: 318: 310: 300: 288: 277: 270: 260: 248: 236: 225: 218: 208: 196: 168: 157: 149: 145: 133: 112: 22707:Field marshals of Turkey 21638:Ministry of the Interior 21623:Administrative divisions 21182:First Constitutional Era 20809:Armenian genocide denial 20574:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 20335:Independent Turkey Party 20069:Atatürk personality cult 19525:House of Representatives 19118:Government of the Grand 18861:Party political offices 18788:Prime Minister of Turkey 18762:October – November 1918 18731:August – September 1918 18270:Turkey: A Modern History 18161:Spangnolo, John (1992). 18036:Landau, Jacob M (1983). 17780:Lords of the Golden Horn 16879:Phil Zuckerman, John R. 16566:"Atatürk'ün Özel Hayatı" 15179:. Montreal: Arod Books. 15114:Nişanyan, Sevan (2010). 14692:"commonslibraryblog.com" 14252:(in Turkish) (13): 1–21. 13327:"Republic Day in Turkey" 12939:History Workshop Journal 12016:Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, 11973:Dinamo, Hasan İzzettin. 11791:, Overlook Press, 2002, 11354:Thousand Lakes Web Pages 10746:(in Turkish). Istanbul: 10735:Hasan Eren (1988–2016). 10708:, Overlook Press, 2002, 10470: 9908:Bölüğün Muharebe Tâlimi 9861:, Minber Matbaası, 1918. 9824: 9813:and Istanbul journalist 9528:Atatürk Monument in Baku 9018:Liberal Republican Party 8576:In March 1936, Hitler's 8049:British House of Commons 7753:Liberal Republican Party 7729:Liberal Republican Party 7661:Atatürk promoted modern 7638:the new Turkish alphabet 7602:Ottoman Turkish language 6948:representative democracy 6563:1987 Fijian coups d'état 6523:1952 Egyptian revolution 5501:Political representation 5153:advancing eastward from 4990:1st Parliament of Turkey 4653:Hicaz Kuvve-i Seferiyesi 4075:Ottoman Military College 4059:Ottoman Military Academy 4043:Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi 4033:that Atatürk had Jewish 3676:Ottoman Turkish alphabet 3230:Radical Socialist Party 3221:Radical Republican Party 2835:Italian Republican Party 2740:German Free-minded Party 1143:This article is part of 1053:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 43:Atatürk (disambiguation) 22862:Turkish revolutionaries 22832:Turkish anti-communists 22249:Party leaders in Turkey 21585:Parliamentary elections 21387:Eastern Anatolia Region 21382:Central Anatolia Region 21064:Ancient and Middle Ages 20774:Citizen, speak Turkish! 20215:Turkish Revenge Brigade 20064:16 Great Turkic Empires 19875:Kamil Tuğrul Coşkunoğlu 19687:Grand National Assembly 19608:İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil 19551:Grand National Assembly 19455:Grand National Assembly 19056:İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil 18557:"The Burial of Atatürk" 18533:"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" 18250:. New York: AMS Press. 18103:. London: John Murray. 18057:They Called Him Atatürk 17189:. Adams Media. p. 17026:"The Burial of Ataturk" 16666:Sabiha Gokcen biography 16641:Akhtar, Salman (2008). 16050:Douglas Arthur Howard: 16014:, vol. 173, pp. 214–41. 15800:Clogg, Richard (2002). 15021:. London: I.B. Tauris. 14979:Turkoz, Meltem (2004). 14898:Bali, Rifat N. (1999). 14785:Ertürk, Nergis (2011). 14472:Oxford University Press 14304:Kapluhan, Erol (2011), 14006:University of Amsterdam 13969:University of Amsterdam 13301:Encyclopedia Britannica 13214:"A short history of AA" 12644:They called him Atatürk 12580:Encyclopedia Britannica 12488:Erik Goldstein (2005). 12465:William Henry Beehler, 12137:Atatürk, Kemal (1998). 12018:Tek Adam: Mustafa Kemal 11977:(1986), Tekin Yayınevi. 11892:Richmond, Yale (1995). 11478:"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" 11263:. www.isteataturk.com. 10413:Kemalist historiography 9900:Takımın Muharebe Tâlimi 9664:All-India Muslim League 9498:of the Turkish Republic 9072:Atatürk and Celâl Bayar 8857:İzmir Economic Congress 8767:on 7 April 1939. These 8643:"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" 8421:Ottoman Muslim refugees 8382:Soviet Defence Minister 8356:Turkish Communist Party 8055:inaugurated that year. 7977:classical Western music 7571:Anatolian civilizations 7029:Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası 6543:1969 Libyan coup d'état 6327:Discourse on Inequality 5476:Consent of the governed 5217:Grand National Assembly 5076:Grand National Assembly 4913:into the genocides, in 4819:occupied Constantinople 4804:The war ended with the 4734:and concluded that the 4590:Middle Eastern theatres 4274:Battle of Tobruk (1911) 4188:constitutional monarchy 3850:Turkish language reform 3776: 3714:on 10 November 1938 at 3575:, serving as its first 3455:Conservative liberalism 3334:Socialist Radical Party 3329:Social Democratic Party 3200:Radical People's Party 3180:Radical Party of Chile 3071:Radical Democracy Party 2971:People's Radical Party 2942:Opportunist Republicans 2892:Manhood Suffrage League 2857:Labour Democratic Party 2633:Colombian Liberal Party 2591:Alsatian Progress Party 2586:Alfarista Radical Front 1648:Sustainable development 1572:Progressive nationalism 1280:Citizen, speak Turkish! 1250:Turkish language reform 1203:Death and state funeral 1198:Attempted assassination 761:Albanian Revolt of 1910 21756:Science and technology 21590:Presidential elections 21071:Prehistory of Anatolia 20730:Turkish History Thesis 20709:Murder of Deniz Poyraz 20624:Racism-Turanism trials 19572:Senate of the Republic 18746:Otto Liman von Sanders 18333:Middle Eastern Studies 18055:Lengyel, Emil (1962). 17797:Barlas, Dilek (1998). 17440: 17395:Ihrig, Stefan (2014). 16717:Prof. Utkan Kocatürk, 16595:Bozdağ, İsmet (2005). 16572:. 2008. Archived from 16179:"Tütün, İçki ve Tekel" 16118:25 August 2019 at the 15538:Atatürk'ten Düşünceler 15445:Middle Eastern Studies 14696:commonslibraryblog.com 14653:7 October 2007 at the 14323:Gürses, Fatma (2010), 13707:"Paralardaki resimler" 12417:Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 12272:. Albania.dyndns.org. 11708:Cemal Granda anlatıyor 11661:Niyazi Ahmet Banoğlu, 11437:5 October 2022 at the 11432:Balkan Pact and Turkey 11319:Modern Asia Since 1900 11316:Jayapalan, N. (1999). 10443:Turkish History Thesis 10335:Kingdom of Afghanistan 9945: 9915:Awards and decorations 9803: 9772: 9682: 9499: 9448: 9404:destruction of objects 9347: 9259: 9181: 9112: 9073: 9049: 8967: 8932:Turkish State Railways 8877: 8825:Sanjak of Alexandretta 8812: 8753: 8715: 8557: 8480: 8456:Neighbours to the east 8407:Turkish-Greek alliance 8304: 8292: 8227: 8214:was suppressed by the 8163: 8089:Vatandaş Türkçe konuş! 8085:Citizen speak Turkish! 8068: 8045:1935 general elections 8041: 8030: 7835: 7823: 7822:(first from the left). 7799: 7764: 7736:, a small town in the 7699: 7645: 7620:, based on a modified 7536: 7510: 7493: 7475: 7448: 7437: 7427: 7317:began to organize the 7306: 7270: 7204:modern European attire 7199: 7147: 7086: 7060: 7002: 6944:Turkish postal service 6934: 6877: 6868: 5267:Conference of Lausanne 5262: 5188: 5119: 5088:Turkish courts-martial 5007: 4855:late Ottoman genocides 4765: 4692:Otto Liman von Sanders 4640: 4581: 4291: 4202: 4115: 3994:Şevket Süreyya Aydemir 3910: 3886: 3845: 3648:provisional government 3115:Radical Liberal Party 2917:National Radical Party 1942:Economic progressivism 1626:Ecological engineering 1587:Social justice warrior 1550:Philosophy of progress 1545:Philosophical progress 1290:Turkish History Thesis 819:Middle Eastern theatre 454:Motherland and Liberty 41:. For other uses, see 22737:Ottoman Army generals 22692:Deaths from cirrhosis 22652:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 22268:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 21751:Free trade agreements 21633:Intelligence Services 21430:North Anatolian Fault 20902:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 20757:1934 Resettlement Law 20594:Deportations of Kurds 20516:Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu 20466:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 20345:People's Ascent Party 20245:Youth Union of Turkey 20240:Sultan Murad Division 20210:Peace at Home Council 19963:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 19815:Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan 19661:Consultative Assembly 19558:Çift Meclisli Dönemde 19472:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 19134:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 18966:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 18633:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 18455:The National Interest 18188:Tunçay, Mete (1972). 17904:Huntington, Samuel P. 17690:Ahmad, Feroz (1993). 17432: 17274:19 March 2012 at the 17068:"Atatürk's Last Will" 16942:30 April 2021 at the 16390:on 7 September 2007. 16053:The history of Turkey 15741:"Oh, What Happiness!" 15637:Atatürk and the Kurds 14176:Göksel, İdil (2013). 13203:Moscow, 1995, p. 241. 13012:, John Murray, 1999, 12879:. Brill. p. 59. 12541:23 April 2023 at the 12139:Mustafa Kemal Ataturk 12108:Encyclopaedia Judaica 11992:Macedonia Travel Blog 11879:25 March 2023 at the 11814:among his ancestors." 11806:23 April 2023 at the 11684:. Brill. p. 71. 11649:16 April 2024 at the 11171:Öktem, Kerem (2008). 11043:Toktaş, Şule (2005). 10959:Lowe, Norman (1988). 10722:23 April 2023 at the 10169:Kingdom of Bulgaria: 10130:Medal of Independence 9941:Statue of Atatürk in 9940: 9910:, 1912. (From German) 9835:, Thessaloniki, 1909. 9784: 9761: 9703:Franklin D. Roosevelt 9673: 9490: 9447: 9412:assigned in Article 5 9396:insults to his memory 9338: 9329:Further information: 9257: 9171: 9102: 9071: 9043: 9009:(1935) were founded. 8957: 8871: 8806: 8748: 8709: 8587:On 20 July 1936, the 8560:On 24 July 1923, the 8555: 8464:Atatürk (right) with 8463: 8413:Eleftherios Venizelos 8298: 8286: 8255:Sheikh Said rebellion 8225: 8190:Mesopotamian campaign 8146: 8120:1934 Resettlement Law 8066: 8036: 8028: 7874:in the capital city. 7829: 7809: 7795: 7750: 7694:In 1930, leaving the 7693: 7635: 7524: 7518:, modelled after the 7505: 7488: 7469: 7442: 7433: 7422: 7319:Sheikh Said Rebellion 7300: 7265: 7189: 7142: 7082: 7063:The abolition of the 7054: 6997: 6920: 6882:Young Turk Revolution 6873: 6858: 6711:Criticism of monarchy 6533:North Yemen civil war 6347:The Federalist Papers 5642:Federal parliamentary 5260: 5205:Battle of the Sakarya 5186: 5104: 4997: 4756: 4634: 4580:dated 29 October 1915 4570: 4499:from the Bulgarians. 4467:Bulgarian Fourth Army 4410:Balkan Wars (1912–13) 4396:Allies of World War I 4334:on 22 December 1911. 4281: 4196: 4180:Young Turk Revolution 4113: 4106:Young Turk Revolution 3892: 3869: 3860:Further information: 3834: 3660:abolish the sultanate 3541:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3502:Liberalism portal 2927:National Reform Union 2897:Mexican Liberal Party 2887:Liberal Swedish Party 2825:Italian Radical Party 2745:German People's Party 2127:History of liberalism 2030:Philosophy portal 2018:Liberalism portal 1964:Libertarian socialism 1638:Scientific management 1560:Progressive education 1152:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1068:Sheikh Said rebellion 1063:Beytussebab rebellion 751:Young Turk Revolution 365:Ali Rıza oğlu Mustafa 128:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 22842:Turkish nationalists 22752:Ottoman Thessalonica 22687:Critics of religions 22540:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 22313:Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ 22135:World heritage sites 21660:Turkish Armed Forces 21545:Constitutional Court 21459:Flora and vegetation 21437:Environmental issues 21425:East Anatolian Fault 21372:Mediterranean Region 20937:Cavit Orhan Tütengil 20858:Secularism in Turkey 20421:Mehmet Emin Yurdakul 20094:Nine Lights Doctrine 19840:Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın 19690:Büyük Millet Meclisi 19556:Büyük Millet Meclisi 19458:Büyük Millet Meclisi 19376:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 19021:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 18939:Presidents of Turkey 18766:Formation dissolved 18703:July – October 1917 18296:The Economic Journal 18021:. New York: Morrow. 17600:5 March 2016 at the 17036:. 23 November 1953. 17004:1 April 2019 at the 16671:9 March 2018 at the 16618:. UK. Archived from 16536:"Balkan Is Not Dead" 16513:7 April 2023 at the 16089:8 April 2023 at the 16059:8 April 2023 at the 15837:Nobel Prize in Peace 15386:. 23 November 2020. 14923:İnce, Başak (2012). 13369:Baten, Jörg (2016). 13273:, 11 September 1922. 13263:3 March 2016 at the 12553:Edward J. Erickson, 12141:. Akşit. p. 13. 11853:8 April 2023 at the 11753:Nationalities Papers 11516:8 April 2023 at the 11484:on 27 September 2007 11464:8 April 2023 at the 11441:" by Esra S. Değerli 10314:Kingdom of Prussia: 10293:2nd Class Iron Cross 10270:1st Class Iron Cross 10073:Golden Imtiyaz Medal 9978:Silver Imtiyaz Medal 9697:leader and dictator 9674:Atatürk memorial on 9510:, which declared it 8628:improve this article 8002:Hak Dini Kur'an Dili 7993:Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır 7759:and his daughter in 7644:on 20 September 1928 7636:Atatürk introducing 7559:culture of the Turks 7375:(later Rauf Orbay), 7313:" was on the table, 7309:In 1924, while the " 7196:the Kastamonu speech 7176:secularism in Turkey 7090:officially abolished 7016:separation of powers 6696:Classical radicalism 6438:Republic of Florence 6377:Democracy in America 5536:Separation of powers 5511:Public participation 5226:Battle of Dumlupınar 5165:in May 1919, on the 5118:" on 13 October 1922 4909:, the leader of the 4698:, wrote a report to 4676:Erich von Falkenhayn 4300:Tripolitania Vilayet 4288:Tripolitania Vilayet 4207:Tripolitania Vilayet 3929:). His parents were 3808:After receiving the 3741:, which declared it 3696:minorities in Turkey 3674:, replacing the old 3551:from 1921 until the 3470:Liberalism in Europe 3460:History of socialism 3255:Radicals of the Left 2840:Jacksonian Democrats 2810:Independent Radicals 2628:Civic Workers' Party 2175:Classical radicalism 2165:Classical liberalism 2100:Atlantic Revolutions 2095:Age of Enlightenment 1981:Classical radicalism 1947:Democratic socialism 1816:Roosevelt (Theodore) 1811:Roosevelt (Franklin) 1658:Techno-progressivism 1653:Technological change 1483:Economic development 1440:New Culture Movement 1415:Age of Enlightenment 1031:Turkish-Armenian War 22867:Turkish secularists 22595:Temel Karamollaoğlu 22580:Selahattin Demirtaş 22455:Hüsamettin Cindoruk 21704:Banking and Finance 21322:History of Anatolia 21219:War of Independence 21211:Republic of Türkiye 21108:Battle of Manzikert 20979:Atheism Association 20952:Ahmet Taner Kışlalı 20912:Mahmut Esat Bozkurt 20752:Animal name changes 20614:1934 Thrace pogroms 20476:Mahmut Esat Bozkurt 20330:Bright Turkey Party 20312:Nation Party (1992) 20302:Nation Party (1962) 20292:Nation Party (1948) 20109:Sun Language Theory 20050:Turkish nationalism 19820:Necip Asım Yazıksız 19719:Hüsamettin Cindoruk 19704:Necmettin Karaduman 19575:Cumhuriyet Senatosu 19528:Temsilciler Meclisi 19061:Hüsamettin Cindoruk 18844:President of Turkey 18736:Formation destroyed 18567:on 14 November 2006 17246:. Ihbarweb.org.tr. 17162:. pp. 196–99. 16576:on 31 December 2012 16329:on 19 December 2007 15858:2 June 2020 at the 15751:on 13 November 2008 15665:Международная жизнь 15649:Международная жизнь 15575:on 20 November 2007 15569:"Atatürk yaşasaydı" 14402:on 17 November 2007 14064:Mango, Atatürk, 419 14042:Mango, Atatürk, 418 13971:. pp. 235–36. 13644:on 13 February 2008 13576:7 June 2016 at the 13331:www.timeanddate.com 13190:, vol. vii, p. 303. 13074:Rebirth of a Nation 13058:Rustow, Dankwart A. 12999:, 2011. pp. 104-105 12758:Rebirth of a Nation 12678:Die Welt des Islams 12534:, Routledge, 2002, 12257:Rebirth of a Nation 11841:The Rising Crescent 11627:4 June 2012 at the 11533:Rustow, Dankwart A. 11291:Hürriyet Daily News 10998:Türkiye'nin 75 yılı 10597:Surname Law of 1934 10433:Sun Language Theory 10079:(23 September 1917) 10016:Golden Liakat Medal 9997:Silver Liakat Medal 9782:wrote these words: 9774:In the epilogue of 9676:Paseo de la Reforma 9524:Paseo de la Reforma 9496:the handsome leader 9408:Minister of Justice 8987:Ottoman public debt 8816:Atatürk and İnönü. 8589:Montreux Convention 8509:British imperialism 8375:non-aggression pact 8202:Armistice of Mudros 7900:Hilaire de Barenton 7884:Sun Language Theory 7868:Istanbul University 7763:, on 13 August 1930 7507:The Incredible Turk 7347:İsmet Pasha (İnönü) 7160:education in Turkey 7055:Atatürk during the 6786:Politics portal 6591:Antigua and Barbuda 6538:Zanzibar Revolution 6448:American Revolution 6337:The Social Contract 5506:Popular sovereignty 4998:Atatürk (right) in 4853:At the time of the 4839:occupation of İzmir 4806:Armistice of Mudros 4680:Yildirim Army Group 4637:Battle of Gallipoli 4602:Battle of Gallipoli 4506:(his office was in 4394:signed between the 4018:. Due to the large 3612:Battle of Gallipoli 3553:Surname Law of 1934 3549:Ghazi Mustafa Kemal 3545:Mustafa Kemal Pasha 3465:Irish republicanism 3226:Radical Republicans 3054:Radical Civic Union 2800:Historical Far Left 2790:Giustizia e Libertà 2665:Czech Realist Party 2222:Left-libertarianism 2190:Freedom of movement 2170:Cultural radicalism 2105:American Revolution 1959:Left-libertarianism 1766:Kirchner (Cristina) 1611:Scientific progress 1594:Social organization 1530:Liberation theology 1510:Freedom of movement 1478:Cultural liberalism 1285:Sun Language Theory 1178:Cult of personality 1115:Detailed chronology 746:Macedonian Struggle 713:Yıldırım Army Group 152:President of Turkey 71:readable prose size 22697:Deputies of Ankara 22570:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 22460:Aydın Güven Gürkan 21761:Telecommunications 21550:Court of Cassation 21251:Multi-party period 21160:Ottoman Old Regime 21081:Byzantine Anatolia 21076:Classical Anatolia 20962:Necip Hablemitoğlu 20769:The Twenty Classes 20735:Place name changes 20689:Gezi Park protests 20634:Battle of Tillyria 20569:Hamidian massacres 20431:Ali bey Huseynzade 20003:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 19885:Süleyman Arif Emre 19880:Ali Rıza Septioğlu 19835:Ali Münif Yeğenağa 19583:Suat Hayri Ürgüplü 19448:Republic of Turkey 19247:Suat Hayri Ürgüplü 19220:Şemsettin Günaltay 19159:Republic of Turkey 19011:Ahmet Necdet Sezer 18772:Political offices 18754:Thunder Army Group 18677:March – July 1917 18665:Ahmet İzzet Furgaç 18138:Shaw, Stanford Jay 17376:on 4 February 2021 17345:on 23 January 2021 17118:978-1-138-83-647-1 17008:(Atatürk's Life). 16185:on 15 October 2007 15968:2009-03-26 at the 15883:The New York Times 15833:Nobel Foundation. 15536:Enver Ziya Karal. 15350:Budak, Derya Nil. 14754:on 7 February 2008 14494:The New York Times 14310:Marmara University 14225:. Istanbul. p. 440 14097:5 May 2008 at the 13922:arsiv.sabah.com.tr 13847:on 28 October 2007 13174:978-1-138-83-647-1 13125:Dadrian, Vahakn N. 13060:(1968). pp.794–795 12951:10.1093/hwj/dbi005 12911:Niki Karavasilis, 12873:(1 January 1984). 12738:on 12 October 2012 12328:on 22 October 2012 12174:Falih Rıfkı Atay, 11998:on 4 November 2014 11906:Falih Rıfkı Atay, 11642:(1934), volume 2, 11602:Enis Dinç (2020). 10828:, Philip's, 2014, 10826:World Encyclopedia 10783:. pp. 56–60. 10647:Mustafa Kemal Paşa 10617:identity documents 10423:List of covers of 10303:(9 September 1917) 10136:(21 November 1923) 10098:(16 December 1917) 10060:(12 December 1916) 10003:(1 September 1915) 9965:(25 December 1906) 9946: 9689:, his opponent in 9683: 9628:Dominican Republic 9500: 9449: 9348: 9260: 9182: 9113: 9074: 9050: 8968: 8878: 8813: 8716: 8562:Treaty of Lausanne 8558: 8522:Treaty of Saadabad 8485:reformation period 8481: 8479:'s visit to Turkey 8385:Kliment Voroshilov 8305: 8293: 8236:Treaty of Lausanne 8228: 8194:Lieutenant General 8164: 8073:Republic of Turkey 8069: 8031: 7989:Qur'an translation 7916:Hermann F. Kvergić 7836: 7824: 7818:(on his left) and 7765: 7700: 7646: 7516:Turkish civil code 7511: 7476: 7449: 7428: 7345:was replaced with 7307: 7255:Religious insignia 7200: 7122:Educational reform 7061: 7003: 6935: 6887:Atatürk created a 6869: 6827:." Atatürk placed 6752:Primus inter pares 6568:Nepalese Civil War 6558:Iranian Revolution 6528:14 July Revolution 6483:Russian Revolution 6478:Chinese Revolution 6428:Republic of Venice 6277:Discourses on Livy 5283:Treaty of Lausanne 5263: 5201:commander in chief 5189: 5120: 5060:Ottoman parliament 5008: 4911:Harbord Commission 4903:United States Army 4865:, but so had many 4766: 4661:Russian Revolution 4641: 4582: 4559:Gallipoli Campaign 4516:Lieutenant Colonel 4292: 4237:revolts in Albania 4203: 4146:(Cantekin) called 4134:in the company of 4116: 3911: 3887: 3785:. His second name 3759:peace-in-the-world 3708:Turkish Parliament 3573:Republic of Turkey 3490:History portal 3131:Radical Left Party 3018:Progressive Party 2463:Mill (John Stuart) 2244:Left-wing populism 2117:Belgian Revolution 1971:Left-wing populism 1806:Rodríguez Zapatero 1633:Self-determination 1621:Sustainable design 1500:Empirical evidence 1245:Educational reform 1188:Atatürk Centennial 1048:Assyrian rebellion 929:Southern Palestine 913:Battle of Çapakçur 824:Gallipoli Campaign 604:Republic of Turkey 411:Ethnography Museum 336:Office established 295:Office established 255:Office established 203:Office established 22857:Turkish reformers 22702:Dolmabahçe Palace 22657:Age controversies 22639: 22638: 22633: 22632: 22555:Yaşar Nuri Öztürk 22545:İsmail Cem İpekçi 22465:Ülkü Söylemezoğlu 22435:Ahmet Nusret Tuna 22389:Necmettin Erbakan 22215: 22214: 22143: 22142: 21685: 21684: 21628:Foreign relations 21602:Political parties 21502: 21501: 21335: 21334: 21327:History of Thrace 21229:Atatürk's reforms 21120:Anatolian beyliks 21007: 21006: 20872:Atatürk's reforms 20824: 20823: 20725:Atatürk's reforms 20604:Elza Niego affair 20589:Assyrian genocide 20584:Armenian genocide 20491:Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu 20441:Zeki Velidi Togan 20416:Noman Çelebicihan 20325:Great Unity Party 20230:Turkists of Gebze 20185:Counter-Guerrilla 20160:9 September Front 20074:Idealism (Turkey) 20016: 20015: 19918: 19917: 19870:Fahrettin Özdilek 19855:Orhan Seyfi Orhon 19825:Besim Ömer Akalın 19805:Abdurrahman Şeref 19669:(1981–1983) 19656: 19655: 19617:National Assembly 19563:(1961–1980) 19463:(1920–1960) 19404: 19403: 19356:Necmettin Erbakan 19199:Ahmet Fikri Tüzer 19120:National Assembly 19069: 19068: 19039:Acting presidents 18898: 18897: 18893: 18892: 18884:Succeeded by 18851:Succeeded by 18823:Succeeded by 18795:Succeeded by 18758:Residual elements 18725:Commander of the 18706:Succeeded by 18697:Commander of the 18680:Succeeded by 18671:Commander of the 18657:Military offices 18527:on 27 March 2009. 18392:on 7 October 2007 18279:978-1-85043-399-6 18266:Zürcher, Erik Jan 18257:978-0-404-56333-2 18238:978-0-582-49380-3 18172:978-0-86372-164-9 18153:978-0-521-21280-9 18129:978-92-808-1085-1 18110:978-0-7195-6592-2 18088:978-1-58567-334-6 18047:978-0-86531-986-8 18028:978-0-688-08093-8 17999:978-1-84212-599-1 17977:978-975-16-1276-2 17958:978-9944-88-140-1 17919:978-0-300-11620-5 17895:978-0-691-15109-0 17851:978-0-393-29243-5 17838:Crease, Robert P. 17829:978-0-8133-4048-7 17808:978-90-04-10855-4 17789:978-0-09-953950-6 17782:. London: Arrow. 17744:978-0-9712353-4-2 17725:978-0-8369-6962-7 17701:978-0-415-07835-1 17406:978-0-674-36837-8 17312:978-1-4008-3817-2 17284:, 1 December 2010 17229:978-0-415-44163-6 17200:978-1-55850-444-8 17169:978-0-691-08845-7 16999:Atatürk'ün Hayatı 16773:978-0-521-62096-3 16743:978-975-16-2490-1 16652:978-0-7657-0574-7 16542:. 9 August 2012. 15960:Rajaee, Farhang, 15920:978-0-19-511055-5 15819:978-0-521-00479-4 15699:Patrick Kinross. 15271:978-90-04-15557-2 15234:978-0-7007-0656-3 15186:978-0-9699879-7-0 15125:978-975-289-730-4 15097:978-1-124-04442-2 15057:10.4000/ejts.4142 15028:978-1-78076-026-1 14884:978-0-19-539374-3 14814:. Leiden: Brill. 14796:978-0-19-974668-2 14732:978-0-300-15260-9 14608:978-0-7658-0166-1 14434:978-92-808-1085-1 14118:978-0-89789-151-6 13946:Patrick Kinross, 13757:978-1-4008-3817-2 13436:978-1-4008-3817-2 13256:James, Edwin L. " 13220:on 9 January 2008 13142:978-0-85745-251-1 13110:978-1-136-30964-9 13041:978-0-300-15260-9 13018:978-0-7195-6592-2 12921:978-1-4349-6381-9 12871:Zürcher, Erik Jan 12756:Patrick Kinross, 12658:Patrick Kinross, 12617:. 18 April 2006. 12557:, Praeger, 2003, 12530:Richard C. Hall, 12255:Patrick Kinross: 12244:978-605-5834-32-6 11797:978-1-58567-334-6 11718:978-9944-203-01-2 11691:978-90-04-10798-4 11227:10.4000/ejts.4142 11186:10.4000/ejts.2243 11118:978-90-04-22518-3 10790:978-0-8160-6259-1 10714:978-1-58567-334-6 10644: 10249:Austria-Hungary: 10230:Austria-Hungary: 10211:Austria-Hungary: 10041:(1 February 1916) 10022:(17 January 1916) 9742:Kazi Nazrul Islam 9718:Reza Shah Pahlavi 9687:Winston Churchill 9465: 9431:freedom of speech 9416:public prosecutor 9354:in Istanbul, the 9280:Dolmabahçe Palace 9244:Illness and death 9176:during a trip to 9014:political economy 8843:Economic policies 8704: 8703: 8696: 8678: 8582:Tevfik Rüştü Aras 8434:Panagis Tsaldaris 8430:Nobel Peace Prize 8389:Balkan Federation 8327:, over 5 million 8232:League of Nations 7888:Güneş Dil Teorisi 7872:Ankara University 7860:history of Turkey 7856:Türk Tarih Kurumu 7751:Atatürk with the 7655:Turkish newspaper 7640:to the people of 7503: 7343:Ali Fethi (Okyar) 7190:Atatürk with his 7114:On 8 April 1924, 6985:Hikmet Kıvılcımlı 6851:Domestic policies 6820: 6819: 6763:Republican empire 6736:List of republics 6585:National variants 6513:Spanish Civil War 6453:French Revolution 6433:Republic of Genoa 6317:The Spirit of Law 6250:Theoretical works 5594:Neo-republicanism 5428: 5427: 5420: 5369: 5368: 5310:Atatürk's reforms 5234:Ankara Government 5230:League of Nations 5211:and the title of 5193:Greco-Turkish War 5127:Damat Ferid Pasha 5116:George Washington 5024:national movement 4929:burning of Smyrna 4899:Armenian genocide 4877:, and initially, 4783:Battle of Megiddo 4724:Mehmed Vahideddin 4710:(in parts of the 4696:Miralay İsmet Bey 4639:, Çanakkale, 1915 4618:Caucasus Campaign 4524:Stiliyan Kovachev 4504:all Balkan states 4474:Second Balkan War 4463:Stiliyan Kovachev 4426:Second Balkan War 4296:Italo-Turkish War 4268:Italo-Turkish War 4235:, and there were 4218:31 March Incident 4186:and restored the 4148:Vatan ve Hürriyet 4098:Vatan ve Hürriyet 4016:Muslim Bulgarians 3781:Atatürk was born 3716:Dolmabahçe Palace 3646:. Establishing a 3632:Assyrian subjects 3538: 3537: 3269:Republican Action 3066:Radical Democracy 2882:Liberal Reformers 2805:Independence Club 2775:Free-minded Union 2320:Utopian socialism 2298:Social liberalism 2205:Liberal socialism 2155:Civic nationalism 2110:French Revolution 2066: 2065: 1986:Social liberalism 1761:Kirchner (Néstor) 1643:Scientific method 1604:List of countries 1525:Industrialisation 1515:Human enhancement 1381: 1380: 1265:Industrialization 1160: 1159: 1125: 1124: 1058:Koçgiri rebellion 1041:Anglo-Turkish War 1007:Greco-Turkish War 898:Caucasus campaign 800:Second Balkan War 766:Italo-Turkish War 756:31 March Incident 668:Brigadier General 106: 105: 73:was 16,000 words. 16:(Redirected from 22884: 22717:Macedonian Turks 22505:Murat Karayalçın 22485:Yıldırım Akbulut 22364:Turhan Feyzioğlu 22359:Alparslan Türkeş 22354:Süleyman Demirel 22349:Mehmet Ali Aybar 22242: 22235: 22228: 22219: 22218: 22203: 22202: 22191: 22190: 22179: 22178: 22167: 22166: 22155: 21960: 21959: 21845:Cities and towns 21826:Turkish language 21781:Turkish Airlines 21597:Electoral system 21560:Council of State 21513: 21512: 21447:Waste management 21377:Black Sea Region 21355: 21346: 21345: 21300:Turkic migration 21246:One-party period 21115:Sultanate of Rum 21061: 21060: 21046: 21045: 21034: 21027: 21020: 21011: 21010: 20917:Falih Rıfkı Atay 20851: 20844: 20837: 20828: 20827: 20659:Beyazıt massacre 20486:Abulfaz Elchibey 20481:Alparslan Türkeş 20321: 20288: 20280: 20279:(Ottoman Empire) 20272: 20271:(Ottoman Empire) 20104:Racism in Turkey 20043: 20036: 20029: 20020: 20019: 19945: 19938: 19931: 19922: 19921: 19845:Ali Fuat Cebesoy 19754:Mehmet Ali Şahin 19714:İsmet Kaya Erdem 19709:Yıldırım Akbulut 19697: 19696: 19691: 19671: 19670: 19665: 19638:Sabit Osman Avcı 19621: 19576: 19569: 19568: 19565: 19564: 19559: 19535: 19534: 19529: 19519: 19518: 19497:Ali Fuat Cebesoy 19487:Abdülhalik Renda 19465: 19464: 19459: 19443: 19442: 19431: 19424: 19417: 19408: 19407: 19334:Süleyman Demirel 19324:Yıldırım Akbulut 19302:Süleyman Demirel 19292:Süleyman Demirel 19282:Süleyman Demirel 19252:Süleyman Demirel 19166: 19165: 19127: 19126: 19108: 19107: 19096: 19089: 19082: 19073: 19072: 19046:Abdülhalik Renda 19033: 19006:Süleyman Demirel 18937: 18936: 18925: 18918: 18911: 18902: 18901: 18759: 18743:Preceded by 18716:Preceded by 18690:Preceded by 18662:Preceded by 18654: 18653: 18642: 18641: 18629: 18628: 18610:Internet Archive 18576: 18574: 18572: 18552: 18550: 18548: 18543:on 30 April 2008 18528: 18523:. Archived from 18499: 18470: 18446: 18401: 18399: 18397: 18388:. Archived from 18364: 18327: 18302:(298): 132–136. 18283: 18261: 18242: 18218: 18201: 18184: 18157: 18133: 18114: 18092: 18068: 18051: 18032: 18011: 17986:Kinross, Patrick 17981: 17962: 17940: 17923: 17899: 17880: 17863: 17833: 17812: 17793: 17771: 17748: 17729: 17705: 17672: 17666: 17657: 17656: 17654: 17652: 17637: 17631: 17630: 17628: 17626: 17611: 17605: 17588: 17582: 17574: 17568: 17565: 17559: 17558: 17556: 17554: 17534: 17528: 17523:Halil Gülbeyaz: 17521: 17515: 17508: 17502: 17489: 17483: 17482: 17480: 17478: 17447: 17441: 17421: 17415: 17414: 17392: 17386: 17385: 17383: 17381: 17372:. 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Archived from 16319: 16313: 16312: 16310: 16308: 16293: 16287: 16281: 16275: 16269: 16258: 16251: 16245: 16242: 16236: 16235: 16233: 16231: 16210: 16204: 16201: 16195: 16194: 16192: 16190: 16174: 16168: 16161: 16155: 16148: 16139: 16132: 16126: 16125: 16108: 16102: 16080:Selim Deringil: 16078: 16072: 16048: 16042: 16039: 16033: 16030: 16024: 16021: 16015: 16009: 16003: 16000: 15994: 15987: 15981: 15958: 15952: 15945: 15934: 15931: 15925: 15924: 15906: 15900: 15899: 15897: 15895: 15873: 15867: 15850: 15844: 15831: 15825: 15823: 15807: 15797: 15791: 15788: 15782: 15779: 15773: 15767: 15761: 15760: 15758: 15756: 15737: 15728: 15722: 15716: 15710: 15704: 15697: 15691: 15688: 15682: 15679: 15668: 15662: 15656: 15653:Foreign Ministry 15646: 15640: 15633: 15627: 15624: 15618: 15615: 15609: 15606: 15600: 15594: 15588: 15587: 15582: 15580: 15564: 15558: 15555: 15546: 15545: 15533: 15527: 15526: 15521: 15519: 15503: 15497: 15490: 15481: 15480: 15478: 15476: 15436: 15430: 15429: 15423: 15421: 15406: 15400: 15399: 15397: 15395: 15380: 15374: 15373: 15371: 15369: 15364:on 4 August 2021 15363: 15357:. Archived from 15356: 15347: 15341: 15340: 15322: 15316: 15313: 15307: 15306: 15304: 15302: 15282: 15276: 15275: 15255: 15246: 15245: 15243: 15237:. Archived from 15226: 15215: 15206: 15205: 15203: 15201: 15195: 15178: 15167: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15156: 15136: 15130: 15129: 15111: 15102: 15101: 15083: 15077: 15076: 15071: 15069: 15059: 15039: 15033: 15032: 15014: 15005: 15004: 15002: 15000: 14985:ScholarlyCommons 14976: 14970: 14959: 14953: 14952: 14950: 14948: 14920: 14914: 14913: 14895: 14889: 14888: 14870: 14861: 14860: 14832: 14826: 14825: 14807: 14801: 14800: 14782: 14773: 14770: 14764: 14763: 14761: 14759: 14743: 14737: 14736: 14718: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14707: 14702:on 23 April 2018 14688: 14682: 14676: 14670: 14664: 14658: 14643: 14637: 14636: 14634: 14632: 14627:on 18 April 2003 14616: 14610: 14600: 14594: 14591: 14585: 14578: 14572: 14571: 14543: 14537: 14530: 14524: 14514: 14508: 14505: 14499: 14498: 14488: 14482: 14468: 14459: 14458: 14456: 14454: 14418: 14412: 14411: 14409: 14407: 14398:. Archived from 14392: 14383: 14376: 14370: 14363: 14357: 14350: 14344: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14320: 14314: 14313: 14312:, pp. 203–5 14301: 14295: 14288: 14282: 14275: 14269: 14268: 14260: 14254: 14253: 14245: 14239: 14232: 14226: 14219: 14213: 14206: 14200: 14199: 14181: 14173: 14167: 14160: 14154: 14148: 14142: 14135: 14129: 14126: 14120: 14110: 14101: 14088: 14082: 14071: 14065: 14062: 14056: 14049: 14043: 14040: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14020: 14014: 14003: 13994: 13988: 13987: 13985: 13983: 13977: 13966: 13957: 13951: 13944: 13938: 13937: 13935: 13933: 13914: 13908: 13903: 13897: 13890: 13884: 13881: 13875: 13868: 13857: 13856: 13854: 13852: 13836: 13830: 13823: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13795: 13780: 13774: 13773: 13771: 13769: 13741: 13735: 13734: 13726: 13724: 13702: 13696: 13689: 13683: 13676: 13667: 13660: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13649: 13634: 13628: 13617: 13602: 13596: 13585: 13582:Arşiv bağlantısı 13568: 13562: 13555: 13549: 13542: 13536: 13535: 13527: 13521: 13514: 13508: 13501: 13495: 13488: 13479: 13472: 13466: 13459: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13448: 13420: 13414: 13404: 13398: 13391: 13385: 13384: 13366: 13360: 13353: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13342: 13323: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13312: 13293: 13287: 13280: 13274: 13254: 13248: 13245: 13239: 13238: 13227: 13225: 13210: 13204: 13197: 13191: 13185: 13179: 13178: 13153: 13147: 13146: 13121: 13115: 13114: 13096: 13090: 13083: 13077: 13067: 13061: 13055: 13046: 13045: 13027: 13021: 13006: 13000: 12989: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12978: 12930: 12924: 12909: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12898: 12867: 12861: 12860: 12850: 12844: 12843: 12841: 12839: 12818: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12804: 12776: 12770: 12767: 12761: 12754: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12743: 12728: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12717: 12669: 12663: 12656: 12647: 12640: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12607: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12591: 12572: 12566: 12551: 12545: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12519: 12517: 12485: 12479: 12476: 12470: 12463: 12457: 12454: 12448: 12447: 12429: 12420: 12413: 12382: 12379: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12359:. Albislam.com. 12353: 12347: 12344: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12333: 12318: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12302:on 6 August 2011 12292: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12266: 12260: 12253: 12247: 12236: 12230: 12223: 12214: 12207: 12201: 12191: 12182: 12181: 12172: 12166: 12165: 12156: 12143: 12142: 12134: 12128: 12125: 12119: 12101: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12090: 12071: 12065: 12064: 12062:resembled his... 12058: 12056: 12038: 12032: 12031: 12014: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12003: 11984: 11978: 11971: 11965: 11958: 11952: 11947:Cunbur, Müjgân. 11945: 11939: 11928:Immortal Atatürk 11920: 11914: 11913: 11904: 11898: 11897: 11889: 11883: 11866: 11857: 11837: 11828: 11821: 11815: 11785: 11779: 11778: 11768: 11744: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11730: 11702: 11696: 11695: 11675: 11669: 11659: 11653: 11637: 11631: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11599: 11590: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11529: 11523: 11503:Ali Fuat Cebesoy 11500: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11489: 11474: 11468: 11448: 11442: 11428: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11417: 11379: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11365: 11345: 11334: 11333: 11313: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11283: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11241: 11239: 11229: 11209: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11188: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11134: 11123: 11122: 11104: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11040: 11029: 11028: 11010: 11001: 10995: 10989: 10972: 10956: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10945: 10939: 10914: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10865:"Atatürk, Kemal" 10860: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10823: 10821:"Atatürk, Kemal" 10816: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10764: 10755: 10754: 10732: 10726: 10700: 10684: 10678: 10672: 10665: 10659: 10649: 10639: 10637: 10629: 10623: 10592: 10587: 10580: 10577: 10573: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10565: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10551: 10548: 10545: 10542: 10539: 10536: 10532: 10531: 10528: 10525: 10522: 10519: 10516: 10512: 10511: 10508: 10505: 10502: 10499: 10496: 10493: 10490: 10481: 10427:magazine (1920s) 10390: 10385: 10384: 10376: 10374:Biography portal 10371: 10370: 10369: 10362: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10332: 10330: 10329: 10313: 10311: 10310: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10267: 10265: 10264: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10229: 10227: 10226: 10210: 10208: 10207: 10187: 10185: 10184: 10168: 10166: 10165: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10109:Ottoman Empire: 10108: 10106: 10105: 10090:Ottoman Empire: 10089: 10087: 10086: 10071:Ottoman Empire: 10070: 10068: 10067: 10052:Ottoman Empire: 10051: 10049: 10048: 10033:Ottoman Empire: 10032: 10030: 10029: 10014:Ottoman Empire: 10013: 10011: 10010: 9995:Ottoman Empire: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9976:Ottoman Empire: 9975: 9973: 9972: 9957:Ottoman Empire: 9956: 9954: 9953: 9722:Jawaharlal Nehru 9693:, to the German 9514:and adopted the 9492:Associated Press 9467: 9466: 9446: 9174:Latife Uşakizâde 9022:state capitalism 8972:Great Depression 8964:Great Depression 8944:Great Depression 8725:Benito Mussolini 8699: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8679: 8677: 8636: 8612: 8604: 8438:Entente Cordiale 8417:Western Anatolia 8329:rifle cartridges 8216:RAF Iraq Command 8197:William Marshall 8139:Foreign policies 8104:Turkish Republic 8071:When the modern 7924:Turkic Languages 7848:Turkish language 7777:direct democracy 7773:Democratic Party 7742:Menemen Incident 7677:female education 7663:teaching methods 7626:Turkish alphabet 7618:Turkish language 7608:with Arabic and 7520:Swiss Civil Code 7504: 7484:veiling of women 7261:Kastamonu speech 7241:Lâtife Uşaklıgil 7155:public education 6812: 6805: 6798: 6784: 6783: 6768:Republican Party 6746:Peasant republic 6706:Communitarianism 6423:Classical Athens 6418: 6392: 6382: 6372: 6362: 6352: 6342: 6332: 6322: 6312: 6302: 6292: 6282: 6272: 6262: 5496:Mixed government 5430: 5429: 5423: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5403: 5379: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5361: 5355: 5323: 5322: 5315: 5157:(today known as 5131:Treaty of Sèvres 4974:Erzurum Congress 4937:Foreign Affairs 4823:Harbiye Nezareti 4716:Damascus Vilayet 4616:and sent to the 4455:Battle of Bulair 4442:on the coast of 4436:First Balkan War 4422:First Balkan War 4376:Kingdom of Italy 4332:Battle of Tobruk 4256:Harbiye Nezareti 4166:. He joined the 3970:Norman Itzkowitz 3962:Falih Rıfkı Atay 3954:Turkish-speaking 3947:Makbule (Atadan) 3843: 3771:Tsarist Bulgaria 3745:and adopted the 3698:were ordered to 3672:Turkish alphabet 3579:from 1923 until 3558: 3547:until 1921, and 3543:, also known as 3530: 3523: 3516: 3500: 3499: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3324:Social Democracy 3314:Rose Street Club 3309:Rose in the Fist 3304:Resolution Party 3299:Republican Union 3278:Republican Left 3141:Radical Movement 3007:Democratic Party 2997:Popular Councils 2830:Italian Radicals 2750:FDP.The Liberals 2702:Democratic Union 2308:Women's suffrage 2210:Social democracy 2180:Direct democracy 2150:Anti-clericalism 2068: 2067: 2058: 2051: 2044: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2016: 2015: 1991:In United States 1952:Social democracy 1668:Women's suffrage 1565:In Latin America 1520:Idea of Progress 1505:Direct democracy 1383: 1382: 1373: 1366: 1359: 1348: 1347: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1146: 1138: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1099:Dersim rebellion 1073:Ararat rebellion 959:Jisr Benat Yakub 903:Battle of Bitlis 793:Battle of Bulair 788:First Balkan War 771:Battle of Tobruk 737: 672: 650: 649: 648: 638: 637: 636: 626: 625: 624: 602: 601: 600: 593: 587: 586: 585: 578: 572: 571: 570: 555:Military service 550: 537:List (24 medals) 492:Latife Uşaklıgil 430:Ottoman, Turkish 396: 393:10 November 1938 377: 374: 369: 356:Personal details 344: 332: 323: 303: 291: 282: 263: 251: 230: 211: 199: 171: 162: 138: 110: 109: 101: 98: 92: 56: 55: 48: 21: 22892: 22891: 22887: 22886: 22885: 22883: 22882: 22881: 22642: 22641: 22640: 22635: 22634: 22629: 22590:Binali Yıldırım 22585:Ahmet Davutoğlu 22575:Numan Kurtulmuş 22480:Necdet Karababa 22403: 22379:Ferruh Bozbeyli 22339:Ragıp Gümüşpala 22322: 22308:Osman Bölükbaşı 22273:Kâzım Karabekir 22251: 22246: 22216: 22211: 22139: 21958: 21954:Women in Turkey 21922:Law enforcement 21876: 21872:Life expectancy 21838:Islam in Turkey 21792: 21681: 21643:National Police 21611: 21566: 21498: 21489:Turkish Riviera 21396: 21353: 21352: 21331: 21288: 21255: 21234:Language reform 21205: 21124: 21085: 21050: 21040: 21038: 21008: 21003: 20999:Nation Alliance 20890: 20888: 20881: 20860: 20855: 20825: 20820: 20747:Language reform 20713: 20629:Istanbul pogrom 20619:Dersim massacre 20556: 20550: 20531:Yusuf Halaçoğlu 20521:Kemal Kerinçsiz 20401:Kâzım Karabekir 20374: 20365:Patriotic Party 20319: 20286: 20278: 20270: 20260: 20254: 20220:Turkish Hearths 20205:Ottoman Hearths 20200:Kuva-yi Milliye 20170:Alperen Hearths 20148: 20052: 20047: 20017: 20012: 19954: 19949: 19919: 19914: 19788: 19784:Numan Kurtulmuş 19774:Binali Yıldırım 19769:İsmail Kahraman 19729:Mustafa Kalemli 19694: 19693: 19692: 19689: 19688: 19682: 19668: 19667: 19666: 19664:Danışma Meclisi 19663: 19662: 19652: 19633:Ferruh Bozbeyli 19619: 19618: 19612: 19574: 19573: 19562: 19561: 19560: 19557: 19555: 19554: 19552: 19546: 19532: 19531: 19530: 19527: 19526: 19520: 19516: 19511: 19502:Şükrü Saracoğlu 19492:Kâzım Karabekir 19462: 19461: 19460: 19457: 19456: 19450: 19437: 19435: 19405: 19400: 19390: 19386:Binali Yıldırım 19381:Ahmet Davutoğlu 19205:Şükrü Saracoğlu 19163: 19162: 19161: 19153: 19124: 19123: 19122: 19119: 19112: 19102: 19100: 19070: 19065: 19034: 19025: 18954: 18941: 18931: 18929: 18899: 18894: 18889: 18880: 18872: 18869: 18856: 18847: 18839: 18836: 18828: 18819: 18811: 18808: 18800: 18791: 18783: 18780: 18761: 18757: 18756: 18748: 18730: 18721: 18711: 18702: 18693: 18685: 18676: 18667: 18647: 18634: 18584: 18579: 18570: 18568: 18555: 18546: 18544: 18531: 18395: 18393: 18308:10.2307/2228117 18280: 18258: 18239: 18173: 18154: 18130: 18111: 18089: 18048: 18029: 18000: 17978: 17959: 17945:İnan, Ayşe Afet 17920: 17896: 17852: 17830: 17809: 17790: 17768: 17754:Roux, Jean-Paul 17745: 17726: 17702: 17680: 17675: 17667: 17660: 17650: 17648: 17639: 17638: 17634: 17624: 17622: 17613: 17612: 17608: 17602:Wayback Machine 17589: 17585: 17575: 17571: 17566: 17562: 17552: 17550: 17535: 17531: 17522: 17518: 17509: 17505: 17499:Wayback Machine 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İnönü Vakfı. 16433: 16432: 16428: 16418: 16416: 16415:on 21 July 2012 16407: 16406: 16399: 16380: 16376: 16368: 16364: 16355: 16351: 16346: 16342: 16332: 16330: 16321: 16320: 16316: 16306: 16304: 16295: 16294: 16290: 16282: 16278: 16270: 16261: 16252: 16248: 16243: 16239: 16229: 16227: 16212: 16211: 16207: 16202: 16198: 16188: 16186: 16175: 16171: 16162: 16158: 16149: 16142: 16133: 16129: 16123: 16120:Wayback Machine 16109: 16105: 16091:Wayback Machine 16079: 16075: 16061:Wayback Machine 16049: 16045: 16040: 16036: 16031: 16027: 16022: 16018: 16010: 16006: 16001: 15997: 15988: 15984: 15970:Wayback Machine 15959: 15955: 15946: 15937: 15932: 15928: 15921: 15907: 15903: 15893: 15891: 15874: 15870: 15860:Wayback Machine 15851: 15847: 15832: 15828: 15820: 15798: 15794: 15789: 15785: 15780: 15776: 15768: 15764: 15754: 15752: 15739: 15738: 15731: 15723: 15719: 15711: 15707: 15698: 15694: 15689: 15685: 15680: 15671: 15663: 15659: 15647: 15643: 15634: 15630: 15625: 15621: 15616: 15612: 15607: 15603: 15595: 15591: 15578: 15576: 15565: 15561: 15556: 15549: 15534: 15530: 15517: 15515: 15504: 15500: 15491: 15484: 15474: 15472: 15437: 15433: 15419: 15417: 15408: 15407: 15403: 15393: 15391: 15382: 15381: 15377: 15367: 15365: 15361: 15354: 15348: 15344: 15337: 15323: 15319: 15314: 15310: 15300: 15298: 15283: 15279: 15272: 15256: 15249: 15241: 15235: 15224: 15216: 15209: 15199: 15197: 15193: 15187: 15176: 15168: 15164: 15154: 15152: 15137: 15133: 15126: 15112: 15105: 15098: 15084: 15080: 15067: 15065: 15040: 15036: 15029: 15015: 15008: 14998: 14996: 14977: 14973: 14960: 14956: 14946: 14944: 14937: 14921: 14917: 14910: 14896: 14892: 14885: 14871: 14864: 14833: 14829: 14822: 14808: 14804: 14797: 14783: 14776: 14771: 14767: 14757: 14755: 14744: 14740: 14733: 14719: 14715: 14705: 14703: 14690: 14689: 14685: 14677: 14673: 14665: 14661: 14655:Wayback Machine 14644: 14640: 14630: 14628: 14617: 14613: 14601: 14597: 14592: 14588: 14579: 14575: 14544: 14540: 14531: 14527: 14515: 14511: 14506: 14502: 14490: 14489: 14485: 14469: 14462: 14452: 14450: 14435: 14419: 14415: 14405: 14403: 14394: 14393: 14386: 14377: 14373: 14364: 14360: 14351: 14347: 14338: 14336: 14335:on 9 April 2017 14321: 14317: 14302: 14298: 14289: 14285: 14276: 14272: 14261: 14257: 14246: 14242: 14233: 14229: 14220: 14216: 14207: 14203: 14174: 14170: 14161: 14157: 14149: 14145: 14136: 14132: 14127: 14123: 14111: 14104: 14099:Wayback Machine 14089: 14085: 14072: 14068: 14063: 14059: 14050: 14046: 14041: 14028: 14018: 14016: 14012: 14008:. p. 258. 14001: 13995: 13991: 13981: 13979: 13975: 13964: 13958: 13954: 13945: 13941: 13931: 13929: 13916: 13915: 13911: 13906:Kastamonu Nutku 13904: 13900: 13891: 13887: 13882: 13878: 13869: 13860: 13850: 13848: 13837: 13833: 13824: 13803: 13793: 13791: 13782: 13781: 13777: 13767: 13765: 13758: 13742: 13738: 13730: 13722: 13720: 13703: 13699: 13690: 13686: 13677: 13670: 13661: 13657: 13647: 13645: 13636: 13635: 13631: 13618: 13605: 13597: 13588: 13578:Wayback Machine 13569: 13565: 13556: 13552: 13544:Demirci, Fatih 13543: 13539: 13528: 13524: 13515: 13511: 13502: 13498: 13489: 13482: 13473: 13469: 13460: 13456: 13446: 13444: 13437: 13421: 13417: 13405: 13401: 13392: 13388: 13381: 13367: 13363: 13354: 13350: 13340: 13338: 13325: 13324: 13320: 13310: 13308: 13295: 13294: 13290: 13281: 13277: 13265:Wayback Machine 13255: 13251: 13246: 13242: 13235:Chief Commander 13223: 13221: 13212: 13211: 13207: 13198: 13194: 13186: 13182: 13175: 13154: 13150: 13143: 13122: 13118: 13111: 13097: 13093: 13084: 13080: 13070:Patrick Kinross 13068: 13064: 13056: 13049: 13042: 13028: 13024: 13007: 13003: 12990: 12986: 12976: 12974: 12931: 12927: 12910: 12906: 12896: 12894: 12887: 12868: 12864: 12851: 12847: 12837: 12835: 12820: 12819: 12812: 12802: 12800: 12793: 12777: 12773: 12768: 12764: 12755: 12751: 12741: 12739: 12730: 12729: 12725: 12715: 12713: 12690:10.2307/1569959 12670: 12666: 12657: 12650: 12641: 12634: 12624: 12622: 12609: 12608: 12599: 12589: 12587: 12576:"Kemal Atatürk" 12574: 12573: 12569: 12552: 12548: 12543:Wayback Machine 12529: 12525: 12515: 12513: 12506: 12486: 12482: 12477: 12473: 12464: 12460: 12455: 12451: 12444: 12430: 12423: 12414: 12385: 12380: 12376: 12366: 12364: 12355: 12354: 12350: 12345: 12341: 12331: 12329: 12320: 12319: 12315: 12305: 12303: 12294: 12293: 12289: 12279: 12277: 12268: 12267: 12263: 12254: 12250: 12237: 12233: 12224: 12217: 12208: 12204: 12192: 12185: 12179: 12173: 12169: 12163: 12157: 12146: 12135: 12131: 12126: 12122: 12104:Gershom Scholem 12102: 12098: 12088: 12086: 12073: 12072: 12068: 12054: 12052: 12044:South of Hitler 12039: 12035: 12029: 12015: 12011: 12001: 11999: 11986: 11985: 11981: 11972: 11968: 11960:Kartal, Numan. 11959: 11955: 11946: 11942: 11924:Ölümsüz Atatürk 11921: 11917: 11911: 11905: 11901: 11890: 11886: 11881:Wayback Machine 11870:Turbulent Years 11867: 11860: 11855:Wayback Machine 11839:Jackh, Ernest, 11838: 11831: 11823:Mango, Andrew, 11822: 11818: 11808:Wayback Machine 11786: 11782: 11745: 11738: 11728: 11726: 11719: 11703: 11699: 11692: 11676: 11672: 11660: 11656: 11651:Wayback Machine 11638: 11634: 11629:Wayback Machine 11615: 11611: 11600: 11593: 11584: 11580: 11570: 11568: 11530: 11526: 11518:Wayback Machine 11501: 11497: 11487: 11485: 11476: 11475: 11471: 11466:Wayback Machine 11449: 11445: 11439:Wayback Machine 11429: 11425: 11415: 11413: 11398: 11380: 11373: 11363: 11361: 11346: 11337: 11330: 11314: 11310: 11300: 11298: 11285: 11284: 11280: 11270: 11268: 11255: 11254: 11250: 11237: 11235: 11210: 11206: 11196: 11194: 11169: 11165: 11155: 11153: 11151: 11135: 11126: 11119: 11105: 11096: 11086: 11084: 11041: 11032: 11025: 11011: 11004: 10996: 10992: 10957: 10953: 10943: 10941: 10937: 10923: 10912: 10904: 10900: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10861: 10857: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10818: 10817: 10813: 10803: 10801: 10791: 10765: 10758: 10733: 10729: 10724:Wayback Machine 10701: 10697: 10693: 10688: 10687: 10679: 10675: 10666: 10662: 10652:Ottoman Turkish 10636:مصطفی كمال پاشا 10632:Ottoman Turkish 10630: 10626: 10594: 10585: 10578: 10575: 10571: 10561: 10560: 10533: 10513: 10487: 10483: 10482: 10478: 10473: 10388:Politics portal 10386: 10379: 10372: 10367: 10365: 10358: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10341:(27 March 1923) 10327: 10325: 10308: 10306: 10291:German Empire: 10285: 10283: 10268:German Empire: 10262: 10260: 10243: 10241: 10224: 10222: 10205: 10203: 10188:German Empire: 10182: 10180: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156:Foreign honours 10141: 10139: 10122: 10120: 10103: 10101: 10084: 10082: 10065: 10063: 10046: 10044: 10027: 10025: 10008: 10006: 9989: 9987: 9984:(30 April 1915) 9970: 9968: 9951: 9949: 9935: 9923: 9917: 9896: 9875:, Ankara, 1927. 9827: 9780:H. C. Armstrong 9726:Habib Bourguiba 9707:John F. Kennedy 9656:Northern Cyprus 9652:Atatürk Channel 9636:Amsterdam-Noord 9485: 9484: 9476: 9474: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9468: 9460: 9457: 9450: 9444: 9439: 9433:in news media. 9368:Atatürk Stadium 9333: 9327: 9322: 9252: 9246: 9202:Çankaya, Ankara 9166: 9160: 9038: 9005:(1932) and the 8952: 8913:nationalization 8889:Turkish tobacco 8866: 8852: 8845: 8801: 8787:, one armoured 8744:Ioannis Metaxas 8700: 8689: 8683: 8680: 8637: 8635: 8625: 8613: 8602: 8550: 8548:Turkish Straits 8458: 8449:Ioannis Metaxas 8409: 8281: 8275: 8248:H. C. Armstrong 8182: 8176: 8141: 8129: 8061: 7953:People's Houses 7890:), which was a 7844:Türk Dil Kurumu 7804: 7721: 7681:gender equality 7668:adult education 7604:written in the 7530: 7495: 7480:sex segregation 7417: 7398:During 1926, a 7362:Kâzım Karabekir 7305:(14 July 1927). 7295: 7257: 7216:Hat Law of 1925 7184: 7124: 7049: 6973:1927 Detentions 6915: 6867:railroad (1928) 6853: 6816: 6778: 6773: 6772: 6691: 6683: 6682: 6586: 6578: 6577: 6463:Trienio Liberal 6404: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6380: 6370: 6360: 6350: 6340: 6330: 6320: 6310: 6300: 6290: 6280: 6270: 6260: 6251: 6243: 6242: 5978:Flynn (Stephen) 5863: 5855: 5854: 5695: 5687: 5686: 5612: 5604: 5603: 5559: 5551: 5550: 5546:Social equality 5541:Social contract 5531:Self-governance 5486:Democratization 5461:Anti-corruption 5456:Anti-monarchism 5451: 5435:Politics series 5424: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5390:Please help by 5389: 5380: 5376: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5337: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5302: 5255: 5249: 5143:Armenian forces 5032:Kâzım Karabekir 5028:Amasya Circular 4992: 4982:Amasya Protocol 4970:Amasya Circular 4962: 4956: 4851: 4797:. According to 4728:Austria-Hungary 4565: 4555: 4549: 4483:that recovered 4428: 4418: 4412: 4384:Château d'Ouchy 4298:in the Ottoman 4276: 4270: 4264: 4227:. At that time 4172:Eastern Rumelia 4108: 4094: 4089: 4083: 4081:Military career 4055:North Macedonia 3966:Vamık D. Volkan 3931:Ali Rıza Efendi 3925:in present-day 3907:North Macedonia 3905:in present-day 3864: 3858: 3844: 3841: 3779: 3569:founding father 3534: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3475: 3474: 3450: 3442: 3441: 3377: 3369: 3368: 2566: 2558: 2557: 2338: 2330: 2329: 2261:Reform movement 2160:Civil liberties 2145: 2137: 2136: 2132:Progressive Era 2090: 2062: 2024: 2022: 2010: 2003: 2002: 1937: 1929: 1928: 1884: 1876: 1875: 1681: 1673: 1672: 1599:Social progress 1577:Reform movement 1493:Economic growth 1473:Civil liberties 1463: 1455: 1454: 1445:Progressive Era 1425:Information Age 1405: 1377: 1345: 1343: 1328: 1306: 1270:Nation-building 1214: 1193:Military career 1151: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1117: 1108: 1105: 1017:Great Offensive 934:Transjordan III 776:Battle of Derna 739: 738: 733: 722: 681: 670: 656: 646: 644: 640:Army of the GNA 634: 632: 622: 620: 609: 598: 596: 591: 589:State of Turkey 583: 581: 576: 568: 566: 517: 506:Ali Rıza Efendi 483: 446: 445:Other political 435:Political party 418: 398: 394: 378: 375: 371: 370: 367: 366: 342: 330: 324: 319: 301: 289: 283: 278: 261: 249: 231: 226: 209: 197: 192: 169: 163: 158: 141: 140:Atatürk in 1932 129: 126: 120: 102: 96: 93: 74: 57: 53: 46: 39:Atatürk Airport 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22890: 22880: 22879: 22874: 22869: 22864: 22859: 22854: 22849: 22844: 22839: 22834: 22829: 22824: 22819: 22814: 22809: 22804: 22799: 22794: 22789: 22784: 22779: 22774: 22769: 22764: 22759: 22754: 22749: 22744: 22739: 22734: 22729: 22724: 22719: 22714: 22709: 22704: 22699: 22694: 22689: 22684: 22679: 22674: 22669: 22664: 22659: 22654: 22637: 22636: 22631: 22630: 22628: 22627: 22622: 22617: 22612: 22607: 22602: 22597: 22592: 22587: 22582: 22577: 22572: 22567: 22565:Süleyman Soylu 22562: 22557: 22552: 22547: 22542: 22537: 22532: 22527: 22522: 22520:Devlet Bahçeli 22517: 22512: 22507: 22502: 22497: 22492: 22487: 22482: 22477: 22472: 22467: 22462: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22442: 22437: 22432: 22427: 22422: 22417: 22411: 22409: 22405: 22404: 22402: 22401: 22396: 22391: 22386: 22381: 22376: 22374:Mustafa Timisi 22371: 22366: 22361: 22356: 22351: 22346: 22341: 22336: 22330: 22328: 22324: 22323: 22321: 22320: 22315: 22310: 22305: 22303:Adnan Menderes 22300: 22295: 22290: 22285: 22280: 22275: 22270: 22265: 22259: 22257: 22253: 22252: 22245: 22244: 22237: 22230: 22222: 22213: 22212: 22210: 22209: 22197: 22185: 22173: 22161: 22148: 22145: 22144: 22141: 22140: 22138: 22137: 22132: 22127: 22122: 22117: 22112: 22111: 22110: 22100: 22095: 22090: 22085: 22080: 22075: 22074: 22073: 22071:Radio stations 22068: 22063: 22053: 22048: 22043: 22038: 22033: 22028: 22023: 22018: 22017: 22016: 22006: 22001: 21996: 21991: 21990: 21989: 21984: 21974: 21968: 21966: 21957: 21956: 21951: 21946: 21941: 21940: 21939: 21934: 21929: 21919: 21914: 21913: 21912: 21902: 21897: 21896: 21895: 21884: 21882: 21878: 21877: 21875: 21874: 21869: 21864: 21863: 21862: 21857: 21852: 21842: 21841: 21840: 21830: 21829: 21828: 21818: 21813: 21808: 21806:Turkish people 21802: 21800: 21794: 21793: 21791: 21790: 21789: 21788: 21783: 21778: 21771:Transportation 21768: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21748: 21747: 21746: 21741: 21736: 21731: 21721: 21716: 21711: 21706: 21701: 21695: 21693: 21687: 21686: 21683: 21682: 21680: 21679: 21678: 21677: 21672: 21667: 21657: 21652: 21651: 21650: 21645: 21635: 21630: 21625: 21619: 21617: 21613: 21612: 21610: 21609: 21604: 21599: 21594: 21593: 21592: 21587: 21576: 21574: 21568: 21567: 21565: 21564: 21563: 21562: 21557: 21552: 21547: 21537: 21536: 21535: 21525: 21519: 21517: 21510: 21504: 21503: 21500: 21499: 21497: 21496: 21491: 21486: 21481: 21479:National parks 21476: 21471: 21466: 21461: 21456: 21451: 21450: 21449: 21444: 21434: 21433: 21432: 21427: 21417: 21416: 21415: 21413:Climate change 21404: 21402: 21398: 21397: 21395: 21394: 21389: 21384: 21379: 21374: 21369: 21364: 21362:Marmara Region 21358: 21356: 21354:(west to east) 21343: 21337: 21336: 21333: 21332: 21330: 21329: 21324: 21319: 21314: 21309: 21308: 21307: 21296: 21294: 21290: 21289: 21287: 21286: 21281: 21280: 21279: 21269: 21267:Constitutional 21263: 21261: 21257: 21256: 21254: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21242: 21241: 21236: 21226: 21221: 21215: 21213: 21207: 21206: 21204: 21203: 21202: 21201: 21191: 21190: 21189: 21184: 21179: 21169: 21168: 21167: 21157: 21155:Transformation 21152: 21151: 21150: 21140: 21134: 21132: 21130:Ottoman Empire 21126: 21125: 21123: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21111: 21110: 21099: 21097: 21087: 21086: 21084: 21083: 21078: 21073: 21067: 21065: 21058: 21052: 21051: 21037: 21036: 21029: 21022: 21014: 21005: 21004: 21002: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20986: 20981: 20976: 20971: 20964: 20959: 20954: 20949: 20944: 20939: 20934: 20929: 20924: 20919: 20914: 20909: 20904: 20899: 20893: 20891: 20886: 20883: 20882: 20880: 20879: 20874: 20868: 20866: 20862: 20861: 20854: 20853: 20846: 20839: 20831: 20822: 20821: 20819: 20818: 20811: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20763:Varlık Vergisi 20759: 20754: 20749: 20744: 20737: 20732: 20727: 20721: 20719: 20715: 20714: 20712: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20676: 20671: 20669:Maraş massacre 20666: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20646: 20644:Sivas massacre 20641: 20636: 20631: 20626: 20621: 20616: 20611: 20609:Zilan massacre 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20579:Greek genocide 20576: 20571: 20566: 20564:Adana massacre 20560: 20558: 20552: 20551: 20549: 20548: 20543: 20538: 20533: 20528: 20523: 20518: 20513: 20508: 20503: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20483: 20478: 20473: 20468: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20448: 20443: 20438: 20433: 20428: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20411:Ömer Seyfettin 20408: 20403: 20398: 20393: 20388: 20382: 20380: 20376: 20375: 20373: 20372: 20367: 20362: 20360:National Party 20357: 20352: 20347: 20342: 20340:Homeland Party 20337: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317:Workers' Party 20314: 20309: 20304: 20299: 20294: 20289: 20281: 20273: 20264: 20262: 20256: 20255: 20253: 20252: 20247: 20242: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20187: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20156: 20154: 20150: 20149: 20147: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20106: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20079:Islamokemalism 20076: 20071: 20066: 20060: 20058: 20054: 20053: 20046: 20045: 20038: 20031: 20023: 20014: 20013: 20011: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19995: 19990: 19985: 19980: 19975: 19970: 19965: 19959: 19956: 19955: 19948: 19947: 19940: 19933: 19925: 19916: 19915: 19913: 19912: 19910:Devlet Bahçeli 19907: 19902: 19897: 19892: 19887: 19882: 19877: 19872: 19867: 19862: 19857: 19852: 19847: 19842: 19837: 19832: 19827: 19822: 19817: 19812: 19807: 19802: 19796: 19794: 19790: 19789: 19787: 19786: 19781: 19779:Mustafa Şentop 19776: 19771: 19766: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19746: 19741: 19736: 19731: 19726: 19721: 19716: 19711: 19706: 19700: 19698: 19684: 19683: 19681: 19680: 19674: 19672: 19658: 19657: 19654: 19653: 19651: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19630: 19624: 19622: 19620:Millet Meclisi 19614: 19613: 19611: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19598:Tekin Arıburun 19595: 19593:Şevki Atasagun 19590: 19585: 19579: 19577: 19566: 19548: 19547: 19545: 19544: 19538: 19536: 19522: 19521: 19514: 19512: 19510: 19509: 19507:Refik Koraltan 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19468: 19466: 19452: 19451: 19434: 19433: 19426: 19419: 19411: 19402: 19401: 19395: 19392: 19391: 19389: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19373: 19368: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19348: 19343: 19336: 19331: 19326: 19321: 19314: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19294: 19289: 19284: 19279: 19274: 19269: 19264: 19259: 19254: 19249: 19244: 19239: 19232: 19227: 19225:Adnan Menderes 19222: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19195: 19190: 19185: 19180: 19175: 19169: 19167: 19155: 19154: 19152: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19130: 19128: 19114: 19113: 19099: 19098: 19091: 19084: 19076: 19067: 19066: 19064: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19051:Tekin Arıburun 19048: 19042: 19040: 19036: 19035: 19028: 19026: 19024: 19023: 19018: 19013: 19008: 19003: 18998: 18993: 18991:Fahri Korutürk 18988: 18983: 18978: 18973: 18968: 18962: 18960: 18956: 18955: 18953: 18952: 18946: 18943: 18942: 18928: 18927: 18920: 18913: 18905: 18896: 18895: 18891: 18890: 18885: 18882: 18873: 18870: 18863: 18862: 18858: 18857: 18852: 18849: 18840: 18837: 18830: 18829: 18824: 18821: 18812: 18809: 18802: 18801: 18796: 18793: 18784: 18781: 18774: 18773: 18769: 18768: 18763: 18749: 18744: 18740: 18739: 18732: 18722: 18717: 18713: 18712: 18707: 18704: 18694: 18691: 18687: 18686: 18681: 18678: 18668: 18663: 18659: 18658: 18652: 18649: 18648: 18639: 18636: 18635: 18626: 18625: 18612: 18603: 18594: 18583: 18582:External links 18580: 18578: 18577: 18553: 18529: 18500: 18471: 18447: 18402: 18365: 18328: 18290: 18289: 18285: 18284: 18278: 18262: 18256: 18243: 18237: 18219: 18202: 18185: 18171: 18158: 18152: 18134: 18128: 18115: 18109: 18093: 18087: 18069: 18052: 18046: 18033: 18027: 18012: 17998: 17982: 17976: 17963: 17957: 17941: 17924: 17918: 17900: 17894: 17881: 17864: 17850: 17834: 17828: 17813: 17807: 17794: 17788: 17772: 17766: 17749: 17743: 17730: 17724: 17706: 17700: 17686: 17685: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17673: 17658: 17632: 17606: 17583: 17569: 17560: 17529: 17516: 17512:Kemal Atatürk. 17503: 17484: 17465: 17442: 17416: 17405: 17387: 17356: 17330: 17311: 17286: 17261: 17235: 17228: 17206: 17199: 17175: 17168: 17146: 17144:, 1994, p. 103 17124: 17117: 17089: 17072:www.ktb.gov.tr 17059: 17017: 16991: 16977: 16953: 16928: 16910: 16893: 16872: 16847: 16826: 16802: 16780: 16756: 16747: 16730: 16710: 16697: 16677: 16658: 16651: 16633: 16602: 16587: 16557: 16527: 16500: 16484: 16475: 16460:(in Turkish). 16443: 16426: 16397: 16374: 16362: 16349: 16340: 16314: 16288: 16276: 16259: 16246: 16237: 16205: 16196: 16169: 16156: 16140: 16127: 16103: 16073: 16043: 16034: 16025: 16016: 16004: 15995: 15982: 15953: 15935: 15926: 15919: 15901: 15868: 15845: 15826: 15818: 15792: 15783: 15774: 15762: 15729: 15717: 15705: 15692: 15683: 15669: 15657: 15641: 15635:Andrew Mango, 15628: 15619: 15610: 15601: 15599:, p. 225. 15597:Armstrong 1972 15589: 15559: 15547: 15528: 15510:(in Turkish). 15506:Hamza Eroğlu. 15498: 15482: 15431: 15401: 15375: 15342: 15335: 15317: 15308: 15277: 15270: 15247: 15244:on 3 May 2013. 15233: 15207: 15185: 15162: 15147:(in Turkish). 15131: 15124: 15103: 15096: 15078: 15034: 15027: 15006: 14971: 14954: 14935: 14915: 14908: 14890: 14883: 14862: 14827: 14820: 14802: 14795: 14774: 14765: 14738: 14731: 14713: 14683: 14671: 14659: 14638: 14611: 14595: 14586: 14573: 14538: 14525: 14509: 14500: 14483: 14460: 14433: 14413: 14384: 14371: 14358: 14345: 14329:Akademik Bakış 14315: 14296: 14283: 14270: 14255: 14240: 14227: 14214: 14201: 14168: 14155: 14143: 14130: 14121: 14102: 14083: 14066: 14057: 14044: 14026: 13989: 13952: 13939: 13909: 13898: 13885: 13876: 13858: 13831: 13801: 13775: 13756: 13736: 13697: 13684: 13668: 13655: 13629: 13603: 13586: 13563: 13550: 13537: 13522: 13509: 13496: 13480: 13467: 13454: 13435: 13415: 13399: 13386: 13379: 13361: 13348: 13318: 13288: 13275: 13270:New York Times 13249: 13240: 13205: 13192: 13180: 13173: 13167:. p. 97. 13148: 13141: 13116: 13109: 13091: 13078: 13062: 13047: 13040: 13022: 13008:Andrew Mango, 13001: 12984: 12925: 12923:, pp. 208–209. 12904: 12885: 12862: 12845: 12810: 12791: 12771: 12762: 12749: 12723: 12664: 12648: 12632: 12597: 12567: 12546: 12523: 12504: 12498:. p. 37. 12480: 12478:Beehler, p. 14 12471: 12458: 12449: 12442: 12421: 12383: 12374: 12348: 12339: 12313: 12287: 12261: 12248: 12231: 12215: 12202: 12183: 12167: 12144: 12129: 12120: 12096: 12085:on 22 May 2010 12066: 12033: 12009: 11979: 11966: 11953: 11940: 11915: 11899: 11884: 11858: 11829: 11816: 11780: 11736: 11717: 11697: 11690: 11670: 11654: 11640:Tarama Dergisi 11632: 11609: 11606:. p. 180. 11591: 11578: 11547:(3): 793–828. 11524: 11495: 11469: 11443: 11423: 11397:978-9004070707 11396: 11371: 11335: 11328: 11308: 11278: 11248: 11204: 11163: 11149: 11124: 11117: 11094: 11055:(4): 394–429. 11030: 11023: 11002: 10990: 10986:978-0333465776 10982:978-0333465769 10978:978-0333485538 10951: 10921: 10898: 10885: 10855: 10842: 10811: 10789: 10756: 10727: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10686: 10685: 10673: 10660: 10624: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10455: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10403: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10377: 10363: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10342: 10339:Amānullāh Khān 10323: 10304: 10281: 10258: 10257:(27 July 1916) 10255:Franz Joseph I 10239: 10220: 10217:Franz Joseph I 10201: 10178: 10157: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10137: 10118: 10111:Gallipoli Star 10099: 10080: 10061: 10042: 10023: 10004: 9985: 9966: 9963:Abdul Hamid II 9934: 9931: 9919:Main article: 9916: 9913: 9912: 9911: 9905: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9890: 9884: 9876: 9862: 9854: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9826: 9823: 9757:Huda Sha'arawi 9740:national poet 9734:Muhammad Iqbal 9504:United Nations 9475: 9469: 9458: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9442: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9427:European Union 9384:Adnan Menderes 9380:Democrat Party 9356:Atatürk Bridge 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9245: 9242: 9162:Main article: 9159: 9156: 9037: 9034: 8951: 8948: 8865: 8862: 8844: 8841: 8835:(Antioch) and 8800: 8799:Issue of Hatay 8797: 8702: 8701: 8616: 8614: 8607: 8601: 8598: 8549: 8546: 8489:Amanullah Khan 8457: 8454: 8447:Greek Premier 8408: 8405: 8362:'s financing. 8344:Treaty of Kars 8309:Vladimir Lenin 8274: 8271: 8180:Mosul Question 8175: 8174:Issue of Mosul 8172: 8152:Amānullāh Khān 8140: 8137: 8128: 8125: 8060: 8057: 8020:Semiha Berksoy 7961:People's Rooms 7803: 7800: 7720: 7717: 7622:Latin alphabet 7457:Islamic courts 7416: 7413: 7381:Ali Fuat Pasha 7358:censure motion 7311:Issue of Mosul 7294: 7291: 7286:Mevlana Museum 7256: 7253: 7183: 7182:Western attire 7180: 7123: 7120: 7048: 7045: 6977:1927 Tevkifatı 6931:Mevlana Museum 6914: 6911: 6852: 6849: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6716:Egalitarianism 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6692: 6690:Related topics 6689: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6661:United Kingdom 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6443:Dutch Republic 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6411: 6409:Roman Republic 6405: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6383: 6373: 6363: 6353: 6343: 6333: 6323: 6313: 6303: 6293: 6283: 6273: 6263: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850:Wollstonecraft 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5426: 5425: 5383: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5366: 5346:it, or adding 5327: 5325: 5318: 5301: 5298: 5292:. Since then, 5248: 5245: 5222:Afyonkarahisar 5139:Caliphate army 4978:Sivas Congress 4958:Main article: 4955: 4952: 4934:responsibility 4895:Western Thrace 4850: 4847: 4736:Central Powers 4720:Aleppo Vilayet 4712:Beirut Vilayet 4684:Edmund Allenby 4594:Central Powers 4577:Tasvîr-i Efkâr 4551:Main article: 4548: 4545: 4536:New Year's Eve 4493:Ottoman Empire 4459:Georgi Todorov 4414:Main article: 4411: 4408: 4356:Ottoman Europe 4266:Main article: 4263: 4260: 4152:Senior Captain 4138:(Cebesoy) and 4093: 4090: 4085:Main article: 4082: 4079: 4067:Constantinople 3982:Aydın Province 3919:Ottoman Empire 3857: 3854: 3842:Anadolu Agency 3839: 3830:Anadolu Agency 3822:Tarama Dergisi 3778: 3775: 3735:United Nations 3692:secular nation 3636:Ottoman Empire 3614:(1915) during 3607:(Atatürkism). 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3492: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3349:Ultra-radicals 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3198: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3150:Radical Party 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3113: 3111:Radical League 3108: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3051: 3049:Radical Change 3046: 3041: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3009: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2969: 2967:People's Party 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2932:National Union 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2734:Fabian Society 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2675:Democrat Party 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2553:Wollstonecraft 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2315:Utilitarianism 2312: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2295: 2293:Social justice 2290: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2217:Libertarianism 2214: 2213: 2212: 2202: 2200:Labor movement 2197: 2192: 2187: 2185:Egalitarianism 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2046: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2020: 2005: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1691:Abbott (Grace) 1688: 1686:Abbott (Edith) 1682: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1582:Social justice 1579: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1535:Linear history 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1488:Broad measures 1480: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1420:Industrial Age 1417: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1368: 1361: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1330:Historiography 1326: 1321: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1260:Westernization 1257: 1255:Women's rights 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1145:a series about 1141: 1139: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1082: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1050: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1014: 999: 998: 997: 996: 995: 994: 993: 992: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 949:Jisr ed Damieh 946: 941: 936: 931: 919: 918: 917: 916: 915: 908:Ognot campaign 905: 895: 894: 893: 888: 887: 886: 884:Kocaçimen tepe 881: 879:Anafartalar II 876: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 811: 810: 809: 808: 807: 797: 796: 795: 780: 779: 778: 773: 763: 758: 753: 748: 742: 732: 731: 730: 728: 724: 723: 721: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 689: 687: 683: 682: 680: 679: 678:(Turkish Army) 673: 671:(Ottoman Army) 664: 662: 658: 657: 655: 654: 642: 630: 617: 615: 614:Branch/service 611: 610: 608: 607: 594: 579: 574:Ottoman Empire 563: 561: 557: 556: 552: 551: 544: 540: 539: 534: 530: 529: 526:Makbule Atadan 523: 519: 518: 516: 515: 509: 502: 500: 496: 495: 489: 485: 484: 482: 481: 475: 469: 463: 457: 450: 448: 442: 441: 436: 432: 431: 428: 424: 423: 408: 404: 403: 397:(aged 57) 391: 387: 386: 384:Ottoman Empire 364: 362: 358: 357: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 339: 338: 333: 327: 326: 316: 315: 308: 307: 304: 298: 297: 292: 286: 285: 275: 274: 268: 267: 264: 258: 257: 252: 246: 245: 240: 234: 233: 223: 222: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 200: 194: 193: 191: 190: 185: 180: 174: 172: 170:Prime Minister 166: 165: 155: 154: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 131: 130: 127: 113: 104: 103: 83:it, or adding 60: 58: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22889: 22878: 22875: 22873: 22870: 22868: 22865: 22863: 22860: 22858: 22855: 22853: 22850: 22848: 22845: 22843: 22840: 22838: 22835: 22833: 22830: 22828: 22825: 22823: 22820: 22818: 22815: 22813: 22810: 22808: 22805: 22803: 22800: 22798: 22795: 22793: 22790: 22788: 22785: 22783: 22780: 22778: 22775: 22773: 22770: 22768: 22765: 22763: 22760: 22758: 22755: 22753: 22750: 22748: 22745: 22743: 22740: 22738: 22735: 22733: 22730: 22728: 22725: 22723: 22720: 22718: 22715: 22713: 22710: 22708: 22705: 22703: 22700: 22698: 22695: 22693: 22690: 22688: 22685: 22683: 22680: 22678: 22675: 22673: 22670: 22668: 22665: 22663: 22660: 22658: 22655: 22653: 22650: 22649: 22647: 22626: 22623: 22621: 22618: 22616: 22615:Muharrem İnce 22613: 22611: 22608: 22606: 22605:Fatih Erbakan 22603: 22601: 22600:Meral Akşener 22598: 22596: 22593: 22591: 22588: 22586: 22583: 22581: 22578: 22576: 22573: 22571: 22568: 22566: 22563: 22561: 22558: 22556: 22553: 22551: 22548: 22546: 22543: 22541: 22538: 22536: 22533: 22531: 22528: 22526: 22523: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22501: 22498: 22496: 22495:Doğu Perinçek 22493: 22491: 22488: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22470:Rahşan Ecevit 22468: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22445:Yıldırım Avcı 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22421: 22418: 22416: 22415:Turgut Sunalp 22413: 22412: 22410: 22406: 22400: 22397: 22395: 22394:Bülent Ecevit 22392: 22390: 22387: 22385: 22382: 22380: 22377: 22375: 22372: 22370: 22369:Hüseyin Balan 22367: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22350: 22347: 22345: 22342: 22340: 22337: 22335: 22332: 22331: 22329: 22325: 22319: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22301: 22299: 22296: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22284: 22281: 22279: 22276: 22274: 22271: 22269: 22266: 22264: 22261: 22260: 22258: 22254: 22250: 22243: 22238: 22236: 22231: 22229: 22224: 22223: 22220: 22208: 22207: 22198: 22196: 22195: 22186: 22184: 22183: 22174: 22172: 22171: 22162: 22160: 22159: 22154: 22150: 22149: 22146: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22121: 22118: 22116: 22113: 22109: 22106: 22105: 22104: 22101: 22099: 22096: 22094: 22091: 22089: 22086: 22084: 22081: 22079: 22076: 22072: 22069: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22059: 22058: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22049: 22047: 22044: 22042: 22039: 22037: 22034: 22032: 22029: 22027: 22024: 22022: 22019: 22015: 22012: 22011: 22010: 22007: 22005: 22002: 22000: 21997: 21995: 21992: 21988: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21979: 21978: 21975: 21973: 21970: 21969: 21967: 21965: 21961: 21955: 21952: 21950: 21947: 21945: 21942: 21938: 21935: 21933: 21930: 21928: 21925: 21924: 21923: 21920: 21918: 21915: 21911: 21908: 21907: 21906: 21903: 21901: 21898: 21894: 21891: 21890: 21889: 21886: 21885: 21883: 21879: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21865: 21861: 21858: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21847: 21846: 21843: 21839: 21836: 21835: 21834: 21831: 21827: 21824: 21823: 21822: 21819: 21817: 21814: 21812: 21809: 21807: 21804: 21803: 21801: 21799: 21795: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21773: 21772: 21769: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21745: 21742: 21740: 21737: 21735: 21732: 21730: 21727: 21726: 21725: 21722: 21720: 21717: 21715: 21712: 21710: 21707: 21705: 21702: 21700: 21697: 21696: 21694: 21692: 21688: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21662: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21653: 21649: 21646: 21644: 21641: 21640: 21639: 21636: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21620: 21618: 21614: 21608: 21605: 21603: 21600: 21598: 21595: 21591: 21588: 21586: 21583: 21582: 21581: 21578: 21577: 21575: 21573: 21569: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21551: 21548: 21546: 21543: 21542: 21541: 21538: 21534: 21531: 21530: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21520: 21518: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21505: 21495: 21492: 21490: 21487: 21485: 21482: 21480: 21477: 21475: 21472: 21470: 21467: 21465: 21462: 21460: 21457: 21455: 21452: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21442:Air pollution 21440: 21439: 21438: 21435: 21431: 21428: 21426: 21423: 21422: 21421: 21418: 21414: 21411: 21410: 21409: 21406: 21405: 21403: 21399: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21375: 21373: 21370: 21368: 21367:Aegean Region 21365: 21363: 21360: 21359: 21357: 21351: 21347: 21344: 21342: 21338: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21315: 21313: 21312:Turkification 21310: 21306: 21303: 21302: 21301: 21298: 21297: 21295: 21291: 21285: 21282: 21278: 21275: 21274: 21273: 21270: 21268: 21265: 21264: 21262: 21258: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21244: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21231: 21230: 21227: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21216: 21214: 21212: 21208: 21200: 21197: 21196: 21195: 21192: 21188: 21185: 21183: 21180: 21178: 21175: 21174: 21173: 21170: 21166: 21163: 21162: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21153: 21149: 21146: 21145: 21144: 21143:Classical Age 21141: 21139: 21136: 21135: 21133: 21131: 21127: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21109: 21106: 21105: 21104: 21103:Seljuk Empire 21101: 21100: 21098: 21096: 21092: 21088: 21082: 21079: 21077: 21074: 21072: 21069: 21068: 21066: 21062: 21059: 21057: 21053: 21049: 21044: 21035: 21030: 21028: 21023: 21021: 21016: 21015: 21012: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20969: 20965: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20928: 20927:Muammer Aksoy 20925: 20923: 20920: 20918: 20915: 20913: 20910: 20908: 20905: 20903: 20900: 20898: 20895: 20894: 20892: 20889:organisations 20884: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20869: 20867: 20863: 20859: 20852: 20847: 20845: 20840: 20838: 20833: 20832: 20829: 20817: 20816: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20764: 20760: 20758: 20755: 20753: 20750: 20748: 20745: 20743: 20742: 20738: 20736: 20733: 20731: 20728: 20726: 20723: 20722: 20720: 20716: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20561: 20559: 20553: 20547: 20546:Bülent Ecevit 20544: 20542: 20539: 20537: 20534: 20532: 20529: 20527: 20526:Meral Akşener 20524: 20522: 20519: 20517: 20514: 20512: 20511:Doğu Perinçek 20509: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20479: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20461:Nejdet Sançar 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20436:Ahmet Ağaoğlu 20434: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20412: 20409: 20407: 20404: 20402: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20392: 20389: 20387: 20384: 20383: 20381: 20377: 20371: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20351: 20348: 20346: 20343: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20285: 20282: 20277: 20274: 20269: 20266: 20265: 20263: 20257: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20157: 20155: 20153:Organizations 20151: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20139:Turkification 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20085: 20082: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20072: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20062: 20061: 20059: 20055: 20051: 20044: 20039: 20037: 20032: 20030: 20025: 20024: 20021: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19973:Bülent Ecevit 19971: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19960: 19957: 19953: 19946: 19941: 19939: 19934: 19932: 19927: 19926: 19923: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19905:Durmuş Yılmaz 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19890:Şükrü Elekdağ 19888: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19878: 19876: 19873: 19871: 19868: 19866: 19865:Kinyas Kartal 19863: 19861: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19841: 19838: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19818: 19816: 19813: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19797: 19795: 19791: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19752: 19750: 19749:Köksal Toptan 19747: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19701: 19699: 19685: 19679: 19676: 19675: 19673: 19659: 19649: 19648:Cahit Karakaş 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19625: 19623: 19615: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19580: 19578: 19570: 19567: 19549: 19543: 19540: 19539: 19537: 19523: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19469: 19467: 19453: 19449: 19446: 19441: 19432: 19427: 19425: 19420: 19418: 19413: 19412: 19409: 19398: 19393: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19366:Bülent Ecevit 19364: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19347: 19344: 19342: 19341: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19319: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19297:Bülent Ecevit 19295: 19293: 19290: 19288: 19287:Bülent Ecevit 19285: 19283: 19280: 19278: 19275: 19273: 19272:Bülent Ecevit 19270: 19268: 19265: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19255: 19253: 19250: 19248: 19245: 19243: 19240: 19238: 19237: 19236:Fahri Özdilek 19233: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19200: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19170: 19168: 19160: 19156: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19131: 19129: 19121: 19115: 19111: 19106: 19097: 19092: 19090: 19085: 19083: 19078: 19077: 19074: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19043: 19041: 19037: 19032: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18963: 18961: 18957: 18951: 18948: 18947: 18944: 18940: 18935: 18926: 18921: 18919: 18914: 18912: 18907: 18906: 18903: 18888: 18879: 18878: 18871:State founded 18868: 18864: 18859: 18855: 18846: 18845: 18838:State founded 18835: 18831: 18827: 18818: 18817: 18810:State founded 18807: 18803: 18799: 18790: 18789: 18782:State founded 18779: 18775: 18770: 18767: 18764: 18760: 18755: 18752:Commander of 18747: 18741: 18738: 18737: 18733: 18729: 18728: 18720: 18714: 18710: 18701: 18700: 18688: 18684: 18675: 18674: 18666: 18660: 18655: 18650: 18643: 18637: 18630: 18624: 18620: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18589: 18586: 18585: 18566: 18562: 18561:Time Magazine 18558: 18554: 18542: 18538: 18534: 18530: 18526: 18522: 18518: 18514: 18510: 18506: 18501: 18497: 18493: 18489: 18485: 18481: 18477: 18472: 18468: 18464: 18460: 18456: 18452: 18451:Stone, Norman 18448: 18444: 18440: 18436: 18432: 18428: 18424: 18420: 18416: 18412: 18408: 18403: 18391: 18387: 18383: 18379: 18375: 18374:Turkish Times 18371: 18366: 18362: 18358: 18354: 18350: 18346: 18342: 18338: 18334: 18329: 18325: 18321: 18317: 18313: 18309: 18305: 18301: 18297: 18292: 18291: 18287: 18286: 18281: 18275: 18271: 18267: 18263: 18259: 18253: 18249: 18244: 18240: 18234: 18230: 18229: 18224: 18223:Yapp, Malcolm 18220: 18216: 18212: 18208: 18203: 18199: 18195: 18191: 18186: 18182: 18178: 18174: 18168: 18164: 18159: 18155: 18149: 18145: 18144: 18139: 18135: 18131: 18125: 18121: 18116: 18112: 18106: 18102: 18098: 18097:Mango, Andrew 18094: 18090: 18084: 18080: 18079: 18074: 18073:Mango, Andrew 18070: 18066: 18062: 18058: 18053: 18049: 18043: 18039: 18034: 18030: 18024: 18020: 18019: 18013: 18009: 18005: 18001: 17995: 17991: 17987: 17983: 17979: 17973: 17969: 17964: 17960: 17954: 17950: 17946: 17942: 17938: 17934: 17930: 17925: 17921: 17915: 17911: 17910: 17905: 17901: 17897: 17891: 17887: 17882: 17878: 17874: 17870: 17865: 17861: 17857: 17853: 17847: 17843: 17839: 17835: 17831: 17825: 17821: 17820: 17814: 17810: 17804: 17800: 17795: 17791: 17785: 17781: 17777: 17773: 17769: 17767:2-7068-0829-2 17763: 17759: 17755: 17750: 17746: 17740: 17736: 17731: 17727: 17721: 17717: 17716: 17711: 17707: 17703: 17697: 17693: 17688: 17687: 17683: 17682: 17670: 17665: 17663: 17646: 17642: 17636: 17620: 17616: 17610: 17603: 17599: 17596: 17592: 17587: 17581: 17579: 17573: 17564: 17548: 17544: 17540: 17533: 17526: 17520: 17513: 17507: 17500: 17496: 17493: 17488: 17472: 17468: 17466:9780674368378 17462: 17458: 17457:Belknap Press 17454: 17453: 17446: 17439: 17437: 17430: 17426: 17420: 17413: 17408: 17402: 17398: 17391: 17375: 17371: 17367: 17360: 17344: 17340: 17334: 17318: 17314: 17308: 17304: 17303: 17295: 17293: 17291: 17283: 17282: 17277: 17273: 17270: 17265: 17249: 17245: 17239: 17231: 17225: 17221: 17217: 17210: 17202: 17196: 17192: 17188: 17187: 17179: 17171: 17165: 17161: 17157: 17150: 17143: 17142: 17137: 17133: 17128: 17120: 17114: 17110: 17106: 17102: 17096: 17094: 17077: 17073: 17069: 17063: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17035: 17034:Time Magazine 17031: 17027: 17021: 17011: 17007: 17003: 17000: 16995: 16980: 16978:9781317897354 16974: 16971:. p. 6. 16970: 16966: 16965: 16957: 16950: 16949: 16945: 16941: 16938: 16932: 16925: 16924: 16920: 16914: 16907: 16903: 16897: 16890: 16886: 16882: 16876: 16867: 16863: 16860: 16857: 16851: 16842: 16838: 16835: 16830: 16821: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16806: 16800: 16796: 16792: 16790: 16784: 16777: 16774: 16770: 16766: 16760: 16751: 16744: 16740: 16734: 16728: 16727:9789751611741 16724: 16720: 16714: 16707: 16701: 16694: 16690: 16686: 16681: 16674: 16670: 16667: 16662: 16654: 16648: 16644: 16637: 16621: 16617: 16613: 16606: 16598: 16591: 16575: 16571: 16567: 16561: 16545: 16541: 16537: 16531: 16524: 16520: 16516: 16512: 16509: 16504: 16497: 16491: 16489: 16479: 16463: 16459: 16458: 16453: 16447: 16440: 16436: 16430: 16414: 16410: 16404: 16402: 16394: 16389: 16385: 16378: 16372: 16366: 16359: 16353: 16344: 16328: 16324: 16318: 16302: 16298: 16292: 16286: 16280: 16274: 16268: 16266: 16264: 16256: 16250: 16241: 16225: 16221: 16220: 16215: 16214:"Our History" 16209: 16200: 16184: 16180: 16173: 16166: 16160: 16153: 16147: 16145: 16137: 16131: 16121: 16117: 16114: 16113: 16107: 16100: 16099:9780521523295 16096: 16092: 16088: 16085: 16084: 16077: 16070: 16066: 16062: 16058: 16055: 16054: 16047: 16038: 16029: 16020: 16013: 16008: 15999: 15992: 15986: 15980: 15979:0-8191-3578-X 15976: 15972: 15971: 15967: 15964: 15957: 15950: 15944: 15942: 15940: 15930: 15922: 15916: 15912: 15905: 15889: 15885: 15884: 15879: 15872: 15865: 15861: 15857: 15854: 15849: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15830: 15821: 15815: 15811: 15806: 15805: 15796: 15787: 15778: 15771: 15766: 15750: 15746: 15745:Time Magazine 15742: 15736: 15734: 15726: 15721: 15714: 15709: 15702: 15696: 15687: 15678: 15676: 15674: 15666: 15661: 15654: 15650: 15645: 15638: 15632: 15623: 15614: 15605: 15598: 15593: 15586: 15574: 15570: 15563: 15554: 15552: 15544: 15539: 15532: 15525: 15513: 15509: 15502: 15495: 15489: 15487: 15470: 15466: 15462: 15458: 15454: 15451:(3): 301–11. 15450: 15446: 15442: 15435: 15427: 15415: 15411: 15405: 15389: 15385: 15379: 15360: 15353: 15346: 15338: 15336:9789004155572 15332: 15328: 15321: 15312: 15296: 15292: 15288: 15281: 15273: 15267: 15263: 15262: 15254: 15252: 15240: 15236: 15230: 15223: 15222: 15214: 15212: 15192: 15188: 15182: 15175: 15174: 15166: 15150: 15146: 15142: 15135: 15127: 15121: 15117: 15110: 15108: 15099: 15093: 15089: 15082: 15075: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15049: 15045: 15038: 15030: 15024: 15020: 15013: 15011: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14975: 14968: 14967:0-9747660-3-8 14964: 14958: 14942: 14938: 14936:9781780760261 14932: 14928: 14927: 14919: 14911: 14909:9789754707632 14905: 14901: 14894: 14886: 14880: 14876: 14869: 14867: 14858: 14854: 14850: 14846: 14843:(2): 245–72. 14842: 14838: 14831: 14823: 14821:9789004163201 14817: 14813: 14806: 14798: 14792: 14788: 14781: 14779: 14769: 14753: 14749: 14742: 14734: 14728: 14724: 14717: 14701: 14697: 14693: 14687: 14681: 14675: 14669: 14663: 14657: 14656: 14652: 14649: 14642: 14626: 14622: 14615: 14609: 14605: 14599: 14590: 14583: 14577: 14569: 14565: 14561: 14557: 14554:(3): 419–35. 14553: 14549: 14542: 14535: 14529: 14522: 14518: 14513: 14504: 14496: 14495: 14487: 14480: 14479:0-19-823856-8 14476: 14473: 14467: 14465: 14448: 14444: 14440: 14436: 14430: 14426: 14425: 14417: 14401: 14397: 14391: 14389: 14381: 14375: 14368: 14362: 14355: 14349: 14334: 14330: 14326: 14319: 14311: 14307: 14300: 14293: 14287: 14280: 14274: 14266: 14259: 14251: 14244: 14237: 14231: 14224: 14218: 14211: 14205: 14197: 14193: 14189: 14185: 14180: 14172: 14165: 14159: 14153: 14147: 14140: 14134: 14125: 14119: 14115: 14109: 14107: 14100: 14096: 14092: 14091:The Tomb Room 14087: 14080: 14079:1-86064-426-0 14076: 14070: 14061: 14054: 14048: 14039: 14037: 14035: 14033: 14031: 14011: 14007: 14000: 13997:Üngör, Umut. 13993: 13974: 13970: 13963: 13960:Üngör, Umut. 13956: 13949: 13943: 13927: 13923: 13919: 13913: 13907: 13902: 13895: 13889: 13880: 13873: 13867: 13865: 13863: 13846: 13842: 13835: 13828: 13822: 13820: 13818: 13816: 13814: 13812: 13810: 13808: 13806: 13789: 13785: 13779: 13763: 13759: 13753: 13749: 13748: 13740: 13733: 13718: 13714: 13713: 13708: 13701: 13694: 13688: 13681: 13675: 13673: 13665: 13659: 13643: 13639: 13633: 13626: 13625:1-58477-695-1 13622: 13616: 13614: 13612: 13610: 13608: 13601: 13595: 13593: 13591: 13583: 13579: 13575: 13572: 13567: 13560: 13554: 13547: 13541: 13533: 13526: 13519: 13513: 13506: 13500: 13493: 13487: 13485: 13477: 13471: 13464: 13458: 13442: 13438: 13432: 13428: 13427: 13419: 13413: 13412:0-7146-8427-9 13409: 13403: 13396: 13390: 13382: 13380:9781107507180 13376: 13372: 13365: 13358: 13352: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13322: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13292: 13285: 13279: 13272: 13271: 13266: 13262: 13259: 13253: 13244: 13237: 13236: 13232: 13219: 13215: 13209: 13202: 13196: 13189: 13184: 13176: 13170: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13152: 13144: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13120: 13112: 13106: 13102: 13095: 13088: 13082: 13075: 13071: 13066: 13059: 13054: 13052: 13043: 13037: 13033: 13026: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13005: 12998: 12997:Bergham Books 12994: 12988: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12945:(60): 25–44. 12944: 12940: 12936: 12929: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12908: 12892: 12888: 12886:90-04-07262-4 12882: 12878: 12877: 12872: 12866: 12858: 12857: 12849: 12833: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12817: 12815: 12798: 12794: 12792:9781137384607 12788: 12784: 12783: 12775: 12766: 12759: 12753: 12737: 12733: 12727: 12711: 12707: 12703: 12699: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12668: 12661: 12655: 12653: 12645: 12639: 12637: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12571: 12564: 12563:0-275-97888-5 12560: 12556: 12550: 12544: 12540: 12537: 12533: 12527: 12511: 12507: 12505:9781134899128 12501: 12497: 12493: 12492: 12484: 12475: 12468: 12462: 12453: 12445: 12439: 12435: 12428: 12426: 12418: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12390: 12388: 12378: 12362: 12358: 12352: 12343: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12301: 12297: 12291: 12275: 12271: 12265: 12258: 12252: 12245: 12241: 12235: 12228: 12222: 12220: 12212: 12206: 12200: 12199:975-6461-05-5 12196: 12190: 12188: 12177: 12171: 12161: 12155: 12153: 12151: 12149: 12140: 12133: 12124: 12117: 12116:0-02-865933-3 12113: 12109: 12106:, "Doenmeh", 12105: 12100: 12084: 12080: 12079:Time Magazine 12076: 12070: 12063: 12050: 12046: 12045: 12037: 12027: 12026:975-14-0212-3 12023: 12019: 12013: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11983: 11976: 11970: 11963: 11957: 11950: 11944: 11937: 11936:975-7696-97-8 11933: 11929: 11925: 11919: 11909: 11903: 11895: 11888: 11882: 11878: 11875: 11871: 11865: 11863: 11856: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11842: 11836: 11834: 11826: 11820: 11812: 11809: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11787:Andrew Mango 11784: 11776: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11759:(4): 524–39. 11758: 11754: 11750: 11743: 11741: 11724: 11720: 11714: 11710: 11709: 11701: 11693: 11687: 11683: 11682: 11674: 11668: 11664: 11658: 11652: 11648: 11645: 11641: 11636: 11630: 11626: 11623: 11619: 11618:Milliyetçilik 11613: 11605: 11598: 11596: 11588: 11582: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11528: 11522: 11519: 11515: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11499: 11483: 11479: 11473: 11467: 11463: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11447: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11427: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11378: 11376: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11344: 11342: 11340: 11331: 11329:9788171567515 11325: 11321: 11320: 11312: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11282: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11252: 11245: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11208: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11167: 11152: 11150:9781845111410 11146: 11142: 11141: 11133: 11131: 11129: 11120: 11114: 11110: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11026: 11024:9780231700528 11020: 11016: 11009: 11007: 10999: 10994: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10955: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10922:9781850436140 10918: 10911: 10910: 10902: 10888: 10886:9780192800916 10882: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10859: 10845: 10843:9780199546091 10839: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10822: 10815: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10786: 10782: 10781:Facts On File 10778: 10774: 10770: 10763: 10761: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10743: 10738: 10731: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10699: 10695: 10683: 10677: 10670: 10664: 10657: 10653: 10648: 10642: 10633: 10628: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10613:Kamâl Atatürk 10610: 10606: 10605:Kemal Atatürk 10602: 10598: 10591: 10583: 10582: 10564: 10557: 10480: 10476: 10466: 10463: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10408: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10389: 10383: 10378: 10375: 10364: 10361: 10360:Turkey portal 10350: 10340: 10336: 10324: 10321: 10317: 10305: 10302: 10298: 10297:German Empire 10294: 10282: 10279: 10275: 10274:German Empire 10271: 10259: 10256: 10252: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10221: 10218: 10214: 10202: 10199: 10195: 10194:German Empire 10191: 10179: 10176: 10172: 10160: 10159: 10151:(20 May 1925) 10150: 10138: 10135: 10131: 10119: 10117:(11 May 1918) 10116: 10112: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10043: 10040: 10036: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10005: 10002: 9998: 9986: 9983: 9979: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9948: 9947: 9944: 9939: 9930: 9928: 9922: 9909: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9888: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9874: 9870: 9868: 9867: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9852: 9849: 9846: 9843: 9840: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9802: 9799: 9795: 9790: 9783: 9781: 9777: 9771: 9769: 9768: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9745: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9710: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9681: 9677: 9672: 9668: 9665: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9624:Santo Domingo 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9483: 9481: 9470:November 1963 9456: 9434: 9432: 9429:standards of 9428: 9424: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9378:In 1951, the 9376: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9362:(Haliç), the 9361: 9357: 9353: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9332: 9317: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9302: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9283: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9256: 9251: 9241: 9239: 9236:, or even an 9235: 9231: 9225: 9223: 9222:Sabiha Gökçen 9218: 9214: 9211: 9205: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9190:Fikriye Hanım 9187: 9186:Eleni Karinte 9179: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9158:Personal life 9155: 9151: 9149: 9144: 9141: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9110: 9107:built by the 9106: 9101: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9082: 9079: 9070: 9066: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9047: 9042: 9033: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9010: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8993:In 1931, the 8991: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8975: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8956: 8947: 8945: 8939: 8937: 8933: 8928: 8925: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8897:Regie Company 8894: 8890: 8885: 8883: 8875: 8870: 8861: 8858: 8850: 8840: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8810: 8805: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8745: 8740: 8737: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8713: 8708: 8698: 8695: 8687: 8684:November 2020 8676: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8645: – 8644: 8640: 8639:Find sources: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8617:This section 8615: 8611: 8606: 8605: 8597: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8583: 8579: 8574: 8572: 8567: 8563: 8554: 8545: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8530:Saadabad Pact 8527: 8523: 8518: 8515: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8499: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8478: 8475:, during the 8474: 8470: 8467: 8462: 8453: 8450: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8425: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8404: 8402: 8401:rapprochement 8398: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8380:In 1933, the 8378: 8376: 8372: 8367: 8363: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8302: 8297: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8270: 8268: 8267:Iraqi Turkmen 8264: 8258: 8256: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8244:George Curzon 8242: 8237: 8233: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8208: 8207:Misak-ı Milli 8203: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8186:Mosul Vilayet 8181: 8171: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8147:Atatürk with 8145: 8136: 8133: 8124: 8121: 8116: 8114: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8092: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8081:Turkification 8078: 8074: 8065: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7930:Saffet Arıkan 7927: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7896:Central Asian 7893: 7889: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7834:on 3 May 1935 7833: 7828: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7798: 7794: 7792: 7791:civil society 7787: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7738:Aegean Region 7735: 7730: 7726: 7716: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7697: 7692: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7679:to establish 7678: 7673: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7643: 7639: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7606:Arabic script 7603: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7545:In 1927, the 7543: 7541: 7535: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7508: 7492: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7421: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7304: 7299: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7264: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7245:Sabiha Gökçen 7242: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7161: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7141: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7119: 7117: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7075: 7074:Abdülmecid II 7071: 7066: 7058: 7053: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7001: 6996: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6923:Mevlevi Order 6919: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6883: 6876: 6872: 6866: 6862: 6857: 6848: 6846: 6845:human capital 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6825:first caliphs 6813: 6808: 6806: 6801: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6776: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6679: 6678:United States 6676: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6553:Metapolitefsi 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6389: 6388: 6387:On Revolution 6384: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6368: 6364: 6359: 6358: 6357:Rights of Man 6354: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6308: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6267:De re publica 6264: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6073:Jones (Lynne) 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5868:Adams (Gerry) 5866: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5667:Revolutionary 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5657:Parliamentary 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5466:Civil society 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5442:Republicanism 5440: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5422: 5419: 5411: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5384:This section 5382: 5373: 5372: 5363: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5333: 5328:This section 5326: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5275:Capitulations 5272: 5268: 5259: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5197:Sakarya River 5194: 5185: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5167:Western Front 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5147:Eastern Front 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5097: 5094:(Adıvar) and 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5072:Misak-ı Millî 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5056:last election 5052: 5050: 5049: 5048:Misak-ı Millî 5044: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4951: 4947: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4907:James Harbord 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4859:controversial 4856: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4809:civilians in 4807: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4764:of the Sultan 4763: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4732:Western Front 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4708:Ottoman Syria 4704: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4657:Czar's armies 4654: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4320:Yemen Vilayet 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4302:(present-day 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4184:Abdülhamid II 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4144:Mustafa Elvan 4141: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3996:, she was of 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3943:Zübeyde Hanım 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3767:Fascist Italy 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3728:state funeral 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3700:speak Turkish 3697: 3693: 3689: 3688:Turkification 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3644:Allied powers 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3565:revolutionary 3562: 3561:field marshal 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3437:United States 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3365: 3364:Young Ireland 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3264:Reform League 3262: 3260: 3259:Radicals (UK) 3257: 3254: 3252: 3251:Radical Whigs 3249: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3044:Radical Cause 3042: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3032:United States 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2877:Liberal Party 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2867:Left Liberals 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2570:Action Party 2569: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2483:Papanastasiou 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2453:Mendès France 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2288:Social change 2286: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2266:Republicanism 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2251:Progressivism 2249: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 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1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1616:Social change 1614: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396:Progressivism 1394: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1351: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1275:Turkification 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1235:Republicanism 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1173:Personal life 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1154: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 926: 925: 924: 923: 920: 914: 911: 910: 909: 906: 904: 901: 900: 899: 896: 892: 889: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 874:Anafartalar I 872: 871: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 854:Scimitar Hill 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 826: 825: 822: 821: 820: 817: 816: 815: 812: 806: 803: 802: 801: 798: 794: 791: 790: 789: 786: 785: 784: 781: 777: 774: 772: 769: 768: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 741: 740: 736: 729: 725: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 693:19th Division 691: 690: 688: 684: 677: 674: 669: 666: 665: 663: 659: 653: 643: 641: 631: 629: 619: 618: 616: 612: 605: 595: 590: 580: 575: 565: 564: 562: 558: 553: 549: 545: 541: 538: 535: 531: 527: 524: 520: 513: 512:Zübeyde Hanım 510: 507: 504: 503: 501: 497: 493: 490: 486: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 451: 449: 443: 440: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 416: 412: 409: 407:Resting place 405: 401: 392: 388: 385: 381: 363: 359: 354: 350: 346: 340: 337: 334: 328: 322: 317: 314: 309: 305: 299: 296: 293: 287: 281: 276: 273: 269: 265: 259: 256: 253: 247: 244: 241: 239: 235: 229: 224: 221: 217: 213: 207: 204: 201: 195: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 173: 167: 161: 156: 153: 148: 144: 137: 132: 125: 124: 119: 118: 111: 108: 100: 97:February 2024 90: 86: 82: 78: 72: 68: 66: 61:This article 59: 50: 49: 44: 40: 33: 19: 18:Kemal Ataturk 22560:Masum Türker 22515:Hikmet Çetin 22510:Deniz Baykal 22500:Tansu Çiller 22490:Mesut Yılmaz 22475:Mehmet Yazar 22450:Ahmet Tekdal 22440:Cezmi Kartay 22408:1980–present 22384:Behice Boran 22334:Ekrem Alican 22298:Hikmet Bayur 22288:Nuri Demirağ 22267: 22263:Talaat Pasha 22204: 22192: 22180: 22168: 22156: 22041:Illumination 21977:Architecture 21905:Human rights 21893:Universities 21811:Ethnic Kurds 21798:Demographics 21709:Construction 20947:Turan Dursun 20932:Bahriye Üçok 20901: 20877:Constitution 20813: 20761: 20739: 20506:Attilâ İlhan 20465: 20451:Papa Eftim I 20426:Yusuf Akçura 20391:Talaat Pasha 20235:TurkHackTeam 20114:Turkish Left 19998:Deniz Baykal 19988:Deniz Baykal 19983:Hikmet Çetin 19978:Deniz Baykal 19962: 19900:Deniz Baykal 19764:İsmet Yılmaz 19744:Bülent Arınç 19734:Hikmet Çetin 19724:İsmet Sezgin 19695:(since 1983) 19603:Sırrı Atalay 19471: 19396: 19371:Abdullah Gül 19361:Mesut Yılmaz 19351:Mesut Yılmaz 19346:Tansu Çiller 19338: 19329:Mesut Yılmaz 19316: 19307:Bülent Ulusu 19234: 19230:Cemal Gürsel 19197: 19193:Refik Saydam 19139:Fevzi Çakmak 19133: 19016:Abdullah Gül 18986:Cevdet Sunay 18981:Cemal Gürsel 18965: 18875: 18866: 18842: 18833: 18814: 18805: 18798:Fevzi Çakmak 18786: 18777: 18765: 18751: 18734: 18727:Seventh Army 18724: 18719:Fevzi Çakmak 18709:Fevzi Çakmak 18699:Seventh Army 18696: 18683:Fevzi Çakmak 18670: 18601:Open Library 18592:Open Library 18569:. Retrieved 18565:the original 18560: 18545:. Retrieved 18541:the original 18536: 18525:the original 18512: 18508: 18479: 18475: 18458: 18454: 18413:(1): 77–92. 18410: 18406: 18394:. Retrieved 18390:the original 18377: 18373: 18339:(4): 67–80. 18336: 18332: 18299: 18295: 18269: 18247: 18227: 18206: 18189: 18162: 18142: 18119: 18100: 18077: 18056: 18037: 18017: 17989: 17967: 17948: 17928: 17908: 17885: 17868: 17841: 17818: 17798: 17779: 17776:Barber, Noel 17757: 17734: 17714: 17691: 17678:Bibliography 17671:(2014) p. 43 17669:Macfie, A.L. 17649:. Retrieved 17635: 17623:. Retrieved 17609: 17590: 17586: 17577: 17572: 17563: 17551:. Retrieved 17542: 17532: 17524: 17519: 17511: 17510:Bernd Rill: 17506: 17487: 17475:. Retrieved 17451: 17445: 17433: 17429:Adolf Hitler 17419: 17410: 17396: 17390: 17378:. Retrieved 17374:the original 17369: 17359: 17347:. Retrieved 17343:the original 17333: 17321:. Retrieved 17301: 17279: 17264: 17252:. Retrieved 17238: 17215: 17209: 17185: 17178: 17155: 17149: 17139: 17135: 17127: 17104: 17101:Macfie, A.L. 17080:. Retrieved 17071: 17062: 17050:. Retrieved 17029: 17020: 17013:(in Turkish) 16994: 16982:. Retrieved 16963: 16956: 16946: 16931: 16921: 16913: 16896: 16880: 16875: 16855: 16850: 16829: 16810: 16805: 16788: 16783: 16764: 16759: 16750: 16733: 16718: 16713: 16700: 16684: 16680: 16661: 16642: 16636: 16626:29 September 16624:. Retrieved 16620:the original 16615: 16605: 16596: 16590: 16578:. Retrieved 16574:the original 16569: 16560: 16548:. Retrieved 16539: 16530: 16503: 16495: 16478: 16466:. Retrieved 16455: 16446: 16438: 16429: 16417:. Retrieved 16413:the original 16391: 16388:the original 16377: 16370: 16365: 16357: 16352: 16343: 16331:. Retrieved 16327:the original 16317: 16305:. Retrieved 16291: 16284: 16279: 16272: 16254: 16249: 16240: 16228:. Retrieved 16217: 16208: 16199: 16187:. 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Retrieved 10772: 10751: 10744:(44+2 vols.) 10740: 10730: 10705: 10703:Andrew Mango 10698: 10676: 10663: 10627: 10621:name section 10612: 10604: 10603:appeared as 10479: 10424: 10405: 9924: 9907: 9902: 9899: 9894:Translations 9886: 9881: 9878: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9856: 9850: 9844: 9838: 9833: 9830: 9819:Lord Balfour 9804: 9798:Jenghis Khan 9789:Sulyman Shah 9785: 9775: 9773: 9767:L'Égyptienne 9765: 9762: 9746: 9711: 9699:Adolf Hitler 9684: 9660: 9511: 9501: 9495: 9477: 9420: 9399: 9377: 9372:Turkish lira 9349: 9303: 9284: 9261: 9226: 9219: 9215: 9206: 9194:Latife Uşaki 9183: 9152: 9145: 9137: 9123:district of 9117:Nuri Demirağ 9114: 9094:cotton mills 9083: 9075: 9063:Curtiss Hawk 9055: 9051: 9044:Atatürk and 9011: 8999:Ottoman Bank 8992: 8976: 8969: 8940: 8936:rail network 8929: 8921: 8901:Ottoman Bank 8886: 8880:Atatürk and 8879: 8872:Atatürk and 8853: 8818: 8814: 8773:Turkish Army 8758: 8754: 8749: 8741: 8733: 8721: 8717: 8690: 8681: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8638: 8626:Please help 8621:verification 8618: 8586: 8575: 8559: 8519: 8514:Shi'a clergy 8503:Atatürk and 8502: 8498:Soraya Tarzi 8493:Mahmud Tarzi 8482: 8446: 8437: 8426: 8410: 8393: 8379: 8368: 8364: 8352: 8337: 8313:Russian SFSR 8306: 8259: 8252: 8229: 8205: 8183: 8165: 8134: 8130: 8117: 8093: 8088: 8076: 8070: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8016:Adnan Saygun 8009: 8007: 8000: 7981: 7969:plastic arts 7964: 7956: 7950: 7941: 7937: 7928: 7903: 7887: 7876: 7855: 7843: 7837: 7820:Yusuf Akçura 7796: 7786:Andrew Mango 7766: 7722: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7660: 7651:Dil Encümeni 7650: 7647: 7599: 7550: 7544: 7537: 7531: 7527:To the women 7526: 7525: 7512: 7506: 7489: 7477: 7450: 7434: 7429: 7409:Mehmet Cavid 7407:, including 7397: 7366: 7351: 7323:tribal chief 7308: 7276:orders, the 7271: 7266: 7258: 7237: 7201: 7164: 7148: 7143: 7125: 7113: 7102: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7062: 7057:Republic Day 7040: 7036: 7028: 7023: 7021: 7014:set a loose 7004: 6989:Nâzım Hikmet 6976: 6968:totalitarian 6956: 6936: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6829:Fevzi Çakmak 6821: 6750: 6385: 6375: 6365: 6355: 6345: 6335: 6325: 6315: 6305: 6295: 6285: 6275: 6265: 6255: 6068:Jones (Elin) 5973:Flynn (Paul) 5933:Clarke (Tom) 5928:Clark (Katy) 5877: 5873:Adams (John) 5694:Philosophers 5471:Civic virtue 5433:Part of the 5414: 5405: 5392:spinning off 5385: 5357: 5329: 5294:Republic Day 5287: 5264: 5190: 5171: 5163:had occupied 5161:) that they 5151:Greek forces 5124:Grand Vizier 5121: 5105: 5071: 5063: 5053: 5046: 5036: 5009: 4948: 4926: 4919: 4852: 4822: 4815: 4803: 4799:Lord Kinross 4787:Jordan River 4767: 4762:aide-de-camp 4703:Talaat Pasha 4700:Grand Vizier 4670:, replacing 4668:Seventh Army 4665: 4652: 4642: 4583: 4575: 4501: 4471: 4429: 4364:Tripolitania 4344:Red Crescent 4336: 4293: 4255: 4249: 4229:Isa Boletini 4222: 4215: 4204: 4175: 4155: 4117: 4042: 4039: 3951: 3938: 3923:Thessaloniki 3914: 3912: 3846: 3835: 3825: 3821: 3807: 3799:Andrew Mango 3780: 3742: 3732: 3668: 3662:in 1922 and 3622:against its 3609: 3601:his policies 3548: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3287:Spain (1977) 3282:Spain (1934) 3136:Radical Left 2937:New Liberals 2850:The Mountain 2714:Democrats 66 2611:Centre Union 2458:Mill (James) 2443:Lloyd George 2347: 1904:Muslim world 1736:de Condorcet 1726:Breckinridge 1705: 1468:Christianity 1334: 1308: 1307: 1216: 1215: 1150: 734: 727:Battles/wars 652:Turkish Army 628:Ottoman Army 447:affiliations 395:(1938-11-10) 343:Succeeded by 335: 320: 302:Succeeded by 294: 279: 266:Fevzi Çakmak 262:Succeeded by 254: 243:Fevzi Çakmak 227: 210:Succeeded by 202: 159: 121: 114: 107: 94: 62: 22667:1938 deaths 22662:1881 births 22610:Ali Babacan 22530:Altan Öymen 22525:Recai Kutan 22430:Erdal İnönü 22425:Necdet Calp 22420:Turgut Özal 22399:Kemal Satır 22293:Celâl Bayar 22283:İsmet İnönü 22278:Fethi Okyar 22256:Before 1960 22194:WikiProject 22125:Video games 21917:Individuals 21910:LGBT rights 21900:Health care 21867:Immigration 21648:Gendarmerie 21607:Referendums 21523:Legislative 21420:Earthquakes 21305:Oghuz Turks 21194:Dissolution 20968:White Turks 20942:Abdi İpekçi 20907:İsmet İnönü 20897:Young Turks 20794:Article 301 20784:Surname Law 20496:Namık Kemal 20471:Peyami Safa 20456:Nihal Atsız 20396:Enver Pasha 20386:Ziya Gökalp 20320:(left-wing) 20287:(1923–1944) 20268:Young Turks 20195:Grey Wolves 20175:Atsız Youth 20144:Ulusalcılık 20099:Pan-Turkism 19993:Altan Öymen 19968:İsmet İnönü 19860:İsmet İnönü 19830:Suphi Artel 19759:Cemil Çiçek 19643:Kemal Güven 19628:Fuat Sirmen 19542:Kâzım Orbay 19482:Kâzım Özalp 19477:Fethi Okyar 19340:Erdal İnönü 19312:Turgut Özal 19262:Ferit Melen 19242:İsmet İnönü 19210:Recep Peker 19188:Celâl Bayar 19183:İsmet İnönü 19178:Fethi Okyar 19173:İsmet İnönü 19164:(1923–2018) 19149:Fethi Okyar 19125:(1920–1923) 19001:Turgut Özal 18996:Kenan Evren 18976:Celâl Bayar 18971:İsmet İnönü 18887:İsmet İnönü 18854:İsmet İnönü 18826:Fethi Okyar 18673:Second Army 18482:: 221–255. 17254:10 November 17136:Sarı Zeybek 16984:31 December 16580:12 November 16550:12 November 16419:10 November 16333:26 November 16307:26 November 16071:, page 111. 15864:Neos Kosmos 15839:, 1901–1955 14631:11 February 14532:Cleveland, 14507:Laut (2002) 14208:Atillasoy, 13932:10 February 13851:20 November 13825:Wolf-Gazo, 13648:6 September 13341:21 November 13311:21 November 12590:21 November 12367:10 November 12306:10 November 12280:10 November 12089:28 December 11364:22 November 11301:21 November 10337:awarded by 10318:awarded by 10299:awarded by 10276:awarded by 10253:awarded by 10234:awarded by 10215:awarded by 10196:awarded by 10175:Ferdinand I 10173:awarded by 10132:awarded by 10113:awarded by 10094:awarded by 10075:awarded by 10056:awarded by 10037:awarded by 10018:awarded by 9999:awarded by 9980:awarded by 9961:awarded by 9927:World War I 9738:Bangladeshi 9730:Anwar Sadat 9714:Third World 9691:World War I 9680:Mexico City 9644:Netherlands 9638:borough of 9548:New Zealand 9364:Atatürk Dam 9360:Golden Horn 9295:sarcophagus 9140:Celâl Bayar 9111:in Istanbul 9078:Celâl Bayar 9046:İsmet İnönü 8882:İsmet İnönü 8874:Celâl Bayar 8809:Hatay State 8779:forming 11 8736:Balkan Pact 8600:Balkan Pact 8566:Dardanelles 8442:Balkan Pact 8317:imperialist 8156:Afghanistan 8096:Surname Law 8077:ulus devlet 7965:Halkodaları 7946:Surname Law 7908:hieroglyphs 7879:terminology 7757:Fethi Okyar 7725:Fethi Okyar 7685:coeducation 7377:Refet Pasha 7325:of a local 7315:Sheikh Said 7194:just after 7107:(1926) and 7070:Sunni Islam 6837:İsmet İnönü 6833:Kâzım Özalp 6701:Common good 6641:New Zealand 6636:Netherlands 6381:(1835–1840) 6351:(1787–1788) 6261:(c. 375 BC) 6183:Robespierre 5958:Etherington 5893:Benn (Tony) 5862:Politicians 5840:Tocqueville 5800:Montesquieu 5780:Machiavelli 5526:Rule of law 5521:Res publica 5348:subheadings 5271:İsmet İnönü 5129:signed the 5092:Halide Edib 5080:the speaker 5004:İsmet Pasha 4939:Yusuf Kemal 4922:Enver Pasha 4897:during the 4887:Abdul Hamid 4672:Fevzi Pasha 4614:Second Army 4600:during the 4572:Cevat Pasha 4553:World War I 4541:World War I 4534:, during a 4532:Switzerland 4528:Balkan Wars 4416:Balkan Wars 4360:Balkan Wars 4241:Eqrem Vlora 4140:Lütfi Müfit 4092:Early years 4049:(in modern 4037:ancestors. 4028:his reforms 3897:village of 3803:Namık Kemal 3763:Balkan Pact 3755:imperialism 3751:colonialism 3724:İsmet İnönü 3616:World War I 3597:nationalist 3432:Switzerland 3059:Radicales K 3027:South Korea 2947:Parti rouge 2902:More Europe 2862:Left Centre 2655:Clear Grits 2498:Robespierre 2438:La Follette 2256:Rationalism 1998:Technocracy 1909:South Korea 1776:La Follette 1435:Machine Age 1295:Surname Law 849:Chunuk Bair 814:World War I 783:Balkan Wars 606:(1923–1927) 592:(1921–1923) 577:(1893–1919) 494:(1923–1925) 474:(1919–1923) 468:(1918-1919) 462:(1907–1918) 427:Nationality 376: 1881 347:İsmet İnönü 331:Preceded by 306:Fethi Okyar 290:Preceded by 250:Preceded by 214:İsmet İnönü 198:Preceded by 188:Celâl Bayar 183:Fethi Okyar 178:İsmet İnönü 85:subheadings 22646:Categories 22625:Özgür Özel 22620:Ümit Özdağ 22550:Zeki Sezer 22535:Ahmet Türk 22344:Ahmet Oğuz 22066:Newspapers 22051:Literature 22031:Folk dance 21932:Corruption 21816:Minorities 21744:Renewables 21699:Automotive 21508:Government 21239:Secularism 20994:Good Party 20957:Uğur Mumcu 20922:Aziz Nesin 20887:People and 20555:Historical 20541:Sinan Oğan 20536:Ümit Özdağ 20370:Good Party 20190:Deep State 20180:Black Gang 20084:İttihadism 20008:Özgür Özel 19895:Oktay Ekşi 19810:Hasan Saka 19678:Sadi Irmak 19277:Sadi Irmak 19257:Nihat Erim 19215:Hasan Saka 19144:Rauf Orbay 18959:Presidents 18537:TP Editors 18396:10 October 17860:1037807472 17132:Can Dündar 16906:0199933731 16889:0199988455 16866:0739167936 16841:0313338566 16820:1402768826 16799:0230612458 16693:0230612458 16523:3406619789 16189:10 October 16069:0313307083 15301:19 January 15200:19 January 15155:19 January 14947:19 January 14758:19 January 14443:2002155283 14406:1 February 14396:"About Us" 14081:, page 207 12742:29 October 12443:0865319863 12332:29 October 11416:27 October 11238:16 January 11197:18 January 10804:23 January 10799:2008020716 10691:References 10650:; in this 10595:After the 10574:-tə-fə kə- 10320:Wilhelm II 10301:Wilhelm II 10278:Wilhelm II 10198:Wilhelm II 10190:Iron Cross 9596:Bangladesh 9592:Chittagong 9544:Wellington 9540:Kazakhstan 9532:Azerbaijan 9480:media help 9394:outlawing 9268:cigarettes 9248:See also: 8924:İş Bankası 8837:İskenderun 8781:army corps 8654:newspapers 8538:Zahir Shah 8471:(left) of 8301:Voroshilov 8277:See also: 8178:See also: 7957:Halkevleri 7892:linguistic 7696:parliament 7672:skill base 7624:. The new 7614:John Dewey 7532:To the men 7491:affection. 7453:penal code 7393:secularism 7339:Diyarbakır 7331:Diyarbakır 7327:Naqshbandi 7221:Panama hat 7192:Panama hat 7151:John Dewey 7043:in 1935). 7035:(the word 6902:pragmatism 6741:Monarchism 6731:Liberalism 6726:Jacobinism 6416:Gaṇasaṅgha 6271:(54–51 BC) 5755:Harrington 5632:Democratic 5622:Capitalist 5617:Autonomous 5599:Venizelism 5584:Khomeinism 5396:relocating 5344:condensing 5300:Presidency 5290:proclaimed 5251:See also: 4964:See also: 4863:Young Turk 4740:Wilhelm II 4598:Fifth Army 4557:See also: 4420:See also: 4272:See also: 4160:Third Army 4121:Fifth Army 4096:See also: 4009:Macedonian 3856:Early life 3818:Old Turkic 3814:given name 3593:secularist 3234:Luxembourg 3174:Luxembourg 3119:Luxembourg 2795:GroenLinks 2736:(elements) 2648:Hébertists 2643:Dantonists 2638:Cordeliers 2606:Blue Party 2518:Saint-Just 2488:Papandreou 2373:Clemenceau 2368:Cartwright 2276:Secularism 2271:Revolution 2195:Jacobinism 2081:Radicalism 1976:Liberalism 1410:Atomic Age 1240:Secularism 1092:Ararat III 1022:Dumlupınar 989:Haritan II 979:Khan Ayash 859:Kılıçbayır 839:No. 3 Post 829:Anzac Cove 698:16th Corps 560:Allegiance 81:condensing 22120:TV series 22078:Miniature 22021:Festivals 21937:Terrorism 21888:Education 21821:Languages 21665:Air Force 21580:Elections 21528:Executive 21474:Mountains 21341:Geography 21260:Overviews 21199:Partition 21165:Tulip era 20501:Gün Sazak 20406:Ali Suavi 20259:Political 20250:Wind Unit 19800:Şerif Bey 19739:Ömer İzgi 19588:Enver Aka 19318:Ali Bozer 19267:Naim Talu 18867:New title 18834:New title 18806:New title 18778:New title 18521:1300-6606 18515:: 15–42. 18488:0079-7294 18467:0884-9382 18443:154739517 18427:0020-7438 18386:1043-0164 18361:144066199 18353:0026-3206 18316:0013-0133 18075:(2002) . 17543:Afrik.com 17436:World War 17220:Routledge 17109:Routledge 17042:0040-781X 16969:Routledge 16891:, p. 167. 16869:, p. 146. 16823:, p. 106. 16494:Eastham, 16452:"History" 16393:ceremony. 16356:Webster, 16297:"Skylife" 16283:Emrence, 16167:, 232–33. 15579:1 January 15518:1 January 15420:9 October 15394:9 October 15368:9 October 14991:: 1–226. 14857:144367148 14666:Atatürk, 14521:Habertürk 14453:4 October 14190:: 45–54. 14162:Kinross, 14150:Tüfekçi, 13870:İğdemir, 13478:, 391–392 13461:Webster, 13224:1 January 13165:Routledge 13020:, p. 214. 12959:1363-3554 12698:0043-2539 12642:Lengyel, 12565:, p. 255. 12496:Routledge 12469:, page 96 12419:. p. 490. 12118:, p. 732. 12028:, p. 31. 11801:pp. 25–27 11775:132176422 11553:0011-5266 11451:Afet İnan 11271:3 October 11156:7 January 11087:7 January 11069:0952-1909 10944:4 October 10641:romanized 10236:Charles I 10115:Mehmed VI 9887:Geometri 9815:Ali Kemal 9794:Tamerlane 9650:is named 9640:Amsterdam 9600:Islamabad 9580:New Delhi 9560:Australia 9437:Worldwide 9390:) issued 9358:over the 9340:Anıtkabir 9299:Anıtkabir 9276:cirrhosis 9028:from the 9012:From the 9003:Sümerbank 8981:with the 8960:Sümerbank 8930:In 1927, 8785:divisions 8769:conflicts 8542:Mussolini 8505:Reza Shah 8466:Reza Shah 8360:Comintern 7999:) titled 7948:in 1934. 7912:cuneiform 7832:Etimesgut 7816:Afet İnan 7781:pluralism 7591:Sümerbank 7583:Sumerians 7575:Phrygians 7555:sculpture 7389:modernism 7329:order in 7249:Afet İnan 7225:Kastamonu 7208:Mahmud II 7109:Jerusalem 7065:caliphate 6960:communism 6596:Australia 6228:Venizelos 6218:Spadolini 6208:Slaughter 6153:McDonnell 6118:Mackenzie 6063:Jefferson 6018:Griffiths 5998:de Gaulle 5993:Garibaldi 5953:Drakeford 5845:Warburton 5765:Jefferson 5760:Honderich 5740:Condorcet 5627:Christian 5589:Nasserism 5564:Classical 5481:Democracy 5408:June 2024 5360:June 2024 5352:talk page 5340:splitting 5338:Consider 5241:massacres 5178:Bolshevik 5110:based in 4891:Gallipoli 4879:Armenians 4871:Albanians 4770:Mehmed VI 4688:Jerusalem 4686:captured 4663:erupted. 4610:XVI Corps 4481:Enver Bey 4451:Fethi Bey 4432:Gallipoli 4372:Cyrenaica 4352:Fethi Bey 4348:Enver Bey 4339:limestone 4209:(present 4123:based in 4005:Albanians 3935:Kodžadžik 3903:Kodžadžik 3882:), now a 3795:Afet İnan 3620:genocides 3581:his death 3577:president 3376:By region 2533:Venizelos 2503:Roosevelt 2493:Plastiras 2473:Mossadegh 2423:Jefferson 2393:Garibaldi 2234:Modernity 1889:Argentina 1883:By region 1871:Yavlinsky 1540:Modernity 1450:Space Age 1208:Mausoleum 1085:Ararat II 974:Haritan I 891:Sari Bair 869:Suvla Bay 543:Signature 522:Relatives 420:Anıtkabir 321:In office 280:In office 228:In office 160:In office 115:Halâskâr 89:talk page 77:splitting 75:Consider 22170:Category 22108:Football 22093:Painting 22036:Folklore 21944:Marriage 21850:Istanbul 21833:Religion 21786:Railways 21776:Aviation 21714:Currency 21572:Politics 21540:Judicial 21516:Branches 21494:Wildlife 21284:Military 21272:Economic 21177:Tanzimat 20741:Öztürkçe 20718:Policies 20446:Rıza Nur 20124:Turanism 20089:Kemalism 20057:Ideology 18571:7 August 18547:29 April 18496:60448681 18288:Journals 18268:(2004). 18225:(1987). 18215:54074541 18181:80503960 18099:(2004). 18008:55516821 17988:(2003). 17947:(2007). 17937:75604149 17906:(2006). 17877:54431696 17778:(1988). 17756:(1983). 17712:(1972). 17651:15 March 17645:Archived 17625:15 March 17619:Archived 17598:Archived 17553:19 March 17547:Archived 17495:Archived 17471:Archived 17459:. 2014. 17380:19 April 17349:19 April 17317:Archived 17272:Archived 17248:Archived 17141:Milliyet 17103:(2014). 17076:Archived 17046:Archived 17002:Archived 16940:Archived 16908:, p. 76. 16844:, p. 19. 16695:, p. 84. 16669:Archived 16544:Archived 16511:Archived 16498:, 132–36 16462:Archived 16301:Archived 16271:Barlas, 16224:Archived 16138:, 347–57 16116:Archived 16101:, p. 33. 16087:Archived 16057:Archived 15966:Archived 15888:Archived 15856:Archived 15755:7 August 15512:Archived 15469:Archived 15414:Archived 15388:Archived 15295:Archived 15191:Archived 15149:Archived 15062:Archived 14993:Archived 14941:Archived 14706:23 April 14651:Archived 14568:73683493 14447:Archived 14356:, 204–05 14352:Landau, 14290:Landau, 14277:Özelli, 14234:Landau, 14166:, p. 343 14095:Archived 14055:, 297–98 14051:Weiker, 14010:Archived 13973:Archived 13926:Archived 13874:, 165–70 13829:, 15–42. 13788:Archived 13762:Archived 13723:24 April 13717:Archived 13712:Hurriyet 13574:Archived 13503:Landau, 13441:Archived 13335:Archived 13305:Archived 13261:Archived 13159:(2014). 13131:(2011). 12977:14 March 12971:Archived 12967:25472814 12897:14 March 12891:Archived 12838:14 March 12832:Archived 12803:14 March 12797:Archived 12710:Archived 12625:15 March 12619:Archived 12615:Hürriyet 12584:Archived 12539:Archived 12510:Archived 12361:Archived 12274:Archived 12213:, p. 37. 12049:Archived 12002:23 April 11877:Archived 11851:Archived 11804:Archived 11723:Archived 11647:Archived 11625:Archived 11589:, p. 37. 11565:Archived 11561:20023842 11541:Daedalus 11535:(1968). 11514:Archived 11488:7 August 11462:Archived 11435:Archived 11410:Archived 11406:83-16872 11358:Archived 11295:Archived 11265:Archived 11232:Archived 11191:Archived 11081:Archived 11077:59138386 10969:19922607 10935:Archived 10931:29416622 10777:New York 10720:Archived 10586:Turkish: 10465:Kemalism 10346:See also 10128:Turkey: 10096:Mehmed V 10077:Mehmed V 10058:Mehmed V 10039:Mehmed V 10020:Mehmed V 10001:Mehmed V 9982:Mehmed V 9749:Istanbul 9736:and the 9604:Pakistan 9564:Santiago 9556:Canberra 9312:and the 9210:Sorbonne 9125:Istanbul 9121:Beşiktaş 8777:officers 8571:Istanbul 8034:stated: 7973:idolatry 7936:, said " 7713:geometry 7709:Geometri 7587:Hittites 7373:Rauf Bey 7303:Büyükada 7133:Tanzimat 7129:medreses 7027:renamed 7024:de facto 6894:Kemalism 6865:Çarşamba 6666:Scotland 6606:Barbados 6257:Republic 6173:Prescott 6143:Naysmith 6133:McKechin 6093:La Malfa 6088:Khomeini 6048:Iorwerth 6013:Griffith 5988:Gambetta 5983:Galloway 5968:Ferguson 5948:Davidson 5943:Cromwell 5938:Connolly 5918:Campbell 5835:Sunstein 5820:Rousseau 5815:Polybius 5750:Franklin 5730:Chappell 5725:Cattaneo 5662:People's 5647:Imperial 5579:Kemalism 5516:Republic 5450:Concepts 5332:too long 5306:Kemalism 5149:and the 5096:Ali Fuat 5039:congress 4905:General 4835:Anatolia 4759:Honorary 4744:Karlsbad 4586:European 4512:Kaymakam 4485:Dimetoka 4478:Kaymakam 4398:and the 4388:Lausanne 4252:Picardie 4199:Picardie 4164:Manastır 4156:Kolağası 4136:Ali Fuat 4125:Damascus 4071:Istanbul 4069:(modern 4024:Islamist 3986:Anatolia 3958:Albanian 3876:Salonika 3874:city of 3840:— 3824:(1934), 3720:Istanbul 3704:toponyms 3628:Armenian 3605:Kemalism 3417:Paraguay 3382:Bulgaria 3124:Paraguay 3079:Bulgaria 2755:Far Left 2508:Rosselli 2418:Hobhouse 2303:Suffrage 2239:Populism 2122:Chartism 2073:a series 2071:Part of 1866:Yamamoto 1826:Sampedro 1721:Brandeis 1555:Progress 1388:a series 1386:Part of 1310:Kemalism 1168:Timeline 1078:Ararat I 954:Damascus 834:Baby 700 735:See list 708:7th Army 703:2nd Army 686:Commands 528:(sister) 514:(mother) 508:(father) 402:, Turkey 400:Istanbul 380:Salonica 311:1st 150:1st 65:too long 22327:1960–80 22206:Outline 22182:Commons 22115:Theater 22098:Pottery 22014:Ottoman 22009:Cuisine 21987:Ottoman 21964:Culture 21949:Poverty 21881:Society 21766:Tourism 21719:Defense 21691:Economy 21533:Cabinet 21464:Geology 21408:Climate 21350:Regions 21277:Ottoman 21095:Beyliks 21091:Seljuks 21056:History 20261:parties 19397:Italics 18692:Unknown 18621:of the 18617:in the 18608:at the 18380:(312). 18324:2228117 18198:1926301 18101:Atatürk 18065:1337444 17929:Atatürk 17477:30 June 17423:In his 17105:Atatürk 16964:Ataturk 16811:Atheism 16745:, p. 86 16570:Atatürk 16369:Doğan, 16255:Atatürk 16253:Mango, 16152:Atatürk 16150:Mango, 15991:Atatürk 15989:Mango, 15494:Atatürk 15492:Mango, 15465:4282948 15068:22 July 14584:, xxxix 14481:. p. 66 14367:Atatürk 14365:Mango, 14281:, 77–92 14223:Çankaya 14139:Atatürk 14137:Mango, 14019:8 April 13982:8 April 13894:Atatürk 13892:Mango, 13872:Atatürk 13693:Atatürk 13691:Mango, 13680:Atatürk 13678:Mango, 13664:Atatürk 13662:Mango, 13518:Atatürk 13516:Mango, 13492:Atatürk 13490:Mango, 13476:Atatürk 13474:Mango, 13395:Atatürk 13393:Mango, 13357:Atatürk 13355:Mango, 13201:Босфор. 13161:Atatürk 13085:Ahmad, 13010:Atatürk 12706:1569959 12229:, p. 2. 12209:Mango, 12055:9 March 11874:p. 144. 11845:p. 31, 11729:27 June 11644:p. 1064 11587:Atatürk 11585:Mango, 10643:: 10615:on his 10581:-ə-turk 10295:of the 10272:of the 10192:of the 9889:, 1937. 9634:in the 9620:Tunisia 9608:Larkana 9304:In his 9287:cortège 9238:atheist 9133:Nu D.38 9129:Nu D.36 9105:Nu D.36 9090:Nazilli 9007:Etibank 8833:Antakya 8811:'s flag 8793:cavalry 8789:brigade 8761:Dobruja 8714:in 1931 8668:scholar 8469:Pahlavi 8333:bullion 8234:at the 8108:Turkish 7959:) and " 7942:Atatürk 7902:titled 7755:leader 7734:Menemen 7642:Kayseri 7610:Persian 7595:Etibank 7579:Lydians 7567:Ottoman 7474:in 1930 7461:laïcité 7385:statism 7282:dervish 7198:in 1925 6964:fascism 6927:dervish 6906:statism 6898:realism 6841:reforms 6631:Morocco 6621:Jamaica 6616:Ireland 6601:Bahamas 6403:History 6223:Taverne 6198:Skinner 6178:Ritchie 6123:Madison 6103:Lincoln 6053:Jackson 6043:Huppert 6038:Hopkins 5963:Fabiani 5923:Chapman 5908:Bolívar 5898:Bennett 5888:Bartley 5878:Atatürk 5790:Mazzini 5785:Madison 5715:Bentham 5705:Baggini 5672:Secular 5652:Islamic 5637:Federal 5574:Federal 5558:Schools 5330:may be 5279:Straits 5238:ensuing 5224:in the 5215:by the 5209:Mareşal 5145:in the 5084:diarchy 5058:to the 5012:Mirliva 4612:of the 4520:Colonel 4448:Binbaşı 4378:in the 4328:Tripoli 4132:Captain 4031:claimed 4012:Torbeši 3990:Turkish 3939:Kocacık 3915:Selanik 3899:Kocacık 3895:Ottoman 3872:Ottoman 3810:surname 3783:Mustafa 3712:He died 3589:secular 3585:reforms 3571:of the 3449:Related 3422:Romania 3407:Hungary 3397:Ecuador 3392:Denmark 3239:Estonia 3204:Finland 3164:Hungary 3154:Bolivia 3099:Ukraine 3084:Estonia 3022:Belgium 2845:Jacobin 2538:Virchow 2523:Stevens 2468:Mommsen 2448:Mazzini 2433:Leclerc 2428:Lacombe 2378:Cobbett 2358:Bolívar 2353:Bentham 2348:Atatürk 2325:Welfare 2281:Laicité 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