1165:
2701:
841:
1026:
393:
951:
578:
33:
2775:
2604:
1008:, he led a sometimes hardened opposition to his former party. At the first congress of the DP in January 1947, Bayar demanded that the Election Law be amended, so that the same person cannot be both president and party chairman, and that other antidemocratic laws should be abolished. Although the DP was supported by religious circles who were dissatisfied with the effective secularism policy of the one-party period, Bayar's
989:". The motion demanded political liberalization in the country and in the party, but was soundly rejected by the members of the CHP Central Council. On 21 September, 1945, the CHP Council unanimously expelled Köprülü and Menderes from the party, and after a short time Koraltan. Bayar resigned from his parliamentary position in September 1945 and from the CHP in December 1945. On January 7, 1946, the four founded the
1181:(Our Home), which aimed to bring together ex-Democrats who lost their political rights. He held a historic meeting with his political rival İnönü on 14 May 1969 that lead to CHP passing a constitutional amendment which returned suspended rights to former DP members. This amendment offended Sunay and the army, and also divided the Justice Party, resulting in the birth of the
871:(until 7 July 1924). Bayar was influential in determining the economic policy of the regime as a result of being in Mustafa Kemal's close circle during this period. A policy of a modern and state supported capitalism was pursued. On 26 August 1924, Atatürk commissioned Bayar to found a national bank, which resulted in the foundation of
1149:. Concerns arose that the Justice Party would be shut down. The decision was eventually made to postpone Bayar's release from prison on 28 March. After being under surveillance in Ankara Hospital for 6 months, he was sent back to Kayseri Prison (5 October, 1963), although there was no change in his health status.
1093:
entering politics and business. Although secularism was not abandoned, the explicitly secularist policy of the one-party regime was abandoned. In the second half of the 1950s, with the impact of the economic depression, the DP pursued increasingly authoritarian policies and put heavy pressure on the
1140:
Due to ill health he was brought to Ankara for treatment on 14 February, 1962 and was taken back to prison in
Kayseri five days later. Under pressure from ex-DP supporters, Bayar's sentence was suspended by the government for a period of six months due to his health issues and he was released on 22
1049:
on 22 May 1950. He subsequently resigned from the DP leadership, though regularly discussed policy with his prime minister and DP leader successor, Menderes. He was the first president of the
Republic without a military background. He was also the first to do away with a non-partisan appearance,
937:
after İnönü left the government. During the Bayar government, the
Denizbank Law, which continued the statist approach, was enacted and several nationalizations were made. However there was no significant change in the composition of the government nor a significant change in economic policy. He
1123:
on the morning of the coup and then tried to commit suicide by holding the pistol in his jacket pocket to his temple. However, the soldiers were more agile than the 77-year-old Bayar and managed to take the gun from him. Bayar was arrested along with other
Democrats, and was tried at the
968:
The end of World War II brought about a global wave of democracy, which resumed the power struggle in the one-party regime between the two versions of statism espoused by İnönü and Bayar. Opposition to the CHP administration surfaced during the voting of the 1945 Budget Law; Bayar,
993:(DP) and Bayar was elected as the leader of the party. The party program of the DP featured Bayar style approaches to economic policy, political democratization, decreasing the power of the bureaucracy, and encouraging private initiative while maintaining the principle of statism.
1088:
During ten-years of
Democrat rule, Turkish society went through deep transformations. An inflationary economic policy encouraging private enterprise was followed, though the role of the state was not reduced. Political participation increased, leading to a large cadre of
1591:
985:. The division within the party became more evident on 7 June, 1945, when Bayar, Menderes, Koraltan and Köprülü submitted a motion to the chairmanship of the CHP Parliamentary Group asking for "amendments to the Party's statute and some laws", known as the "
1390:
Gerçek Nüfus tezkiresinde kayıtlı adı Mahmud
Celaleddin'dir. Daha sonra Mahmud adını da nadiren kullanan Bayar'a sonraları sadece Celal olarak hitap edilecektir; Cemal Kutay, Üç Devirden Hakikatler, Alağaoğlu Yayıncılık, İstanbul 1982, s.
1141:
March 1963. Bayar came to Ankara the next day, and was greeted by a large convoy and crowd. This enthusiastic welcome caused chaos in the streets, with protests going so far as vandalizing the headquarters of the successor of the DP, the
3644:
1321:
deputy for the
Democratic Party between 1946 and 1960, the Bursa deputy for the Justice Party between 1965 and 1969 and İstanbul deputy for the Democratic Party between 1973 and 1975 and then for the Justice Party between 1975 and 1980.
707:
for the
Ottomans, he was tried and acquitted as a war criminal at the İzmir Martial Law Court. However, when the allied powers continued advancing into Ottoman territory despite the armistice, various nationalist organizations known as
616:, he served as the secretary-general of a newly founded local branch of the organization, with instructions to organize Unionist infrastructure in Anatolia. Bayar formed a Unionist militia in Bursa with the intention to join up with
1310:(1921–2024). Refii Bayar was the General Manager of "Milli Reasurans," a reinsurance company, from 1929 to 1939, was the founder of "Halk Evleri", an educational government entity in Istanbul, and was a journalist and published the
2219:
1192:, on the grounds that one can represent the people only if elected. When a large group of Democratic Party members returned to the Justice Party after the amnesty was granted, Bayar also supported the Justice Party in the
1739:
Erhard Franz: "Biographien führender Persönlichkeiten des öffentlichen Lebens. Bayar, Mahmut Celâl", in: Klaus-Detlev
Grothusen (Hrg.): "Türkei. Südosteuropa-Handbuch. Band IV", Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1985
1176:
Restoring ex-Democrats full political rights was a divisive issue in Turkey during the 1960s. After being pardoned, Bayar worked to restore the political rights of former DP members. In 1968, he founded a club called
1128:
on charges of "treason" and "violating the constitution". He tried to commit suicide again with a waist belt while he was imprisoned in Yassıada but failed. He was sentenced to death on 15 September, 1961. The
3589:
1012:
background was seen as an assurance of the party's commitment to secularism. But he was among the moderates in the DP regarding the opposition to the CHP. The "extremists" later left the party and founded the
1642:
The SO member—and later
Turkish president—Celal Bayar was appointed the local CUP responsible clerk; he collaborated with Kuşçubaşı in plunder, arson, and murder to scare the Greek Rum into fleeing from the
1133:
approved the death sentence for Menderes, Zorlu, and Polatkan, but the punishment for Bayar and other twelve party members was commuted to life imprisonment. Bayar was transferred from Yassıada to
942:). Differences of opinion with İnönü led him to resign from the premiership on 25 January 1939. The rivalry between İnönü and Bayar became one of the most significant rivalries in Turkish history.
906:
and capitalist economy. Bayar's term as economic minister saw an increase in regulatory interventions in the economy by the state, and high levels of industrialization. For this purpose, the
902:
During his teneurship as economic minister (between 1932 and 1937), Bayar became one of the leading advocates of statism. Bayar understood statism as an effective tool in the creation of a
965:, Bayar's political activity was limited; though he was re-elected as a member of parliament, he shunned from the cabinet. After 1943, he took a moderate opposition to the government.
1082:
2226:
1156:
on July 8, 1966. With a new amnesty law enacted by the Justice Party government on 8 August 1966, all former DP members, including those sentenced to life imprisonment, were freed.
1924:
518:
907:
3171:
3594:
3323:
3202:
3534:
3529:
1895:
1077:
in February 1952. Bayar became the first president of Turkey to make an official visit to the United States in 1954. In a speech at a DP rally in İstanbul before the
3303:
2464:
2009:
3569:
1055:
1051:
3584:
3293:
2763:
2458:
728:). Bayar fled into the mountains after hearing rumors of an impending allied occupation of İzmir and finding out his name was on an arrest list from the
3689:
721:
3227:
2482:
3098:
1259:
3659:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
2212:
439:
branches. Following the declaration of the Republic, he founded much of Turkey's early financial institutions, including the country's first bank,
918:
were established to finance industrialization. Nationalizations, protectionist economic policies, and many state monopolies were created. However
3579:
3549:
3514:
3273:
3333:
3308:
2592:
2741:
1983:
3574:
1545:
1164:
479:
1497:
3599:
2570:
1920:
3519:
864:
852:
835:
709:
459:
3684:
3539:
2787:
1228:
1152:
He remained in Kayseri Prison until 8 November 1964, when he was released once more for health reasons. He was pardoned by president
1693:
3694:
494:, serving for 10 years as president. In that period, Menderes was his prime minister. He was overthrown and incarcerated after the
3664:
3614:
3544:
2756:
2700:
2235:
868:
205:
2390:
2370:
1029:
President Bayar receives a standing ovation after his speech before a joint session of Congress. Behind him are Vice-President
990:
888:
800:
498:, and advocated for the restoration of rights of former politicians associated with the Democrat Party following his release.
463:
662:
3091:
2154:
1884:
1635:
1605:
658:
2337:
3649:
2359:
819:
760:
3554:
2186:
713:
335:
167:
1098:
took place on 6–7 September 1955. Bayar also had a decisive influence in encouraging authoritarianism by the Democrats.
561:. His older brothers were Behzat and Asım. Bayar worked as a clerk after school, first in a court in Gemlik and then in
3669:
2749:
2585:
1767:
1437:
796:
791:
threatened Bursa, so Mustafa Kemal asked Bayar to stay in Bursa to fend the rebels off. He was briefly a member of the
447:
appointed Bayar prime minister in 1937 to liberalize the economy, until he resigned in 1939 under Atatürk's successor,
1215:
He died on 22 August 1986 in Istanbul at the age of 103 after a brief illness. There was debate over burying Bayar in
3559:
2106:
1745:
1727:
1529:
807:
694:
558:
1655:
3679:
3084:
2530:
2382:
1188:
Full political rights were restored to Bayar in 1974, but he declined an invitation to become a life member of the
640:(True to the People), where he wrote pro-CUP articles under the pseudonym Turgut Alp. He was a participant of the
3107:
1818:
1306:
in 1904 when he was 21 and she 18 years old. They had three children: Refii (1904–1940), Turgut (1911–1983), and
1182:
601:
428:
392:
345:
2725:
3176:
2771:
1201:
1113:
1107:
641:
495:
3604:
3564:
2578:
1078:
1042:
997:
856:
768:
681:, and a library in İzmir. Bayar also played an important role in the creation of the İzmir based sports club
491:
487:
483:
271:
267:
263:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
3609:
3428:
2619:
2321:
2125:
1193:
872:
860:
811:
772:
455:
440:
417:
340:
2600:
2515:
1719:
1627:
Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789–2009
3524:
1593:
The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire
1014:
986:
784:
1283:
974:
471:
1597:
1275:
366:
226:
3318:
2916:
2291:
1782:
1045:
with a 53% popular mandate. Though Bayar didn't aspire to become president, parliament elected him as
3654:
3197:
3166:
2874:
2427:
2271:
1220:
982:
939:
652:
609:
3413:
3403:
2042:
1243:
after a state ceremony in Ankara, at which Evren was in attendance. From 24 April 1978, when former
792:
636:
branch of Union and Progress in 1911. Bayar established an organization and CUP mouthpiece known as
3674:
3619:
2779:
2352:
1130:
1050:
participating in election rallies and walking with a cane with an engraving of the DP logo. He was
1005:
934:
930:
729:
674:
482:, which still goes on to this day. A peaceful transfer of power from the CHP to DP happened in the
421:
107:
3343:
3126:
2993:
2803:
2635:
1621:
1350:
Ben De Yazdım – Milli Mücadeleye Gidiş (And so I wrote – Going to the War of National Independence
844:
780:
771:, where he gave speeches denouncing the palace's indifference to allied occupation. Following the
749:
444:
128:
2889:
1553:
810:. The same year, he served as deputy minister of the economy and ın 1921 he was appointed as the
788:
666:
3448:
3398:
3055:
3045:
2690:
2505:
2417:
2374:
1503:
1287:
1279:
1205:
1142:
1066:
3453:
3438:
3313:
2730:
2546:
2470:
3363:
3217:
3141:
2911:
2852:
2842:
2640:
2367:
2261:
2099:
1857:
1244:
981:, and Emin Sazak voted against the bill in the voting held for the seven-month budget of the
954:
919:
823:
613:
590:
506:
448:
87:
2552:
1270:
Award from the President of the United States, as a result of Turkey's participation in the
3509:
3504:
3131:
1945:
1843:
938:
continued to serve as prime minister when Atatürk died and İnönü became president in 1938 (
903:
737:
617:
526:
2868:
2204:
1025:
8:
2608:
2345:
1685:
1307:
1046:
733:
700:
566:
541:, the third son of Abdullah Fehmi Efendi, religious leader and teacher who migrated from
381:
52:
3288:
3222:
3212:
3009:
3003:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2921:
2715:
2675:
2476:
2433:
2296:
2276:
1232:
1197:
132:
3353:
2680:
1835:
1814:"Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945–1952"
1813:
1625:
505:
and was the longest-lived state leader until 8 December 2008 (when he was surpassed by
3483:
3478:
3443:
3433:
3050:
2326:
2246:
1522:
Diener seines Staates: Celal Bayar (1883–1986) und die Entwicklung der modernen Türkei
1247:
1125:
1120:
745:
3247:
3025:
2306:
1809:
1763:
1741:
1723:
1631:
1601:
1525:
1433:
625:
582:
3645:
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
3423:
3378:
2720:
2660:
2558:
2540:
1250:
died, until his own death Bayar was the world's oldest living former head of state.
887:(Industry Incentive Law) was enacted, railway construction was accelerated, and the
562:
3207:
1827:
1189:
892:
840:
546:
3473:
3458:
3328:
3252:
3035:
2966:
2956:
2941:
2905:
2281:
1260:
Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
651:
Well connected with financial circles, Bayar played an important role in Unionist
416:(16 May 1883 – 22 August 1986) was a Turkish economist and politician who was the
3338:
3237:
2444:
2378:
1427:
1402:
1364:
1267:
1240:
1095:
799:, a foax communist party set up by Mustafa Kemal to counter the influence of the
530:
3418:
3373:
3358:
3348:
3146:
3040:
3030:
3020:
3015:
2998:
2976:
2899:
2808:
2685:
2650:
2488:
2301:
2135:
1303:
815:
356:
99:
3232:
3161:
2894:
2406:
2164:
1760:
Turkey, Islamists and Democracy: Transition and Globalization in a Muslim State
1074:
978:
970:
950:
876:
586:
509:). Celâl Bayar died on 22 August 1986 at the age of 103 after a brief illness.
475:
467:
308:
75:
3388:
3278:
3257:
2981:
2670:
2494:
1587:
1264:
Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
1224:
818:'s uprising. In 1922, Bayar was a member of the Turkish delegation during the
645:
3498:
3463:
1030:
859:, serving as a deputy of İzmir in the Parliament. ADNRAR soon renamed itself
670:
542:
538:
502:
3393:
577:
3368:
3298:
3242:
3192:
3156:
3121:
2862:
2655:
2316:
2266:
2196:
2179:
2116:
1169:
1153:
1062:
962:
159:
3076:
1216:
911:
32:
3468:
3383:
3283:
3136:
2931:
2879:
2847:
2818:
2665:
2311:
2286:
2251:
1885:"Celal Bayar ve Eski Demokrat Partililerin Türk Siyasi Hayatına Etkileri"
1663:
1236:
1209:
1034:
704:
621:
594:
3408:
2946:
2926:
2884:
2813:
1839:
1271:
1070:
682:
678:
554:
3590:
Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey)
2067:
1318:
1219:
like his old rival İsmet İnönü was, this was advocated by Motherland (
1041:
In the first free elections in Turkish history, the Democrats won the
867:
started by the CUP in 1913. On 6 March 1924 Celâl Bayar was appointed
853:
Association for the Defence of National Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia
2987:
2936:
1200:
and spoke at the Justice Party rally held in Bursa. He supported the
1119:. Bayar first tried to resist the officers who came to arrest him at
2013:
1831:
1090:
1009:
1001:
324:
259:
1495:
633:
432:
1137:
Prison but he was released on 7 November 1964 due to ill health.
1134:
1000:
and elected 62 deputies. Bayar was also elected as a deputy from
923:
915:
896:
753:
629:
550:
2043:"Kleine Chronik der FU Berlin: Ehrendoktorwürde für Celal Bayar"
1286:(Free University Berlin) awarded him an honorary doctorate. The
741:
517:
486:, after which Bayar as elected Turkey's third president. He was
2828:
2774:
2603:
1291:
776:
764:
534:
304:
2029:
Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima
880:
740:, he cooperated with the national resistance fighters in the
605:
436:
1317:
Nilüfer married Ahmet İhsan Gürsoy (1913–2008), who was the
673:
population on the Aegean coast. He initiated the opening of
2234:
1984:"Celal Bayar Dies at Age 104; a Father of Turkish Republic"
1862:
1352:) 8 volumes., Sabah kitapları/Türkiyeden dizisi, 1965–1972.
875:
in Ankara by using as capital the gold bullion sent by the
557:
ethnically cleansed the Muslim population there during the
1496:
Frank W. Thackeray; John E. Findling; et al. (2001).
1278:. In 1954, Bayar was awarded an honorary doctorate by the
926:, and could not fully agree with his economic policies.
2068:"Presidency Of The Republic Of Turkey : Celal BAYAR"
1958:
1425:
1331:
744:. On the side of the resistance, he participated in the
632:
but by then the revolt was crushed. He then founded the
806:
He became the deputy of Bursa in the newly established
1796:
Fifty Years of Turkish Political development 1919–1969
1483:
Fifty Years of Turkish Political development 1919–1969
1465:
Fifty Years of Turkish Political development 1919–1969
714:
Association for the Cancellation of İzmir's Annexation
3595:
Members of the Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)
1948:
Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
1404:
Etniki Eterya'dan günümüze Ege'nin Türk kalma savaşı
895:
caused this more "liberal" policy to be replaced by
657:(National Economy) policies. He was a member of the
1524:(in German). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 18.
1145:, Bayar's house, and the newspaper headquarters of
1519:
1314:newspaper between 1939 and 1941 with Cemal Kutay.
644:, and witnessed the murder of the Minister of War
600:In 1907, Bayar joined an unofficial branch of the
1239:objected and Bayar was buried in his hometown of
1094:opposition. It was under his presidency that the
945:
3496:
1568:
879:to support the Turkish War of Independence. The
869:Minister of Exchange Construction and Settlement
501:He is considered to be the longest-lived former
1502:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Archived from
3535:Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1960) politicians
3530:Republican People's Party (Turkey) politicians
1913:
1877:
1344:Kayseri Cezaevi Günlüğü (Kayseri Prison Diary)
929:On 1 November 1937 Atatürk appointed Bayar as
3570:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
3092:
2757:
2586:
2353:
2220:
1101:
1061:During Bayar's presidency relations with the
748:against the Greeks. With the decision of the
581:Celal Bey, who joined the volunteer units in
996:DP achieved relative success against CHP in
722:Association for the Defence of Ottoman İzmir
443:. An advocate of liberal economic policies,
3106:
1798:. Istanbul: Fakültler Matbaasi. p. 77.
1485:. Istanbul: Fakültler Matbaasi. p. 81.
1467:. Istanbul: Fakültler Matbaasi. p. 68.
1081:, he announced that "Turkey will become a "
814:. He led the negotiation commission during
3585:Recipients of Turkish presidential pardons
3099:
3085:
2764:
2750:
2593:
2579:
2360:
2346:
2227:
2213:
2031:. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 638.
1951:
1808:
836:One-party period of the Republic of Turkey
120:1 November 1937 – 25 January 1939
31:
1783:Encyclopædia Britannica Fifteenth Edition
1400:
883:was abolished, land was distributed, the
752:, he was appointed to the command of the
712:started to be founded. Bayar created the
420:from 1950 to 1960; previously he was the
1733:
1630:. Oxford University Press. p. 208.
1163:
1159:
1024:
949:
839:
726:İzmir Müdâfaa-i Hukuku Osmaniye Cemiyeti
576:
516:
3690:People convicted in the Yassıada trials
3660:Members of the 2nd Parliament of Turkey
3640:Members of the 9th government of Turkey
3635:Members of the 8th government of Turkey
3630:Members of the 7th government of Turkey
3625:Members of the 2nd government of Turkey
2236:Leader of the Main Opposition of Turkey
1976:
1678:
1648:
710:Defence of National Rights Associations
3580:Prisoners sentenced to death by Turkey
3550:Leaders of political parties in Turkey
3515:20th-century prime ministers of Turkey
3497:
2026:
1927:from the original on 21 September 2016
1757:
1419:
1386:
1384:
1369:, vol. 4, Istanbul: Baha Matbaasi
1266:). 27 January 1954 Bayar received the
1196:; He took to the podium together with
1058:, serving for 10 years as president.
688:
677:, the Şimendifer Vocational School in
3080:
2745:
2574:
2341:
2208:
1620:
1586:
1574:
1552:. TC Cumhurbaşkanlığı. Archived from
1394:
1362:
851:Bayar was elected as a member of the
206:Member of the Grand National Assembly
16:President of Turkey from 1950 to 1960
3575:Turkish prisoners sentenced to death
1520:Dawletschin-Linder, Camilla (2003).
1515:
1513:
1476:
1474:
1458:
1456:
1426:Göktürk, H.İ.; Kuntay, M.C. (1987).
1346:, Yapı Kredi yayınları/Tarih dizisi.
1253:
891:was established. The effects of the
1793:
1538:
1480:
1462:
1381:
1290:, which was established in 1992 in
829:
218:28 June 1923 – 27 May 1960
13:
3600:Leaders of the Opposition (Turkey)
1185:in 1970 (which Bayar supported).
1017:(which would be closed in 1953).
910:was enacted. Institutions such as
589:supporters that emerged after the
565:. In 1906, he was employed in the
180:7 June 1946 – 9 June 1950
65:22 May 1950 – 27 May 1960
14:
3706:
3520:20th-century presidents of Turkey
1510:
1471:
1453:
1325:
1235:, İsmet's son. However President
1126:High Court of Justice in Yassıada
922:was in favor of an even stricter
808:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
3685:Turkish political party founders
3540:20th-century Turkish politicians
2773:
2699:
2602:
1696:from the original on 27 May 2016
1112:On 27 May 1960 the armed forces
1004:. Between 1946 and 1950, as the
391:
3695:20th-century presidents in Asia
2060:
2035:
2020:
2002:
1939:
1901:from the original on 9 May 2016
1850:
1819:The Journal of American History
1802:
1787:
1776:
1751:
1708:
1614:
1580:
1337:
1258:In 1954, Bayar was awarded the
602:Committee of Union and Progress
525:Mahmut Celâlettin (Bayar after
454:Until 1945, he was a member of
429:Committee of Union and Progress
346:Committee of Union and Progress
3665:Politicians arrested in Turkey
3615:People of the Dersim rebellion
3545:Government ministers of Turkey
3069:denote acting prime ministers.
2155:Leader of the Democratic Party
1489:
1432:. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı.
1168:Bayar during a state visit to
946:Creation of the Democrat Party
583:1909 to suppress the rebellion
512:
427:Bayar began his career in the
1:
1374:
1194:1975 Senate partial elections
1020:
908:First Five-Year Industry Plan
847:and Bayar on 12 November 1937
785:Turkish Independence Movement
781:Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) Pasha
695:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
612:was proclaimed following the
572:
529:) was born on 16 May 1883 at
38:
773:occupation of Constantinople
763:as deputy of Saruhan (today
7:
3650:Greek genocide perpetrators
1921:"Sunay Bayar'ı dün affetti"
1762:. I.B. Tauris. p. 53.
987:motion with four signatures
718:İzmir Redd-i İlhak Cemiyeti
559:1877–1878 Russo-Turkish war
10:
3711:
3555:Members of Kuva-yi Milliye
2187:Oldest living state leader
2010:"Kenan Evren'in Anıları 2"
1662:. Altay SK. Archived from
1598:Princeton University Press
1356:
1276:Order of the Yugoslav Star
1105:
1102:1960 coup and imprisonment
983:Şükrü Saracoğlu government
833:
692:
480:Turkey's multiparty period
462:. In 1946, he founded the
3670:Bulgarian Turks in Turkey
3266:
3185:
3177:Fevzi Lütfi Karaosmanoğlu
3114:
3064:
2827:
2786:
2780:Prime ministers of Turkey
2708:
2697:
2628:
2615:
2529:
2504:
2454:
2443:
2416:
2389:
2242:
2193:
2184:
2176:
2171:
2161:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2132:
2123:
2113:
2104:
2096:
2091:
2027:Acović, Dragomir (2012).
1858:"Türkiye and NATO – 1952"
1297:
1033:and Speaker of the House
940:10th government of Turkey
861:Republican People's Party
820:Lausanne Peace Conference
801:Communist Party of Turkey
759:Bayar was elected to the
610:Second Constitutional Era
456:Republican People's Party
418:third president of Turkey
399:
387:
373:
362:
352:
341:Republican People's Party
331:
314:
287:
282:
278:
222:
211:
204:
194:
184:
173:
165:
153:
143:
124:
113:
105:
93:
81:
69:
58:
50:
46:
30:
23:
3560:Leaders ousted by a coup
2788:Government of the Grand
2143:Party political offices
2107:Prime Minister of Turkey
1284:Freie Universität Berlin
1131:National Unity Committee
1108:1960 Turkish coup d'état
1006:leader of the opposition
935:9th Government of Turkey
787:. While on the road the
675:İzmir Girls' High School
642:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
422:prime minister of Turkey
108:Prime Minister of Turkey
3680:Turkish anti-communists
3108:Party leaders in Turkey
2726:İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil
1758:Atasoy, Yildiz (2005).
1716:Kayseri Cezaevi Günlüğü
1274:. He also received the
1065:improved and after the
812:minister of the economy
797:Turkish Communist Party
793:Green Army Organization
669:in order to reduce the
667:1914 Greek deportations
2506:True Path Party (2007)
1892:www.turkishstudies.net
1686:"TBMM Siyasi Partiler"
1294:, is named after him.
1288:Celal Bayar University
1280:University of Belgrade
1173:
1067:Turkish Straits Crisis
1038:
958:
885:Teşvik-i Sanayi Kanunu
848:
663:Eşref Sencer Kuşçubaşı
597:
522:
3127:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2804:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2636:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2047:userpage.fu-berlin.de
1546:"Cumhurbaşkanlarımız"
1499:The History of Turkey
1363:Bayar, Celâl (1967),
1167:
1160:Later years and death
1043:1950 general election
1028:
953:
845:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
843:
665:to help organize the
661:and worked alongside
614:Young Turk Revolution
580:
520:
507:Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum
445:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
129:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
3605:Deputies of Istanbul
3565:Turkish centenarians
3399:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
3172:Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ
3046:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
2691:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
2609:Presidents of Turkey
1844:University of Oxford
1794:Giritli, Dr. Ismet.
1720:Yapı Kredi Yayınları
1506:on 15 November 2019.
1481:Giritli, Dr. Ismet.
1463:Giritli, Dr. Ismet.
1407:. Boğaziçi Yayınları
1302:Celal Bayar married
1245:Paraguayan President
1069:, Turkey joined the
863:(CHP) and continued
659:Special Organization
618:Mahmud Shevket Pasha
460:the sole legal party
424:from 1937 to 1939.
190:Position established
3454:Temel Karamollaoğlu
3439:Selahattin Demirtaş
3314:Hüsamettin Cindoruk
2731:Hüsamettin Cindoruk
2547:Hüsamettin Cindoruk
2471:Hüsamettin Cindoruk
2149:New political party
2126:President of Turkey
2016:on 7 February 2021.
1656:"Altay SK Kuruluşu"
1429:Mithat Cemâl Kuntay
1202:1980 military junta
1047:president of Turkey
701:Armistice of Mudros
689:War of Independence
628:. He got as far as
567:Deutsche Orientbank
431:, establishing its
53:President of Turkey
3525:People from Gemlik
3429:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
3319:Aydın Güven Gürkan
2917:Suat Hayri Ürgüplü
2890:Şemsettin Günaltay
2829:Republic of Turkey
2681:Ahmet Necdet Sezer
2553:Namık Kemal Zeybek
2322:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
2292:Aydın Güven Gürkan
2092:Political offices
1988:The New York Times
1810:P. Leffler, Melvyn
1401:Kutay, C. (1980).
1174:
1052:re-elected in 1954
1039:
959:
849:
761:Ottoman Parliament
750:Balıkesir Congress
738:İzmir was occupied
730:Freedom and Accord
598:
523:
521:Younger Celâleddin
488:re-elected in 1954
367:Ahmet İhsan Gürsoy
25:Mahmut Celâl Bayar
3610:Deputies of İzmir
3492:
3491:
3414:Yaşar Nuri Öztürk
3404:İsmail Cem İpekçi
3324:Ülkü Söylemezoğlu
3294:Ahmet Nusret Tuna
3248:Necmettin Erbakan
3074:
3073:
3026:Necmettin Erbakan
2869:Ahmet Fikri Tüzer
2790:National Assembly
2739:
2738:
2709:Acting presidents
2568:
2567:
2525:
2524:
2459:Ahmet Nusret Tuna
2335:
2334:
2307:Necmettin Erbakan
2203:
2202:
2194:Succeeded by
2162:Succeeded by
2133:Succeeded by
2114:Succeeded by
1637:978-0-19-933420-9
1622:Göçek, Fatma Müge
1607:978-0-691-15333-9
1254:Awards and legacy
1206:1982 Constitution
1073:in 1951 and then
957:and Bayar in 1938
865:a one party state
822:as an advisor to
789:Anzavur rebellion
626:31 March Incident
593:organized by the
406:Mahmut Celâlettin
403:
402:
292:Mahmut Celâlettin
3702:
3655:Men centenarians
3364:Murat Karayalçın
3344:Yıldırım Akbulut
3223:Turhan Feyzioğlu
3218:Alparslan Türkeş
3213:Süleyman Demirel
3208:Mehmet Ali Aybar
3101:
3094:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3004:Süleyman Demirel
2994:Yıldırım Akbulut
2972:Süleyman Demirel
2962:Süleyman Demirel
2952:Süleyman Demirel
2922:Süleyman Demirel
2836:
2835:
2797:
2796:
2778:
2777:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2716:Abdülhalik Renda
2703:
2676:Süleyman Demirel
2607:
2606:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2477:Süleyman Demirel
2452:
2451:
2434:Süleyman Demirel
2362:
2355:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2277:Süleyman Demirel
2229:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2177:Preceded by
2097:Preceded by
2089:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2012:. Archived from
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1990:. 23 August 1986
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1812:(1 March 1985).
1806:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1755:
1749:
1737:
1731:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1660:www.altay.org.tr
1652:
1646:
1645:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1370:
1212:on 16 May 1983.
1198:Süleyman Demirel
1183:Democratic Party
963:Second World War
893:Great Depression
877:Muslims in India
855:(ADNRAR) in the
830:One-party period
756:front regiment.
547:Ottoman Bulgaria
496:1960 coup d'etat
458:(CHP) which was
395:
321:
301:
299:
283:Personal details
216:
197:
187:
178:
156:
146:
137:
133:Abdülhalik Renda
118:
96:
84:
72:
63:
40:
35:
21:
20:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3675:Istanbul pogrom
3620:Turkish Muslims
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3449:Binali Yıldırım
3444:Ahmet Davutoğlu
3434:Numan Kurtulmuş
3339:Necdet Karababa
3262:
3238:Ferruh Bozbeyli
3198:Ragıp Gümüşpala
3181:
3167:Osman Bölükbaşı
3132:Kâzım Karabekir
3110:
3105:
3075:
3070:
3060:
3056:Binali Yıldırım
3051:Ahmet Davutoğlu
2875:Şükrü Saracoğlu
2833:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2740:
2735:
2704:
2695:
2624:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2569:
2564:
2533:
2521:
2516:Çetin Özaçıkgöz
2508:
2500:
2447:
2445:True Path Party
2439:
2428:Ragıp Gümüşpala
2420:
2412:
2393:
2385:
2379:True Path Party
2369:
2366:
2336:
2331:
2272:Ragıp Gümüşpala
2247:Kazım Karabekir
2238:
2233:
2199:
2190:
2182:
2167:
2158:
2138:
2129:
2119:
2110:
2102:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2072:www.tccb.gov.tr
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2025:
2021:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1832:10.2307/1888505
1807:
1803:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1756:
1752:
1738:
1734:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1690:www.tbmm.gov.tr
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1666:on 4 March 2016
1654:
1653:
1649:
1638:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1556:on 4 March 2016
1550:www.tccb.gov.tr
1544:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1518:
1511:
1494:
1490:
1479:
1472:
1461:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1359:
1340:
1328:
1300:
1282:. In 1958, the
1268:Legion of Merit
1256:
1248:Federico Chávez
1223:) party leader
1162:
1121:Çankaya Mansion
1110:
1104:
1096:İstanbul Pogrom
1085:" in 30 years.
1023:
948:
838:
832:
746:Battle of Aydın
697:
691:
591:1908 Revolution
575:
533:, a village of
515:
380:
378:
344:
339:
332:Political party
323:
322:(aged 103)
319:
303:
297:
295:
294:
293:
258:
217:
212:
195:
185:
179:
174:
154:
144:
138:
135:
131:
119:
114:
94:
82:
70:
64:
59:
42:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3708:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3424:Süleyman Soylu
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Devlet Bahçeli
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3233:Mustafa Timisi
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:Adnan Menderes
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2895:Adnan Menderes
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2784:
2783:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Tekin Arıburun
2718:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Fahri Korutürk
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2561:(2012–present)
2559:Gültekin Uysal
2556:
2550:
2544:
2541:Süleyman Soylu
2537:
2535:
2534:(2007–present)
2531:Democrat Party
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2455:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2407:Adnan Menderes
2404:
2397:
2395:
2391:Democrat Party
2387:
2386:
2383:Democrat Party
2371:Democrat Party
2368:Leaders of the
2365:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2165:Adnan Menderes
2163:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2059:
2034:
2019:
2001:
1975:
1963:celalbayar.org
1950:
1938:
1912:
1876:
1849:
1826:(4): 819–825.
1801:
1786:
1775:
1769:978-0857718334
1768:
1750:
1732:
1707:
1677:
1647:
1636:
1613:
1606:
1600:. p. 68.
1579:
1567:
1537:
1530:
1509:
1488:
1470:
1452:
1439:978-9751700902
1438:
1418:
1393:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:Celalbayar.org
1327:
1326:External links
1324:
1299:
1296:
1255:
1252:
1161:
1158:
1106:Main article:
1103:
1100:
1083:Little America
1022:
1019:
991:Democrat Party
979:Refik Koraltan
971:Adnan Menderes
947:
944:
931:Prime Minister
834:Main article:
831:
828:
734:Constantinople
732:government in
703:, which ended
699:Following the
693:Main article:
690:
687:
587:Abdul Hamit II
574:
571:
514:
511:
484:1950 elections
476:Refik Koraltan
468:Adnan Menderes
464:Democrat Party
401:
400:
397:
396:
389:
385:
384:
375:
371:
370:
364:
360:
359:
354:
350:
349:
336:Democrat Party
333:
329:
328:
318:22 August 1986
316:
312:
311:
309:Ottoman Empire
291:
289:
285:
284:
280:
279:
276:
275:
224:
220:
219:
209:
208:
202:
201:
200:Adnan Menderes
198:
192:
191:
188:
182:
181:
171:
170:
168:Democrat Party
166:Leader of the
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
147:
141:
140:
126:
122:
121:
111:
110:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
76:Adnan Menderes
73:
71:Prime Minister
67:
66:
56:
55:
48:
47:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3707:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
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3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
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3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
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3613:
3611:
3608:
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3598:
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3526:
3523:
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3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Muharrem İnce
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Fatih Erbakan
3462:
3460:
3459:Meral Akşener
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
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3432:
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3405:
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3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Doğu Perinçek
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Rahşan Ecevit
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:Yıldırım Avcı
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Turgut Sunalp
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Bülent Ecevit
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:Hüseyin Balan
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
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3138:
3135:
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3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Bülent Ecevit
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Bülent Ecevit
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Bülent Ecevit
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Bülent Ecevit
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:Fahri Özdilek
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
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2812:
2810:
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2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:Mehmet Gölhan
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:Yıldırım Avcı
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:Justice Party
2415:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:Justice Party
2372:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Bülent Ecevit
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1964:
1960:
1959:"Celal Bayar"
1954:
1947:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1746:3-525-36204-8
1743:
1736:
1729:
1728:975-363-952-X
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:Celal Bayar,
1711:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1533:
1531:9783447047401
1527:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1368:
1367:
1366:Ben de Yazdım
1361:
1360:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1308:Nilüfer Bayar
1305:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1147:Yeni İstanbul
1144:
1143:Justice Party
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:1957 election
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:1946 election
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
966:
964:
956:
952:
943:
941:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:1923 election
854:
846:
842:
837:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:, he fled to
774:
770:
769:1919 election
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
702:
696:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:Ottoman Greek
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:
654:Millî İktisat
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
519:
510:
508:
504:
503:head of state
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
398:
394:
390:
386:
383:
382:Nilüfer Bayar
376:
372:
368:
365:
361:
358:
355:
351:
347:
342:
337:
334:
330:
326:
317:
313:
310:
306:
290:
286:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
215:
210:
207:
203:
199:
193:
189:
183:
177:
172:
169:
164:
161:
158:
152:
148:
142:
134:
130:
127:
123:
117:
112:
109:
104:
101:
98:
92:
89:
86:
80:
77:
74:
68:
62:
57:
54:
49:
45:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3419:Masum Türker
3374:Hikmet Çetin
3369:Deniz Baykal
3359:Tansu Çiller
3349:Mesut Yılmaz
3334:Mehmet Yazar
3309:Ahmet Tekdal
3299:Cezmi Kartay
3267:1980–present
3243:Behice Boran
3193:Ekrem Alican
3157:Hikmet Bayur
3151:
3147:Nuri Demirağ
3122:Talaat Pasha
3066:
3041:Abdullah Gül
3031:Mesut Yılmaz
3021:Mesut Yılmaz
3016:Tansu Çiller
3008:
2999:Mesut Yılmaz
2986:
2977:Bülent Ulusu
2904:
2900:Cemal Gürsel
2867:
2863:Refik Saydam
2857:
2809:Fevzi Çakmak
2686:Abdullah Gül
2656:Cevdet Sunay
2651:Cemal Gürsel
2645:
2509:2007–present
2489:Tansu Çiller
2400:
2317:Deniz Baykal
2302:Mesut Yılmaz
2267:Ekrem Alican
2256:
2197:Willem Drees
2185:
2180:Isidro Ayora
2153:
2148:
2136:Cemal Gürsel
2124:
2117:Refik Saydam
2105:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2046:
2037:
2028:
2022:
2014:the original
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1987:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1891:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1861:
1852:
1842:– via
1823:
1817:
1804:
1795:
1789:
1778:
1759:
1753:
1735:
1715:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1689:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:the original
1659:
1650:
1641:
1626:
1616:
1592:
1588:Akçam, Taner
1582:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1554:the original
1549:
1540:
1521:
1504:the original
1498:
1491:
1482:
1464:
1443:. Retrieved
1428:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1403:
1396:
1365:
1349:
1343:
1338:Bibliography
1316:
1311:
1301:
1263:
1257:
1214:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1170:West Germany
1154:Cevdet Sunay
1151:
1146:
1139:
1115:
1111:
1087:
1063:Western bloc
1060:
1040:
1015:Nation Party
995:
975:Fuat Köprülü
967:
960:
928:
901:
889:Central Bank
884:
850:
816:Çerkes Ethem
805:
758:
725:
717:
698:
653:
650:
638:Halkın Doğru
637:
608:. After the
599:
553:, after the
524:
500:
472:Fuat Köprülü
453:
426:
413:
409:
405:
404:
379:Turgut Bayar
369:(son-in-law)
357:Reşide Bayar
320:(1986-08-22)
223:Constituency
213:
196:Succeeded by
175:
160:Refik Saydam
155:Succeeded by
115:
100:Cemal Gürsel
95:Succeeded by
60:
18:
3510:1986 deaths
3505:1883 births
3469:Ali Babacan
3389:Altan Öymen
3384:Recai Kutan
3289:Erdal İnönü
3284:Necdet Calp
3279:Turgut Özal
3258:Kemal Satır
3152:Celâl Bayar
3142:İsmet İnönü
3137:Fethi Okyar
3115:Before 1960
3010:Erdal İnönü
2982:Turgut Özal
2932:Ferit Melen
2912:İsmet İnönü
2880:Recep Peker
2858:Celâl Bayar
2853:İsmet İnönü
2848:Fethi Okyar
2843:İsmet İnönü
2834:(1923–2018)
2819:Fethi Okyar
2795:(1920–1923)
2671:Turgut Özal
2666:Kenan Evren
2646:Celâl Bayar
2641:İsmet İnönü
2555:(2011–2012)
2549:(2009–2011)
2543:(2008–2009)
2497:(2002–2007)
2495:Mehmet Ağar
2491:(1993–2002)
2479:(1987–1993)
2473:(1985–1987)
2467:(1983–1985)
2448:(1983–2007)
2436:(1964–1981)
2430:(1961–1964)
2421:(1961–1981)
2409:(1950–1960)
2403:(1946–1950)
2401:Celâl Bayar
2394:(1946–1960)
2312:Recai Kutan
2297:Erdal İnönü
2287:Necdet Calp
2262:İsmet İnönü
2257:Celâl Bayar
2252:Fethi Okyar
2100:İsmet İnönü
1994:20 November
1968:20 November
1946:Celâl Bayar
1445:20 November
1411:20 November
1237:Kenan Evren
1233:Erdal İnönü
1225:Turgut Özal
1116:coup d'etat
1035:Sam Rayburn
961:During the
955:İsmet İnönü
920:İsmet İnönü
904:nationalist
824:İsmet İnönü
742:Söke region
705:World War I
646:Nazım Pasha
624:during the
622:Action Army
595:Young Turks
563:Ziraat Bank
513:Early years
466:along with
449:İsmet İnönü
377:Refii Bayar
348:(1908–1922)
343:(1923–1945)
338:(1946–1961)
302:16 May 1883
186:Preceded by
149:İsmet İnönü
145:Preceded by
139:İsmet İnönü
88:İsmet İnönü
83:Preceded by
3499:Categories
3484:Özgür Özel
3479:Ümit Özdağ
3409:Zeki Sezer
3394:Ahmet Türk
3203:Ahmet Oğuz
2947:Sadi Irmak
2927:Nihat Erim
2885:Hasan Saka
2814:Rauf Orbay
2629:Presidents
2327:Özgür Özel
2191:1978–1986
2159:1946–1950
2130:1950–1960
2111:1937–1939
2077:4 November
2052:4 November
1575:Bayar 1967
1375:References
1272:Korean War
1210:turned 100
1091:Anatolians
1071:Korean War
1021:Presidency
720:) and the
573:In the CUP
569:in Bursa.
555:Bulgarians
478:beginning
441:İş Bankası
298:1883-05-16
2988:Ali Bozer
2937:Naim Talu
1748:, p. 760.
1217:Anıtkabir
1114:staged a
912:Sümerbank
767:) in the
683:Altay S.K
679:Basmahane
604:(CUP) in
388:Signature
363:Relations
214:In office
176:In office
125:President
116:In office
61:In office
2172:Records
1925:Archived
1896:Archived
1722:, 1999.
1694:Archived
1692:. TBMM.
1624:(2015).
1590:(2012).
1204:and the
1179:Bizim Ev
1010:Kemalist
1002:İstanbul
881:Aşar tax
795:and the
783:and the
779:to join
374:Children
327:, Turkey
325:Istanbul
260:Istanbul
136:(Acting)
3186:1960–80
3067:Italics
2518:(2007–)
1869:19 June
1840:1888505
1643:region.
1357:Sources
1319:Kütahya
1241:Umurbey
1231:leader
1172:in 1958
1135:Kayseri
1037:(1954).
933:of the
924:statism
916:Etibank
897:statism
754:Akhisar
736:. Once
630:Mudanya
551:muhacir
531:Umurbey
2485:(1993)
2461:(1983)
1838:
1766:
1744:
1726:
1634:
1604:
1528:
1436:
1304:Reşide
1298:Family
1292:Manisa
1190:Senate
873:İşbank
777:Ankara
765:Manisa
535:Gemlik
353:Spouse
305:Gemlik
37:Bayar
1931:1 May
1905:1 May
1899:(PDF)
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