363:
with mining towns, manufacturing communities, and farms. The salmon that the tribe relied on for food became less plentiful because of contamination in the water from mining, and many members of the Karuk tribe died from either starvation or new diseases that the
Europeans brought with them to the area. Many members of the Karuk tribe were also killed or sold into slavery by the Europeans. Karuk children were sent to boarding schools where they were Americanized and told not to use their native language. These combined factors caused the use of the Karuk language to steadily decline over the years until measures were taken to attempt to revitalize the language.
263:
271:
3449:
1650:, which was published in 2005. They recorded everyday conversations, songs, stories, and poetry of fluent Karuk speakers to attempt to capture the language and what it meant to those speaking it. Bright spent over fifty years studying, researching, and documenting Karuk, and is the only non-Indian to be inducted as an honorary member of the tribe thanks to his contributions to the community. Bright was buried on Karuk land when he died in 2006.
213:
372:
204:
391:, although little evidence supports this proposal. As Bright wrote, "The Karok language is not closely or obviously related to any other (in the area), but has been classified as a member of the northern group of Hokan languages, in a subgroup which includes Chimariko and the Shasta languages, spoken in the same general part of California as Karok itself."
1742:
fluent native speaker who they follow throughout the day. During this time spent with the native speaker, learners are only allowed to speak Karuk. The program is intensive, typically lasting 40 hours a week for 3 years. Around 20 groups had successfully gone through the entire program as of the year 2011.
1712:
and tribal member Julian Lang, a dedicated researcher of the language. Their studies suggest that the decline of the language is caused by a combination of a lack of younger fluent speakers, a decline in the number of speakers, not being typically taught at home at young ages, a feeling of disconnect
362:
The region where the Karuk tribe lived remained largely undisturbed until beaver trappers came through the area in 1827. In 1848, gold was discovered in
California, and thousands of Europeans came to the Klamath River and its surrounding region to search for gold. The Karuk territory was soon filled
1741:
An immersion method called the master-apprentice program was started in 1992 by
Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival to aid in Karuk revitalization efforts. In order to fully immerse a beginning speaker in Karuk, people who are interested in learning the language are paired with a
1707:
In 1990, attempts were made to revive the language by the Karuk
Language Restoration Committee. The committee, composed of eight volunteers, drafted a 5-year minimum plan in an attempt to preserve the Karuk language and help it regain its standing in the community. The committee was advised by Dr.
438:
The Karuk people originally owned 1.04 million acres of land until it was claimed as public territory in 1905 under the Forest
Reserve Act during the Roosevelt administration. In 1887, some members of the Karuk tribe were given small plots of land under the General Allotment Act. In the 1970's,
1289:
known for its method of arranging old and new information: "... skilled Karuk speakers use separate words to communicate new, salient detail, or to underscore known detail; and they use affixes for background details so that a listener's attention is not diverted."
358:
documented the Karuk language. When Bright began his studies in 1949, there were "a couple of hundred fluent speakers," but by 2011, there were fewer than a dozen fluent elders. A standardized system for writing the languages was adopted in the 1980s.
780:
Karuk has 16 phonemic consonants (all of them with no voicing contrast), a small number compared to the relatively large consonant inventories of most
California languages. Karuk also lacks secondary articulation to its consonants such as
2351:
1334:. Karuk uses accents where vowels can sound different in each word, making the language difficult to learn. Although the structure may be similar, Karuk is considered to be very different from its neighboring languages, such as
1306:" on its verbs. Depending on the subject and the object the speaker is referring to, there is a prefix for both positive and negative indicatives as well as a prefix for the potential mood. Through his research,
439:
elders from the Karuk tribe bought back two properties in
Orleans and Happy Camp and have acquired 1,661 acres of land that the tribe can use for ceremonies, housing, and resource management.
1691:
populations either further develop their
English for higher education or develop their native language to preserve culture. Bilingual teachers in both Karuk and English would teach at
6953:
5979:
5970:
2576:
7019:
1277:, respectively, above the vowels. The low tone is not represented, and tones on long vowels are notated only on the first letter in the digraph.
6963:
2476:
2465:
6859:
5835:
2456:
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and increase the number of speakers led by linguists such as Dr. William Bright and Susan Gehr, as well as members of the Karuk community.
1643:. Bright set himself apart from linguists from his time for incorporating elements of the cultural context of Karuk into his descriptions.
1726:
Raising tribal members' and local communities' aware of the importance of learning the language also as a vehicle of Karuk culture itself.
1687:, and would be employed in local public schools to teach American Indian children. The university developed this initiative to help local
7004:
6994:
3937:
223:
6958:
3487:
1181:
968:
Karuk consonants have been historically written using several different conventions. A comparison between these conventions follows:
5963:
1667:
started the "American Indian
Bilingual Teacher Credential Program", where they brought in teachers from four local tribes, the
7014:
5983:
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1821:
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245:
4432:
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2548:
6912:
5956:
5617:
7009:
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5593:
4832:
3453:
2562:
1127:
1037:
6362:
6331:
4751:
4687:
3930:
1082:
580:. Vowel qualities /a i u/ occur as both long and short vowels, while mid vowels /e o/ only occur as long vowels.
235:
1247:
In two-consonant sequences or are distinguished from the digraphs ⟨sh th⟩ which represent the single phonemes
5364:
4606:
3361:
2079:
2018:
17:
5115:
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Tones are marked for vowels in Karuk using accent marks. The high and falling tones are represented using the
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4223:
4217:
4141:
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Long vowels are represented by doubling the letters: ⟨ii⟩, ⟨aa ⟩ and ⟨uu⟩ are used for /iː/ /aː/ and /uː/.
5840:
5825:
5524:
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between its use and the contemporary world, and the lack of literacy in the language among tribal members.
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with only around 12 fluent native speakers of the language left. Most members of the Karuk nation now use
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3317:
2226:
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1895:
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408:
404:
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6298:
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3161:
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2844:
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Note: More translations can be found online in the
Dictionary section depicting Dr. Bright's research.
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Elementary Schools, where children would learn how to live in America while keeping their identity.
1318:
on verbs to describe relevant direction. Many motion verbs have a singular and plural form. Through
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383:, sharing few if any similarities with other nearby languages. Historically, the American linguist
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Karuk is spoken within the range of the original territory where the Karuk people lived prior to
335:
93:
3197:
1302:
in showing "a complex person-marking system, where subject and object are marked in portmanteau
866:
When /i u/ occur next to one another in a word, whichever is the first vowel is pronounced as a
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5507:
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Facilitating the community participation in programs that have people practice and speak Karuk.
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3036:
3030:
3018:
2870:
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1994:
1217:
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755:
598:
424:
6820:
6813:
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consisting of three tones: high, low, and falling. Falling tones only occur in long vowels.
6747:
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5642:
5450:
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5374:
5272:
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4408:
4189:
3806:
3759:
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3004:
2639:
5770:
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8:
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6771:
6729:
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6378:
6321:
6269:
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4147:
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3848:
3412:
3011:
2684:
2400:
2256:
2155:
Macaulay, Monica (1993-01-01). "Reduplication and the Structure of the Karuk Verb Stem".
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432:
323:
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3155:
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262:
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6799:
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2997:
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2180:
2172:
1311:
798:
608:
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5673:
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182:
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1928:
1817:
623:
613:
5678:
5667:
5647:
3985:
2425:(2nd ed.). Center for Indian Community Development, Humboldt State University.
1646:
Bright later worked with Susan Gehr, a tribe member and fellow linguist, on a Karuk
241:
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6882:
6875:
6793:
6734:
6662:
6655:
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6532:
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6455:
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6045:
6024:
5895:
5755:
5745:
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5694:
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5550:
5445:
5369:
5307:
5259:
5194:
5187:
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5173:
5166:
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5139:
5074:
5069:
5052:
4993:
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4819:
4730:
4697:
4665:
4561:
4533:
4482:
4403:
4387:
4373:
4355:
4348:
4334:
4294:
4276:
4260:
4246:
4068:
4051:
3873:
3842:
3736:
3694:
3653:
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3572:
3407:
3397:
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3312:
3306:
3290:
3254:
3223:
3177:
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2883:
2779:
2741:
2672:
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603:
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331:
117:
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5750:
5719:
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5401:
5266:
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5084:
4946:
4712:
4707:
4572:
4487:
4368:
4361:
4341:
4323:
4228:
4211:
4010:
3710:
3689:
3637:
3622:
3534:
3496:
3402:
3354:
3229:
3191:
3111:
3060:
2991:
2939:
2893:
2811:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2772:
2751:
2647:
2612:
2485:
2324:
2134:
2107:
2065:
1945:
1811:
930:
618:
388:
354:
contact, it is estimated that there may have been up to 1,500 speakers. Linguist
121:
109:
99:
2519:
195:
6989:
6806:
6638:
6616:
6469:
6340:
6234:
6154:
6147:
6086:
6031:
5900:
5760:
5729:
5700:
5331:
5217:
5200:
5145:
5016:
4953:
4723:
4717:
4637:
4632:
4578:
4555:
4300:
4122:
4079:
4062:
4056:
4034:
4022:
3906:
3884:
3780:
3668:
3270:
3242:
3055:
3049:
2986:
2952:
2888:
2665:
2628:
2621:
2505:
2493:
1709:
1620:
1347:
1335:
1307:
782:
731:
657:
355:
294:
286:
139:
5978:
1785:
1631:. Bright was met with open arms by tribal elders and was given the Karuk name
6983:
6510:
6476:
6462:
6120:
6017:
5784:
5724:
5706:
5222:
5206:
5160:
4917:
4737:
4702:
4692:
4670:
4627:
4492:
4073:
4005:
3890:
3879:
3658:
3264:
2979:
2911:
2904:
2652:
2497:
2268:
1628:
867:
786:
573:
462:
416:
306:
55:
3915:
1683:. These teachers were bilingual in their tribe's native language as well as
4681:
3853:
3202:
2481:
2352:"Karuk Language Restoration Committee nearing completion of five-year plan"
1623:
started studying the Karuk language in 1949 in pursuit of his doctorate in
1267:
1070:
577:
384:
270:
146:
76:
2554:
2431:
1751:
166:
2544:
1933:. Internet Archive. Happy Camp, CA, U.S.A. : Naturegraph Publishers.
1896:"In Karuk: A family struggles to bring its ancestral tongue back to life"
1624:
506:
457:
4328:
2176:
1790:
1658:
1647:
1271:
630:
550:
467:
310:
66:
2539:
1965:
1729:
Reviewing and receiving community feedback regarding the current plan.
427:, which is near the Karuk Center of the World (in Karuk, "Katimiin"),
1966:"Karuk Ancestral Territory Map – Karuk Language Resources on the Web"
1274:
529:
175:
159:
212:
2501:
2168:
253:
3465:
2050:
Levi, Susannah V. (December 2008). "Phonemic vs. derived glides".
1720:
Recording and writing down fluent speakers communicating in Karuk.
1635:, or "little word-asker". Around a decade later, Bright published
403:
contact. The ancestral territory is in Northwestern California in
371:
2509:
2484:
Working to speak and understand the traditional languages of the
249:
2411:
576:
in Karuk /i e a o u/, some of which may also differ in terms of
334:
in their everyday lives. Since 1949, there have been efforts to
5924:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
5905:
5803:
2524:
1680:
1640:
1315:
1303:
925:
Note: Syllabification in these examples are from right-to-left.
400:
351:
346:
The Karuk language originated around the Klamath River between
327:
220:
2529:
423:
and Bluff Creek. Most Karuk speakers now live in the towns of
2489:
2422:
Now you're speaking – Karuk!: Araráhih, the people's language
2257:"William Bright, 78, Expert in Indigenous Languages, Is Dead"
1676:
1672:
929:
The following example is a more rare case in Karuk where the
302:
203:
2477:
Karuk basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
2105:
1614:
1755:
1668:
1723:
Training more people to become fluent as a long-term goal.
252:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1871:"Karuk – Survey of California and Other Indian Languages"
2446:
2109:
American Indian languages: cultural and social contexts
1702:
1659:
American Indian Bilingual Teacher Credential Program
1716:The committee ultimately created a five-step plan:
1366:. The following are examples of prefixes in Karuk.
2399:
1639:, describing the Karuk language, its grammar, and
313:. The name ‘Karuk’ is derived from the Karuk word
219:Karuk is classified as Severely Endangered by the
1838:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
6981:
2099:
2466:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
6679:
2520:OLAC resources in and about the Karuk language
1943:
5964:
3945:
3931:
3481:
2570:
2349:
2157:International Journal of American Linguistics
1809:
415:counties. The language originated around the
5934:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1736:
1653:
6858:
2584:
789:, also unusual for a Californian language.
314:
43:
5971:
5957:
3938:
3924:
3488:
3474:
2577:
2563:
2418:
2368:
1805:
1803:
1346:Karuk uses prefixes and suffixes in a way
394:
211:
202:
5980:Indigenous language families and isolates
2471:Karuk language dictionary online from IDS
2430:
2350:Burcell-Price, Suzanne (30 August 1990).
1937:
1615:Work by Dr. William Bright and Susan Gehr
1609:
387:proposed it be classified as part of the
6584:
2530:The Karuk Language Restoration Committee
2154:
370:
269:
261:
224:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
7020:Native American language revitalization
2397:
2322:
2132:
2106:Shirley Silver; Wick R. Miller (1997).
1893:
1800:
246:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
6982:
2318:
2316:
2196:
2194:
2011:
1887:
5952:
3919:
3469:
2558:
2540:Ancestral Territory Map by Susan Gehr
2457:Traditional Karuk Songs Audio Gallery
2369:Gehr, Susan; Bright, William (2005).
2345:
2343:
2341:
2325:"American Indian Bilingual Education"
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2135:"American Indian Bilingual Education"
2045:
2043:
2041:
1947:The Karok Language, by William Bright
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1781:
1779:
861:
305:people in the region surrounding the
301:) is the traditional language of the
27:Endangered language of California, US
2473:(select simple or advanced browsing)
2072:
2049:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1959:
1957:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1703:Karuk Language Restoration Committee
1469:
341:
3495:
2406:. San Francisco: Chandler Pub. Co.
2402:Cultures of the North Pacific Coast
2373:. Los Angeles, CA: LBD Publishers.
2313:
2294:
2254:
2191:
1894:Walters, Heidi (October 27, 2011).
1499:kári xás pihnêefich upiip, pûuhara.
1475:From Dr. William Bright's research
1310:found the language lacks words for
24:
7005:Language isolates of North America
6995:Indigenous languages of California
2549:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
2482:Live Your Language Alliance (LYLA)
2391:
2338:
2281:
2243:
2224:
2126:
2038:
1854:
1776:
1754:Online Karuk dictionary hosted by
25:
7031:
2440:
1982:
1954:
1950:. University of California Press.
1913:
1322:, long-form vowels are used when
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1141:
1126:
1108:
1096:
1081:
1069:
1048:
1036:
1018:
1006:
366:
3448:
3447:
1963:
870:, as in the following examples.
322:Karuk is classified as severely
2362:
2218:
2148:
2112:. University of Arizona Press.
1930:Karuk : the upriver people
1745:
1399:'to become broken due to heat'
1298:Karuk is similar to many other
2323:Bennett, Ruth (1 March 1987).
2133:Bennett, Ruth (1 March 1987).
1830:
1529:koovúra yúruk kámvuunupahitih.
963:
13:
1:
1769:
1545:From Phil Albers, Jr.'s work
1350:relates to how English words
1293:
583:
7015:Endangered language isolates
2255:Fox, Margalit (2006-10-23).
2066:10.1016/j.lingua.2007.10.003
1810:Lyle Campbell (2000-09-21).
1533:Let it all flow downstream.
442:
7:
1816:. Oxford University Press.
1258:
970:
803:
274:Klamath River in California
10:
7036:
2597:indicate extinct languages
2452:Karuk Dictionary and Texts
2419:Richardson, Nancy (1993).
1280:
918:nut of a giant chinquapin
431:("Athithufvuunupma"), and
6946:
6900:
6831:
6711:
6637:
6520:
6486:
6391:
6361:
6330:
6297:
6244:
6204:
6171:
6137:
6103:
6076:
5990:
5919:
5878:
5855:
5794:
5783:
5627:
5360:
5349:
5317:
5244:
5235:
5124:
4941:
4930:
4897:
4759:
4750:
4658:
4416:
4402:
4316:
4111:
4093:
4044:
3962:
3953:
3947:Primary language families
3900:
3827:
3797:
3749:
3703:
3677:
3646:
3621:
3571:
3544:
3503:
3443:
3421:
3390:
3337:
3330:
3280:
3252:
3211:
3121:
3078:
2923:
2810:
2739:
2682:
2638:
2611:
2602:
2592:
2019:"Karuk Orthography Key 2"
1813:American Indian Languages
1737:Master-apprentice program
1665:Humboldt State University
1654:Revival through education
1300:American Indian Languages
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1149:
1134:
1122:
1104:
1092:
1077:
1044:
1032:
1014:
1002:
979:
976:
466:
461:
456:
454:
447:
232:
210:
201:
189:
173:
157:
152:
136:
106:
92:
82:
72:
61:
51:
42:
37:
32:
4764:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
2447:Karuk Language Resources
2398:Drucker, Philip (1965).
2206:linguistics.berkeley.edu
2087:linguistics.berkeley.edu
2026:linguistics.berkeley.edu
1875:linguistics.berkeley.edu
1593:it's time to go outside
1503:Then coyote said, "no."
1388:'involving heat or fire'
1341:
792:
350:and Bluff Creek. Before
7010:Polysynthetic languages
5931:have no living members.
3819:Highland Oaxaca Chontal
2586:Languages of California
2080:"Karuk Orthography Key"
1944:William Bright (1957).
1796:(subscription required)
1761:William Bright (2005).
1253:⟨s-h t-h⟩
1251:with the use of a dash
933:is from left-to-right.
395:Geographic distribution
336:revitalize the language
315:
311:Northwestern California
298:
290:
44:
6964:Unclassified languages
5911:Unclassified languages
5865:list of sign languages
4833:Northeastern Tasmanian
3431:American Sign Language
1927:Bell, Maureen (1991).
1610:Revitalization efforts
1287:polysynthetic language
376:
319:, meaning “upriver”.
275:
267:
234:This article contains
5886:Constructed languages
3037:Southern Sierra Miwok
3031:Northern Sierra Miwok
374:
273:
265:
4433:Binanderean–Goilalan
3025:Central Sierra Miwok
1603:be quiet/quiet down
1553:English Translation
1483:English Translation
1375:English Translation
945:English Translation
882:English Translation
6913:Algonquian–Wakashan
5715:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
5618:Tequiraca–Canichana
5461:Harákmbut–Katukinan
4224:Northwest Caucasian
4218:Northeast Caucasian
4142:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3362:Californian Spanish
2301:North Coast Journal
1900:North Coast Journal
1663:In the late 1980s,
1546:
1489:xâatik vaa ukupítih
1476:
1312:cardinal directions
973:
806:
805:Karuk vowel stress
6901:Proposed groupings
5991:Language families
5337:Tarascan/Purépecha
4826:Northern Tasmanian
4584:South Bougainville
4545:North Bougainville
3350:California English
3281:Language isolates
2974:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
2960:Kings River Yokuts
2946:Buena Vista Yokuts
2261:The New York Times
1637:The Karok Language
1633:Uhyanapatánvaanich
1544:
1474:
971:
862:Syllable structure
821:high-falling tone
804:
377:
276:
268:
6977:
6976:
6959:Extinct languages
6896:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6707:
6706:
6633:
6632:
6387:
6386:
6363:Takelma–Kalapuyan
5946:
5945:
5896:Language isolates
5874:
5873:
5779:
5778:
5345:
5344:
5231:
5230:
4926:
4925:
4873:Western Tasmanian
4791:Eastern Tasmanian
4746:
4745:
4468:East Geelvink Bay
4398:
4397:
4089:
4088:
3913:
3912:
3907:extinct languages
3745:
3744:
3731:
3729:Havasupai dialect
3724:
3613:Southeastern Pomo
3597:Northeastern Pomo
3463:
3462:
3439:
3438:
3326:
3325:
2858:Southeastern Pomo
2845:Northeastern Pomo
2380:978-1-933408-03-3
2225:Albers, Phil Jr.
2202:"Ararahih'urípih"
2119:978-0-8165-1802-9
2060:(12): 1956–1978.
1995:"Land Management"
1823:978-0-19-534983-2
1794:(18th ed., 2015)
1763:Karuk Dictionary.
1607:
1606:
1537:
1536:
1470:Words and phrases
1467:
1466:
1362:all start with a
1245:
1244:
972:Karuk consonants
961:
960:
942:Glide Transition
922:
921:
879:Glide Transition
859:
858:
778:
777:
570:
569:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
342:History and usage
260:
259:
242:rendering support
238:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
7027:
6969:Linguistic areas
6856:
6855:
6677:
6676:
6582:
6581:
6295:
6294:
6074:
6073:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5950:
5949:
5792:
5791:
5746:Huaorani/Waorani
5630:(extant in 2000)
5594:Esmeralda–Yaruro
5365:Andoque–Urequena
5358:
5357:
5242:
5241:
5048:Plateau Penutian
4939:
4938:
4914:(Northern Daly?)
4757:
4756:
4643:Northwest Papuan
4607:Trans–New Guinea
4473:East New Britain
4448:Central Solomons
4414:
4413:
4159:Great Andamanese
4109:
4108:
3960:
3959:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3727:
3722:Hualapai dialect
3720:
3647:Delta–California
3644:
3643:
3521:New River Shasta
3490:
3483:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3451:
3450:
3345:American English
3335:
3334:
3318:Plains Sign Talk
3283:and unclassified
3098:New River Shasta
2609:
2608:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2464:Overview at the
2436:
2434:
2415:
2405:
2385:
2384:
2371:Karuk Dictionary
2366:
2360:
2359:
2347:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2295:Walters, Heidi.
2292:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2252:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1991:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1867:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1783:
1765:Los Angeles, CA.
1752:Karuk Dictionary
1547:
1543:
1477:
1473:
1369:
1368:
1254:
1250:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1145:
1130:
1112:
1100:
1085:
1073:
1052:
1040:
1022:
1010:
974:
952:
936:
935:
913:
901:
889:
873:
872:
807:
770:
744:
726:
721:
713:
708:
703:
698:
686:
681:
673:
664:
646:
637:
588:
587:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
452:
451:
381:language isolate
318:
266:Karuk Tribe Flag
226:
215:
206:
185:
169:
162:
142:
118:Language isolate
112:
47:
30:
29:
21:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7000:Hokan languages
6980:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6942:
6888:
6854:
6836:linguistic area
6835:
6827:
6716:linguistic area
6715:
6703:
6675:
6629:
6580:
6525:linguistic area
6524:
6516:
6490:linguistic area
6489:
6482:
6383:
6357:
6326:
6293:
6240:
6200:
6167:
6133:
6099:
6072:
5992:
5986:
5977:
5947:
5942:
5941:
5915:
5901:Mixed languages
5870:
5851:
5786:
5775:
5629:
5623:
5478:Katembri–Taruma
5352:
5341:
5313:
5227:
5120:
4933:
4922:
4893:
4742:
4654:
4613:Turama–Kikorian
4523:Lower Mamberamo
4478:East Strickland
4406:
4394:
4312:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4040:
3949:
3944:
3914:
3909:
3896:
3860:Western Jicaque
3823:
3793:
3741:
3699:
3673:
3642:
3617:
3567:
3540:
3499:
3497:Hokan languages
3494:
3464:
3459:
3435:
3417:
3386:
3355:Chicano English
3322:
3316:
3282:
3276:
3248:
3236:Southern Patwin
3207:
3167:Northern Paiute
3156:Luiseño-Juaneño
3117:
3074:
2919:
2806:
2735:
2678:
2634:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2443:
2394:
2392:Further reading
2389:
2388:
2381:
2367:
2363:
2348:
2339:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2293:
2282:
2273:
2271:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2233:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2153:
2149:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1962:
1955:
1942:
1938:
1925:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1748:
1739:
1705:
1689:American Indian
1661:
1656:
1617:
1612:
1493:Let it do that
1472:
1432:'with the hand'
1409:'to get burnt'
1344:
1296:
1283:
1261:
1252:
1237:
1232:
997:
992:
966:
957:to bequeath to
931:syllabification
864:
795:
586:
574:vowel qualities
450:
445:
435:("Panamniik").
397:
375:Hokan Languages
369:
344:
299:Ararahih'uripih
240:Without proper
228:
227:
218:
181:
165:
158:
143:
138:
132:
113:
110:Language family
108:
85:
84:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7033:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6954:Classification
6950:
6948:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6928:Macro-Chibchan
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6879:
6872:
6864:
6862:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6839:
6837:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6817:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6791:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6775:
6763:
6761:Tequistlatecan
6758:
6751:
6744:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6719:
6717:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6694:
6686:
6684:
6674:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6644:
6642:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6591:
6589:
6579:
6578:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6528:
6526:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6424:Tequistlatecan
6421:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6396:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6368:
6366:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6348:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6312:
6304:
6302:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6251:
6249:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6219:
6211:
6209:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6186:
6178:
6176:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6143:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6090:
6082:
6080:
6071:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5996:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5976:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5953:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5826:Indo-Pakistani
5823:
5818:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5789:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5709:
5704:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5633:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5525:Piaroa–Saliban
5522:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5426:
5421:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5292:
5290:Tequistlatecan
5287:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5203:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5094:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5026:
5019:
5014:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4957:
4950:
4942:
4936:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4881:
4876:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4841:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4817:
4813:Marrku–Wurrugu
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4772:
4767:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4384:
4377:
4371:
4366:
4358:
4353:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4175:
4172:Hurro-Urartian
4168:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4144:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4120:
4112:
4106:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4066:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4003:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3920:
3911:
3910:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3846:
3839:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3799:Tequistlatecan
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3341:
3339:
3332:
3331:Non-Indigenous
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2953:Gashowu Yokuts
2949:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2462:Karuk language
2459:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2441:External links
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:10211.3/161156
2416:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2361:
2337:
2312:
2280:
2242:
2217:
2190:
2169:10.1086/466185
2147:
2125:
2118:
2098:
2071:
2037:
2010:
1981:
1953:
1936:
1912:
1886:
1853:
1842:www.unesco.org
1829:
1822:
1799:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1710:William Bright
1704:
1701:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1621:William Bright
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1453:'to pluck at'
1451:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1348:William Bright
1343:
1340:
1308:William Bright
1295:
1292:
1282:
1279:
1260:
1257:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
986:
982:
981:
978:
965:
962:
959:
958:
955:
953:
947:
946:
943:
940:
920:
919:
916:
914:
908:
907:
904:
902:
896:
895:
892:
890:
884:
883:
880:
877:
863:
860:
857:
856:
851:
848:
844:
843:
838:
835:
831:
830:
825:
822:
818:
817:
814:
811:
794:
791:
783:glottalization
776:
775:
773:
771:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
745:
740:
738:
736:
734:
728:
727:
722:
717:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
688:
687:
682:
677:
674:
669:
667:
665:
660:
654:
653:
651:
649:
647:
642:
640:
638:
633:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
585:
582:
568:
567:
565:
563:
560:
557:
555:
553:
547:
546:
543:
541:
539:
537:
534:
532:
526:
525:
522:
519:
517:
515:
512:
509:
503:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
449:
446:
444:
441:
396:
393:
368:
367:Classification
365:
356:William Bright
343:
340:
258:
257:
244:, you may see
230:
229:
217:
216:
208:
207:
199:
198:
193:
187:
186:
179:
171:
170:
163:
155:
154:
153:Language codes
150:
149:
144:
140:Writing system
137:
134:
133:
131:
130:
116:
114:
107:
104:
103:
96:
90:
89:
88:12 (2007)
86:
83:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
63:
59:
58:
53:
52:Native to
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
18:Karok language
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7032:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6885:
6884:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6857:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6823:
6822:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6681:Calusa–Tunica
6678:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5985:
5984:North America
5981:
5974:
5969:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5836:Original Thai
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5600:Hibito–Cholón
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5348:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5116:Yuman–Cochimí
5114:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4929:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4851:Southern Daly
4849:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:Darwin Region
4773:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:Demta–Sentani
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:Indo-European
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4129:Austroasiatic
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4099:
4092:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3608:Southern Pomo
3606:
3604:
3603:Northern Pomo
3601:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3423:Sign language
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:Indo-European
3336:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2980:Valley Yokuts
2978:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2934:Klamath-Modoc
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2878:Southern Pomo
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:Northern Pomo
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2232:
2228:
2227:"Karuk Words"
2221:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1967:
1964:Gehr, Susan.
1960:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1804:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1463:'to scratch'
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
995:
990:
987:
984:
983:
975:
969:
956:
954:
949:
948:
944:
941:
938:
937:
934:
932:
927:
926:
917:
915:
910:
909:
905:
903:
898:
897:
893:
891:
886:
885:
881:
878:
875:
874:
871:
869:
855:
852:
849:
846:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
809:
808:
802:
800:
790:
788:
787:labialization
784:
774:
772:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
754:
753:
750:
748:
746:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
730:
729:
723:
718:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
693:
690:
689:
683:
678:
675:
670:
668:
666:
661:
659:
656:
655:
652:
650:
648:
643:
641:
639:
634:
632:
629:
628:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
589:
581:
579:
575:
566:
564:
561:
558:
556:
554:
552:
549:
548:
544:
542:
540:
538:
535:
533:
531:
528:
527:
523:
520:
518:
516:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
472:
469:
464:
459:
453:
440:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:Klamath River
414:
410:
406:
402:
392:
390:
386:
382:
373:
364:
360:
357:
353:
349:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
317:
312:
308:
307:Klamath River
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
272:
264:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
237:
231:
225:
222:
214:
209:
205:
200:
197:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
178:
177:
172:
168:
164:
161:
156:
151:
148:
145:
141:
135:
129:
126:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
105:
101:
97:
95:
91:
87:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
65:Northwestern
64:
60:
57:
56:United States
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
6918:Aztec–Tanoan
6881:
6874:
6869:Guanahatabey
6867:
6860:Pre-Arawakan
6842:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6786:
6777:
6770:
6755:Oto-Manguean
6753:
6746:
6739:
6722:
6713:Mesoamerican
6696:
6689:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6522:Coahuiltecan
6509:
6502:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6435:
6428:
6416:
6371:
6350:
6332:Coast Oregon
6314:
6307:
6274:
6233:
6226:
6214:
6206:Macro-Siouan
6188:
6181:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6092:
6085:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6016:
5999:
5993:and isolates
5935:
5928:
5927:Families in
5862:
5813:
5711:
5699:
5549:
5517:
5508:Pano-Tacanan
5465:
5428:
5416:
5387:Arutani–Sape
5379:
5324:
5306:
5299:
5284:Oto-Manguean
5282:
5265:
5258:
5205:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5150:
5138:
5131:
5108:
5101:
5089:
5062:
5040:
5033:
5021:
5009:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4952:
4945:
4904:
4871:
4867:Western Daly
4845:Pama–Nyungan
4843:
4831:
4824:
4811:
4789:
4784:Eastern Daly
4782:
4774:
4729:
4605:
4593:
4571:
4554:
4532:
4503:Kaure–Kosare
4463:Doso–Turumsa
4453:Chimbu–Wahgi
4443:Bulaka River
4427:Austronesian
4425:
4386:
4379:
4360:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4235:Sino-Tibetan
4233:
4216:
4199:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4146:
4136:Austronesian
4134:
4127:
4115:
4061:
3999:Nilo-Saharan
3997:
3990:
3975:Austronesian
3973:
3966:
3902:
3889:
3872:
3867:
3858:
3841:
3834:
3813:Tequistlatec
3811:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3716:Upland Yuman
3630:
3595:
3586:Eastern Pomo
3581:Central Pomo
3560:
3553:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3452:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3269:
3263:
3253:
3241:
3234:
3222:
3212:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3154:
3147:
3135:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3079:
3065:
3048:
3029:
3019:Plains Miwok
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2932:
2910:
2903:
2876:
2871:Central Pomo
2869:
2862:
2852:Eastern Pomo
2850:
2843:
2836:
2826:
2819:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2740:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2683:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2627:
2620:
2594:
2421:
2401:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2331:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:
2272:. Retrieved
2260:
2234:. Retrieved
2231:www.karuk.us
2230:
2220:
2209:. Retrieved
2205:
2163:(1): 64–81.
2160:
2156:
2150:
2141:
2128:
2108:
2101:
2090:. Retrieved
2086:
2074:
2057:
2051:
2029:. Retrieved
2025:
2013:
2002:. Retrieved
1999:www.karuk.us
1998:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:
1946:
1939:
1929:
1903:. Retrieved
1899:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1845:. Retrieved
1841:
1832:
1812:
1789:
1762:
1758:Linguistics.
1746:Dictionaries
1740:
1715:
1706:
1662:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1629:U.C Berkeley
1618:
1598:
1588:
1583:time to eat
1578:
1568:
1558:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1419:'to be hot'
1414:
1404:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1297:
1284:
1265:
1262:
1246:
967:
939:First Vowel
928:
924:
923:
876:First Vowel
865:
853:
840:
827:
810:Description
797:Karuk has a
796:
779:
572:There are 5
571:
437:
421:Seiad Valley
398:
389:Hokan family
385:Edward Sapir
378:
361:
348:Seiad Valley
345:
321:
282:
278:
277:
233:
174:
127:
6923:Macro-Mayan
6788:Uto-Aztecan
6766:Totozoquean
6596:Coahuilteco
6407:Palaihnihan
6289:Tsimshianic
5821:Germanosign
5725:Mura-Pirahã
5606:Lule–Vilela
5582:Bora-Witoto
5557:Uru–Chipaya
5530:Ticuna–Yuri
5513:Peba–Yaguan
5498:Nambikwaran
5301:Uto-Aztecan
5237:Mesoamerica
5091:Uto-Aztecan
5080:Tsimshianic
5042:Palaihnihan
4912:Malak-Malak
4649:Papuan Gulf
4623:West Papuan
4528:Lower Sepik
4518:Lakes Plain
4421:Arai–Samaia
4409:the Pacific
4117:Afroasiatic
3992:Niger–Congo
3968:Afroasiatic
3807:Huamelultec
3760:Coahuilteco
3546:Palaihnihan
3198:Tübatulabal
3123:Uto Aztecan
3005:Coast Miwok
2535:Julian Lang
2332:eric.ed.gov
2142:eric.ed.gov
1756:UC Berkeley
1625:linguistics
1443:'to thump'
1326:is next to
1314:, but uses
1285:Karuk is a
1236:Harrington
1231:Harrington
1063:' ? ʔ
996:Harrington
991:Harrington
964:Orthography
906:soap plant
799:tone system
756:Approximant
599:Labiodental
379:Karuk is a
248:instead of
100:L2 speakers
6984:Categories
6779:Mixe–Zoque
6748:Misumalpan
6670:Chitimacha
6162:Algonquian
6128:Athabaskan
6007:Yuki–Wappo
5815:Francosign
5663:Chiquitano
5643:Alacalufan
5451:Guaicuruan
5424:Chapacuran
5407:Cahuapanan
5375:Araucanian
5278:Mixe–Zoque
5273:Misumalpan
4987:Comecrudan
4839:Nyulnyulan
4618:Upper Yuat
4595:Torricelli
4567:Senu River
4498:Foja Range
4404:New Guinea
4329:Burushaski
4190:Kartvelian
4165:Hmong–Mien
3981:Khoe–Kwadi
3413:Vietnamese
3012:Lake Miwok
2709:Purisimeño
2640:Athabaskan
2604:Indigenous
2525:Susan Gehr
2306:2017-04-29
2297:"In Karuk"
2274:2017-04-29
2236:2017-04-29
2211:2017-04-29
2092:2019-12-26
2031:2019-12-26
2004:2020-05-27
1975:2017-04-30
1905:October 4,
1880:2017-04-29
1847:2020-05-27
1791:Ethnologue
1770:References
1697:Happy Camp
1648:dictionary
1509:pihnêefich
1320:morphology
1294:Morphology
1275:diacritics
1272:circumflex
951:/uiriwsaw/
912:/suniiθih/
834:high tone
584:Consonants
429:Happy Camp
324:endangered
67:California
6933:Tolatecan
6833:Caribbean
6821:Alagüilac
6814:Purépecha
6800:Cuitlatec
6772:Totonacan
6730:Jicaquean
6649:Muskogean
6624:Mamulique
6610:Comecrudo
6540:Karankawa
6443:Jicaquean
6430:Chimariko
6379:Kalapuyan
6322:Sahaptian
6270:Yok-Utian
6255:Chinookan
6228:Iroquoian
6196:Chimakuan
6012:Chumashan
5846:Tanzanian
5787:languages
5684:Hodï/Joti
5628:Isolates
5567:Yanomaman
5503:Otomákoan
5467:Jirajaran
5456:Guajiboan
5418:Catacaoan
5397:Barbacoan
5326:Cuitlatec
5295:Totonacan
5254:Jicaquean
5133:Chimariko
5029:Muskogean
5011:Kalapuyan
5005:Iroquoian
4980:Chumashan
4973:Chinookan
4966:Chimakuan
4884:Yangmanic
4879:Worrorran
4862:Wagaydyic
4752:Australia
4601:Trans-Fly
4267:Yeniseian
4254:Tyrsenian
4148:Dravidian
3905:indicate
3891:Yana/Yahi
3849:Jicaquean
3836:Chimariko
3788:Mamulique
3774:Comecrudo
3528:Okwanuchu
3297:Chimariko
3149:Kitanemuk
3105:Okwanuchu
2998:Bay Miwok
2967:Palewyami
2821:Chimariko
2766:Ramaytush
2759:Chochenyo
2730:Ventureño
2723:Barbareño
2685:Chumashan
2356:Ebscohost
2269:0362-4331
2185:144335898
1970:karuk.org
1579:ta'ávahiv
1523:mountain
977:Spelling
850:/à/ /àː/
847:low tone
837:/á/ /áː/
816:Spelling
692:Fricative
443:Phonology
425:Somes Bar
413:Del Norte
176:Glottolog
160:ISO 639-3
73:Ethnicity
6844:Arawakan
6724:Chibchan
6603:Cotoname
6561:Quinigua
6547:Maratino
6246:Penutian
6190:Wakashan
6183:Salishan
6094:Eskimoan
6078:Eskaleut
5879:See also
5856:Isolates
5831:Japanese
5771:Yuracaré
5653:Candoshi
5612:Macro-Jê
5577:Zaparoan
5572:Zamucoan
5562:Witotoan
5545:Tucanoan
5540:Tiniguan
5535:Timotean
5519:Quechuan
5488:Matacoan
5483:Mascoian
5473:Jivaroan
5436:Chibchan
5430:Charruan
5381:Arawakan
5318:Isolates
5249:Chibchan
5125:Isolates
5097:Wakashan
5058:Salishan
5000:Eskaleut
4906:Giimbiyu
4898:Isolates
4807:Jarrakan
4802:Iwaidjan
4659:Isolates
4513:Kutubuan
4381:Sumerian
4317:Isolates
4272:Yukaghir
4241:Tungusic
4207:Mongolic
4195:Koreanic
4154:Eskaleut
4045:Isolates
4029:Ubangian
3767:Cotoname
3685:Maricopa
3664:Kumeyaay
3562:Atsugewi
3555:Achumawi
3514:Konomihu
3454:Category
3367:Armenian
3185:Tataviam
3172:Panamint
3143:Kawaiisu
3131:Cahuilla
3091:Konomihu
2925:Penutian
2899:Kumeyaay
2838:Atsugewi
2832:Achomawi
2695:Obispeño
2502:Tsnungwe
2412:63-20546
1519:túuyship
1316:suffixes
1304:prefixes
1241:Phoneme
1238:(notes)
1233:(typed)
998:(notes)
993:(typed)
980:Phoneme
900:/imiuha/
894:fishery
888:/imuira/
609:Alveolar
594:Bilabial
419:between
409:Humboldt
405:Siskiyou
401:European
352:European
291:Araráhih
254:Help:IPA
183:karo1304
45:Araráhih
6908:Amerind
6883:Ciguayo
6876:Macorix
6850:Cariban
6824: ?
6683: ?
6663:Atakapa
6656:Natchez
6641: ?
6588: ?
6586:Pakawan
6575:Tonkawa
6533:Aranama
6488:Pueblo
6456:Salinan
6437:Esselen
6402:Shastan
6395: ?
6373:Takelma
6365: ?
6352:Siuslaw
6334: ?
6309:Klamath
6301: ?
6299:Plateau
6265:Maiduan
6260:Wintuan
6248: ?
6222:Caddoan
6208: ?
6175: ?
6114:Tlingit
6105:Na-Dene
6060:Waikuri
6053:Timucua
6046:Kutenai
6025:Beothuk
5929:italics
5906:Pidgins
5891:Creoles
5841:Swedish
5809:Chinese
5756:Urarina
5741:Puinave
5695:Itonama
5689:Irantxe
5658:Chimane
5588:Chimuan
5493:Nadahup
5412:Cariban
5392:Aymaran
5353:America
5195:Waikuri
5188:Tonkawa
5181:Timucua
5174:Takelma
5167:Siuslaw
5156:Kutenai
5140:Esselen
5103:Wintuan
5064:Shastan
5035:Na-Dene
5023:Maiduan
4960:Caddoan
4934:America
4888:Wagiman
4886:(incl.
4857:Tangkic
4797:Garawan
4770:Bunuban
4731:Tambora
4698:Maybrat
4666:Abinomn
4589:Teberan
4550:Pauwasi
4540:Mairasi
4508:Kiwaian
4388:Tambora
4374:Shompen
4356:Kusunda
4349:Kenaboi
4335:Elamite
4307:Siangic
4289:Kho-Bwa
4283:Hrusish
4201:Kra–Dai
4185:Japonic
4094:Eurasia
4069:Sandawe
4052:Bangime
4017:Songhay
3903:Italics
3874:Salinan
3843:Esselen
3751:Pakawan
3737:Yavapai
3695:Quechan
3654:Cocopah
3632:Cochimí
3591:Kashaya
3505:Shastan
3408:Tagalog
3398:Chinese
3382:Russian
3377:Punjabi
3372:Persian
3313:Takelma
3307:Salinan
3291:Esselen
3224:Nomlaki
3214:Wintuan
3178:Serrano
3081:Shastan
3067:Nisenan
3044:Maiduan
2884:Kashaya
2780:Awaswas
2716:Ineseño
2702:Cruzeño
2673:Wailaki
2659:Mattole
2595:Italics
2516:people.
2514:Wailaki
2510:Mattole
2177:1265470
1693:Orleans
1685:English
1569:pûuhara
1513:coyote
1459:akxárap
1281:Grammar
1228:Bright
1225:Modern
988:Bright
985:Modern
624:Glottal
614:Palatal
463:Central
433:Orleans
332:English
250:Unicode
94:Revival
6938:Waroid
6794:Xincan
6735:Lencan
6698:Calusa
6691:Tunica
6568:Solano
6554:Naolan
6498:Tanoan
6412:Pomoan
6346:Coosan
6341:Alsean
6316:Molala
6276:Yokuts
6216:Siouan
6067:Pericú
6039:Cayuse
5804:BANZSL
5766:Yamana
5751:Trumai
5720:Movima
5674:Fulniô
5637:Aikanã
5551:Tupian
5446:Chonan
5370:Arauan
5308:Xincan
5260:Lencan
5213:Yokuts
5110:Yukian
5075:Tanoan
5070:Siouan
5053:Pomoan
4994:Coosan
4820:Mirndi
4713:Porome
4708:Pawaia
4562:Senagi
4534:Madang
4483:Eleman
4438:Border
4369:Nihali
4362:Minoan
4342:Hattic
4324:Basque
4295:Mijiic
4277:Digaro
4261:Uralic
4247:Turkic
4098:Europe
3955:Africa
3711:Paipai
3690:Mojave
3638:Kiliwa
3573:Pomoan
3535:Shasta
3403:Korean
3255:Yukian
3230:Patwin
3192:Tongva
3137:Cupeño
3112:Shasta
3061:Konkow
2940:Yokuts
2894:Mojave
2801:Chalon
2794:Rumsen
2787:Mutsun
2773:Tamyen
2752:Karkin
2742:Ohlone
2648:Tolowa
2512:, and
2486:Tolowa
2410:
2377:
2267:
2183:
2175:
2116:
2053:Lingua
1820:
1681:Tolowa
1679:, and
1641:syntax
1599:ka'íru
1550:Karuk
1480:Karuk
1449:'aktuṽ
1439:'aknup
1415:imchax
1405:imchak
1372:Karuk
1360:sneeze
1358:, and
1259:Vowels
604:Dental
578:length
448:Vowels
411:, and
328:UNESCO
221:UNESCO
102:(2007)
62:Region
6990:Karuk
6947:Lists
6807:Huave
6741:Mayan
6617:Garza
6504:Keres
6470:Washo
6449:Karuk
6418:Yuman
6393:Hokan
6282:Utian
6235:Yuchi
6173:Mosan
6155:Yurok
6148:Wiyot
6139:Algic
6087:Aleut
6032:Bidai
6001:Haida
5761:Warao
5730:Nukak
5701:Kunza
5679:Guató
5668:Cofán
5648:Camsá
5441:Choco
5402:Boran
5351:South
5332:Huave
5267:Mayan
5218:Yuchi
5201:Washo
5151:Karuk
5146:Haida
5085:Utian
5017:Keres
4954:Alsea
4947:Algic
4932:North
4724:Taiap
4718:Sulka
4573:Sepik
4488:Engan
4229:Ongan
4212:Nivkh
4080:Shabo
4063:Jalaa
4057:Hadza
4011:Mande
3885:Washo
3868:Karuk
3828:Other
3781:Garza
3678:River
3669:Tipai
3623:Yuman
3391:Asian
3302:Karuk
3271:Wappo
3243:Wintu
3056:Maidu
3050:Chico
2992:Miwok
2987:Wintu
2889:Washo
2827:Karuk
2812:Hokan
2666:Cahto
2629:Yurok
2622:Wiyot
2613:Algic
2545:Karok
2506:Wiyot
2494:Yurok
2490:Karuk
2328:(PDF)
2181:S2CID
2173:JSTOR
2138:(PDF)
2083:(PDF)
2022:(PDF)
1786:Karuk
1677:Karuk
1673:Yurok
1589:íikam
1395:impat
1356:sniff
1352:snort
1342:Verbs
1336:Yurok
1268:acute
868:glide
824:/âː/
793:Tones
631:Nasal
619:Velar
507:Close
495:short
485:short
475:short
458:Front
316:káruk
309:, in
303:Karuk
295:Karok
287:Karok
283:Karok
279:Karuk
196:Karuk
147:Latin
128:Karuk
122:Hokan
77:Karuk
38:Karok
33:Karuk
6639:Gulf
6511:Zuni
6477:Yana
6463:Seri
6121:Eyak
6018:Adai
5936:bold
5863:See
5799:Arab
5785:Sign
5736:Páez
5713:Maku
5707:Leco
5223:Zuni
5207:Yana
5161:Seri
4918:Tiwi
4738:Wiru
4703:Mpur
4693:Kuot
4676:Anêm
4671:Abun
4638:Yuat
4633:Yawa
4579:Skou
4556:Ramu
4407:and
4301:Miju
4123:Ainu
4103:Asia
4101:and
4074:Laal
4035:Kadu
4023:Ijaw
3986:Kx'a
3880:Seri
3659:Ipai
3265:Yuki
3162:Mono
2912:Yahi
2905:Yana
2653:Hupa
2498:Hupa
2408:LCCN
2375:ISBN
2265:ISSN
2114:ISBN
1907:2013
1818:ISBN
1695:and
1669:Hupa
1619:Dr.
1563:yes
1426:'ak-
1270:and
1249:/ʃθ/
1153:h '
1066:' ʔ
854:a aa
841:á áa
813:IPA
732:Flap
716:(ʃ)
676:t͡ʃ
658:Stop
551:Open
500:long
490:long
480:long
468:Back
5982:of
4688:Kol
4682:Ata
4628:Yam
4493:Fas
4006:Tuu
3854:Tol
3704:Pai
3203:Ute
2427:hdl
2165:doi
2062:doi
2058:118
1788:at
1627:at
1573:no
1559:hãa
1382:im-
1364:sn-
1330:or
1123:cc
1117:sh
1090:th
1033:tc
1027:ch
785:or
562:aː
545:oː
536:eː
530:Mid
524:uː
514:iː
326:by
293:or
281:or
236:IPA
191:ELP
167:kyh
124:?)
98:30
6986::
4890:)?
3310:,
3304:,
3300:,
3294:,
3268:,
2508:,
2504:,
2500:,
2496:,
2492:,
2488:,
2354:.
2340:^
2330:.
2315:^
2299:.
2283:^
2263:.
2259:.
2245:^
2229:.
2204:.
2193:^
2179:.
2171:.
2161:59
2159:.
2140:.
2085:.
2056:.
2040:^
2024:.
1997:.
1984:^
1968:.
1956:^
1915:^
1898:.
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1840:.
1802:^
1778:^
1675:,
1671:,
1354:,
1338:.
1255:.
1213:n
1201:m
1189:y
1177:r
1165:v
1150:h
1138:q
1135:x
1120:š
1105:s
1093:θ
1078:f
1060:ʔ
1057:'
1045:k
1030:č
1015:t
1003:p
828:âa
407:,
297::
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2547:(
2435:.
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1332:u
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1194:j
1182:ɾ
1170:β
1158:h
1143:x
1128:ʃ
1110:s
1098:θ
1083:f
1071:ʔ
1050:k
1038:ʧ
1020:t
1008:p
769:j
743:ɾ
725:h
720:x
712:s
707:θ
702:f
697:β
685:ʔ
680:k
672:t
663:p
645:n
636:m
559:a
521:u
511:i
285:(
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