1764:, spreading rapidly to Uva and Walapane. Keppitipola, Dissave of Uva, was sent to quash the uprising, but defected and joined the rebels instead. By July, every major Kandyan chief except Molligoda had joined the rebellion; several, including Ehelepola, had already been captured. Brownrigg responded to the rebellion by ordering that all males between 15 and 60 years of age in Uva Province to be driven out, exiled or killed. In addition, the irrigation systems in Uva and Wellassa were destroyed, "one hundred thousand" paddy fields in Wellassa were burnt, all property was appropriated, and cattle and other animals were slaughtered en masse. Brownrigg also issued a Sri Lanka Gazette Notification that condemned anyone who participated in the Great Uprising with property confiscation, extradition to Mauritius, and even execution. (This Gazette Notification labelling the rebels as "traitors" was only revoked two centuries later, in 2017, with 81 leaders of the freedom struggle being formally declared as National Heroes.) Molligoda, however, ensured the road to Kandy remained open and on 30 October Keppetipola was captured. His associate Madugalle Adikaram was captured on 1 November, and thereafter the rebellion collapsed. Both leaders were beheaded on 26 November 1817. Viewing the convention as null and void, the British set about breaking the power of the nobility. Though smaller uprisings occurred in 1820, 1823, and 1824, none of them seriously threatened the British government of the highlands.
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colors were used despite the limited palette, which resulted in striking visual impact. The frescoes at
Degaldoruva and the Ridi Vihare in Kurunegala were the notable examples of traditional Kandyan art, created by the talented monk, Devaragampola Silvaththana between 1771 and 1776. The Dambulla rock temple was also redecorated in the eighteenth century in a similar artistic style. Other paintings at Kaballalena temple in the Kurunegala district, shrines at Mulkirigala in the Hambantota district, the Totagamuva Rajamahévihara in Telvatta, and the Sailabimbaramaya in Dodanduwa were attributed to artists influenced by Devaragampola Silvaththana's school. These paintings exhibited variations in style, indicating the potential involvement of multiple artists. Although the Kandyan paintings of this period.
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final expulsion of the
Portuguese from Sri Lanka. Rajasinha demanded that the fort be handed over to the Kandyans for demolition; in November, the Dutch refused and drove the king and his army from the vicinity. Rajasinha's hold over his own population was tenuous, and rebellions against him in 1664 and 1671 gave the Dutch the opportunity to seize large parts of Sabaragamuwa in 1665, as well as Kalpitiya, Kottiyar, Batticaloa and Trincomalee. The seizure of the ports was a serious blow to the Kandyan kingdom – not only were Dutch holdings now more or less coterminous with the territory the Portuguese had held, but all Kandyan trade was now in Dutch hands. Rajasinha attempted to negotiate an alliance with
2230:) is a historical palace complex located in the city of Kandy, Sri Lanka, and was the official residence of the kings of the Kingdom of Kandy before the British colonization in 1815. The palace complex is a remarkable example of traditional Kandyan architecture, adorned with intricate wood and stone carvings, and murals on the walls. It comprises several buildings, including the Audience Hall, the Queen's Palace, the King's Palace, and the famous Temple of the Tooth Relic. The Temple of the Tooth, one of the most revered Buddhist temples in the world, is also located within the palace complex. The palace complex and the Temple of the Tooth are both designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
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January 1803, a
British force led by General Hay Macdowall marched to Kandy and found it evacuated. The British force installed Muttusami, but he was not respected by the Kandyans. The British were surrounded by hostile people, lacked food, and suffered disease. Macdowall became ill and put Major Davie in charge. The British abandoned Kandy with the sick left behind were put to death. Kandyan forces defeated the retreating British at the Mahavali River, executing Muttusami and all the British prisoners except Davie and three others. This Kandyan war lasted for two years, becoming the longest and most intensive period of the
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1544:, which the Dutch torched; outlying agricultural lands were also ravaged, leaving the kingdom on the brink of starvation by 1764. Kirti Sri Rajasinha requested assistance from the British in 1762 but failed to secure an alliance. By 1765 the Dutch were in a position to force a treaty upon the Kandyans returning not only the border districts but all of Kandy's coastal provinces to the Dutch; henceforth, the kingdom would be effectively cut off from the outside world. Relations between the Dutch and the Kandyans remained peaceable after this until the final expulsion of the former from the island in 1796.
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1757:. The resulting agreement allowed for the protection of Buddhism and the preservation of local systems of government under the authority of the British Governor in Colombo and supervised by British agents in Sabaragamuwa, the Three Korales, and Uva. In practice, however, local chiefs such as Ehelepola and Molligoda were acutely aware that they were ultimately answerable to the British, and were in practice junior to British colonial officials who now had free access to their domains.
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1974:(Great Officer). There was no time limit for the office holder as he held the post at the pleasure of the King, which meant throughout his life, if not incurred the displeasure of the King. The police and the jails were under their control. Adikars were consulted on the appointment of all other chiefs, the chief priest as well as for grants of lands, or rewards for services. It was not hereditary, although members of the same family have been appointed.
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1625:. The new king rejected the terms of Migastenne's treaty, depriving the kingdom of the opportunity to regain the lands it had lost a generation earlier. It proved to be a fateful decision; the British immediately set about organising their new acquisitions, establishing systems of government, education, and justice. With the appointment of Frederick North (1798–1805) as the first
1659:, but the English Company still retained a monopoly on the colony's trade. Agents of the British were put in charge of lucrative pearl fisheries, cotton plantations, salt, and tobacco monopolies. In the first three years, the government received £396,000 from pearl fisheries. This compensated for the lower price of cinnamon because of Dutch stocks in
1742:, Ehelepola's successor in Sabaragamuwa and Dissava of the Four Korales, defected to the British in February; Kandy was seized on 14 February, and Sri Wickrama Rajasinghe himself captured on 18 February. The king was subsequently exiled to India, where he died in 1832. His son died childless in 1843, bringing the Nayakkar line to an end.
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able to crush with Dutch assistance. The
Nayakkar nobility – which tended to be exclusivist and monopolise access to the king – was seen as forming an elite group privileged above the native aristocracy, the powerful adigars. Though Sri Vijaya Rajasinha's reign (1739–1747) proved relatively peaceful, his successor
2192:, they weighed around 28 kg and were mounted on a tripod where the gunner would rest the butt stock from the chest to the shoulder before firing. In addition to field artillery similar to that of Europeans Kandyans also developed a unique form of light cannon better suited for mountain warfare called the
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Kandyan architects played a vital role in the development of
Buddhist architecture by introducing Tampita viharages. These image-houses were constructed on raised platforms and became a prominent aspect of Kandyan Buddhist temples. Typically, these temples featured a pansala for bhikkhus to reside, a
2610:
During the reign of the
Kandyan kingdom in Sri Lanka, traditional artistic conventions were followed by generations of skilled artists. Kandyan paintings of this period showcased traditional motifs and subjects and had a two-dimensional style with a strong emphasis on line and color. Vibrant and pure
1666:
Amidst rising tension, matters came to a head when a group of
Moorish British subjects were detained and beaten by agents of Pilima Talawe's. British demands for reparations were ignored by the Kandyans and so North ordered a British force to invade Kandyan lands starting the First Kandyan War. On 31
1647:. Muttusami, brother-in-law of Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha also claimed the throne of Kandy, but Pilima Talauve arrested him and his sisters. The First Minister, was close to the British however could not control Sri Vickrama Rajasinha, he coveted the throne for himself, and at meetings with the British at
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Hostilities between the
Portuguese and the Kandyans continued throughout the rest of Wimaladharmasuriya's reign. The Kandyans lent aid to a rebellion led by Domingos Corrêa and later Simão Corrêa, Sinhalese subjects of Dharmapala, between 1594 and 1596. A Portuguese incursion in 1604 saw them capture
830:
Much of the Kandy
Kingdom's territory was in Sri Lanka's mountainous and thickly forested interior, with mountain passes to the capital providing plenty of opportunities for defenders to stage ambushes. Routes to the city were kept secret, and spreading information concerning them could often result
2800:
During the
Kandyan kingdom, the sculpture art was considered less impressive than the Anuradhapura and Polonnaruva periods. This is especially evident in the moonstones that were created during that time. The moonstones lost their symbolic significance and were reduced to mere decorations featuring
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Kandyan architecture was the style of architecture used in the Kandyan kingdom. This style was heavily influenced by the architecture of the Malabar region in South India, due to the close connection between the two regions during that time. Unlike stone, wood was the main building material used in
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Relations between the Dutch and the Kandyans had been difficult from the onset and the alliance fell apart in the 1640s. The two sides joined forces again in the 1650s to expel the Portuguese, but a final break occurred in 1656 in the aftermath of the fall of Colombo after a six-month siege and the
2040:
Appointed by the King, a Dissava had administrative and judicial authority both civil and criminal over the Desavonies as king's personal representative. They had jurisdiction over all persons and lands within their province, except for those attached to the King's court or household. There was no
1916:
According to the Kandyan administrative system, the king was head of all spheres. He was also known as "Lankeshwara Thrisinhaladheeshwara". It was accepted that the king owned all lands and therefore was known as "Bhupathi". Even though the king was called "Adeeshwara", it was customary to consult
1767:
The area of the central highlands in which the Kandyan kingdom was situated had the natural protection of rivers, waterways, hills and rocky mountainous terrain. The prominent location of the Kandyan kingdom with its cool climate had greatly contributed to protecting the independence of the nation
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of Sabaragamuwa, to Kandy. Ehelepola, suspecting a trap, refused; in revenge, the king had his wife and three children executed. Such was the cruelty of the execution that the Kandyan populace, not unused to sights of public execution, now turned en masse against the king. The king was also hugely
1705:
commander known as Sangunglo. Upon their arrival they found the city deserted. Rather than torching it, they installed a puppet king, Muttusami, and left a small garrison in the town before withdrawing. The Kandyans recaptured the city, leaving only one survivor, and harried British forces down to
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The residences of the common people were modest, consisting of one-story buildings, and the most basic ones having only a solitary room. These abodes consisted of mud walls built around a wooden frame, thatched roofs, and polished floors made by blending mud and cow-dung. The upper class lived in
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The audience hall is a great example of how Kandyan architecture adapted to its environment. The structure was supported by intricately carved wooden pillars that were later replicated in stone at the Dalada Maligava. Additionally, Kandyan architecture featured long verandahs supported by pillars
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military adventurers. With the arrival of the Nayakkars, large numbers of South Indian Tamil soldiers made up the king's personal guard. In addition to this, various Europeans were in the King's service during this period (including a master gunner), and large contingents of Malays, who were very
1492:
populace, including the Kandyan aristocracy, and the Nayakkars remained fraught throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. As early as Narendrasinha's reign, attempts at appointing Nayakkars to prominent positions in court had caused rebellion, including one in 1732 that the king had only been
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Sithawakan rule over Kandy proved difficult to enforce. Wirasundara Mudiyanse, Rajasinghe's viceroy in the area, rebelled soon after the initial conquest; though his uprising was crushed another occurred in 1588. Resistance eventually coalesced around Konnappu Bandara, son of Wirasundara, who had
1709:
In the following decade, Sri Wickrama Rajasinha's increasingly erratic and capricious rule led to serious unrest amongst the population. A major rebellion in the Seven Korales nearly dethroned him in 1808. The powerful Pilima Talawe rebelled in 1810, was captured, and executed. In 1814, the king
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As for the armies, each of the local chieftains could call upon a militia that often accompanied them on their journeys around the kingdom. The bulk of the Kandyan army consisted of local peasant conscripts – irregulars pressed into service in times of war – who tended to bring with them around
2099:
The Kingdom of Kandy was governed by customs and traditions that have descended over the centuries which forms the basis of both the civil and criminal legal system that existed in the kingdom. Parts of this traditional law have been codified into the current legal framework of Sri Lanka as the
2184:
twenty days' worth of supplies and functioned in discrete units often out of contact with each other. One of the reasons for the Kandyan's inability to hold the land they captured was poor logistical support, as many soldiers had to return to base to replenish their supplies once they ran out.
2292:
The Kingdom of Kandy used multiple currencies some of which originated from its predecessor the Kingdom of Kotte. The Silver coins 'Ridi (Massa)' and 'Panama' were introduced by the end of the 16th century while the gold coins ‘Ran Panam’ and ‘Ran massa’ had been introduced earlier. Later the
2187:
By the 1760s bows and arrows had been phased out in favour of firearms. Kandyan gunsmiths specialised in manufacturing light flintlocks known as Bondikula with smaller bores than European guns, with their barrels extended for accuracy. Larger bondikula guns known as Maha thuwakku were used as
2801:
various shapes and designs. The moonstones found at Dalada Maligava are a prime example of this as they have elongated ends and are highly conventionalized. It is worth noting that there is no direct artistic connection between the traditions of Sigiri, Polonnaruva, and the Kandyan kingdom.
2578:
The state religion was Buddhism. Due to the activities of the Portuguese, ordained Buddhist monks were absent by the Dutch era. After the arrival of the Nayak dynasty, Buddhism was again firmly established in the island. The dynasty of Vimaladharmasurya I largely tolerated the presence of
2172:, and quick raids. One of the hallmarks of the clashes between the kingdom and its European foes was the inability of either side to take and hold land or to permanently cut off supply routes, with the exception being the Dutch, who managed to do so for an extended period of time in 1762.
2293:'Thangam Massa', 'Podi (small) Thangama', 'Ridiya' were introduced. By the 18th century the ‘Waragama’ originating from India and the copper coin ‘Salli’ became widespread with an exchange rate of one 'Ridiya' for sixty-four 'Salli' coins. The influence of the Dutch resulted in the
2785:
vihara for the image-house, and a stupa or dagoba. However, some temples did not have a dagoba. Furthermore, nearly every temple had a devale, which was a shrine dedicated to a Hindu deity. The statue of the Hindu god was usually housed under the same roof as the Buddha's statue.
1651:
between 1799 and 1801 requested British assistance in deposing Sri Vickrama Rajasinha. Complex negotiations ensued, with various ideas – including the king being moved to British lands with Pilima Talawe acting as his viceroy in Kandy – were discussed and rejected by both sides.
1352:
on 28 March 1638. The battle was to be the last major military victory for the kingdom of Kandy and succeeded in severely weakening the Portuguese presence in Sri Lanka. In May of that year he concluded a wide-ranging alliance with the Dutch, who were by now in control of
2136:
17th–18th Century flintlock Sinhalese Long Gun also known as a "Bondikula". The lock is situated to the left side and the bifurcated butt is a characteristic unique to Sinhalese guns. The gun has been extensively ornamented with silver and ivory panels carved with floral
1156:, posed the greatest threat to the autonomy of the other states. In 1522, the Kandyans secured Portuguese protection against Sithawaka, but any potential for alliance ended in 1546 when Portuguese and Kotte forces invaded the kingdom. Kandy subsequently lent aid to the
2591:. The religious environment, however, changed dramatically with the arrival of the Nayak dynasty. In 1743 Sri Vijaya Rajasinha ordered churches burned and commenced a general repression of the faith, which continued until Kirti Sri Rajasinha commanded its cessation.
2233:
The city of Kandy was built in a stunning pattern of twelve cycles by the kings of Kandy, showcasing their grandeur and architectural prowess. However, after the fall of the kingdom to British invaders, the once glorious landscape was altered beyond recognition.
1179:) and her husband Yamasinghe Bandara. Both eventually adopted Portuguese worship, converted to Christianity and adopted the names Dona Catherina and Don Philipe respectively. In the meanwhile the Portuguese also laid claim to the Kandyan realm, citing
2116:(the Great Court) consists of the King, Adikars, Disawes, MahaLekam, and the Mohandirams forms the highest court of the land held in different times and locations hearing both civil and criminal cases. The court language of Kandy was under the
2041:
time limit for the office holder as he held the post at the pleasure of the King, which meant throughout his life, if not incurred the displeasure of the King. It was not hereditary, although members of the same family have been appointed.
1921:. The king had to follow the customs and traditions which were in popular practice at that time, otherwise, the people would rebel against him if he did not. Not obeying these would be detrimental to the power of the king, an example being
2797:
more refined structures called Walawwas, which often had unpolished windows on the interior walls. The rooms in Walawwas were usually organized around a central courtyard known as "hataras midula," which remained uncovered to the sky.
3019:
Asiatic researches or transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal, for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature, of Asia. On Singhala or Ceylon and the doctrine of Bhooddha; by Captain
2788:
1412:. Several anti-Dutch uprisings occurred in the lowlands during the course of the 1720s and 1730s; the Kandyans in turn declared war on the Dutch in 1736 and seized some territory. Hostilities subsided with the appointment of
743:
Throughout the 16th century, numerous battles were fought with the Portuguese and later the Dutch, and from the 1590s, Kandy became the sole independent native polity on the island of Sri Lanka and through a combination of
1340:
being overrun by the Kandyans. Internal instability yet again prevented the Kandyans from securing their acquisitions, and by the time of Senarat's death in 1635 lowland Sri Lanka was once again under Portuguese control.
1263:
to Kandy in an attempt to negotiate a treaty. The visit ended in disaster when the visitors offended their Kandyan hosts with their behaviour and in the ensuing fracas, de Weert and several of his entourage were killed.
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1393:, who seized Trincomalee but were expelled by the Dutch in 1672. Kandyan campaigns in 1675 and 1684 recaptured some territory, but by the time of Rajasinha's death in 1687 neither city had returned to Kandyan control.
1970:, holding equal powers and privileges within their jurisdiction. The Pallegampahe Adikar held precedence over the Udagampahe Adikar. The Adikars are distinguished from the other chiefs with the honour of the title of
2707:
made of various materials, including wood, stone, or masonry. These structures had peaked roofs and overhanging eaves to protect the walls from the elements. The Lankatilaka vihara is a prime example of this style.
1400:, and his twenty-year reign (1687–1707) proved relatively peaceable. A trade war broke out in 1701 when the Kandyans closed their borders with Dutch territories in order to stimulate trade through the ports of
2104:. The King had ultimate judicial authority in civil and criminal cases in both original and appellate cases. Principle chiefs exercised civil and criminal jurisdiction over persons within their jurisdiction.
1206:
as client king. In 1594, Rajasinghe I died and the kingdom of Sithawaka disintegrated. Kandy remained the sole native polity outside of European dominance. In 1595, Wimaladharmasuriya brought the sacred
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had to deal with two major rebellions. The first, in 1749, was directed at his father Narenappa; the second, in 1760, was a far more dangerous insurrection which attempted to replace him with a
4551:
1929:, merely because he ignored the advice of the Buddhist priests and chieftains and did not follow the age old traditions. The King would have judicial authority in civil and criminal cases.
835:. Many routes into the hill country became impassable during the annual monsoon, and malaria was rife. Throughout its existence Kandyan forces used the land to their advantage, engaging in
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in 1802. Much of the king's reign had been dominated by the powerful First Minister, Pilima Talawe, who now moved to enthroned a young relative of the king, 18-year-old Konnasami as
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fleeing Portuguese land following their occupation by the Dutch. On occasion, the Kandyan kings even protected Catholic agents, most famously Vimaladharmasurya II's protection of
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were already in use during the Kingdom of Kotte and is believed to have been introduced by Persian traders. These were locally replicated as Angutu Massa with a silver finish.
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was deposed and the Jaffna Kingdom absorbed into the Portuguese Empire. Despite these setbacks, Senarat survived as the king and in 1612 had even concluded a treaty with the
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Exquisite Sinhalese bronze cannon with intricate silver and gold inlay, gifted to King Vijaya Rajasingha in 1745 by Lewuke, the Disawa or Lord of the four Korles district.
6873:
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4132:
2670:, which is known for its flowing movements and bright costumes. People often perform Kandyan dancing at special events and it's an important part of Sri Lankan culture.
1191:
fled to Portuguese lands following his father's murder by agents of Rajasinghe. Between 1591 and 1594, he returned to the area, seized the Kandyan throne under the name
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The jewelers make very detailed designs with precious stones and metals. People in the Kandyan royal court used to wear this jewelry to show their wealth and status.
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1434:'s death in 1739. The king had one son – Unambuve Bandara – by a Sinhalese consort. However, succession to the Kandyan throne was reserved exclusively for those of
1098:
in 1521, and the subsequent partition of the kingdom of Kotte, Kandy asserted its independence and emerged as a serious rival to the eastern and southern kingdoms.
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the Mahaveli river, but were routed at Hanwella. The following year another British incursion resulted in a stalemate, and an uneasy truce was in place by 1805.
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trade and retaliated; by 1707 Kandyan borders had reopened and both ports were closed. Upon his death Vimaladharmasurya was succeeded by his son, who ruled as
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lineage, raided the Kandy Kingdom and drove Senerat out of his capital. In 1611 Portuguese forces captured Kandy in the name of the pretender Mayadunne of
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1739:
692:
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The strategic situation in Sri Lanka changed dramatically during Wimaladharmasurya's rise to power. To the north, the Portuguese deposed the king
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prince. Despite these tensions, however, the Nayakkar dynasty endured, establishing support by their patronage of Buddhism and Kandyan culture.
4779:
3847:
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720:, Kandy gradually established itself as an independent force during the tumultuous 16th and 17th centuries, allying at various times with the
713:, located in the central and eastern portion of the island. It was founded in the late 15th century and endured until the early 19th century.
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Rata Wasama was the provincial administration of the subdivisions of the Mahanuwara area in kingdom of kandy. There were nine Rata wasamas.
1512:
the Kandyans launched numerous raids and incursions into Dutch territory, including the annexation of villages in 1741, 1743, and 1745. The
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ordered several British forces moved inland from their coastal strongholds in January 1815, accompanied by native forces under Ehelepola.
1171:– succeeded in annexing the kingdom outright; the Kandyan king Karalliyadde Kumara Bandara (also known as Jayavira III) fled north to the
839:
against invading forces, and evacuating major urban centres when enemy forces drew near – a tactic used with particular effect during the
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and married Dona Catherina. Victories over the Sithawakans and the Portuguese (who occupied Kandy briefly in 1592) secured his position.
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1520:, were under strict orders to avoid conflict with the kingdom, without ceding any of their privileges, including the monopoly of the
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in 1681. One hundred years later, British involvement in Sri Lankan affairs commenced in earnest with the seizure of Trincomalee by
1532:
as well as numerous frontier districts. It was to prove to be a disaster; the Dutch re-captured Matara and Hanwella in 1762, seized
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Kandy territory was invaded twice in the 1570s and 1580s, first in 1574, and then in 1581 by the newly crowned king of Sithawaka
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Dissava were provincial governors. The Kandyan kingdom consisted of twenty-one provinces of which twelve principles are called
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Kandyan forces, throughout their history, relied heavily on the mountainous terrain of the kingdom and primarily engaged in
2079:
Diyawadana Nilame was an officer of the Royal household, charged with safeguarding and carrying out ancient rituals for the
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Rate Mahaththayas were governors of smaller districts namely Udanuwere, Hewahete, Yatinuwere, Kotmale, Tunpanahe, Dumbara.
1357:. Batticaloa and Trincomalee fell in 1639, Galle in 1640, and Kandyan forces seized Portuguese territories further inland.
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on 2 August 1630 in which Portuguese captain-general Constantino de Sá de Noronha was killed resulted in large parts of
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3354:"Later in 1815. British captured the central hill country, which was ruled by the Tamil Nayakar, King Rajasingan".
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17:
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many steps were taken to develop and improve the economy of the Kingdom of Kandy. He took steps to improve the
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Though several British sailors and priests had landed in Sri Lanka as early as the 1590s, the most famous was
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or to suppress rebellions. During times of war or military campaign, these would be supplemented with local
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securing the return of much of the eastern coast to the Kandyans in February 1796; by the 15 of that month,
1446:
Weliwita Sarankara, the crown passed to the brother of one of Narendrasinha's senior wives, a member of the
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1215:– to Kandy, and Kandy entered a long period of attritionary warfare with the Portuguese, starting with the
923:
851:
forces and could not prevent the Portuguese and Dutch from maintaining a strong presence in lowland areas.
1655:
The territories still possessed by the Dutch on the island were formally ceded to the British in the 1802
1094:
influence the area developed into an autonomous domain with Senkadagalapura at its capital. Following the
748:
and diplomacy kept European colonial forces at bay in the central highlands, before finally falling under
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1152:, Raigama, and Bhuvanekabahu VII's kingdom of Kotte. Of these Sithawaka, under the dynamic leadership of
1111:
2141:
1251:
Relations between the Dutch Republic and the Kandyans were initiated on 2 June 1602 when Dutch explorer
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16th-century Kandy period sculpture at Mahavihara Bingiriya, crafted from stucco and adorned with paint
2196:
which consisted of a gun barrel placed on a wooden stock supported by a wooden block or iron forelegs.
1807:
1636:
1517:
1354:
1083:
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2702:, Kandy. Successive kings expanded and improved the temple throughout the Kandyan kingdom's existence.
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trade. In 1761, however, Kirti Sri Rajasinha launched a major invasion of the low country, annexing
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In November 1814, ten British subjects were captured and mutilated in Kandyan territory. Governor
1305:
fleet which arrived in 1620, but failed to secure Trincomalee and was expelled by the Portuguese.
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during the ensuing conflict. The British rapidly annexed Dutch possessions in Sri Lanka, taking
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2547:
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1869:
1812:
1577:
1390:
928:
817:
435:
423:
3367:
Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka
3330:
3293:
3172:
Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka
826:
The Ella Gap – typical of the mountainous and densely forested terrain of the Kingdom of Kandy
7109:
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The Kingdom of Kandy did not maintain a large standing army. The King maintained a full-time
1781:
1644:
1632:
1622:
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1345:
1333:
1168:
725:
572:
387:
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3702:
The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
3317:
In Fact, the last Sri Lankan king ruled from highland city of Kandy and was of Tamil descent
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ancestry on both their mother and father's side, and Unambuve's mother had been of a lower
1252:
1192:
1019:
938:
864:
660:
655:
399:
3569:
The Making of European Private Law: Toward a Ius Commune Europaeum as a Mixed Legal System
8:
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302:
234:
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Kandyan architecture, which was a reflection of the architectural practices of Malabar.
1944:
The King would appoint persons deemed trustworthy and capable to high offices of state.
1701:
The British fought their way to Kandy, encountering Kandyan resistance led in part by a
1629:, any hope of the Kandyans regaining their eastern territories essentially disappeared.
7249:
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2419:
1754:
1727:
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1612:
1478:
1167:. Rajasinghe – who had already scored a significant victory over the Portuguese at the
959:
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611:
447:
260:
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entering circulation gaining the name 'Thuttu' among Sinhalese. Hook-shaped coins the
7255:
7099:
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6158:
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5923:
5820:
5734:
5466:
5379:
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3709:
3635:
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3272:
3206:
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2958:
Pivot politics : changing cultural identities in early state formation processes
2921:
2896:
2679:
2074:
1922:
1697:
Kandyan chiefs Ehelepola, Molligoda and Kapuvatta with the British agent John D'Oyly.
1581:
1573:
1525:
1481:. The Nayak rulers played a huge role in reviving Buddhism in the island. They spoke
1455:
1272:
1203:
1199:
1091:
933:
836:
541:
1621:
died in the midst of these events in January 1796, and was succeeded by his brother
1231:
Reconstructed emblem(device) of Rajasinghe II featuring a Red Lion on a gold ground.
1227:
7259:
7012:
6843:
6566:
6528:
6267:
6183:
6138:
5918:
5887:
5804:
5571:
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5079:
4896:
4836:
4007:
3088:
2866:
2456:
2400:
2298:
2223:
1863:
1746:
1735:
1711:
1656:
1596:
on 28 September. Migastenne Disawa, the Kandyan ambassador, negotiated a treaty in
1489:
1308:
The Portuguese strengthened their position throughout the 1620s, building forts at
1212:
1145:
1095:
1087:
1036:
964:
889:
717:
648:
459:
117:
6093:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2049:(Chief Secretary in Sinhala) was the chief of departments of the Kandyan kingdom.
1753:– met with the nobility of the kingdom and concluded in a conference known as the
1090:
from the early 15th to late 16th centuries; with Kotte's weakening in the face of
779:
Over the years, the Kingdom of Kandy has been known by many names. These include:
6670:
6379:
5602:
4966:
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4720:
4185:
4089:
4044:
3897:
3470:
3394:
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3000:
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2451:
2354:
1918:
1818:
1776:
1722:
1719:
unpopular amongst the clergy for his sudden and brutal seizures of temple lands.
1540:
in 1763, and then drove inland in a two-pronged invasion. The Kandyans evacuated
1463:
1447:
1425:
1260:
868:
377:
4213:
3526:
3496:"81 leaders in 1818 freedom struggle declared as national heroes – Daily Mirror"
3226:
2666:
Kandyan art is also known for being very detailed and beautiful. One example is
2083:. The Diyawadana Nilame has the responsibility of overseeing all aspects of the
1255:
arrived at Santhamuruthu on the eastern coast of Sri Lanka. Later that year the
66:
7017:
6756:
6751:
6714:
6496:
6491:
6168:
6123:
6067:
5633:
5607:
5499:
5369:
4774:
4566:
4500:
4428:
4319:
4019:
3107:. University of London: School of Oriental and African Studies. pp. 83–84.
2337:
2121:
2088:
2060:
1926:
1640:
1482:
1451:
1378:
Reception of the envoys of the King of Kandy by the Dutch Governor Iman Falck,
1172:
1157:
1119:
756:
749:
721:
582:
519:
488:
354:
315:
208:
122:
73:
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5566:
4846:
4324:
4304:
3713:
3450:
2851:
2667:
2247:
2176:
2175:
In the 16th and 17th century, the Kandyan Kings relied on mercenaries, often
2154:
2132:
1688:
1639:
and the Crown both had control over the island from 1798 until it became the
1558:
1467:
1277:
768:
127:
4391:
3658:
Military organisation in pre-modern Sri Lanka: the army of the Kandyan Kings
3268:
The Living and the Dead: Social Dimensions of Death in South Asian Religions
6761:
6173:
6163:
5799:
5561:
5245:
4901:
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4223:
4127:
3852:
2282:
2255:
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1761:
1684:
1668:
1321:
1290:
1282:
1271:, who at the time of the king's death was an ordained priest, but left the
1222:
1136:
1082:
may have been founded as early as the mid-14th century during the reign of
943:
840:
760:
737:
553:
2153:
at the Palace. In the provinces, local garrisons were maintained to guard
1416:
as Governor, and by 1737 the Dutch and Kandyans were once again at peace.
988:
5990:
5129:
5074:
4821:
4738:
4243:
4238:
4218:
3332:
Trauma, war, and violence: public mental health in socio-cultural context
2150:
2117:
2101:
1953:
1785:
1648:
1588:(which had been returned to the Dutch in 1794) between 28 and 31 August,
1585:
1548:
1419:
1313:
1208:
729:
3721:
3697:
3660:
in South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, August 2004, p. 1309
3545:
2087:. One of his principal duty of organizing the annual pageant, the Kandy
1485:, which was also used as the court language in Kandy alongside Sinhala.
6766:
5623:
5223:
4996:
4986:
4926:
4916:
4253:
3935:
3464:
Sri Lanka is to revoke British Governor's infamous Gazette Notification
2588:
2580:
2314:
In the early years of the kingdom, it consisted of areas or divisions.
1589:
1317:
1294:
1180:
844:
4758:
3534:
Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
2254:
and agriculture in places such as Kothmale, Walapane, Harispaththuwa,
1211:– the traditional symbol of royal and religious authority amongst the
7149:
7144:
6771:
5975:
5762:
5218:
4375:
4350:
4345:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3857:
2584:
2286:
2165:
1660:
1435:
1405:
1360:
1237:
1153:
1115:
710:
623:
358:
1958:
The highest offices of state were that of the two Adikars (known as
1671:, because Governor North continued to send forces to the frontiers.
1607:
367:
5944:
5353:
4278:
4263:
4248:
4228:
2365:
2278:
2259:
2189:
2169:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1474:
1471:
1401:
1309:
1243:
1149:
142:
138:
82:
1267:
Wimaladharmasuriya died in 1604. The throne passed to his cousin,
1148:
in 1521, the kingdom of Kotte split into three competing states –
5281:
5006:
4258:
2920:, p. 40, Margaret Trawick, University of California Press, 2007,
2846:
2294:
2158:
1983:
1715:
1601:
1348:, who led the Kandyans to a major victory over the Portuguese at
1325:
1268:
3485:, Ceylon Daily News, 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
3203:
This inscrutable Englishman: Sir John D'Oyly, Baronet, 1774–1824
5581:
4309:
4233:
3388:
Ralph Fitch: An Elizabethan Merchant in 16th Century Chiang Mai
2349:
2344:
1597:
1593:
1537:
1443:
1286:
3295:
The Continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality
2214:
Plan of the Royal Palace Of Kandy 1765 A.D. drawn by the Dutch
1932:
The kings of Kandy became the rulers of the whole island with
1132:
The Kingdom of Kandy at its greatest territorial extent, 1520s
5522:
5348:
4508:
4314:
4283:
3812:
De Silva, K. M., & de Silva, Kingsley Muthumuni. (1981).
2274:
1541:
1439:
1329:
1247:
King Vimaladharmasurya I receiving Joris van Spilbergen, 1603
1079:
978:
848:
221:
107:
3473:, Asian Tribune, Sat, 2011-03-12. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
1604:
had fallen and Dutch rule on the island had come to an end.
843:. Though the kingdom had intermittent access to the port of
91: Territorial extent of the Kingdom of Kandy (1689–1796)
5024:
2266:
1498:
1140:
The growth and impact of the kingdom of Sitawaka, 1521–1594
3048:
A True and Exact Description of the great island of Ceylon
871:
a.k.a. Dona Catharina during the campaign of Danture, 1594
767:
of 1815, and definitively lost its autonomy following the
120:(court language 1469–1815 and dynastic language 1469–1739)
3483:
Sumanawathie's success brings lustre back to Uva Wellassa
3153:
3151:
3015:
2270:
1404:
and Kottiyar. As a result, the Dutch lost control of the
1086:(1357–1374). Central Sri Lanka was ruled by the kings of
5491:
3599:. The Journal of the Institute of Linguists. p. 25.
1565:
as part of general British-Dutch hostilities during the
1223:
Consolidation and interactions with the Dutch: 1594–1739
5241:
3292:
Francoeur, Noonan, Robert T. Raymond J. Noonan (2004).
3245:"Sri Lanka: Legal Research and Legal System – GlobaLex"
2917:
Enemy lines: childhood, warfare, and play in Batticaloa
3148:
1674:
1420:
The Nayakkars and the coming of the British: 1739–1803
3736:"Solving the mystery of Kandyan artefacts | Daily FT"
3540:(2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 191–252.
3527:"A Sketch of the Constitution of the Kandyan Kingdom"
3424:
3422:
3420:
2998:
2981:
2767:
Old photo of King's Quarters in Kandyan Royal palace
1202:
of the Jaffna Kingdom in 1591 and installed his son
27:
Kingdom on the island of Sri Lanka from 1469 to 1815
3271:. State University of New York Press. p. 117.
3200:
3187:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1635:died of illness on 26 July 1798 with no heir. The
1175:with his daughter, Kusumasana Devi (also known as
3827:Domestic Architecture among the Kandyan Sinhalese
3417:
3291:
7272:
4670:
3145:, Lanka Library Forum, retrieved 22 August 2009.
1332:, and Manikkadawara. A disastrous defeat at the
7321:States and territories established in the 1460s
3829:(Unpublished Ph.D. thesis). Cornell University.
3521:
3079:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, p. 32.
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
3843:British Ceylon and Kingdom of Kandy 1805 (map)
2779:The Octagonal Pavilion in Kandyan Royal palace
1240:troops forced a withdrawal back to the coast.
7326:States and territories disestablished in 1815
5960:
5507:
4421:
4407:
3873:
3592:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3184:Historians, Society of Architectural (1994).
3116:
3114:
1557:based on his experiences during the reign of
1054:
686:
3695:
3611:"Flintlock Gun 17th–18th century Sri Lankan"
2930:
1745:On 2 March 1815, British agents – including
4598:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon
2304:
2094:
1576:had spread to the Netherlands by 1795, and
1554:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon
1006:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon
5967:
5953:
5514:
5500:
4414:
4400:
3880:
3866:
3502:
3183:
3111:
2792:A central courtyard in Maduwanwela Walawwa
1458:house from southern India. He was crowned
1396:Rajasinha's son ascended to the throne as
1061:
1047:
918:
693:
679:
81:
6420:Deputy speaker and chairman of committees
4572:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
3091:, Lanka Library, retrieved 22 August 2009
3009:
2992:
2975:
2743:The audience hall of Kandyan Royal Palace
1301:. When help came it was in the form of a
1293:and torched the city yet again. In 1619,
7316:15th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
4531:Sitawaka occupation of Kandy (1582–1592)
3058:
3056:
2955:
2888:
2787:
2693:
2562:
2265:Imports of the Kandyan Kingdom included
2262:, Udunuwara, Yatinuwara and Ududumbara.
2209:
2140:
2131:
1992:with each placed under a chief called a
1775:
1721:
1692:
1606:
1373:
1364:Dutch Colombo, based on an engraving of
1359:
1242:
1226:
1135:
1127:
858:
821:
811:
5914:Pallekele International Cricket Stadium
5740:D.S. Senanayake Memorial Public Library
4696:
3572:. Oxford: Intersentia nv. p. 138.
3328:
3260:
3258:
3100:
2081:Sacred Relic of the tooth of the Buddha
1344:The throne now passed to Senarat's son
125:(court and dynastic language 1739–1815)
14:
7273:
5426:Christian Reformed Church in Sri Lanka
4912:Sir John D'Oyly, 1st Baronet, of Kandy
3887:
3264:
3120:
3002:Tri Siṃhala, the last phase, 1796–1815
5948:
5495:
5240:
5023:
4669:
4486:
4395:
3861:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3593:The Institute, Great Britain (1985).
3565:
3443:"A Moral Audit of the British Empire"
3053:
1592:on 18 September, and the entirety of
6517:Directorate of Military Intelligence
5974:
5929:Singer Sri Lankan Airlines Rugby 7's
3457:
3255:
3077:Ceylon and the Hollanders, 1658–1796
3075:Pieris, P. E. (Paul Edward) (1999).
5476:
4552:Dissolution of the Sitawaka Kingdom
3476:
3104:The Portuguese in Ceylon, 1617–1638
2985:Sinhalē and the patriots, 1815–1818
2003:Hathara Koralaya (The Four Korales)
1939:
1760:Rebellion broke out in 1817 in the
1675:Annexation and rebellion: 1803–1817
24:
5181:Sinhala words of Portuguese origin
3795:
3761:"History of Currency in Sri Lanka"
3435:
3016:Asiatic Society of Bengal (1803).
1324:, and upgrading fortifications in
1236:Balane, but dissent amongst their
1101:
755:The kingdom was absorbed into the
716:Initially a client kingdom of the
25:
7337:
6522:Criminal Investigation Department
5758:Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya
4992:Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya
3836:
3101:DeSilva, Chandra Richard (1972).
2018:Thun Koralaya (The Three Korales)
2006:Hath Koralaya (The Seven Korales)
1771:
1430:A succession crisis emerged upon
7301:1815 disestablishments in Ceylon
7254:
7245:
7244:
5893:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha
5475:
5465:
5456:
5455:
4842:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha
4706:House of Senasammata Vikramabahu
4191:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha
3050:, Phillipus Baldaeus, 1672, p. 8
2860:
2818:
2806:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2616:
1160:against the Portuguese in 1560.
1030:
952:Colonial Kandy (1815–1948)
899:
642:
366:
320:
295:
65:
7296:Former monarchies of South Asia
6144:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century
4520:
3819:
3782:
3753:
3728:
3696:Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1942).
3689:
3676:
3663:
3650:
3628:
3603:
3586:
3559:
3488:
3404:
3381:
3372:
3359:
3329:de Jong, Joop T. V. M. (2002).
3322:
3285:
3237:
3219:
3194:
3177:
3164:
3129:
3094:
3089:Vimala Dharma Suriya I of Kandy
3082:
3069:
2685:
2524:
2199:
1611:Frederick North, first British
7291:Former countries in South Asia
6114:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
4892:Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero
3041:
3028:
2949:
2909:
2882:
2731:Lankathilaka Viharaya Entrance
2678:Another important art form is
2489:
1925:, who had to surrender to the
1641:British crown colony of Ceylon
13:
1:
6425:Deputy Chairman of Committees
5867:Teaching Hospital, Peradeniya
5730:International Buddhist Museum
5403:Sinhala words of Dutch origin
4620:Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766)
4592:Kandyan–Dutch war (1670–1675)
2999:Paulus Edward Pieris (1945).
2982:Paulus Edward Pieris (1950).
2889:Johnston, William M. (2013).
2875:
2206:Royal Palace Complex of Kandy
2180:highly regarded as fighters.
1379:
1365:
1073:
801:Thun Sinhalaya or Tri Sinhala
5176:Sri Lankan Portuguese creole
4642:Great Rebellion of 1817–1818
3201:Gooneratne, Brendon (1999).
3159:A Short History of Sri Lanka
3123:A Short History of Sri Lanka
2956:LastName, FirstName (1994).
2755:Gadaladeniya Viharaya Dagaba
2673:
2599:
2552:
2309:
2168:-style hit-and-run attacks,
1996:who served as its governor.
1768:for nearly three centuries.
1567:American War of Independence
1275:and married Dona Catherina.
97: Dutch-controlled areas
7:
7311:1469 establishments in Asia
5768:Udawattakele Forest Reserve
5029:The Portuguese in Sri Lanka
4982:Udawattakele Forest Reserve
4716:House of Vimaladharmasuriya
4487:
3698:"Sinhala Weapons and Armor"
3636:"Kanon, anoniem, voor 1745"
3227:"The Island-Midweek Review"
3190:. The Society. p. 362.
3005:. Colombo Apothecaries' Co.
2988:. Colombo Apothecaries' Co.
2960:. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
2892:Encyclopedia of Monasticism
2830:
2541:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2127:
1112:Portuguese period in Ceylon
10:
7342:
6512:State Intelligence Service
5725:Temple of the Tooth Museum
3825:MacDougall, R. D. (1971).
2895:. Routledge. p. 707.
2603:
2556:
2545:
2537:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka
2534:
2528:
2334:Uda Nuwara and Uda Palatha
2237:
2203:
2072:
2058:
1981:
1951:
1828:Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu
1796:
1678:
1637:English East India Company
1627:British governor of Ceylon
1442:. With the support of the
1423:
1105:
1084:Vikramabahu III of Gampola
854:
815:
29:
7240:
7170:
7060:
6968:
6959:
6792:
6671:Grama Niladhari divisions
6641:
6586:
6537:
6472:
6388:
6338:
6325:National Security Council
6289:
6266:
6257:
6207:
6086:
6035:
6026:
5983:
5901:
5875:
5854:
5833:
5813:
5787:
5780:
5748:
5710:
5672:
5651:
5642:
5616:
5590:
5529:
5521:
5451:
5411:
5388:
5362:
5312:
5305:
5274:
5258:
5236:
5211:
5189:
5166:
5140:
5105:
5098:
5067:
5041:
5019:
4944:
4884:
4814:
4807:
4767:
4729:
4687:
4665:
4607:
4539:
4499:
4482:
4449:
4442:
4338:
4292:
4269:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
4199:
4168:
4145:Sinhalese female monarchs
4098:
4035:
3945:
3904:
3895:
3790:A Short History of Ceylon
3769:Central Bank of Sri Lanka
3596:The Incorporated Linguist
3136:The Battle of Randeniwela
2531:Demographics of Sri Lanka
2430:
2399:
2227:
2155:strategic mountain passes
1917:the principal chiefs and
1504:Throughout the reigns of
1414:Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff
1303:Danish East India Company
274:
270:
257:
244:
231:
218:
214:
204:
200:
185:
170:
166:
156:
148:
134:
113:
103:
80:
62:
57:
41:
6651:Administrative divisions
6529:Sri Lanka Police Service
6435:Leader of the Opposition
6078:Sri Lanka (1948–present)
5862:Teaching Hospital, Kandy
5846:List of schools in Kandy
5841:University of Peradeniya
5720:National Museum of Kandy
5702:St. Paul's Church, Kandy
5541:List of Kandyan monarchs
5297:Indian Ocean slave trade
5090:Indian Ocean slave trade
4932:Wariyapola Sri Sumangala
4526:Wars of Kotte Succession
3205:. Cassell. p. 294.
3064:The History of Sri Lanka
3036:The History of Sri Lanka
2661:
2305:Administrative divisions
2095:Law and criminal justice
1799:List of Kandyan monarchs
1257:Dutch East India Company
1013:List of Kandyan monarchs
924:Sinhalese–Portuguese War
740:to ensure its survival.
412:Anuradhapura from Rohana
130:(for religious purposes)
30:Not to be confused with
6730:Knuckles Mountain Range
6725:Hanthana Mountain Range
6666:Divisional Secretariats
6621:Sri Lanka Freedom Party
6048:Pre Anuradhapura period
5598:Kandy Municipal Council
5398:Sri Lankan Creole Malay
4577:1615 Colombo earthquake
4080:Senasammata Vikramabahu
3853:Discover Charming Kandy
2680:Kandyan jewelry-making.
2606:Kandyan period frescoes
2594:
2277:while exports included
1792:
1187:of 1580 as a precedent
1177:Dona Catherina of Kandy
1124:Rajasinha I of Sitawaka
970:South East Asia Command
786:The Senkadagala Kingdom
774:
177:Senasammata Vikramabahu
7208:International rankings
6849:Science and technology
6834:Information technology
6547:Provincial governments
6320:Administrative Service
6281:Constitutional Council
5692:Malwathu Maha Viharaya
5552:Kandyan Treaty of 1638
5246:The Dutch in Sri Lanka
4972:Malwathu Maha Viharaya
4711:House of Siri Sanga Bo
4582:Kandyan Treaty of 1638
3814:A History of Sri Lanka
3121:Codrington, H.W, "7",
2793:
2703:
2575:
2570:is the focal point of
2548:Languages of Sri Lanka
2215:
2146:
2138:
1813:House of Siri Sanga Bo
1789:
1731:
1698:
1615:
1488:Relations between the
1385:
1371:
1248:
1232:
1146:Spoiling of Vijayabahu
1141:
1133:
1096:Spoiling of Vijayabahu
929:Kandyan Treaty of 1638
872:
827:
818:Geography of Sri Lanka
792:The Mahanuwara Kingdom
709:was a monarchy on the
436:Kingdom of Dambadeniya
424:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
50:Mahanuwara Rajadhaniya
7286:Kingdoms of Sri Lanka
6626:United National Party
6445:Chief Opposition Whip
6440:Chief Government Whip
6189:Independence movement
6073:British Ceylon period
5659:Royal Palace of Kandy
5431:Lanka Reformed Church
4587:Siege of Galle (1640)
4557:Convention of Malvana
3684:Military Organisation
3671:Military Organisation
3566:Smits, J. M. (2002).
3170:K. N. O. Dharmadasa,
2791:
2719:Lankathilaka Viharaya
2697:
2572:Buddhism in Sri Lanka
2566:
2559:Religion in Sri Lanka
2482:Anuradhapura District
2220:Royal Palace of Kandy
2213:
2144:
2135:
1906:Sri Vikrama Rajasinha
1900:Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha
1782:Rajasinha II of Kandy
1779:
1725:
1696:
1645:Sri Vikrama Rajasinha
1633:Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha
1623:Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha
1610:
1563:Admiral Edward Hughes
1470:origin who practiced
1462:later that year. The
1398:Vimaladharmasuriya II
1377:
1363:
1334:Battle of Randeniwela
1246:
1230:
1169:Battle of Mulleriyawa
1139:
1131:
862:
825:
812:Geography and climate
750:British colonial rule
726:Madurai Nayak dynasty
624:Republic of Sri Lanka
573:British Ceylon period
405:437 BCE–1017 CE
388:Kingdom of Tambapanni
220:• Foundation of
192:Sri Vikrama Rajasinha
114:Common languages
7052:World Heritage Sites
5883:Kandy Esala Perahera
5795:Queen's Hotel, Kandy
5687:Asgiri Maha Viharaya
5664:President's Pavilion
5118:Portuguese buildings
5002:Bogoda Wooden Bridge
4977:Asgiri Maha Viharaya
4625:Treaty of Batticaloa
4562:Dutch–Portuguese War
3393:16 July 2008 at the
3265:Wilson, Liz (2003).
3249:www.nyulawglobal.org
3174:, 1993, pp 8–12
3141:24 June 2018 at the
2867:Sri Lanka portal
2842:Kandyan era frescoes
2837:History of Sri Lanka
2470:Polonnaruwa district
2371:Nuwaraeliya District
2244:Vimaladharmasuriya I
2242:During the reign of
1934:Vimaladharmasuriya I
1888:Sri Vijaya Rajasinha
1876:Vimaladharmasurya II
1858:Vimaladharmasuriya I
1506:Sri Vijaya Rajasinha
1477:and were patrons of
1460:Sri Vijaya Rajasinha
1253:Joris van Spilbergen
1193:Wimaladharmasuriya I
1037:Sri Lanka portal
1020:History of Sri Lanka
981:(1948–present)
939:Treaty of Batticaloa
865:Pedro Lopes de Sousa
863:Portuguese governor
807:The Kingdom of Kandy
649:Sri Lanka portal
602:Sri Lanka since 1948
400:Anuradhapura kingdom
248:Vimaladharmasuriya I
246:• Ascension of
6601:Electoral districts
6450:Secretaries-General
6430:Leader of the House
6370:Magistrate's Courts
6063:Transitional period
6053:Anuradhapura period
5697:Natha Devale, Kandy
5682:Temple of the Tooth
5547:Battle of Gannoruwa
5287:Ceylonese rixdollar
4952:Temple of the Tooth
4509:Pre-Kandyan Period
4474:Transitional period
3993:Transitional period
3959:Anuradhapura period
3378:Codrington, chap. 9
2700:Temple of the Tooth
2568:Temple of the Tooth
2432:Monaragala District
2420:Rathnapura District
2085:Sri Dalada Maligawa
1894:Kirti Sri Rajasinha
1882:Vira Narendra Sinha
1840:Karaliyadde Bandara
1619:Kirti Sri Rajasinha
1510:Kirti Sri Rajasinha
1495:Kirti Sri Rajasinha
1410:Vira Narendra Sinha
1217:Campaign of Danture
1108:Kingdom of Sitawaka
746:hit-and-run tactics
711:island of Sri Lanka
501:Kingdom of Sitawaka
479:Transitional period
303:Kingdom of Sitawaka
233:• Conquest by
7178:Capital punishment
6557:Municipal councils
6194:Dominion of Ceylon
6058:Polonnaruwa period
5577:Kandyan Convention
5557:Keppetipola Disawe
4922:Keppetipola Disawe
4649:Kandyan Convention
4632:Invasion of Ceylon
4085:Vimaladharmasuriya
3976:Polonnaruwa period
3889:Sinhalese monarchy
3816:. Page(s) 207–208.
3788:H. W. Codrington,
3656:C.Wickremesinghe,
3469:2016-01-02 at the
3365:K.N.O.Dharmadasa,
3157:H. W. Codrington,
3066:, 2006, p. 37
2794:
2704:
2576:
2216:
2147:
2139:
1808:Sinhalese Monarchs
1790:
1755:Kandyan Convention
1732:
1728:Kandyan Convention
1699:
1681:Kandyan Convention
1616:
1613:Governor of Ceylon
1572:The tumult of the
1479:Theravada Buddhism
1386:
1372:
1249:
1233:
1142:
1134:
960:Kandyan Convention
873:
828:
765:Kandyan Convention
629:1972–present
612:Dominion of Ceylon
448:Kingdom of Gampola
261:Kandyan Convention
139:Theravada Buddhism
7268:
7267:
7236:
7235:
7193:Gender inequality
7140:Traditional games
6991:Sexual Minorities
6720:Central Highlands
6611:Foreign relations
6582:
6581:
6552:Local governments
6474:National security
6253:
6252:
6245:Sexual Minorities
6159:Portuguese Ceylon
5942:
5941:
5934:Kandy Sports Club
5924:Bogambara Stadium
5829:
5828:
5821:Kandy City Centre
5776:
5775:
5735:Ceylon Tea Museum
5489:
5488:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5250:
5232:
5231:
5207:
5206:
5033:
5015:
5014:
4940:
4939:
4907:Gongalegoda Banda
4803:
4802:
4785:Diyawadana Nilame
4679:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4611:(1739–1815)
4543:(1592–1739)
4512:(1469–1592)
4389:
4388:
4293:Related dynasties
3615:www.metmuseum.org
3369:, 1993, pp. 11–12
3298:. A&C Black.
3062:Patrick Peebles,
3038:, 2006, p 38
3034:Patrick Peebles,
2946:, Kandyan Kingdom
2926:978-0-520-24516-7
2869:
2521:Patha Bulathgama
2487:
2486:
2228:කන්ද උඩරට මාලිගාව
2075:Diyawadana Nilame
2069:Diyawadana Nilame
1923:Vikrama Rajasinha
1914:
1913:
1816:House of Dinajara
1582:Batavian Republic
1574:French Revolution
1516:, subservient to
1338:Portuguese Ceilao
1204:Ethirimana Cinkam
1200:Puviraja Pandaram
1071:
1070:
934:Portuguese Ceylon
911:(1469–1815)
837:guerrilla warfare
789:The Kanda Udarata
783:Kanda Uda Pasrata
703:
702:
633:
632:
592:
591:
563:
562:
542:Portuguese Ceylon
510:
509:
469:
468:
393:543–437 BCE
361:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
308:
307:
196:
187:• 1798–1815
181:
172:• 1469–1511
52:
16:(Redirected from
7333:
7306:History of Kandy
7281:Kingdom of Kandy
7258:
7248:
7247:
7120:National symbols
6966:
6965:
6567:Pradeshiya Sabha
6304:Executive Office
6264:
6263:
6184:Matale rebellion
6033:
6032:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5946:
5945:
5919:Asgiriya Stadium
5888:Esala Mangallaya
5785:
5784:
5649:
5648:
5572:Matale Rebellion
5537:Kingdom of Kandy
5516:
5509:
5502:
5493:
5492:
5479:
5478:
5469:
5459:
5458:
5310:
5309:
5248:
5238:
5237:
5103:
5102:
5059:Captain-generals
5031:
5021:
5020:
4897:Ehelepola Nilame
4837:Esala Mangallaya
4812:
4811:
4790:Basnayaka Nilame
4731:Amātya Mandalaya
4694:
4693:
4677:
4675:Kingdom of Kandy
4667:
4666:
4612:
4608:Nayakkar Period
4544:
4513:
4506:
4505:
4484:
4483:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4381:Vijayabā Kollaya
4201:Royal Residences
4181:Amātya Mandalaya
4150:Sinhalese Queens
3981:Chola occupation
3955:Pre Anuradhapura
3882:
3875:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3830:
3823:
3817:
3810:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3693:
3687:
3682:Wickremesinghe,
3680:
3674:
3669:Wickramasinghe,
3667:
3661:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3638:. rijksmuseum.nl
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3531:
3519:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3439:
3433:
3426:
3415:
3408:
3402:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3146:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3067:
3060:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2928:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2886:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2822:
2810:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2698:Interior of the
2656:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2583:, in particular
2476:Nuwara kalaviya
2457:Badulla District
2401:Kegalle District
2326:Present District
2317:
2316:
2229:
1940:Offices of state
1919:Buddhist priests
1834:Jayaweera Astana
1810:
1803:
1802:
1747:Robert Brownrigg
1736:Robert Brownrigg
1712:Ehelepola Adigar
1657:treaty of Amiens
1384:
1381:
1370:
1367:
1281:, the Prince of
1063:
1056:
1049:
1035:
1034:
1033:
965:Matale rebellion
909:Kingdom of Kandy
903:
893:
875:
874:
795:Sri Wardhanapura
738:Dutch colonizers
734:Sitawaka Kingdom
718:Kingdom of Kotte
707:Kingdom of Kandy
695:
688:
681:
647:
646:
645:
607:
606:
578:
577:
530:Kingdom of Kandy
525:
524:
484:
483:
460:Kingdom of Kotte
383:
382:
370:
352:
338:
337:
324:
323:
312:
311:
299:
298:
292:
291:
276:
275:
194:
179:
96:
90:
85:
69:
48:
43:Kingdom of Kandy
39:
38:
21:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7232:
7166:
7056:
7037:Public holidays
6955:
6788:
6742:Protected areas
6637:
6578:
6533:
6468:
6457:15th Parliament
6384:
6380:Labour Tribunal
6365:District courts
6355:Court of appeal
6334:
6330:Law enforcement
6285:
6249:
6203:
6082:
6022:
5979:
5973:
5943:
5938:
5897:
5871:
5850:
5825:
5809:
5772:
5750:
5744:
5712:
5706:
5674:
5668:
5644:
5638:
5612:
5603:Kandy Town Hall
5586:
5525:
5520:
5490:
5485:
5439:
5407:
5384:
5363:Related peoples
5358:
5325:Dutch buildings
5301:
5270:
5266:Dutch governors
5254:
5253:
5228:
5203:
5185:
5162:
5141:Related peoples
5136:
5094:
5063:
5037:
5036:
5011:
4967:The Kandy House
4936:
4880:
4799:
4763:
4754:Dugganna Nilame
4725:
4721:Nayaks of Kandy
4683:
4682:
4653:
4613:
4610:
4603:
4545:
4542:
4540:Kandyan Period
4535:
4514:
4511:
4495:
4494:
4478:
4445:
4438:
4437:
4420:
4390:
4385:
4366:Royal Standards
4334:
4288:
4195:
4164:
4094:
4031:
3941:
3900:
3898:Sinhala kingdom
3891:
3886:
3848:Kandyan Kingdom
3839:
3834:
3833:
3824:
3820:
3811:
3796:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3765:www.cbsl.gov.lk
3759:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3677:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3529:
3520:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3471:Wayback Machine
3462:
3458:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3432:, chap. 11
3430:A Short History
3427:
3418:
3412:A Short History
3409:
3405:
3395:Wayback Machine
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3360:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3263:
3256:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3199:
3195:
3182:
3178:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3149:
3143:Wayback Machine
3134:
3130:
3119:
3112:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3042:
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3029:
3014:
3010:
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2931:
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2910:
2903:
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2878:
2861:
2859:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2814:
2811:
2780:
2777:
2768:
2765:
2756:
2753:
2744:
2741:
2732:
2729:
2720:
2717:
2688:
2676:
2668:Kandyan dancing
2664:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2608:
2602:
2597:
2561:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2518:Uda Bulathgama
2492:
2452:Ampara District
2355:Matale District
2312:
2307:
2240:
2208:
2202:
2130:
2097:
2077:
2063:
1986:
1956:
1942:
1819:Nayaks of Kandy
1817:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1774:
1762:Wellassa region
1691:
1677:
1580:sided with the
1514:Dutch governors
1428:
1426:Nayaks of Kandy
1422:
1382:
1368:
1261:Sebald de Weert
1225:
1126:
1104:
1102:Rise: 1521–1594
1080:Senkadagalapura
1076:
1067:
1031:
1029:
891:
884:
869:Kusumasana Devi
857:
820:
814:
777:
699:
670:
643:
641:
635:
634:
626:
617:1948–1972
614:
604:
594:
593:
588:1815–1948
585:
575:
565:
564:
559:1658–1796
556:
547:1597–1658
544:
535:1469–1815
532:
522:
512:
511:
506:1521–1594
503:
494:1232–1620
491:
481:
471:
470:
465:1371–1597
462:
453:1341–1371
450:
441:1232–1341
438:
429:1055–1232
426:
417:1017–1055
414:
402:
390:
380:
378:Sinhala kingdom
347:
321:
296:
266:2–18 March 1815
263:
250:
237:
224:
222:Senkadagalapura
188:
173:
126:
121:
99:
98:
94:
92:
88:
76:
71:
70:
53:
47:
46:මහනුවර රාජධානිය
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Kandyan Kingdom
15:
12:
11:
5:
7339:
7329:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7252:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7066:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6978:
6972:
6970:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6854:Stock Exchange
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6819:Communications
6816:
6815:
6814:
6804:
6798:
6796:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6744:
6739:
6737:National parks
6734:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6715:Pidurutalagala
6707:
6702:
6700:Extreme points
6697:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6647:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6592:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6562:Urban councils
6559:
6549:
6543:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6478:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6403:Prime Minister
6392:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6375:Primary Courts
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6344:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6272:
6270:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6169:British Ceylon
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6068:Kandyan period
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5972:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5949:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5791:
5789:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5678:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5634:Kandy District
5631:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5608:Mayor of Kandy
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5496:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5463:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5417:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5370:Burgher people
5366:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5316:
5314:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5262:
5260:
5259:Administration
5256:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5242:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5109:
5107:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5054:Captain-majors
5051:
5045:
5043:
5042:Administration
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5025:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4832:Esala Perahera
4829:
4827:Kandyan castes
4824:
4818:
4816:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4775:Rate Mahatmaya
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4744:Maha Mohottala
4741:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4671:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4616:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4567:Mannar martyrs
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4510:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4429:Kandyan period
4422:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4096:
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4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4020:Kandyan period
4017:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3973:
3972:
3971:
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3896:
3893:
3892:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3838:
3837:External links
3835:
3832:
3831:
3818:
3794:
3781:
3752:
3727:
3708:(95): 97–142.
3688:
3675:
3662:
3649:
3627:
3602:
3585:
3579:978-9050951913
3578:
3558:
3501:
3487:
3475:
3456:
3447:Brendon, Piers
3434:
3416:
3403:
3401:24 August 2009
3380:
3371:
3358:
3342:978-0306467097
3341:
3321:
3305:978-0826414885
3304:
3284:
3278:978-0791456781
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3176:
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3025:Full view book
3008:
2991:
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2929:
2908:
2902:978-1136787164
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2604:Main article:
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2395:Sathra korale
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2338:Kandy District
2335:
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2204:Main article:
2201:
2198:
2194:kodithuwakkuwa
2129:
2126:
2122:Tamil language
2110:
2109:
2096:
2093:
2089:Esala Perahera
2073:Main article:
2071:
2070:
2061:Rate Mahatmaya
2059:Main article:
2057:
2056:
2055:Rate Mahatmaya
2053:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:Nuwarakalawiya
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1982:Main article:
1980:
1979:
1952:Main article:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1938:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1846:Dona Catherina
1843:
1837:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1797:Main article:
1794:
1791:
1773:
1772:Administration
1770:
1676:
1673:
1551:who published
1466:Kings were of
1450:-speaking and
1424:Main article:
1421:
1418:
1224:
1221:
1173:Jaffna Kingdom
1158:Jaffna Kingdom
1144:Following the
1120:Jaffna Kingdom
1103:
1100:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1051:
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763:following the
757:British Empire
722:Jaffna Kingdom
701:
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672:
671:
669:
668:
663:
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590:
589:
586:
583:British Ceylon
581:
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567:
566:
561:
560:
557:
552:
549:
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528:
523:
520:Kandyan period
518:
517:
514:
513:
508:
507:
504:
499:
496:
495:
492:
489:Jaffna kingdom
487:
482:
477:
476:
473:
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467:
466:
463:
458:
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372:
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363:
362:
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333:
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316:British Ceylon
309:
306:
305:
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287:
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271:
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251:
245:
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209:Kandyan period
206:
205:Historical era
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182:
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74:Royal Standard
72:
64:
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55:
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9:
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2:
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6510:
6509:
6508:Intelligence
6507:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
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6350:
6349:Supreme Court
6346:
6345:
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6331:
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6318:
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6210:
6206:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6179:Uva Rebellion
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
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5989:
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5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:Kandy Falcons
5907:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5865:
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5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5805:Helga's Folly
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5769:
5766:
5764:
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5703:
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5688:
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5680:
5679:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5643:Buildings and
5641:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5629:Kandy Plateau
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5567:Uva Rebellion
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5534:
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5482:
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5468:
5464:
5462:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5421:Protestantism
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5387:
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5371:
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5330:
5326:
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5318:
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5311:
5308:
5304:
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5280:
5279:
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5264:
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5119:
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4908:
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4757:
4755:
4752:
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4734:
4732:
4728:
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4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4695:
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4672:
4668:
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4643:
4640:
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4630:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4618:
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4606:
4600:
4599:
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4590:
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4583:
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4575:
4573:
4570:
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4538:
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4527:
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4522:
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4516:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4490:
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4481:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
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4451:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4330:Madurai Nayak
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
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4250:
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4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
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4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
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4202:
4198:
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4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
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4171:
4167:
4161:
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4151:
4148:
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4143:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:Siri Sanga Bo
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Lambakanna II
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
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3944:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
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3926:
3924:
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3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3854:
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3846:
3844:
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3840:
3828:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3791:
3785:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3686:, p. 145
3685:
3679:
3673:, p. 144
3672:
3666:
3659:
3653:
3637:
3631:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3562:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3497:
3491:
3484:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3452:
3451:History Today
3448:
3444:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3407:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3355:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3318:
3307:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3232:
3231:www.island.lk
3228:
3222:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3188:
3180:
3173:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3115:
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3105:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3078:
3072:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2969:
2967:90-5589-007-3
2963:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2855:
2853:
2852:Stranger King
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2804:
2803:
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2770:
2763:
2758:
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2710:
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2637:
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2607:
2592:
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2569:
2565:
2560:
2549:
2538:
2532:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:Harispattuva
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2464:Thamankaduwa
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2414:Sabaragamuva
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:Walapane and
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
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2329:
2318:
2315:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:iron industry
2245:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2066:
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2054:
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2044:
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2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
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2001:
2000:
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1991:
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1901:
1898:
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1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:Rajasinghe II
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
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1695:
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1689:Uva Rebellion
1686:
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1672:
1670:
1664:
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1658:
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1564:
1560:
1559:Rajasinghe II
1556:
1555:
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1432:Narendrasinha
1427:
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1280:
1279:
1278:Kuruvita Rala
1274:
1270:
1265:
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819:
806:
803:
800:
797:
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791:
788:
785:
782:
781:
780:
772:
770:
769:Uva Rebellion
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
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621:
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584:
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531:
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389:
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119:
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112:
109:
106:
102:
84:
79:
75:
68:
61:
56:
51:
40:
37:
33:
32:Candy Kingdom
19:
7213:LGBT history
7198:Human rights
7070:Architecture
7047:Social class
6981:Demographics
6874:Unemployment
6812:Central Bank
6596:Capital city
6482:Armed Forces
6395:
6347:
6313: /
6296:
6276:Constitution
6174:Kandyan Wars
6164:Dutch Ceylon
6153:
6109:Anuradhapura
6001:Bibliography
5800:Suisse Hotel
5562:Kandyan Wars
5536:
5320:Architecture
5249:(1658– 1796)
5113:Architecture
4962:Natha Devale
4957:Royal Palace
4902:Gajaman Nona
4859:in Sinhalese
4795:Capital city
4780:Badde Lekams
4749:Maha Dissava
4674:
4637:Kandyan Wars
4596:
4459:Bibliography
4361:Crown Jewels
4224:Anuradhapura
4214:Upatissagāma
4169:Institutions
4118:Interregnums
4050:Lambakanna I
4024:
3969:Anuradhapura
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3826:
3821:
3813:
3789:
3784:
3772:. Retrieved
3764:
3755:
3743:. Retrieved
3739:
3730:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3683:
3678:
3670:
3665:
3657:
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3630:
3618:. Retrieved
3614:
3605:
3595:
3588:
3568:
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3537:
3533:
3490:
3478:
3459:
3446:
3437:
3429:
3428:Codrington,
3411:
3410:Codrington,
3406:
3398:
3383:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3346:. Retrieved
3335:. Springer.
3331:
3324:
3316:
3309:. Retrieved
3294:
3287:
3267:
3248:
3239:
3230:
3221:
3202:
3196:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3131:
3122:
3103:
3096:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3018:
3011:
3001:
2994:
2984:
2977:
2957:
2951:
2916:
2911:
2891:
2884:
2857:
2856:
2799:
2795:
2783:
2705:
2689:
2686:Architecture
2677:
2665:
2609:
2577:
2525:Demographics
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2455:
2407:Thun korale
2386:
2377:Sath korale
2323:Present Name
2313:
2291:
2264:
2252:Uva Province
2241:
2232:
2219:
2217:
2200:Royal Palace
2193:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2163:
2148:
2113:
2111:
2098:
2078:
2064:
2048:
2039:
2015:Sabaragamuwa
1998:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1964:Pallegampahe
1963:
1959:
1957:
1943:
1931:
1915:
1788:at his feet.
1766:
1759:
1744:
1733:
1708:
1700:
1685:Kandyan Wars
1669:Kandyan Wars
1665:
1654:
1631:
1617:
1578:Dutch Zeylan
1571:
1552:
1546:
1503:
1487:
1429:
1395:
1387:
1346:Rajasinha II
1343:
1322:Sabaragamuwa
1307:
1276:
1266:
1250:
1234:
1197:
1189:
1165:Rajasinghe I
1162:
1143:
1078:The city of
1077:
1018:
1011:
1004:
989:Modern Kandy
944:Kandyan Wars
908:
841:Kandyan Wars
829:
804:Kande Nuwara
778:
761:protectorate
754:
742:
715:
706:
704:
640:
554:Dutch Ceylon
529:
285:Succeeded by
284:
279:
49:
36:
7218:LGBT rights
7203:Immigration
6885:Industries
6839:Public debt
6802:Agriculture
6695:Environment
6502:Coast Guard
6389:Legislature
6360:High Courts
6225:Demographic
6129:Dambadeniya
6119:Polonnaruwa
5991:Sri Lankans
5711:Museums and
5481:WikiProject
5332:Place names
5199:Catholicism
5130:Baila music
5032:(1597–1658)
4851:Literature
4822:Kandyan law
4739:Maha Adigar
4678:(1469–1815)
4444:1592 – 1815
4244:Dambadeniya
4239:Polonnaruwa
4219:Vijithapura
4176:Royal court
4160:Regnal name
4113:Family tree
3998:Dambadeniya
3986:Polonnaruwa
3774:12 December
3523:John D'Oyly
3397:CPA Media,
2500:Yatinuwara
2497:Uda Nuwara
2490:Rata Wasama
2380:Kurunegala
2151:Royal Guard
2114:Maha Naduwe
2108:Maha Naduwe
2102:Kandyan law
2036:Tamankaduwa
1999:These are:
1972:Maha Nilame
1954:Maha Adigar
1908:(1798–1815)
1902:(1782–1798)
1896:(1747–1782)
1890:(1739–1747)
1884:(1707–1739)
1878:(1687–1707)
1872:(1635–1687)
1866:(1604–1635)
1860:(1590–1604)
1854:(1581–1593)
1852:Rajasinha I
1848:(1581–1581)
1842:(1551–1581)
1836:(1511–1551)
1830:(1473–1511)
1751:John D'Oyly
1649:Avissawella
1586:Trincomalee
1549:Robert Knox
1542:Senkadagala
1383: 1772
1369: 1690
1314:Trincomalee
1259:despatched
1209:Tooth Relic
890:History of
730:South India
353:Historical
280:Preceded by
7275:Categories
7188:Disability
7157:Television
7125:Philosophy
7110:Literature
7030:Mass media
6779:Waterfalls
6690:Ecoregions
6539:Devolution
6397:Parliament
6315:Ministries
6259:Government
6215:Chronicles
6104:Tambapanni
6043:Prehistory
5855:Healthcare
5652:Historical
5624:Kandy Lake
5591:Government
5224:Joseph Vaz
5158:Portuguese
4997:Kandy Lake
4987:Wales Park
4927:Puran Appu
4917:Joseph Vaz
4689:Government
4371:Pretenders
4254:Kurunegala
4209:Tambapaṇṇī
4186:Rājākariya
4065:Vijayabahu
3964:Tambapanni
3936:Rajavaliya
3620:9 December
3551:12 October
3414:, chap. 10
3348:20 January
3311:20 January
3212:0304700940
3161:, chap. 9.
2876:References
2825:Moonstones
2589:Joseph Vaz
2581:Christians
2535:See also:
2512:Heva heta
2384:Kurunegala
2331:Mahanuwara
1990:Desavonies
1968:Udagampahe
1784:, with an
1679:See also:
1590:Batticaloa
1454:-speaking
1318:Batticaloa
1295:Cankili II
1181:Dharmapala
1106:See also:
1092:Portuguese
1074:Foundation
847:it had no
845:Batticaloa
736:, and the
149:Government
7228:Terrorism
7150:Cheena di
7145:Angampora
7008:Languages
6998:Education
6869:Transport
6824:Companies
6710:Mountains
6661:Districts
6656:Provinces
6643:Geography
6606:Elections
6487:Air Force
6340:Judiciary
6298:President
6290:Executive
6235:Education
6199:Civil War
6094:Mahāvaṃsa
5984:Overviews
5976:Sri Lanka
5834:Education
5763:Wace Park
5749:Parks and
5713:Libraries
5673:Places of
5645:landmarks
5617:Geography
5390:Languages
5219:Lascarins
5168:Languages
4945:Landmarks
4376:Abhisheka
4351:Sinhabahu
4346:Sinhapura
4037:Dynasties
3929:Culavamsa
3922:Mahavamsa
3915:Dipavamsa
3792:, chap. 9
3740:www.ft.lk
3714:0304-2235
3399:retrieved
2944:Chapter 1
2674:Jewellery
2600:Paintings
2585:Catholics
2553:Religions
2515:Kothmale
2503:Thumpane
2450:Parts of
2445:Bintenna
2438:Wellassa
2310:Divisions
2287:areca nut
2190:wall guns
2166:guerrilla
2137:patterns.
2045:MahaLekam
2024:Udapalala
1962:) called
1960:Adikarams
1740:Molligoda
1730:document.
1661:Amsterdam
1490:Sinhalese
1436:kshatriya
1406:areca nut
1350:Gannoruwa
1320:, and in
1213:Sinhalese
1154:Mayadunne
1150:Sithawaka
1116:Mayadunne
867:welcomes
771:of 1817.
752:in 1818.
359:Sri Lanka
135:Religion
58:1469–1815
7250:Category
7105:Folklore
7042:Religion
6924:Graphite
6899:Cinnamon
6859:Taxation
6784:Wildlife
6757:Malvathu
6752:Mahaweli
6633:Scandals
6588:Politics
6240:Military
6230:Economic
6220:Monarchs
6149:Sitawaka
6006:Timeline
5814:Shopping
5461:Category
5413:Religion
5354:Lamprais
5191:Religion
5153:Mestiços
5085:Cinnamon
5049:Captains
4866:Frescoes
4698:Monarchs
4521:Founding
4464:Timeline
4279:Sitawaka
4274:Rayigama
4264:Dedigama
4249:Yapahuwa
4229:Sigiriya
4155:Usurpers
4108:By reign
4100:Monarchs
4013:Sitawaka
3906:Timeline
3722:45385041
3642:20 April
3546:25581749
3525:(1833).
3467:Archived
3391:Archived
3139:Archived
2831:See also
2542:Language
2509:Dumbara
2388:District
2366:Hewaheta
2361:Walapane
2279:cinnamon
2260:Hewaheta
2170:ambushes
2128:Military
2120:was the
2033:Bintenne
2030:Wellassa
2021:Walapane
1710:ordered
1534:Puttalam
1530:Hanwella
1522:cinnamon
1475:Hinduism
1472:Shaivite
1402:Puttalam
1310:Kalutara
1238:Lascarin
1185:donation
997:See also
919:Founding
881:a series
879:Part of
666:Timeline
344:a series
342:Part of
235:Sitawaka
152:Monarchy
143:Hinduism
7223:Poverty
7162:Theatre
7095:Fashion
7085:Cuisine
7062:Culture
7013:Sinhala
6961:Society
6949:Tourism
6909:Coconut
6889:Apparel
6879:Welfare
6807:Banking
6794:Economy
6705:Islands
6616:Parties
6462:Members
6415:Speaker
6311:Cabinet
6134:Gampola
6036:Periods
6028:History
5996:Outline
5876:Culture
5781:Economy
5751:Gardens
5675:Worship
5530:History
5313:Culture
5306:Society
5282:Stuiver
5275:Economy
5148:Kaffirs
5106:Culture
5099:Society
5068:Economy
5007:Walauwa
4876:Jewelry
4871:Ivories
4855:in Pali
4815:Culture
4808:Society
4759:Bandāra
4501:History
4491:History
4454:Outline
4431:topics
4325:Mauryan
4320:Pandyan
4300:Kalinga
4259:Gampola
4070:Kalinga
4003:Gampola
3947:Periods
2847:Kastane
2295:Stuiver
2238:Economy
2224:Sinhala
2159:militia
1994:Dissava
1984:Dissava
1927:British
1864:Senarat
1716:Dissava
1602:Colombo
1518:Batavia
1499:Siamese
1355:Batavia
1326:Colombo
1285:of the
1269:Senarat
855:History
798:Sinhalé
661:History
656:Capital
259:•
180:(first)
118:Sinhala
104:Capital
7260:Portal
7171:Issues
7080:Cinema
7003:Health
6969:Topics
6934:Rubber
6914:Coffee
6829:Energy
6762:Kelani
6747:Rivers
6676:Cities
6408:Office
6208:Topics
6124:Jaffna
6099:Vijaya
6087:Epochs
5978:topics
5902:Sports
5788:Hotels
5582:Radala
5471:Portal
5380:Malays
5292:Coffee
4885:People
4356:Titles
4310:Shakya
4234:Rohana
4090:Nayaks
4055:Moriya
4045:Vijaya
3957:&
3745:29 May
3720:
3712:
3576:
3544:
3339:
3302:
3275:
3209:
3020:Mahony
2972:p. 197
2964:
2924:
2899:
2350:Matale
2345:Matale
2283:pepper
2273:, and
2177:Telugu
2118:Nayaks
2012:Matale
1978:Disawe
1948:Adikar
1786:Adigar
1687:, and
1598:Madras
1594:Jaffna
1538:Chilaw
1526:Matara
1468:Telugu
1448:Telugu
1444:bhikku
1391:France
1287:Karava
1273:sangha
1122:, and
883:on the
724:, the
355:states
346:on the
195:(last)
162:
95:
89:
7183:Crime
7135:Sport
7130:Radio
7115:Music
7090:Dance
7025:Media
7018:Tamil
6986:Women
6976:Birth
6939:Sugar
6904:Cocoa
6864:Trade
6844:Rupee
6681:Towns
6574:Wards
6154:Kandy
6139:Kotte
6011:Years
5523:Kandy
5375:Dutch
5349:Kokis
5344:Music
5337:Dutch
5212:Other
5125:Music
5080:Tombo
5075:Maral
4847:Dance
4768:Other
4469:Years
4339:Other
4315:Vedda
4305:Vanga
4284:Kandy
4025:Kandy
4008:Kotte
3718:JSTOR
3542:JSTOR
3530:(PDF)
2662:Dance
2299:Larin
2275:sugar
1780:King
1703:Malay
1483:Tamil
1464:Nayak
1456:Nayak
1452:Tamil
1440:caste
1330:Galle
1088:Kotte
979:Kandy
892:Kandy
849:naval
833:death
759:as a
123:Tamil
108:Kandy
7100:Flag
6929:Rice
6919:Gems
6894:Beer
6767:Kalu
6497:Navy
6492:Army
6016:2024
3776:2021
3747:2022
3710:ISSN
3644:2023
3622:2021
3574:ISBN
3553:2021
3350:2012
3337:ISBN
3313:2012
3300:ISBN
3273:ISBN
3207:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2922:ISBN
2897:ISBN
2595:Arts
2454:and
2426:Uva
2320:Name
2285:and
2267:silk
2250:the
2218:The
2112:The
1966:and
1793:King
1749:and
1726:The
1536:and
1528:and
1508:and
775:Name
705:The
253:1592
240:1581
227:1469
158:King
128:Pali
7075:Art
6944:Tea
6772:Gin
6268:Law
4138:4th
4133:3rd
4128:2nd
4123:1st
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