168:
1247:
933:
Definite usage, "-en" ending: "he jär mytji fLasken ini tjälaro" (there are a lot of flasks in the cellar), "å:åll fLasken jåra bå:årt" (all flasks are gone), "höundratale å fLasken" (hundreds of flasks), "he var fLasken ållostans" (there were flasks everywhere), "whiskeyfLasken" (wiskey flasks), "we
989:
are equal in singular and plural, similar to
English but distinct from many other Scandinavian languages, e.g.: "dö:rn jär ipi" (the door is open) and "doran jåra ipi" (the doors are open), "bå:ne jär vötchin" (the child is awake) and "bå:na jåra vötchin" (the children are awake), "do jär wälkymin
560:
The oldest preserved manuscripts in the Kalix dialect is an 1879 description of the area, a text which is used as a standard of genuinity. The Kalix dialect was first described by a thesis work by Hulda
Rutberg, starting the year 1908 and ventilated at Uppsala University in 1924. The book contains
941:
For masculine nouns, the four forms are e.g. "in bi:l" (a car) "to bi:il" (two cars) "naer bi:lo" (some cars), "mytji bi:lan" (many cars), and "bi:lan" (the cars). Neuter definitive plural ending is "-a". Non-enumerative words e.g. "i höus" (a house), "i gåLv" (a floor) are exceptions lacking the
976:
Verbs are conjugated in singular and plural, unlike modern standard
Swedish: "hån jär" (he is) but "di jåra" (they are), "hö löut se" (she leans herself) but "di lö:ut se" (they lean themselves), "je far" (I go) but "we fåra" (we go), "je vil" (I want) but "di vili" (they want). But there are
920:
The definite noun form is used in a broader sense than in other
Scandinavian languages, widespread in all dialects spoken in northern Scandinavia. Some examples: "je skå nå:åp i gröut ve bera" – I'll pick some (the)berries, "kunin jåra ät som kåran" – (the) women are not like (the) men.
929:
Non-enumerating indefinite, "-o" ending: "he jär naer/einger/in del fLasko ini tjälaro" (there are some/no/some flasks in the cellar), "aar fLasko" (other flasks), "tuker fLasko" (such flasks), "he jär la:ka fLasko ini tjälaro" (there are long flasks in the
547:
in the north. The three parishes constituted one single Kalix parish until the mid 17th century, when Överkalix parish split from
Nederkalix, and the two dialects diverged. The Nederkalix and Överkalix dialects are however often considered to be
925:
Enumerating indefinite, equal to singular or differs on accent only: "je ha:ar to fLa:ask" (I had two flasks), "i döusin fLa:ask" (a dozen flasks), "je ha fLe:r fLa:ask än di:" (I have more flasks than you), "ma:ak fLa:ask" (many
884:
Feminine: e.g. "ha:ta" (the hand), "nagla" (the nail), "å:dra" (the vein), "sköuldra" (the shoulder), "påp:a" (the father), "måm:a" (the mother), "kjat:a" (the cat). But also "kuno" (the woman), "stuo" (the cottage), "sögo" (the
961:, e.g. feminine: "Din jär SkåoLa, je siti ini skå:oLn" (there is the school, I am sitting in the school), masculine: "je sei tjälarn, he lik na ini tjälaro" (I see the basement, it's something in the basement).
561:
many words and an extensive description of phonology and grammar. The language is also covered in later documentation, and by many recordings from the 1960s. The work of communities such as
993:
Other adjectives differs in singular and plural, and have two plural forms, e.g. "flaska jär rö:" (the flask is red), "rö:a flasko, so jåra rö:ö" (red flasks, that are red).
1386:
1012:
and is also found in many parts of Norway. It functions as an obligatory article before proper names and kinship terms. In the
Nederkalix dialect, it takes the form
1060:
has been used, including the letters ⟨å ä ö⟩ and certain ad-hoc representations of sounds not found in
Standard Swedish, e.g. a capitalized or boldface ⟨l⟩ for the
921:
Definiteviness can be divided into four categories depending on the noun's plural form. Examples of usage with the feminine word "i fLa:ask" (a bottle / a flask):
1210:
Dahlstedt & Ågren, Övre
Norrlands bygdemål: berättelser på bygdemål med förklaringar och en dialektöversikt, utg. av Vetenskapliga biblioteket i Umeå 1954
544:
2398:
1327:
Delsing, Lars-Olof (2003). "Syntaktisk variation i nordiska nominalfraser". In
Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander; Holmberg, Anders; Delsing, Lars-Olof (eds.).
1052:
The
Nederkalix dialect, like the absolute majority of Swedish dialects, lack a standard orthography. In early dialectological descriptions, the phonetic
4207:
385:
891:
Neuter: "öe"/"öge" (the eye), "öre" (the ear), "höure" (the head), "bene" (the leg), "feingre" (the finger), "kni:e" (the knee), "bån:e" (the child).
996:
Adjectives can also be joined with nouns, e.g. "råLkafötren" (dirty feet), or serially joined, e.g. "lilvåckerstäinta" (the little beautiful girl).
902:
Feminine: "he jär menar stuo" (it is my cottage) "hö ha:ar eingar på:åp" (she had no dad), "hukar kuno?" (which woman?), "woLar viko" (every week)
968:
exists, e.g. "Je ha ons Enok bi:l" (I have Enok's car), "je fick bre:ve än Anna" (I got Anna's letter), "kLåk:a gran:o" (The neighbor's clock).
934:
hå:å la:kfLasken å röundfLasken" (we have long flasks and round flasks), "di ha:ar snört fLasken ållostans" (they had thrown flasks everywhere).
1678:
3808:
888:
Masculine: e.g. "ståoLn" (the stool), "fåotn" (the foot), "armen" (the arm), "armboan" (the elbow), "tåomen" (the thumb), "måon" (the mouth).
2773:
1851:
2571:
1430:
895:
Basically, words that in their definite form end with an "n" are masculine, an "e" is neuter, and all vowel except "e" are feminine.
898:
General ending for words following the nouns are in feminine "-ar", masculine "-en", neuter "-e" or "-t", and plural "-er". Ex.
4171:
1736:
378:
1328:
1277:
614:
2388:
3866:
650:
194:
3300:
776:
543:
The Nederkalix dialect is most closely related to other traditional dialects in Norrbotten, especially the neighboring
3801:
371:
1844:
1710:
1683:
1504:
565:, founded 1992, has kept collecting words and expressions to an extensive word lexicon, and is still active today.
4202:
4073:
3886:
704:
668:
579:
184:
4161:
3911:
1423:
1357:
686:
501:
500:
The Nederkalix dialect has innovated many diphthongs from older long vowels. It also displays features such as
529:
4083:
3667:
1777:
722:
342:
17:
977:
irregular verbs which does not differ, e.g. "je liot fåra" (I have to go) / "we liot fåra" (we have to go).
573:
The Kalix dialect has, according to Rutberg, 18 vowel monophthongs, 10 vowel diphthongs, and 29 consonants.
4176:
4128:
3998:
3993:
3794:
3697:
2867:
2829:
2814:
1698:
740:
2141:
1005:
533:
3677:
3537:
2887:
2846:
2836:
1837:
1760:
1688:
848:
758:
596:
1655:
4133:
3958:
2053:
794:
4228:
4138:
4100:
3394:
1753:
1416:
1220:
908:
Neuter: "i lätet bån" (a little child), "tuke schwammeL" (such bullshit), "i anne å:r" (another year)
812:
632:
4058:
3672:
3626:
3621:
3545:
3155:
3139:
3018:
2877:
2768:
2763:
1731:
1703:
1673:
1625:
1602:
1053:
513:
486:
95:
4028:
3988:
3968:
3948:
3851:
3611:
3555:
3550:
3470:
3143:
3093:
2393:
2211:
1967:
1895:
1883:
1630:
1350:
Norrländsk uppslagsbok: ett uppslagsverk på vetenskaplig grund om den norrländska regionen. Bd 3
830:
549:
85:
3733:
3453:
2851:
911:
Plural: "tuker stäinto" (such girls), "huker då:a?" (which days?), "einger feingro" (no fingers)
905:
Masculine: "men ståoL" (my stool), "anworn da" (every second day), "in tuken fåot" (such a foot)
4166:
3963:
3616:
3098:
3064:
2682:
2498:
2358:
2198:
2093:
1787:
1515:
352:
291:
4186:
4118:
4088:
4043:
4038:
4013:
3871:
3774:
3738:
3006:
2999:
2951:
2721:
2692:
2661:
2624:
2549:
2306:
2219:
2080:
2042:
1813:
167:
4156:
3239:
2114:
4078:
4068:
4018:
3978:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3916:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3876:
3861:
3856:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3743:
3723:
3692:
3565:
3425:
3171:
2989:
2581:
2408:
2370:
2365:
2239:
2186:
1944:
1635:
1579:
1491:
1348:
Källskog, Margareta (1995). "nederkalixmål". In Edlund, Lars-Erik; Frängsmyr, Tore (eds.).
937:
Definite "-en": "ta ve de fLasken då do gja öut" (take the flasks with you when you go out)
3399:
296:
8:
4181:
4123:
4063:
4053:
4033:
4023:
4008:
4003:
3983:
3953:
3921:
3906:
3881:
3817:
3682:
2918:
2872:
2806:
2559:
2206:
2119:
1917:
1620:
1574:
249:
3229:
3074:
2321:
4093:
4048:
3973:
3943:
3728:
3652:
3580:
3570:
3525:
3287:
3214:
3111:
2956:
2931:
2926:
2819:
2647:
2532:
2353:
2131:
2126:
2105:
2066:
1870:
1860:
1665:
1612:
1525:
1267:
877:
525:
437:
301:
233:
90:
68:
2882:
3702:
3501:
3417:
3410:
3365:
3309:
3069:
3059:
3042:
3037:
2941:
2703:
2503:
2464:
2444:
2282:
2174:
2156:
2008:
1782:
1589:
1496:
1353:
1273:
1269:
Grammaticalization in the North: Noun Phrase Morphosyntax in Scandinavian Vernaculars
1009:
449:
419:
347:
311:
306:
173:
105:
1520:
190:
3657:
3448:
3382:
3338:
3333:
3293:
3282:
3274:
3079:
3047:
2994:
2983:
2896:
2605:
2544:
2334:
2316:
2151:
1912:
1904:
1546:
1510:
1478:
1463:
1453:
1439:
1337:
1057:
490:
453:
423:
321:
270:
219:
100:
3494:
3687:
3647:
3480:
3387:
3370:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3052:
2961:
2946:
2901:
2753:
2716:
2708:
2687:
2674:
2654:
2640:
2403:
2380:
2311:
2301:
2293:
2073:
1726:
1693:
1584:
1530:
1458:
990:
heit" (she is welcome here) and "di jåra wälkymin heit" (they are welcome here).
958:
954:
517:
482:
317:
275:
77:
4233:
3768:
3662:
3642:
3594:
3486:
3360:
3030:
2797:
2736:
2515:
2472:
2429:
2346:
2341:
2230:
2180:
2031:
1982:
1937:
1930:
1650:
1061:
1044:
in the feminine, but the basic (nominative) forms are also used in the dative.
254:
110:
4222:
3718:
3560:
3316:
3267:
3084:
3023:
2936:
2841:
2779:
2726:
2610:
2537:
1468:
965:
3587:
3011:
2975:
2908:
2731:
2554:
2527:
2510:
2454:
2413:
1995:
1974:
1318:
Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus (1983). "Överkalix: en språkets sprängmina i norr".
509:
3234:
1367:
Lundbäck, Ernst (1967). "Kalixmålet: några språkhistoriska anteckningar".
3404:
3377:
3195:
3103:
2785:
2746:
2329:
2024:
1988:
1923:
1645:
1056:
was used to transcribe the dialect. In more non-scientific contexts, the
950:
537:
479:
3249:
1244:
Kalixmålet, sådant det talades på 1990-talet, Föreningen Kalix Bygdemål.
3244:
3224:
2589:
2259:
1960:
1818:
441:
3786:
1272:. Stockholm: Institutionen för lingvistik vid Stockholms universitet.
3430:
3178:
2824:
2741:
2522:
2477:
2449:
2275:
1829:
1803:
1640:
1486:
986:
475:
472:
461:
153:
141:
3254:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
485:, and many initial consonants lost in Standard Swedish. In terms of
3219:
2567:
1593:
1408:
457:
414:
361:
202:
49:
3260:
2856:
2758:
1079:
521:
505:
465:
406:
326:
198:
1404:(in Swedish) (new ed.). Kalix: Fören. Kalix bygdemål. 2006.
2563:
1808:
1029:
494:
445:
432:
427:
528:. Like many other Norrland dialects, it has also innovated an
2481:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1352:(in Swedish). Umeå: Norrlands univ.-förl. pp. 186–188.
1297:
1295:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1224:
1113:
201:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1189:
KALIXforskarNYTT, no.3-2002, Kalixbygdens Forskarförening
1103:
1101:
1330:
Dialektsyntaktiska studier av den nordiska nominalfrasen
1292:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1204:
1400:
1171:
1098:
1092:
1130:
448:. The traditional Nederkalix dialect, like the other
1147:
1192:
1159:
1322:(in Swedish). Vol. 1983:3–4. pp. 28–32.
4220:
915:
497:case, which have been lost in Standard Swedish.
3802:
1845:
1424:
1336:. Oslo: Novus. pp. 11–64. Archived from
379:
1064:, a colon ⟨:⟩ for marking long vowels etc.
3809:
3795:
1852:
1838:
1431:
1417:
386:
372:
166:
1387:"Folkmålet i Nederkalix och Töre socknar"
1380:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Natur o. kultur.
1317:
1259:
1177:
1028:in the feminine. There are also separate
1366:
1347:
1124:
1107:
516:, all common in many Norrland dialects.
3816:
1384:
1326:
1301:
1253:
1198:
1153:
1141:
436:) of Nederkalix and Töre in modern-day
195:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
4221:
1859:
1737:Institute for the Languages of Finland
1183:
999:
413:
48:
3790:
3523:
3137:
1881:
1833:
1412:
1221:"Institutet för språk och folkminnen"
1438:
1394:Svenska landsmål och svenskt folkliv
1375:
1371:(in Swedish). 1967: -150 : ill.
1265:
1238:
1213:
1165:
176:with the Kalix dialect in light blue
2414:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
24:
3773:Languages between parentheses are
3138:
1047:
520:have been lost before a following
25:
4245:
4208:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1469:Ukrainian Swedish (Gammalsvenska)
847:
829:
811:
793:
775:
757:
739:
721:
703:
685:
667:
649:
631:
613:
595:
530:extended use of the definite form
489:, the dialect has also preserved
555:
1311:
471:The Nederkalix dialect retains
3777:of the language on their left.
871:
13:
1:
3668:Germanic substrate hypothesis
3524:
1778:Swedish as a foreign language
1067:
980:
916:Definite and indefinite nouns
343:Swedish as a foreign language
3698:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
2389:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
568:
508:(with preserved double-peak
7:
3678:High German consonant shift
1761:Svenska Akademiens ordlista
1679:Reformation and Renaissance
1369:Kalix. D. 1, Namn och språk
1093:Åolleist opa kölismåle 2006
426:, spoken in the historical
27:Norrland dialect of Swedish
10:
4250:
2216:Westlauwers–Terschellings
1869:According to contemporary
1008:is widespread traditional
866:
316:Eastern Swedish dialects:
4195:
4147:
4109:
3824:
3760:
3711:
3635:
3604:
3536:
3532:
3519:
3468:
3441:
3395:Southern Schleswig Danish
3326:
3207:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3133:
2974:
2917:
2805:
2796:
2701:
2673:
2632:
2623:
2598:
2580:
2491:
2463:
2437:
2428:
2379:
2292:
2267:
2258:
2197:
2092:
2041:
2016:
2007:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1877:
1867:
1796:
1770:
1754:Svenska Akademiens ordbok
1745:
1719:
1664:
1611:
1539:
1477:
1446:
563:Föreningen Kalix Bygdemål
493:of verbs, as well as the
452:, is very divergent from
181:
165:
151:
139:
134:
74:
64:
56:
44:
37:
32:
3673:West Germanic gemination
3627:Ancient Belgian language
3622:Germanic parent language
3566:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
2688:Austrian Standard German
1882:
1732:Swedish Language Council
1626:Germanic parent language
1072:
1054:Swedish Dialect Alphabet
971:
1631:Proto-Germanic language
1385:Rutberg, Hulda (1924).
945:
550:mutually unintelligible
460:and innovations in the
214:Part of a series on the
3867:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3734:Preterite-present verb
3617:Proto-Germanic grammar
3571:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
2683:German Standard German
2359:East Frisian Low Saxon
1788:Swedish for immigrants
1402:Åolleist opa kölismåle
1040:in the masculine, and
1032:forms of the article:
1020:in the masculine, and
953:is separated from the
353:Swedish for immigrants
292:South Swedish dialects
183:This article contains
3739:Grammatischer Wechsel
2722:Namibian Black German
2693:Swiss Standard German
2662:Early New High German
2220:Mainland West Frisian
2081:Harlingerland Frisian
1814:Swedish Sign Language
415:[kœɽɪsˈmɔːɽɛ]
50:[kœɽɪsˈmɔːɽɛ]
3818:Languages of Europe
3744:Indo-European ablaut
3724:Germanic strong verb
3693:Germanic spirant law
2830:Southeast Limburgish
2326:Gelders-Overijssels
1955:Irish Middle English
1945:Early Modern English
1656:Contemporary Swedish
1376:Pamp, Bengt (1978).
1266:Dahl, Östen (2010).
4110:States with limited
3712:Synchronic features
3683:Germanic a-mutation
3636:Diachronic features
2986:in the broad sense
2919:East Central German
2873:Lorraine Franconian
2847:Transylvanian Saxon
2807:West Central German
2582:East Low Franconian
2492:West Low Franconian
1621:Proto-Indo-European
1127:, pp. 186–188.
1006:preproprial article
1000:Preproprial article
878:grammatical genders
534:preproprial article
418:) is a traditional
401:(sometimes plainly
3729:Germanic weak verb
3538:Language subgroups
2888:Pennsylvania Dutch
2837:Moselle Franconian
2815:Central Franconian
2648:Middle High German
2399:Central Pomeranian
2354:Northern Low Saxon
2067:Wangerooge Frisian
1861:Germanic languages
526:vowel nasalization
524:, with subsequent
456:, containing both
438:Kalix Municipality
399:Nederkalix dialect
302:Stockholm dialects
116:Nederkalix dialect
69:Kalix Municipality
33:Nederkalix dialect
4216:
4215:
3784:
3783:
3769:extinct languages
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3703:Great Vowel Shift
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3464:
3463:
3310:Greenlandic Norse
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3060:Southern Bavarian
3043:Northern Bavarian
3019:Highest Alemannic
2970:
2969:
2704:standard variants
2619:
2618:
2465:Standard variants
2424:
2423:
2283:Middle Low German
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2054:Saterland Frisian
1827:
1826:
1783:Mandatory Swedish
1447:National variants
1378:Svenska dialekter
1304:, pp. 20–23.
1279:978-91-978304-1-6
1010:Norrland dialects
964:Several forms of
864:
863:
545:Överkalix dialect
450:Norrland dialects
396:
395:
348:Mandatory Swedish
312:Norrland dialects
307:Svealand dialects
297:Götaland dialects
250:European language
209:
208:
191:rendering support
187:phonetic symbols.
174:Norrbotten County
172:Dialect areas in
106:Norrland dialects
16:(Redirected from
4241:
4229:Swedish dialects
4148:Dependencies and
4084:Northern Ireland
3825:Sovereign states
3811:
3804:
3797:
3788:
3787:
3561:Elbe (Irminonic)
3534:
3533:
3521:
3520:
3449:Mainland Gutnish
3339:Swedish dialects
3301:Middle Icelandic
3275:Middle Norwegian
3164:Historical forms
3161:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3135:
3134:
3094:South Franconian
3080:Hutterite German
3048:Central Bavarian
2868:Rhine Franconian
2803:
2802:
2633:Historical forms
2630:
2629:
2545:Surinamese Dutch
2438:Historical forms
2435:
2434:
2268:Historical forms
2265:
2264:
2017:Historical forms
2014:
2013:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1879:
1878:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1603:Dialect Alphabet
1502:Östsvenska mål:
1464:Estonian Swedish
1454:Standard Swedish
1440:Swedish language
1433:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1344:
1342:
1335:
1323:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1223:. Archived from
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1058:Swedish alphabet
851:
833:
815:
797:
779:
761:
743:
725:
707:
689:
671:
653:
635:
617:
599:
576:
575:
518:Nasal consonants
491:plural agreement
454:Standard Swedish
420:Norrland dialect
417:
388:
381:
374:
359:Higher category:
322:Estonian Swedish
271:Standard Swedish
220:Swedish language
211:
210:
170:
144:
80:
52:
30:
29:
21:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4191:
4149:
4143:
4129:Northern Cyprus
4111:
4105:
3999:North Macedonia
3820:
3815:
3785:
3780:
3748:
3707:
3688:Germanic umlaut
3653:Holtzmann's law
3631:
3600:
3528:
3507:
3460:
3437:
3371:South Jutlandic
3356:Danish dialects
3322:
3203:
3146:
3117:
3099:East Franconian
3053:Viennese German
2966:
2947:Silesian German
2913:
2902:Central Hessian
2792:
2717:Namibian German
2706:
2697:
2675:Standard German
2669:
2655:New High German
2641:Old High German
2615:
2594:
2576:
2487:
2459:
2420:
2404:East Pomeranian
2394:Brandenburgisch
2381:East Low German
2375:
2302:Dutch Low Saxon
2294:West Low German
2288:
2246:
2212:Schiermonnikoog
2193:
2088:
2074:Wursten Frisian
2037:
2003:
1886:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1828:
1823:
1792:
1766:
1741:
1727:Swedish Academy
1715:
1660:
1607:
1535:
1497:Norrländska mål
1473:
1459:Finland Swedish
1442:
1437:
1389:
1360:
1340:
1333:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1131:
1123:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1050:
1048:Writing systems
1002:
983:
974:
959:nominative case
948:
918:
874:
869:
734:red (singular)
571:
558:
483:light syllables
392:
357:
318:Finland Swedish
276:Finland Swedish
242:Advanced topics
189:Without proper
177:
140:
130:
81:
78:Language family
76:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4247:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4203:European Union
4199:
4197:
4196:Other entities
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4150:other entities
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4074:United Kingdom
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:Czech Republic
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3612:Proto-Germanic
3608:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3530:
3529:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3487:Crimean Gothic
3476:
3474:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3361:Insular Danish
3358:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3344:Rinkebysvenska
3341:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3190:Old East Norse
3187:
3185:Old West Norse
3175:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3148:
3147:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3065:South Tyrolean
3057:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3007:High Alemannic
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2798:Central German
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2737:Barossa German
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2634:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2516:French Flemish
2508:
2507:
2506:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2430:Low Franconian
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2231:Westereendersk
2225:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2032:Middle Frisian
2028:
2020:
2018:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1938:Modern English
1934:
1931:Middle English
1927:
1920:
1909:
1907:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1797:Related topics
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1651:Modern Swedish
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1531:Rinkebysvenska
1528:
1523:
1518:
1516:Sydsvenska mål
1513:
1508:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1487:Gotländska mål
1483:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1345:
1343:on 2007-06-10.
1324:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1291:
1278:
1258:
1246:
1237:
1212:
1203:
1191:
1182:
1178:Dahlstedt 1983
1170:
1168:, p. 142.
1158:
1146:
1144:, p. 123.
1129:
1112:
1110:, p. 143.
1097:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1062:retroflex flap
1049:
1046:
1001:
998:
982:
979:
973:
970:
966:genitive cases
947:
944:
939:
938:
935:
931:
927:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
906:
903:
893:
892:
889:
886:
873:
870:
868:
865:
862:
861:
858:
855:
852:
844:
843:
840:
837:
834:
826:
825:
822:
819:
816:
808:
807:
804:
801:
798:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
754:
753:
750:
747:
744:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
718:
717:
716:is (singular)
714:
711:
708:
700:
699:
696:
693:
690:
682:
681:
678:
675:
672:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
646:
645:
642:
639:
636:
628:
627:
624:
621:
618:
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
570:
567:
557:
554:
394:
393:
391:
390:
383:
376:
368:
365:
364:
356:
355:
350:
345:
337:
336:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
286:
285:
281:
280:
279:
278:
273:
265:
264:
260:
259:
258:
257:
255:Modern Swedish
252:
244:
243:
239:
238:
237:
236:
228:
227:
223:
222:
216:
215:
207:
206:
193:, you may see
179:
178:
171:
163:
162:
157:
149:
148:
145:
137:
136:
135:Language codes
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
111:Kalix dialects
96:North Germanic
84:
82:
75:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
58:
57:Native to
54:
53:
46:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4246:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:Faroe Islands
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:South Ossetia
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Liechtenstein
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:Germanic verb
3717:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:Sievers's law
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:Reconstructed
3603:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3418:Middle Danish
3415:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3294:Old Icelandic
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3268:Old Norwegian
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3085:Gottscheerish
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3024:Walser German
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2990:Low Alemannic
2988:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:High Prussian
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Erzgebirgisch
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Luxembourgish
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2780:Klezmer-loshn
2777:
2775:
2774:Scots Yiddish
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2611:Meuse-Rhenish
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:Kleverlandish
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:Central Dutch
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:Stellingwarfs
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:Wood Frisian
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2094:North Frisian
2091:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:Anglo-Frisian
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Enlightenment
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1505:Ostrobothnian
1501:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1396:(in Swedish).
1395:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1227:on 2011-05-18
1226:
1222:
1216:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1186:
1180:, p. 28.
1179:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1125:Källskog 1995
1121:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1108:Lundbäck 1967
1104:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
997:
994:
991:
988:
978:
969:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
943:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:
922:
910:
907:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
890:
887:
883:
882:
881:
879:
859:
856:
853:
850:
846:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
828:
827:
823:
820:
817:
814:
810:
809:
805:
802:
799:
796:
792:
791:
787:
784:
781:
778:
774:
773:
770:was going to
769:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
751:
748:
745:
742:
738:
737:
733:
730:
727:
724:
720:
719:
715:
712:
709:
706:
702:
701:
697:
694:
691:
688:
684:
683:
679:
676:
673:
670:
666:
665:
661:
658:
655:
652:
648:
647:
643:
640:
637:
634:
630:
629:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
611:
607:
604:
601:
598:
594:
593:
589:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
566:
564:
556:Documentation
553:
551:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:vowel harmony
511:
507:
503:
502:vowel balance
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:
477:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:Kalix dialect
400:
389:
384:
382:
377:
375:
370:
369:
367:
366:
363:
360:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:
334:
333:
328:
325:
323:
319:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
283:
282:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
266:
262:
261:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
246:
245:
241:
240:
235:
232:
231:
230:
229:
225:
224:
221:
218:
217:
213:
212:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
186:
180:
175:
169:
164:
161:
158:
156:
155:
150:
146:
143:
138:
133:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:Indo-European
83:
79:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
45:Pronunciation
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
18:Kalix dialect
4139:Transnistria
4101:Vatican City
3764:
3648:Verner's law
3593:
3588:Gotho-Nordic
3586:
3579:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3479:
3469:
3454:Fårö Gutnish
3416:
3409:
3315:
3308:
3299:
3292:
3273:
3266:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3110:
3012:Swiss German
2976:Upper German
2909:Amana German
2883:Volga German
2852:Hunsrückisch
2778:
2732:Unserdeutsch
2727:Berlinerisch
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2599:Cover groups
2555:Mohawk Dutch
2550:Jersey Dutch
2528:East Flemish
2511:West Flemish
2455:Middle Dutch
2409:Low Prussian
2281:
2274:
2240:Terschelling
2224:Clay Frisian
2199:West Frisian
2187:Wiedingharde
2179:
2167:
2127:Heligolandic
2104:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2043:East Frisian
2030:
2023:
1996:Middle Scots
1994:
1987:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1759:
1752:
1746:Dictionaries
1594:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1526:Stockholmska
1503:
1401:
1393:
1377:
1368:
1349:
1338:the original
1329:
1319:
1312:Bibliography
1302:Delsing 2003
1283:. Retrieved
1268:
1261:
1254:Rutberg 1924
1249:
1240:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:the original
1215:
1206:
1199:Rutberg 1924
1194:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1156:, p. 3.
1154:Rutberg 1924
1149:
1142:Rutberg 1924
1051:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1003:
995:
992:
984:
975:
963:
949:
940:
919:
897:
894:
875:
590:Translation
572:
562:
559:
542:
538:proper names
510:pitch accent
499:
470:
462:phonological
431:
410:
402:
398:
397:
358:
182:
159:
152:
115:
38:
4177:Isle of Man
4112:recognition
4059:Switzerland
3994:Netherlands
3663:Kluge's law
3643:Grimm's law
3426:Dalecarlian
3405:Perkerdansk
3378:East Danish
3196:Old Gutnish
3172:Proto-Norse
3112:Langobardic
3104:Vogtlandian
2932:Upper Saxon
2786:Lachoudisch
2747:Lotegorisch
2625:High German
2371:Westphalian
2366:Eastphalian
2330:Achterhooks
2207:Hindeloopen
2142:Bökingharde
2111:Föhr–Amrum
2025:Old Frisian
1989:Early Scots
1924:Old English
1646:Old Swedish
1636:Proto-Norse
1575:Orthography
1256:, p. .
942:"-o" form.
872:Noun gender
480:Old Swedish
466:grammatical
197:instead of
4223:Categories
4029:San Marino
3989:Montenegro
3969:Luxembourg
3949:Kazakhstan
3852:Azerbaijan
3495:Burgundian
3411:Old Danish
3400:Gøtudanskt
3383:Bornholmsk
3245:Vestlandsk
3225:Kebabnorsk
2962:Halcnovian
2927:Thuringian
2590:Limburgish
2560:Stadsfries
2533:Brabantian
2260:Low German
2106:Eiderstedt
1961:Fingallian
1819:Suecophile
1720:Regulators
1711:Children's
1666:Literature
1359:919724841X
1285:2011-04-10
1231:2011-04-04
1068:References
987:adjectives
981:Adjectives
955:accusative
487:morphology
476:diphthongs
442:Norrbotten
430:(Swedish:
4167:Gibraltar
3964:Lithuania
3775:varieties
3767:indicate
3581:Northwest
3526:Philology
3431:Elfdalian
3366:Jutlandic
3288:Icelandic
3263:(written)
3257:(written)
3235:Trøndersk
3215:Norwegian
3179:Old Norse
3000:Coloniero
2984:Alemannic
2957:Wymysorys
2825:Colognian
2820:Ripuarian
2742:Rotwelsch
2572:Midslands
2523:Zeelandic
2504:Hollandic
2478:Afrikaans
2450:Old Dutch
2276:Old Saxon
2175:Karrharde
2157:Goesharde
2138:Mainland
1871:philology
1804:Swenglish
1771:Education
1699:Modernist
1641:Old Norse
1590:Phonology
1166:Pamp 1978
860:the yard
788:yes/well
644:the snow
608:the fire
569:Phonology
473:Old Norse
468:systems.
458:archaisms
411:kölismåle
154:Glottolog
142:ISO 639-3
39:kölismåle
4187:Svalbard
4172:Guernsey
4119:Abkhazia
4089:Scotland
4044:Slovenia
4039:Slovakia
4014:Portugal
3872:Bulgaria
3502:Vandalic
3445:Gutnish
3250:Vikværsk
3230:Sognamål
3220:Bergensk
3070:Cimbrian
3038:Bavarian
2995:Alsatian
2942:Lusatian
2878:Palatine
2568:Amelands
2445:Frankish
2335:Sallaans
2317:Gronings
2168:Southern
2161:Northern
2152:Halligen
2101:Insular
1918:dialects
1689:Romantic
1547:Alphabet
1521:Åländska
1479:Dialects
930:cellar).
926:flasks).
806:another
680:weather
587:Ex.Latin
428:parishes
362:Language
335:Teaching
284:Dialects
263:Variants
203:Help:IPA
91:Germanic
4079:England
4069:Ukraine
4019:Romania
3979:Moldova
3937:Ireland
3932:Iceland
3927:Hungary
3917:Germany
3912:Georgia
3902:Finland
3897:Estonia
3892:Denmark
3877:Croatia
3862:Belgium
3857:Belarus
3847:Austria
3842:Armenia
3837:Andorra
3832:Albania
3765:Italics
3388:Scanian
3334:Swedish
3283:Faroese
3261:Nynorsk
3240:Valdris
3075:Mòcheno
3031:Swabian
2897:Hessian
2857:Hunsrik
2769:Western
2764:Eastern
2759:Yiddish
2709:creoles
2606:Bergish
2322:Drèents
2312:Tweants
2164:Central
2146:Mooring
2009:Frisian
1968:Kildare
1913:English
1694:Realism
1613:History
1585:Grammar
1580:Braille
1511:Sveamål
1492:Götamål
880:exist:
867:Grammar
698:almost
536:before
522:plosive
512:), and
506:apocope
433:socknar
424:Swedish
407:endonym
327:Gutnish
234:History
199:Unicode
101:Swedish
4182:Jersey
4124:Kosovo
4064:Turkey
4054:Sweden
4034:Serbia
4024:Russia
4009:Poland
4004:Norway
3984:Monaco
3954:Latvia
3922:Greece
3907:France
3882:Cyprus
3481:Gothic
3351:Danish
3255:Bokmål
2754:Yenish
2564:Bildts
2347:Veluws
2342:Urkers
2181:Strand
1905:Anglic
1809:Svorsk
1704:poetry
1597:-sound
1356:
1276:
1030:dative
951:Dative
885:saga).
876:Three
584:Ex.IPA
532:and a
495:dative
446:Sweden
226:Topics
65:Region
60:Sweden
4234:Kalix
4157:Åland
4094:Wales
4049:Spain
3974:Malta
3944:Italy
3595:South
3546:North
3156:North
3140:North
2482:Kaaps
2473:Dutch
2120:Amrum
2061:Weser
1983:Scots
1674:Early
1390:(PDF)
1341:(PDF)
1334:(PDF)
1320:Thule
1073:Notes
985:Most
972:Verbs
857:gå:rn
842:came
824:long
695:meste
692:mɛstɛ
662:over
641:sny:n
638:snyːn
626:here
3556:West
3551:East
3471:East
3327:East
3317:Norn
3208:West
3144:East
3142:and
2707:and
2702:Non-
2132:Sylt
2115:Föhr
2050:Ems
1975:Yola
1884:West
1354:ISBN
1274:ISBN
957:and
946:Case
854:gɔːɳ
821:la:k
818:lɑːk
803:anar
800:anar
752:now
677:ve:r
674:ve:r
605:i:ln
602:iːln
464:and
320:and
160:None
1540:Use
1036:or
1024:or
1016:or
839:kom
836:kɒm
767:hul
764:hʉl
731:rö:
728:røː
713:jär
710:ʝæɾ
659:yvi
656:ʏvɪ
623:hin
620:hɪn
580:IPA
444:in
440:in
422:of
185:IPA
4225::
1595:sj
1392:.
1294:^
1132:^
1115:^
1100:^
1081:^
1042:en
1034:nu
1022:na
1018:en
1014:on
1004:A
785:jo
782:ʝʊ
749:nö
746:nœ
552:.
540:.
504:,
478:,
409::
405:;
3810:e
3803:t
3796:v
3490:)
3484:(
2570:/
2566:/
2562:/
2484:)
2480:(
1853:e
1846:t
1839:v
1599:)
1592:(
1567:Ö
1560:Ä
1553:Å
1499::
1432:e
1425:t
1418:v
1362:.
1288:.
1234:.
1201:.
1095:.
1038:u
1026:a
849:ɔ
831:ɒ
813:ɑ
795:a
777:ʊ
759:ʉ
741:œ
723:ø
705:æ
687:ɛ
669:e
651:ʏ
633:y
615:ɪ
597:i
387:e
380:t
373:v
205:.
147:–
20:)
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