584:
48:
500:, and other endemic diseases occurred after Natives contracted diseases from the white explorers, traders, and missionaries who entered the region. These diseases were endemic among the Europeans and Americans, but the Native Americans didn't have immunity to them and died at a high rate as a result. Some accounts tell of villages devoid of inhabitants, standing in grim testament to the high mortality of these epidemics. Blanchet reported in 1839 that diseases "reduced to a very small population threatening to decline more and more."
76:
1668:
1295:
92:
259:. These bands would occupy a year-round village: during the winter they lived there full-time. During the spring and summer, some members split off into smaller groups and traveled to other areas to gather seasonal food and raw materials for basketry. Bands frequently had a single leader or chief— generally the wealthiest man — who would resolve arguments, settle collective debts of the community such as those incurred through
485:
300:
215:
The
Kalapuyan people were not a single homogeneous tribal entity but rather were made up of eight autonomous subdivisions, loosely related to one another by three language dialects, which were mutually intelligible. The eight related groups comprising the Kalapuya people spoke three distinct dialects
286:
The patriarchal
Kalapuyan society had divisions by wealth and personal property. Special religious leaders were also recognized as a distinct class. These people were believed to possess supernatural predictive or healing powers and could have their origin in any group; they might be male or female,
282:
Slaves lived with the families who owned them, working side-by-side in gender-specific daily tasks and performing chores such as the collection of firewood and water. Slaves were often free to marry. They could purchase freedom through their own accumulation of property or through sufficient payment
707:
The
Kalapuya have intermarried extensively with descendants of their neighboring tribes. Most of the estimated 4,000 Kalapuya descendants today are enrolled in Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon. This community is working to revive a common creole Native American language,
681:
In the mid-20th century, Federal policy continued to be directed at assimilation of Native
Americans. Congress believed that some tribes were ready to enter the mainstream society and end their special relationship with the government. All of the bands and tribes of the Kalapuya descendants were
290:
Kalapuyan society had gender-differentiated labor, as did many Native
American tribes. Men engaged in fishing, hunting, and warfare. They also made tools and constructed canoes. Women worked to gather and prepare the staple plant foods that were the basis of the Kalapuyan diet, set up temporary
480:
Prior to contact with white explorers, traders, and missionaries, the
Kalapuya population is believed to have numbered as many as 15,000 people. Robert Boyd estimates the total Kalapuyan population between 8,780 and 9,200 for the period between 1805 and the end of the decade of the 1820s.
239:
is spoken among the
Kalapooias ." Chinook jargon was a trade language that developed among the Native Americans for their own use and for trading with Europeans. It became popular on the Grand Ronde Reservation. The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community have renamed it as
291:
camps, and constructed baskets and other craft products. During the summer months the women of the band would process and prepare food products for winter storage, generally staying in the main village to complete the task, while others gathered the foods from afar.
266:
As was the case for many tribes of the
Pacific Northwest, the Kalapuya practiced slavery. They generally obtained Indian slaves through trade or as gifts. The slaves were usually captured by enemy peoples during raids. Northern Kalapuya groups, such as the
974:
Seattle, WA: University of
Washington Press, 1999; pp. 324–325, table 16. Cited in Melinda Marie Jetté, "'Beaver are Numerous but the Natives ... Will Not Hunt Them': Native-Fur Trader Relations in the Willamette Valley, 1812–1814,"
507:
reckoned the remaining
Kalapuyan population at just 60 souls — with those survivors living in the most dire of conditions. Contemporary scholarship estimates the total of the various Kalapuya peoples in this interval at closer to 600.
275:, obtained slaves through conquest, raiding bands located on the coast or further south in the Willamette Valley. Slaves were considered a form of wealth; they were traded to obtain desired commodities, including beads, blankets, and
686:
of 1954. This ended their special relationship with the federal government. Under final termination actions, the government sold most of the reservation lands, removed its services, and published final rolls of the tribe in the
176:. In both cases descendants have often intermarried with people of other tribes in the confederated tribes, and are counted in overall tribal numbers, rather than separately. Most of the Kalapuya descendants live at the
622:
With members of at least 27 tribes removed to Grand Ronde, life at the reservation was difficult. Some of these tribes had historically been enemies. In the early years, the reservation was managed by the
469:
rivers. The various Kalapuyan bands were hunter-gatherers, gaining food by fishing and hunting by the men, and gathering of nuts, berries and other fruits and roots by the women. The tribe made use of
696:
In the late 20th century, the Kalapuya and other peoples in the confederated tribes reorganized to assert their Native American culture. The United States restored federal recognition in 1977 to the
538:, Santiam Kalapuya tribal leaders voiced strong opinions over where they would live. The Santiam leaders Alquema and Tiacan wanted to maintain their traditional territory between the forks of the
673:
Sanitation and health care at the reservation was poor, and mortality was high. In the 1850s a total of 1,000 people had been moved there. By 1900, only about 300 people survived.
728:
516:
The United States conducted two major cycles of treatymaking in Oregon that affected the Kalapuya: in 1851 and in 1854 to 1855. The 1851 treaties were negotiated by Oregon's
235:
said that "fourteen or fifteen different dialects were spoken by these tribes; they are not so essentially different but that they can understand each other. Moreover, the
658:
to which children from other sites were at times forcibly removed and made to stay at school throughout the school year. Many children were later sent to off-reservation
375:
701:
169:
714:, by developing an immersion program for their children. They have had success in producing native speakers and are expanding the program through the eighth grade.
1544:
1554:
205:
1807:
1115:
Melinda Marie Jetté, "'Beaver Are Numerous, but the Natives ... Will Not Hunt Them': Native-Fur Trader Relations in the Willamette Valley, 1812–1814,"
1906:
670:. Most children were taught rural skills such as blacksmithing, farming, sewing, etc. believed to be important to their future lives on the reservation.
615:
was first called the Yamhill River Reserve or Yamhill Valley reserve. It was officially renamed and established as the Grand Ronde Reservation by
1213:
583:
1891:
1587:
188:
The tribal name has been rendered into English under various spellings as "Calapooia," "Calapuya," "Calapooya," "Kalapooia," and "Kalapooya."
683:
133:, which had eight independent groups speaking three mutually intelligible dialects. The Kalapuya tribes' traditional homelands were the
1896:
1180:
1055:
517:
1126:
Tracy Neal Leavelle, "'We Will Make It Our Own Place': Agriculture and Adaptation at the Grand Ronde Reservation, 1856–1887,"
654:
also established a school there in the late 19th century with approval by the United States. The school was an on-reservation
1835:
1657:
1279:
127:
1088:
The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among Northwest Coast Indians.
1041:
The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among Northwest Coast Indians.
972:
The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among Northwest Coast Indians.
442:
gave the following estimates for the tribes' populations: "Calipoa": 60; "Tualatine": 60; "Yam Hill": 90; "Lucka-mues": 15.
1782:
1206:
546:
1580:
1186:
1539:
926:
697:
173:
527:. While the 1851 treaties were never ratified by the Senate and thus were not implemented, the 1854–1855 ones were.
1855:
1812:
1309:
990:
624:
616:
571:(January 22, 1855), the Kalapuya and other tribes of the Willamette valley ceded the entire drainage area of the
17:
1187:
Article in the Oregon Encyclopedia, about preservation of the language and traditions of the Tualatin Kalapuyans
1827:
1604:
1314:
1199:
632:
564:
252:
Kalapuya bands typically consisted of extended families of related men, their wives, and children. They had a
1676:
1573:
1139:
Termination of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon: Politics, Community, Identity.
232:
1787:
419:
1901:
1737:
1249:
217:
244:
and developed a language immersion program for children to create new generations of native speakers.
1254:
1234:
221:
209:
31:
1714:
636:
627:. As it had earlier waged war against the tribes, it supervised Indian affairs across the country.
604:
600:
477:
to the east to fashion sharp and effective projectile points, including arrowheads and spear tips.
1802:
1762:
1757:
1269:
659:
466:
415:
1016:
835:
1724:
1549:
387:
921:, Stuart Allan, Aileen R. Buckley, James E. Meacham, Eugene, Or.: University of Oregon Press,
1151:
Ronald Spores, "Too Small a Place: The Removal of the Willamette Valley Indians, 1850–1856,"
663:
651:
612:
391:
177:
1667:
1294:
689:
365:
279:. Women and children were preferred as slaves, owing to their comparative ease of control.
454:
by migrating from the south of the valley northwards and forcing out earlier inhabitants.
8:
1747:
1239:
1052:
723:
395:
197:
158:
1017:"LCC Research Guides: Kalapuya: Native Americans of the Willamette Valley, Oregon: Home"
52:
Esther Stutzman, a Kalapuya elder, leads her daughters in a Kalapuya welcome song, 2009.
1850:
1259:
608:
596:
592:
201:
150:
942:
LCC Research Guides: Kalapuya: Native Americans of the Willamette Valley, Oregon: Home
631:
was established to oversee the Indians. Later Indian management was taken over by the
1886:
1860:
1772:
1767:
1699:
1684:
1627:
1596:
1531:
1401:
1284:
1264:
1093:
C.F. Coan, "The Adoption of the Reservation Policy in Pacific Northwest, 1853–1855,"
932:
922:
838:
451:
369:
225:
134:
114:
1797:
1612:
1496:
1461:
1456:
1436:
1406:
1334:
572:
535:
458:
346:
110:
450:
The Kalapuya people are believed to have entered their historical homeland in the
47:
1845:
1704:
1511:
1466:
1416:
1329:
1059:
655:
382:
359:
304:
268:
1840:
1732:
1709:
1689:
1647:
1632:
1486:
1471:
1431:
1386:
1191:
607:
east of the Cascade Mountains in what are now Wasco and Jefferson Counties, or
568:
409:
351:
323:
272:
256:
236:
154:
1880:
1792:
1652:
1642:
1521:
1516:
1476:
1396:
1391:
667:
557:
550:
539:
474:
438:
In his description of the Indians of the Willamette Valley in 1849, Governor
399:
355:
340:
329:
146:
142:
84:
81:
941:
936:
1777:
1752:
1742:
1694:
1446:
1360:
1355:
1350:
733:
628:
462:
431:
162:
130:
1104:
Leo J. Frachtenberg, "Myths of the Alsea Indians of Northwestern Oregon,"
1075:
Robert T. Boyd, "Another Look at the 'Fever and Ague' of Western Oregon,"
752:
611:
in Southern Washington State. Settled in 1855 as a temporary reserve, the
1865:
1421:
916:
807:
Philomath, OR: Benton County Historical Society and Museum, 2005; pg. 13.
710:
524:
504:
439:
253:
1120:
1098:
1319:
1274:
1156:
1131:
1109:
682:
terminated in 1954, along with all other western Oregon tribes, in the
647:
520:
1080:
1817:
1244:
1146:
The Kalapuyans: A Sourcebook on the Indians of the Willamette Valley.
493:
168:
Today, most Kalapuya people are enrolled in the federally recognized
1565:
1381:
1324:
531:
497:
470:
319:
260:
823:
Algonac, MI: Reference Publications, Inc., 1979; pp. 204–205.
208:
language group. In the early 21st century, these are known as the
1622:
1506:
1491:
1441:
1411:
643:
591:
Most Kalapuya Indians were removed to the Grand Ronde Agency and
553:
1637:
1501:
1481:
1451:
484:
299:
138:
97:
1376:
1170:
805:
The World of the Kalapuya: A Native People of Western Oregon.
803:
Judy Rycraft Juntunen, May D. Dasch, and Ann Bennett Rogers,
276:
708:
long used for trade among various tribes and now known as
702:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
170:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
940:
in Ferro, Jen; Macnaughtan, Don. Lewis, David G. (ed.). "
650:
at Grand Ronde and established St. Michael's church. The
303:
An engraving of a Kalapuya man, from an illustration by
821:
A Concise Dictionary of Indian Tribes of North America.
1175:
488:
Woodcut of a native Kalapuya man by an early explorer.
457:
Each of these bands occupied specific areas along the
1015:
Ferro, Jen; Macnaughtan, Don. Lewis, David G. (ed.).
787:
A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
959:
The Indians of Western Oregon: This Land was Theirs.
840:
Historical Sketches of the Catholic Church in Oregon
587:
Lucindra Jackson, Yonkalla tribe, Kalapuya, ca. 1912
530:
On April 12, 1851, at the Santiam Treaty Council in
311:
The Kalapuyan groups (identified by language) were:
1119:vol. 98, no. 1 (Winter 2006/2007), pp. 3–17.
1090:Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1999.
1043:Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1999.
511:
1148:Salem, OR: Mission Mill Museum Association, 1974.
789:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992): 10.
1878:
1221:
1155:vol. 17, no. 2 (Spring 1993), pp. 171–191.
1130:vol. 22, no. 4 (Autumn 1998), pp. 433–456.
1079:vol. 22, no. 2 (Spring 1975), pp. 135–154.
1106:International Journal of American Linguistics,
676:
1581:
1207:
1141:PhD dissertation. University of Oregon, 2009.
1097:vol. 23, no. 1 (March 1922), pp. 1–38.
1014:
639:, placed within the Department of Interior.
294:
1907:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau
1108:vol. 1, no. 1 (July 1917), pp. 64–75.
1095:Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society,
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
196:The Kalapuyan people spoke dialects of the
1588:
1574:
1214:
1200:
831:
829:
700:and in 1983 to those who were part of the
603:) on the central Pacific Coast of Oregon,
1540:Native American peoples of Oregon history
1062:(7 February 1997). University of Oregon.
961:Coos Bay, OR: Arago Books, 1977; pg. 68.
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
873:
871:
869:
867:
853:
851:
849:
815:
813:
799:
797:
795:
770:
582:
523:, and those in 1855 by Dart's successor
496:of infectious diseases such as malaria,
483:
298:
216:of the Oregon Penutian language family:
180:, located in Yamhill and Polk counties.
826:
172:; in addition, some are members of the
14:
1879:
283:to the owner by a prospective spouse.
1892:Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians
1595:
1569:
1280:Western Oregon Indian Termination Act
1195:
1176:Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians
884:
864:
846:
810:
792:
684:Western Oregon Indian Termination Act
394:(Note: These have no relation to the
263:, and would provide food for feasts.
503:By 1849 Oregon territorial governor
68:Regions with significant populations
914:
247:
24:
1171:Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde
1068:
785:Robert H. Ruby and John A. Brown,
578:
25:
1918:
1164:
988:
698:Confederated Tribes of the Siletz
642:Rev. Adrien Croquet (Crocket) of
549:, Umpqua and Kalapuyan tribes of
547:Treaty of Calapooia Creek, Oregon
228:(also called Southern Kalapuya).
174:Confederated Tribes of the Siletz
1897:Native American tribes in Oregon
1813:Oregon Constitutional Convention
1666:
1293:
518:Superintendent of Indian Affairs
90:
74:
46:
1046:
1033:
1008:
982:
964:
951:
512:Treaties with the United States
908:
745:
633:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
565:Treaty with the Kalapuya, etc.
13:
1:
901:Juntunen, Dasch, and Rogers,
877:Juntunen, Dasch, and Rogers,
857:Juntunen, Dasch, and Rogers,
739:
414:Winefelly, along the Mohawk,
1222:Indigenous peoples in Oregon
1117:Pacific Northwest Quarterly,
977:Pacific Northwest Quarterly,
595:. Some were assigned to the
318:Tualatin, also known as the
7:
717:
677:Termination and restoration
191:
10:
1923:
1738:Lewis and Clark Expedition
1250:Northern Kalapuya language
1153:American Indian Quarterly,
1128:American Indian Quarterly,
995:www.oregonencyclopedia.org
903:The World of the Kalapuya,
879:The World of the Kalapuya,
859:The World of the Kalapuya,
843:Portland: 1878. pp. 59-60.
445:
287:free individual or slave.
29:
1826:
1723:
1675:
1664:
1603:
1530:
1369:
1343:
1302:
1291:
1255:Oregon Penutian languages
1235:Central Kalapuya language
1227:
997:. The Oregon Encyclopedia
295:Historic Kalapuyan groups
210:Oregon Penutian languages
145:, an area bounded by the
109:
104:
72:
67:
62:
57:
45:
32:Kalapuya (disambiguation)
1021:libraryguides.lanecc.edu
946:libraryguides.lanecc.edu
915:Loy, William G. (2001),
637:Bureau of Indian Affairs
605:Warm Springs Reservation
601:Coast Indian Reservation
200:. It was categorized by
1803:Donation Land Claim Act
948:. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
660:Indian boarding schools
646:was the Roman Catholic
613:Grand Ronde Reservation
402:of New York and Canada)
339:Ahantchuyuk, along the
183:
178:Grand Ronde reservation
137:of present-day western
1836:Lewis & Clark Expo
1183:, University of Oregon
991:"Kalapuya Man Drawing"
979:Winter 2006/07, pg. 3.
588:
575:to the United States.
489:
345:Luckiamute, along the
308:
957:Stephen Dow Beckham,
836:Blanchet, François N.
664:Chemawa Indian School
652:Roman Catholic Church
586:
487:
420:Coast Fork Willamette
408:Chelamela, along the
364:Chepenefa, along the
302:
157:at the north, to the
27:Native American tribe
1856:Rajneeshee Bioattack
1758:Hudson's Bay Company
690:Congressional Record
625:US Department of War
430:Yoncalla, along the
381:Tsankupi, along the
314:-Northern Kalapuya:
231:Catholic missionary
30:For other uses, see
1783:Executive Committee
1748:Pacific Fur Company
1715:Cascadia Megathrust
819:Barbara A. Leitch,
724:Kalapuyan languages
599:(known then as the
556:their lands to the
335:-Central Kalapuya:
328:Yamhill, along the
159:Calapooya Mountains
42:
1310:Bridge of the Gods
1260:Salishan languages
1137:David Gene Lewis,
1058:2010-06-14 at the
609:Yakama Reservation
597:Siletz Reservation
589:
490:
473:obtained from the
378:(Central Kalapuya)
354:, along the lower
309:
218:Northern Kalapuyan
202:John Wesley Powell
198:Kalapuyan language
151:Oregon Coast Range
40:
1902:Willamette Valley
1874:
1873:
1773:Champoeg Meetings
1768:Methodist Mission
1700:Willamette Valley
1685:Pacific Northwest
1597:History of Oregon
1563:
1562:
1285:Yoncalla language
1265:Shastan languages
452:Willamette Valley
368:near present-day
358:near present-day
233:François Blanchet
222:Central Kalapuyan
153:at the west, the
149:to the east, the
135:Willamette Valley
120:
119:
115:Kalapuya language
16:(Redirected from
1914:
1798:Oregon Territory
1670:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1335:Rogue River Wars
1297:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1086:Robert T. Boyd,
1063:
1050:
1044:
1039:Robert T. Boyd,
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
986:
980:
970:Robert T. Boyd,
968:
962:
955:
949:
939:
912:
906:
899:
882:
875:
862:
855:
844:
833:
824:
817:
808:
801:
790:
783:
768:
767:
765:
763:
749:
635:and finally the
573:Willamette River
536:Oregon Territory
374:Chemapho, along
347:Luckiamute River
248:Social structure
111:English language
96:
94:
93:
80:
78:
77:
58:Total population
50:
43:
39:
21:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1822:
1763:Oregon Question
1719:
1705:Missoula Floods
1671:
1662:
1599:
1594:
1564:
1559:
1550:Pioneer history
1545:History to 1806
1526:
1467:Northern Paiute
1365:
1339:
1330:Missoula Floods
1315:Kalapuya Treaty
1298:
1289:
1223:
1220:
1167:
1162:
1144:Harold Mackey,
1071:
1069:Further reading
1066:
1060:Wayback Machine
1051:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1013:
1009:
1000:
998:
987:
983:
969:
965:
956:
952:
929:
918:Atlas of Oregon
913:
909:
900:
885:
876:
865:
856:
847:
834:
827:
818:
811:
802:
793:
784:
771:
761:
759:
751:
750:
746:
742:
720:
679:
656:boarding school
617:Executive Order
581:
579:Reservation era
514:
475:volcanic ranges
448:
383:Calapooia River
305:Alfred T. Agate
297:
250:
204:as part of the
194:
186:
128:Native American
91:
89:
87:
75:
73:
63:estimated 4,000
53:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Kalapuya people
15:
12:
11:
5:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1841:Bonneville Dam
1838:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:Oregon Country
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1710:Fort Rock Cave
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:Columbia River
1687:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1555:Modern history
1552:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1532:Oregon history
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
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1778:Oregon Trail
1753:Fort Astoria
1743:Fort Clatsop
1695:Celilo Falls
1658:Reservations
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1426:
1361:Mount Mazama
1356:Celilo Falls
1351:Fort Clatsop
1152:
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1024:. Retrieved
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760:. Retrieved
756:
747:
734:Neerchokikoo
729:Gender Roles
709:
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695:
688:
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629:Fort Yamhill
621:
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562:
545:In the 1854
544:
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491:
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456:
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437:
432:Umpqua River
426:-Yoncalla:
425:
392:Mohawk River
390:, along the
334:
322:, along the
313:
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265:
251:
242:Chinuk Wawa,
241:
230:
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195:
187:
167:
163:Umpqua River
123:
121:
37:Ethnic group
1866:New Carissa
1851:Bottle Bill
1270:Thunderbird
1053:"Kalapuyan"
711:Chinuk Wawa
593:reservation
525:Joel Palmer
505:Joseph Lane
440:Joseph Lane
376:Muddy Creek
366:Marys River
254:patrilineal
113:, formerly
1881:Categories
1861:Tax Revolt
1320:Cayuse War
1026:2021-03-28
1001:2021-03-28
757:Ethnologue
753:"Kalapuya"
740:References
662:, such as
648:missionary
521:Anson Dart
459:Willamette
398:-speaking
1818:Modoc War
1808:Statehood
1613:Nez Perce
1497:Tillamook
1462:Nez Perce
1457:Multnomah
1437:Klickitat
1407:Clackamas
1245:Longhouse
1240:Chinookan
693:in 1956.
619:in 1857.
494:epidemics
396:Iroquoian
370:Corvallis
105:Languages
1887:Kalapuya
1788:Portland
1618:Kalapuya
1512:Umatilla
1427:Kalapuya
1417:Coquille
1382:Atfalati
1325:Potlatch
1157:In JSTOR
1132:In JSTOR
1121:In JSTOR
1110:In JSTOR
1099:In JSTOR
1081:In JSTOR
1056:Archived
937:48147662
718:See also
532:Champoeg
498:smallpox
471:obsidian
467:McKenzie
416:McKenzie
320:Atfalati
269:Tualatin
261:gambling
226:Yoncalla
206:Takelman
192:Language
124:Kalapuya
41:Kalapuya
1846:Vanport
1725:Pioneer
1648:Bannock
1633:Klamath
1628:Chinook
1623:Takelma
1517:Umpquat
1507:Tututni
1492:Takelma
1487:Siuslaw
1472:Santiam
1442:Latgawa
1432:Klamath
1412:Clatsop
1402:Chinook
1387:Bannock
905:pg. 19.
881:pg. 18.
861:pg. 17.
762:22 July
644:Belgium
563:In the
446:History
422:rivers.
360:Lebanon
352:Santiam
307:, 1840s
273:Yamhill
161:of the
141:in the
1828:Modern
1653:Umpqua
1643:Shasta
1638:Molala
1605:Native
1502:Tolowa
1482:Siletz
1477:Shasta
1452:Molala
1397:Chetco
1392:Cayuse
1370:People
1344:Places
1303:Events
1275:Wapato
1228:Topics
935:
925:
465:, and
463:Umpqua
418:, and
405:Chafan
388:Mohawk
277:canoes
224:, and
139:Oregon
131:people
126:are a
98:Oregon
95:
79:
1677:Early
1447:Modoc
1377:Alsea
668:Salem
567:, at
554:ceded
1422:Coos
933:OCLC
923:ISBN
764:2016
271:and
184:Name
122:The
944:".
666:in
1883::
1019:.
993:.
931:,
886:^
866:^
848:^
828:^
812:^
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461:,
220:,
212:.
1589:e
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434:.
100:)
88:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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