505:
of land ownership, many lost their property. In addition, people from terminated tribes could no longer attend
Chemawa School and had to pay for medical services. In 1956 the reservation was closed and the tribal council disbanded. In 1975, the tribal council was reconstituted. In 1983, House Resolution 3885 restored federal recognition status to the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. Five years after this resolution, a small portion of the original reservation was returned to Grand Ronde which is used today for timber, recreation, and traditional harvesting practices.
595:. The most successful casino in Oregon, it attracts considerable tourist traffic from the coastal beaches and resorts. Six percent of the casino's profits goes to the Tribes' Spirit Mountain Community Fund, which supports and funds various organizations in the following 11 western Oregon area counties: Benton, Clackamas, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Washington, and Yamhill. By 2017, the Spirit Mountain Community Fund had given more than $ 75 million to non-profit organizations, making it Oregon's eighth largest charitable foundation.
630:
support through revenues generated from gaming. They renamed
Chinook Jargon as Chinuk Wawa (Talking Chinuk). The Grand Ronde tribe's immersion language program has produced native speakers, joining another half-dozen Native language immersion programs in such success. This program begins in preschool classes (Lilu) and continues into Kindergarten. The language program officials plan to expand the immersion program to a pre-8 grade program, and offer classes for adults. This will create speakers of the language to help the language survive in perpetuity.
58:
639:
667:"The Chief Tumulth descendants were classified as "provisionally dis-enrolled" Grand Ronde members in July 2014, which stripped them of almost all their tribal rights, including voting rights in the Grand Ronde elections. A three-judge Tribal Court of Appeals panel restored the 66 descendants as full tribal members." But, based on tribal law, the court could not restore membership to six members, who were posthumously dis-enrolled in 2014. The law prohibits heirs and descendants from challenging such action.
688:
655:
restrictions for how many terms a council member can serve. To qualify for a position as a council member, a person simply needs to be 18 years or older and be an enrolled member of the Tribe according to the Tribal
Constitution. To vote for council members, confirmed tribal members mail in ballots with verified signatures on file with the Tribal Election Board, and the forty-five days preceding the September General Council meeting is when the elections are officially held.
70:
30:
626:, and was the first language in most native homes. Tribal members continued to use this language, even as their children were educated in English and through the termination era (1954-1983). During this period, children were being sent to Indian boarding schools and forced to learn English; all individual tribal languages at Grand Ronde became extinct as their last native speakers died.
757:
purposes while maintaining its continued presence at the Museum for scientific and educational purposes. The agreement recognizes the Museum's tradition of displaying and studying the
Meteorite for almost a century, while also enabling the Grand Ronde to re-establish its relationship with the Meteorite with an annual ceremonial visit to the Meteorite.
650:
The elected tribal council sets the rules for membership. Generally, membership requires direct descent from a person listed on the rolls at particular times and a percentage of Native
American ancestry from among the tribes in the Confederation. Being a member of the tribe has an estimated financial
618:
Historically the tribe had people speaking 27 distinct languages. Numerous members of these tribes could speak more than one language due to their proximity and trading relationships. The Oregon
Territory was one of the most linguistically diverse regions in the world. On the reservation, most Native
504:
In 1936, Grand Ronde voted to confederate, accept an Indian
Reorganization Act (IRA) government, and adopted a constitution and by-laws modeled after the U.S. government. In 1954, US Congress "terminated" the tribe. The land of terminated tribes was no longer tax-exempt. Faced with the increased cost
522:
The
Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde has a curriculum specialist who created tribal history lessons funded in part by Oregon Senate Bill 13, which supplies funds for each of the nine federally recognized tribes in Oregon to create curriculum about Native Americans' contributions to Oregon history.
670:
Attorney
Gabriel Galanda defended the Tumulth descendants and has strongly opposed such "politically motivated" dis-enrollment. Russell Wilkinson, a spokesperson for the descendants, said that such dis-enrollment was a self-destructive practice of tribes. Tribal council elections were scheduled for
733:
of New York City bought the meteorite in 1906 from the Oregon Iron and Steel
Company, which at the time owned the land on which it was found. This land was historically occupied by the Clackamas prior to European-American immigration. The museum has displayed the meteorite since then, known as the
756:
The American Museum of Natural History and the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon today signed a historic agreement that ensures access to the Willamette Meteorite, a world famous scientific specimen at the Museum, by the Grand Ronde for religious, historical, and cultural
663:
As a result of political conflict, in 2014 the tribal council voted to disenroll en masse 66 living descendants and six deceased descendants of the 19th-century Chief Tumulth. Chief Tumulth of the Cascade Band of Chinuk had signed the 1855 treaty with the United States that ceded tribal land and
678:
in 2014 of 66 living descendants of Chief Tumulth of the watlala Band of Chinuk, who had signed the 1855 treaty with the United States by which his tribe ceded communal land and agreed to the Grand Ronde reservation. This was the first such action by a tribal court overturning dis-enrollment of
654:
Created by the Tribal Constitution, the Grand Ronde Tribal Council was set up to be the tribe's primary governing and legislative body. The council is made up of nine standing members. Each member is meant to serve a three-year term with three council seats up for re-election every year and no
629:
In the 1970s, Grand Ronde elders began teaching Chinook Jargon language classes in the community. In 1983, the Confederated tribes of Grand Ronde regained federal recognition as a sovereign tribe. As part of restoration, they established a formal language program for children, which they could
725:
as a sacred Sky Person who fell to earth thousands of years ago and helped create their people and their world. Efforts since the late 20th century to repatriate the meteorite to Oregon were not successful, but the CTGR (successor to the Clackamas, one of the confederation) reached a historic
726:
agreement in June 2000 with the American Museum of Natural History. The tribe can have periodic access to Tomanowos for religious and cultural purposes. They perform rites and ceremonies related to their belief in the Tomanowos' role in their sacred history.
491:
Native people from western Oregon, the Oregon coast, and along the Columbia River to territory along the South Yamhill River. It was here that the Grand Ronde Reservation was established in 1857. In 1887, with the passage of the
651:
benefit of between $ 5500 and $ 7000 per year when such things as housing benefits, student scholarships and per capita payouts from casino revenue are added up; however, that does not include health care or elder pension.
158:
Because the tribes had lived near each other, and often spoke more than one language for use in trading, after they were grouped in the 19th century on the reservation, they refined a creole language that became known as
598:
They also earn revenue from the management of their timber resources. They have developed "other tribal enterprises in construction and environmental management, real estate investment and inventory logistics services."
807:
of ~1855-1857. These tribes lived in the Illinois and Rogue rivers areas of southwest Oregon and northern California. They were split between the Grand Ronde Reservation (Yamhill River Reserve- early name) and the
315:
619:
Americans began communicating using Chinook Jargon, the trade language that had developed earlier. The Chinook Jargon was widely spoken throughout the Northwest between tribes and newcomers to the region.
470:
464:
1232:
496:, the Grand Ronde Reservation was reduced through the privatization of property. Land that was not allotted to Natives through the process of privatization was made available to non-Native ownership.
400:
406:
333:
321:
1190:@OPB. "Tribal Court Upholds Decision To Disenroll 86 Grand Ronde Members." Tribal Court Upholds Decision To Disenroll 86 Grand Ronde Members. News | OPB. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
1114:"Oregon Blue Book: Confederated Tribes of The Grand Ronde Community." Oregon Blue Book: Confederated Tribes of The Grand Ronde Community. Oregon Blue Book, n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.
794:"Oregon Blue Book: Confederated Tribes of The Grand Ronde Community." Oregon Blue Book: Confederated Tribes of The Grand Ronde Community. Oregon Blue Book, n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.
448:
761:
In addition, the museum committed to establishing internships for Native Americans, to create new connections between the communities and make opportunities for young students.
327:
285:(Ne-pe-chuck (Multnomah), Thomas Band Chinook, Williams Band Chinook, Wal-la-lah band of Tumwaters (Cascades), Johns Band Chinook (Clowewalla- Oregon City), Clackamas Chinook)
394:
382:
436:
424:
388:
1482:
1052:
442:
430:
370:
1472:
1452:
749:
by the tribes, not to objects such as the meteorite, which occurred naturally and may be revered by peoples. It sued to be named as official owner of the meteorite.
412:
376:
364:
418:
351:
235:
742:
610:. They spent more than $ 800,000 trying to influence decisions on the issue by supporting certain candidates in the 2006 primary races for Governor of Oregon.
1477:
1053:"Oregon Department of Education : Senate Bill 13: Tribal History/Shared History : American Indian/Alaska Native Education : State of Oregon"
817:
231:
752:
The museum and CTGR tribe reached an agreement in June 2000 to share custody of the meteorite to preserve it for both religious and scientific purposes.
239:
1352:
Jetté, Melinda Marie, "'Beaver Are Numerous, but the Natives...Will Not Hunt Them': Native-Fur Trader Relations in the Willamette Valley, 1812-1814,"
342:, 1854 (Land Sale, created the Umpqua Reservation (Coles Valley)); secondary agreement signed by the chiefs allowed for the Molele on the reservation.
277:
227:
1009:
909:
830:
1013:
243:
895:
1211:
1155:"Supporting Communities through Giving." Spirit Mountain Community Fund | Supporting Communities through Giving. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.
167:, the people are working to conserve this Native language. They have taught Native speakers through immersion programs for young children.
109:
1246:
1457:
219:
514:, then a monthly newsletter, in 1978; it has since shifted to a semi-monthly publication schedule, and a tabloid newspaper format.
354:, 1855 (Land Sale, moved to Umpqua Reservation, first treaty to mention the Yamhill River Reserve (Grand Ronde Indian Reservation)
1028:
1436:
1363:
Leavelle, Tracy Neal, "'We Will Make It Our Own Place': Agriculture and Adaptation at the Grand Ronde Reservation, 1856-1887,"
1427:
1137:
871:
557:
113:
934:
1375:
1083:
1187:
603:
339:
1166:
730:
711:
985:
960:
348:(Willamette Valley Treaty), 1855 (Land Sale, tribes removed to temporary reserves in the valley and on the Columbia)
1462:
735:
584:
345:
1324:
813:
1387:
Termination of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon: Politics, Community, Identity
1467:
1112:
1306:
1202:"Tribal Council." Tribal Council | The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
745:
of 1990. The museum argued in federal district court in 2000 that the law applied to ceremonial objects
526:
A Chinuk Wawa immersion program is available for kindergarteners and first graders. The tribe published
913:
834:
542:
105:
770:
509:
809:
775:
864:
Power in the telling : Grand Ronde, Warm Springs, and intertribal relations in the casino era
734:
largest found in North America. Since 1999, it has been featured at the new addition known as the
691:
The Willamette Meteorite on display at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
565:
211:
148:
1401:
Spores, Ronald, "Too Small a Place: The Removal of the Willamette Valley Indians, 1850-1856,"
607:
561:
144:
1130:
Power in the Telling: Grand Ronde, Warm Springs, and Intertribal Relations in the Casino Era
953:
Power in the Telling: Grand Ronde, Warm Springs, and Intertribal Relations in the Casino Era
1272:
707:
701:
675:
588:
451:, 1855. (Many of these people ended up at CTGR and our histories align for several tribes.)
8:
569:
254:
152:
741:
In the late 20th century, the tribe attempted to repatriate Tomanowos under NAGPRA, the
1188:
http://www.opb.org/news/article/confederated-grande-ronde-tribes-tribal-court-decision/
1003:
889:
336:(agreement to allow Chasta Costa on Table Rock Reservation and confederate the tribes.)
140:
129:
1330:
Coan, C.F., "The Adoption of the Reservation Policy in Pacific Northwest, 1853-1855,"
572:
counties of Oregon. In the 2000s, the tribe's population was more than 5,500 members.
1133:
991:
981:
956:
877:
867:
288:
272:
638:
804:
718:
488:
164:
88:
1298:
1288:
1278:
674:
In August 2016 the tribal Court of Appeals (en banc) overturned the tribe's mass
664:
agreed to relocation to the Grand Ronde reservation, established by this treaty.
623:
298:
292:
207:
203:
1386:
282:
262:
223:
187:
176:
92:
881:
1446:
1199:
696:
643:
592:
248:
183:
125:
63:
995:
687:
583:
Since 1996, the tribes have generated most of their income by operating the
1341:
Frachtenberg, Leo J., "Myths of the Alsea Indians of Northwestern Oregon,"
710:. This meteorite was taken from Oregon years ago and has been displayed at
193:
160:
121:
1235:, June 2000, American Museum of Natural History, accessed 4 September 2015
534:
251:(Santiam Forks Band, Northern Molala, Mountain Band, Crooked Finger Band)
1357:
1335:
1174:
309:
1406:
1368:
1346:
266:
197:
133:
29:
1431:
935:"Rejection of the Nineteen 1851 Oregon Treaties – the Quartux Journal"
541:, an exhibit about the tribe's canoe traditions, was installed at the
458:
722:
493:
302:
1152:
358:
215:
1212:
ICTMN Staff, "Grand Ronde Disenrollment Reversed by Tribal Court"
1029:"Oregon Schools Slowly Rolling Out Indigenous Studies Curriculum"
258:
186:(or Shasta; from present-day Oregon and California bands of the
117:
75:
975:
1437:"A successful model of intergovernmental relations in Oregon"
1421:
602:
In the 21st century, the Grand Ronde tribes have opposed the
1321:
Talking on Paper: An Anthology of Oregon Letters and Diaries
548:
Every year the reservation hosts powwows and a Round Dance.
955:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 34–36.
803:
Rogue Rivers—-several tribes grouped together based on the
980:(1st ed.). Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
658:
622:
At Grand Ronde reservation, Chinook Jargon developed as a
473:, 1853. Negotiated by General Joseph Lane and Joel Palmer.
102:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
16:
Federally recognized Indian tribe in Oregon, United States
866:. Lewis, Dave, 1956 October 7-. Seattle. pp. 34–35.
147:. Established in 1856, the reservation occupies parts of
330:, 1854 (Land sale, moved them to Table Rock Reservation)
1132:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 61.
1247:"Museum Sues to Keep Meteorite Sought by Indian Group"
743:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
721:, one of the Grand Ronde tribes, perceive this 15-ton
910:"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties"
831:"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties"
682:
310:
United States ratified treaties establishing the CTGR
1314:
Skookum: An Oregon Pioneer Family's History and Lore
170:
1398:
Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2007.
1319:Applegate, Shannon. and T. O' Donnell, eds. (1994)
459:
United States peace treaties related to Grand Ronde
324:(Land sale, established the Table Rock Reservation)
291:(Salmon River, Tillamook, Nechesne (Salmon River),
1356:vol. 98, no. 1 (Winter 2006/2007), pp. 3–17.
1483:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
1107:
1105:
1103:
359:United States unratified treaties related to CTGR
116:with long historical ties to present-day western
1473:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1453:Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community
1444:
1405:vol. 17, no. 2 (Spring 1993), pp. 171–191.
1367:vol. 22, no. 4 (Autumn 1998), pp. 433–456.
318:(Land sale, established a temporary reservation)
139:The community has an 11,288-acre (45.7 km)
23:Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community
1269:Archaeological Studies in the Willamette Valley
978:Oregon's promise : an interpretive history
528:Chinuk Wawa: As our elders teach us to Speak It
257:(Historically an erroneous name conglomerating
1343:International Journal of American Linguistics,
1100:
606:' plans to build an off-reservation casino in
556:The community has an 11,288-acre (46 km)
316:Treaty with the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua, 1853
1391:PhD dissertation. University of Oregon, 2009.
1376:"Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (essay),"
861:
1345:vol. 1, no. 1 (Jul., 1917), pp. 64–75.
1334:vol. 23, no. 1 (March 1922), pp. 1–38.
1084:"Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (essay)"
1008:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
128:, and the northern boundary of southwestern
1478:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau
1332:Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society,
695:Since 2000, members of the tribe travel to
471:Treaty of Peace with the Rogue River Tribes
465:Treaty of Peace with the Rogue River Tribes
110:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau
1205:
1200:https://www.grandronde.org/tribal-council/
1012:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
894:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
467:, 1850, Negotiated by General Joseph Lane.
28:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
686:
637:
401:Treaty with the Principal band of Molala
1164:
976:Peterson del Mar, David, 1957- (2003).
659:Disenrollment of descendants of Tumulth
580:The Tribes employ around 1,600 people.
407:Treaty with the Santiam Band of Molalla
1445:
1245:Weiser, Benjamin (February 29, 2000).
1244:
1218:9 August 2016; accessed 11 August 2016
1127:
950:
132:and the southern boundary of northern
1285:. Roseburg, OR, Review Publishing Co.
1221:
1123:
1121:
1069:
530:, a Chinuk Wawa dictionary, in 2012.
946:
944:
857:
855:
853:
851:
179:to the Grand Ronde reservation are:
120:between the western boundary of the
50:Regions with significant populations
1394:Oregon Council for the Humanities,
613:
604:Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
340:Treaty with the Umpqua and Kalapuya
265:, Northern Shasta, and Rogue River
13:
1316:. New York, Quill, William Morrow.
1295:. Roseburg, OR, Review Publishing.
1261:
1118:
1026:
731:American Museum of Natural History
712:American Museum of Natural History
683:Tomanowos, or Willamette Meteorite
14:
1494:
1413:
1153:https://www.thecommunityfund.com/
941:
848:
487:From 1854 to 1856, the U.S. Army
334:Treaty with the Rogue River, 1854
322:Treaty with the Rogue River, 1853
171:Member bands of the confederation
1458:Native American tribes in Oregon
1233:"Willamette Meteorite Agreement"
1167:"Betting On The Governor's Race"
222:), Ahantchuyuk (Pudding River),
163:. Although long forced to speak
124:and the eastern boundary of the
68:
56:
1238:
1193:
1181:
1165:Jaquiss, Nigel (May 17, 2006).
1158:
1146:
1045:
862:Colley, Brook (17 April 2018).
736:Rose Center for Earth and Space
499:
482:
1020:
969:
927:
902:
823:
797:
788:
562:Grand Ronde Indian Reservation
551:
449:Treaty with the Coastal tribes
346:Treaty with the Kalapuya, etc.
145:Grand Ronde Indian Reservation
112:. They consist of at least 27
1:
1325:Oregon State University Press
814:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
633:
537:on the reservation. In 2011,
1354:Pacific Northwest Quarterly,
781:
508:The tribes began publishing
328:Treaty with the Chasta, etc.
7:
1439:, NACO CNews, February 1998
1312:Applegate, Shannon. (1988)
1307:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1293:Recollections of My Boyhood
764:
533:In 2010, the tribe built a
517:
10:
1499:
1403:American Indian Quarterly,
1365:American Indian Quarterly,
642:Tribal flag flying at the
575:
543:Willamette Heritage Center
477:
395:Treaty with the Klatskania
383:Treaty with the Luckiamute
106:federally recognized tribe
1267:C. Melvin Aikens. (1975)
771:Indian termination policy
539:Grand Ronde Canoe Journey
437:Treaty with the Kathlamet
425:Treaty with the Tillamook
389:Treaty with the Clackamas
87:
82:
54:
49:
44:
39:
27:
1381:, updated July 10, 2019.
810:Coast Indian Reservation
776:Blue Heron Paper Company
714:as a natural curiosity.
699:annually in July to see
587:in Grand Ronde, between
443:Treaty with the Tualatin
431:Treaty with the Waukikum
371:Treaty with the Tualatin
45:Enrolled citizens: 5,200
1379:The Oregon Encyclopedia
1303:Umpqua Agriculture 1851
413:Treaty with the Clatsop
377:Treaty with the Yamhill
365:Treaty with the Santiam
352:Treaty with the Molalla
1463:Yamhill County, Oregon
1128:Colley, Brook (2018).
1088:oregonencyclopedia.org
951:Colley, Brook (2018).
820:of September 10, 1853.
759:
692:
647:
585:Spirit Mountain Casino
419:Treaty with the Naalem
218:(Tualatin), Yoncalla (
114:Native American tribes
1396:The First Oregonians.
1216:Indian Country Today,
754:
690:
641:
608:Cascade Locks, Oregon
1273:University of Oregon
708:Willamette Meteorite
679:members by a tribe.
671:September 10, 2016.
646:at the State Capitol
175:The tribes who were
1468:Polk County, Oregon
1027:Miller, Elizabeth.
24:
1283:The Yangoler Chief
1251:The New York Times
818:Rogue River Treaty
706:also known as the
693:
648:
558:Indian reservation
141:Indian reservation
22:
1139:978-0-295-74336-3
873:978-0-295-74337-0
196:(Southern Oregon
98:
97:
1490:
1428:tribal documents
1425:
1424:
1422:Official website
1299:Applegate, Jesse
1289:Applegate, Jesse
1279:Applegate, Jesse
1255:
1254:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1219:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1177:on June 6, 2007.
1173:. Archived from
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1125:
1116:
1109:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1007:
999:
973:
967:
966:
948:
939:
938:
931:
925:
924:
922:
921:
912:. Archived from
906:
900:
899:
893:
885:
859:
846:
845:
843:
842:
833:. Archived from
827:
821:
805:Rogue River Wars
801:
795:
792:
719:Clackamas people
614:Tribal languages
210:), Winefelly, (
74:
72:
71:
62:
60:
59:
40:Total population
32:
25:
21:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1443:
1442:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1264:
1262:Further reading
1259:
1258:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1222:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1171:Willamette Week
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1021:
1001:
1000:
988:
974:
970:
963:
949:
942:
933:
932:
928:
919:
917:
908:
907:
903:
887:
886:
874:
860:
849:
840:
838:
829:
828:
824:
802:
798:
793:
789:
784:
767:
685:
661:
636:
624:creole language
616:
578:
554:
520:
502:
485:
480:
461:
361:
312:
299:French-Canadian
173:
69:
67:
57:
55:
35:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1415:
1414:External links
1412:
1411:
1410:
1399:
1392:
1384:Lewis, David,
1382:
1374:Lewis, David,
1372:
1361:
1350:
1339:
1328:
1317:
1310:
1309:. 23: 135-144.
1296:
1286:
1276:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1237:
1220:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1157:
1145:
1138:
1117:
1099:
1068:
1057:www.oregon.gov
1044:
1019:
986:
968:
961:
940:
926:
901:
872:
847:
822:
796:
786:
785:
783:
780:
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19:Ethnic group
1033:www.opb.org
552:Reservation
535:plank house
295:, Nestucka)
255:Rogue River
34:Tribal flag
1447:Categories
1271:. Eugene,
1093:2020-05-18
1062:2020-04-28
1038:2020-04-28
920:2009-10-30
882:1032811176
841:2015-12-03
816:after the
634:Enrollment
267:Athapaskan
240:Luckiamute
236:Champinefu
198:Athapaskan
155:counties.
134:California
130:Washington
1004:cite book
890:cite book
782:Footnotes
723:meteorite
702:Tomanowos
494:Dawes Act
489:resettled
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289:Tillamook
273:Klickitat
228:Chelamela
200:speakers)
83:Languages
1407:In JSTOR
1369:In JSTOR
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765:See also
518:Cultures
261:, Upper
232:Chemapho
216:Atfalati
206:(Yamel (
204:Kalapuya
190:Nations)
1432:history
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1291:(1914)
1281:(1907)
812:of the
576:Economy
566:Yamhill
478:History
445:, 1854.
293:Nehalem
283:Chinook
278:Klamath
269:tribes)
259:Takelma
249:Molalla
224:Santiam
220:Kommema
208:Yamhill
177:removed
165:English
149:Yamhill
89:English
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212:Mohawk
188:Shasta
184:Chasta
143:, the
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76:Oregon
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1430:and
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