1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

4697:, Zhao Ziyang's aide, was the highest-ranking official to be formally charged with a crime connected with 1989 demonstrations. He was convicted in 1992 of "revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing" and served seven years in prison. To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators from among the party's rank-and-file, the party leadership initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long rectification program to "deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization". Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. More than 30,000 Communist officers were deployed to assess the "political reliability" of more than one million government officials. The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street; others were arrested at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, and torture was not uncommon. 5366: 5378: 4165: 5394: 4800:. Privately run print media then again flourished. Private newspapers increased from 250 in the 1980s to over 7,000 by 2003. Provincially-run, satellite TV stations sprang up all over the country and challenged the market share of state-run CCTV. The leadership also stepped away from promoting communism as an all-encompassing belief system. State-approved religious organizations increased their membership significantly, and traditional beliefs suppressed during the Mao era re-appeared. This state-sanctioned plurality also created an environment for unsanctioned forms of spirituality and worship to grow. To reduce the need for controversial methods of state control, Protestants, Buddhists, and Taoists were often used by the state as "approved" denominations to "fight against cults" such as 4961:

in 1992, visiting various cities in the country's most prosperous regions while advocating for further economic reforms. Partly in response to Deng, by the mid-1990s the country was again pursuing market liberalization on a scale even greater than those seen in the initial stages of the reforms in the 1980s. Although political liberals were purged from within the party, many of those who were economically liberal remained. The economic shocks caused by the events of 1989, in retrospect, had only a minor and temporary effect on China's economic growth. Indeed, with many previously aggrieved groups now regarding political liberalization as a lost cause, more of their energy was spent on economic activities. The economy would quickly regain momentum into the 1990s.

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meet increased demand in the areas of agriculture, light industry, services, and foreign investment. The job market was especially limited for students specializing in social sciences and the humanities. Moreover, private companies no longer needed to accept students assigned to them by the state, and many high-paying jobs were offered based on nepotism and favoritism. Gaining a good state-assigned placement meant navigating a highly inefficient bureaucracy that gave power to officials who had little expertise in areas under their jurisdiction. Facing a dismal job market and limited chances of going abroad, intellectuals and students had a greater vested interest in political issues. Small study groups, such as the "Democracy Salon" (

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internal discord, and increasingly diluted by declining engagement from the student body at large. In this context, a group of charismatic leaders, including Wang Dan and Wu'erkaixi, desired to regain momentum. They also distrusted the government's offers of dialogue, dismissing them as merely a ploy designed to play for time and pacify the students. To break from the moderate and incremental approach now adopted by other major student leaders, these few began calling for a return to more confrontational tactics. They settled on a plan of mobilizing students for a hunger strike that would begin on 13 May. Early attempts to mobilize others to join them met with only modest success until

2690:. Fang was part of a wide undercurrent within the elite intellectual community that thought China's poverty and underdevelopment, and the disaster of the Cultural Revolution, were a direct result of China's authoritarian political system and rigid command economy. The view that political reform was the only answer to China's ongoing problems gained widespread appeal among students, as Fang's recorded speeches became widely circulated throughout the country. In response, Deng Xiaoping warned that Fang was blindly worshipping Western lifestyles, capitalism, and multi-party systems while undermining China's socialist ideology, traditional values, and the party's leadership. 4262:, appearing in public for the first time since the protests began, delivered a speech praising the "martyrs" (PLA soldiers who had died). Deng stated that the goal of the student movement was to overthrow the party and the state. Of the protesters, Deng said: "Their goal is to establish a totally Western-dependent bourgeois republic." Deng argued that protesters had complained about corruption to cover their real motive, replacing the socialist system. He said that "the entire imperialist Western world plans to make all socialist countries discard the socialist road and then bring them under the monopoly of international capital and onto the capitalist road." 3489:

and Xinjiang. Without a clearly articulated official position from the Beijing leadership, local authorities did not know how to respond. Because the demonstrations now included a wide array of social groups, each having its own set of grievances, it became increasingly unclear with whom the government should negotiate and what the demands were. The government, still split on how to deal with the movement, saw its authority and legitimacy gradually erode as the hunger strikers took the limelight and gained widespread sympathy. These combined circumstances put immense pressure on the authorities to act, and martial law was discussed as an appropriate response.

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lead to struggles for control of the loudspeakers in the middle of the square in a series of "mini-coups": whoever controlled the loudspeakers was "in charge" of the movement. Some students would wait at the train station to greet arrivals of students from other parts of the country in an attempt to enlist factional support. Student groups began accusing each other of ulterior motives, such as collusion with the government and trying to gain personal fame from the movement. Some students even tried to oust Chai Ling, and Feng Congde from their leadership positions in an attempted kidnapping, an action Chai called a "well-organized and premeditated plot".

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made within China return censored results or result in temporarily severed server connections. Specific web pages with select keywords are censored while other websites, such as those which support the overseas Chinese democracy movement, are blocked wholesale. The policy is much more stringent with regard to Chinese-language sites than it is with regard to foreign-language ones. Social media censorship is more stringent in the weeks leading up to the anniversaries of the massacre; even oblique references to the protests and seemingly unrelated terms are usually very aggressively patrolled and censored. In January 2006,

3941: 5410: 5076: 762: 5443: 2463: 368: 390: 5019: 90: 79: 4311: 3810:, as well as the cultivation of pro-American ideologies among Chinese students studying abroad as a long-term strategy. Furthermore, the report also resolved that U.S. intelligence had made efforts to get close to leaders of several Chinese institutions; According to the report, a CIA agent from the U.S. Embassy had nearly fifty contacts between 1981 and 1988, fifteen of whom were associated with the Economic Restructuring Commission. The report advocated for immediate military action, and was viewed as providing one of the best justifications for it. 3352: 4000:, about 5 km west of the square. After protesters repelled an attempt by an anti-riot brigade to storm the bridge, regular troops advanced on the crowd and turned their weapons on them. Soldiers alternated between shooting into the air and firing directly at protesters. Soldiers raked apartment buildings with gunfire, and some people inside or on their balconies were shot. As the army advanced, fatalities were recorded along Chang'an Avenue. By far, the largest number occurred in the two-mile stretch of road running from Muxidi to 5182:

After the protests, officials banned controversial films and books and shut down many newspapers. Within a year, 12% of all newspapers, 8% of all publishing companies, 13% of all social science periodicals, and more than 150 films were either banned or shut down. The government also announced that it had seized 32 million contraband books and 2.4 million video and audio cassettes. Access to media and Internet resources about the subject are either restricted or blocked by censors. Banned literature and films include

3956: 404: 5061:, increasingly isolated internationally. This was a significant setback for the leadership, who had courted international investment for much of the 1980s, as the country emerged from the chaos of the Cultural Revolution; however, Deng Xiaoping and the core leadership vowed to continue economic liberalization policies after 1989. From there on, China would work domestically and internationally to reshape its national image from that of a repressive regime to that of a benign global economic and military partner. 4861: 3918: 3443:

incoherent demands to the leadership. Shortly after student leaders learned that the event had not been broadcast nationally, as initially promised by the government, the meeting fell apart. Yan then personally went to the square to appeal to the students, even offering himself to be held hostage. Yan also took the student's pleas to Li Peng the next day, asking Li to consider formally retracting the 26 April Editorial and rebranding the movement as "patriotic and democratic"; Li refused.

5471: 3189: 3255:—an event that was initially branded an anti-government conspiracy but was later rehabilitated as "patriotic" under Deng's leadership. The article enraged students, who interpreted it as a direct indictment of the protests and its cause. The editorial backfired: instead of scaring students into submission, it antagonized the students and put them squarely against the government. The editorial's polarizing nature made it a major sticking point for the remainder of the protests. 3862:—who remained after Zhao Ziyang and Hu Qili had been ousted. The committee members agreed to clear the square so "the riot can be halted and order be restored to the Capital". They also agreed that the square needed to be cleared as peacefully as possible; but if protesters did not cooperate, the troops would be authorized to use force to complete the job. That day, state-run newspapers reported that troops were positioned in ten key areas in the city. Units of the 5499: 4384:, whose children were killed by the government during the crackdown, have identified 202 victims as of August 2011. In the face of government interference, the group has worked painstakingly to locate victims' families and collect information about the victims. Their tally had grown from 155 in 1999 to 202 in 2011. The list includes four individuals who committed suicide on or after 4 June for reasons related to their involvement in the demonstrations. 2726: 5457: 819: 3165:(PSC). Zhao stressed three points: discourage students from further protests and ask them to go back to class, use all measures necessary to combat rioting, and open forms of dialogue with students at different levels of government. Premier Li Peng called upon Zhao to condemn protestors and recognize the need to take more serious action. Zhao dismissed Li's views. Despite calls for him to remain in Beijing, Zhao left for a scheduled state visit to 5485: 4617:, citing a provincial government, 1,602 individuals were imprisoned for protest-related activities in early 1989. As of May 2012, at least two remain incarcerated in Beijing, and five others remain unaccounted for. In June 2014, it was reported that Miao Deshun was believed to be the last known prisoner incarcerated for their participation in the protests; he was last heard from a decade ago. All are reported to have mental illnesses. 3125:) made a brief, emotional speech begging for Li Peng to come out and speak with them. The larger number of students still in the square but outside the cordon were at times emotional, shouting demands or slogans and rushing toward police. Wu'erkaixi calmed the crowd as they waited for the Premier to emerge. However, no leaders emerged from the Great Hall, leaving the students disappointed and angry; some called for a classroom boycott. 4970: 886: 4074:

Xinguo relayed their request to Martial Law Headquarters, who agreed to the students' request. Ji Xinguo informed them of this and told them to exit to the south. After Hou and Zhou returned to the square, they called for an immediate evacuation, and the Martial Law Headquarters announced, "Students, we appreciate that you will leave the Square voluntarily. Students, please leave in the southeastern direction."

3375:. Knowing that Gorbachev's welcoming ceremony was scheduled to be held on the square, student leaders wanted to use the hunger strike to force the government into meeting their demands. Moreover, the hunger strike gained widespread sympathy from the population at large and earned the student movement the moral high ground that it sought. By the afternoon of 13 May, some 300,000 were gathered at the square. 3161:. In Xi'an, arson by rioters destroyed cars and houses, and looting occurred in shops near the city's Xihua Gate. In Changsha, 38 stores were ransacked by looters. Over 350 people were arrested in both cities for looting. In Wuhan, university students organized protests against the provincial government. As the situation became more volatile nationally, Zhao Ziyang called numerous meetings of the 2599:, the party leadership under Deng agreed to implement a transition to a market-based pricing system. News of the relaxation of price controls triggered waves of cash withdrawals, buying, and hoarding all over China. The government panicked and rescinded the price reforms in less than two weeks, but there was a pronounced impact for much longer. Inflation soared; official indices reported that the 429: 3270: 4042:

the three occupants were forced out of the vehicle by the heat, students escorted the three men to a medic station. However, according to other accounts, including an eyewitness account of a Chinese-American reporter, the soldiers were attacked by the crowd: Two soldiers were burned alive inside the APC, and a third was beaten to death in full view of other soldiers.

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requests. Meanwhile, those responsible for the use of excessive force had not "faced any sanction, administrative or criminal." The Committee recommended that the Chinese government should take all of those steps, plus "offer apologies and reparation as appropriate and prosecute those found responsible for excessive use of force, torture and other ill-treatment."

3198: 3982:, and made an attempt to break through. Troops armed with anti-riot gear clashed with the protesters, firing rubber bullets and tear gas, while the protesters threw rocks, bricks, and bottles at them. Other troops fired warning shots into the air, which was ineffective. At 10:10 pm, an army officer picked up a megaphone and urged the protesters to disperse. 5104:

way for multinational corporations to turn a blind eye to politics and human rights in favor of focusing on business interests. Since then, Western leaders who were previously critical of China have sometimes paid lip service to the legacy of Tiananmen in bilateral meetings, but the substance of discussions revolved around business and trade interests.

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pro-democracy politicians in Hong Kong, especially in relation to democratic reform in Hong Kong and the territory's relationship with Beijing. Academic studies indicate that those who supported the Tiananmen Square movement's rehabilitation had a tendency to support democratization in the territory and the election of pro-democracy parties.

3409:. Yan said that the government was prepared to hold an immediate dialogue with student representatives. The Tiananmen welcoming ceremony for Gorbachev would be canceled whether or not the students withdrew—in effect removing the bargaining power the students thought they possessed. The announcement sent the student leadership into disarray. 4742:: "The 4 June Incident was a turmoil and unrest. The Central Government took decisive measures to calm the unrest and stop the turmoil, and it is because of this decision that the stability within the country can be established. For the past three decades, China has undergone tremendous changes under the leadership of the Communist Party." 11167: 2516:. That movement, spearheaded by Mao, had caused severe damage to the country's initially diverse economic and social fabric. As a result, the country was now mired in poverty as economic production slowed or came to a halt. Political ideology was paramount in the lives of ordinary people as well as the inner workings of the party itself. 5072:, attributes the slight impact to the fact that "the human rights records in most of these countries were not better than China's. To a certain extent, they were sympathetic to China's struggle against pressures from Western countries." Even in the wake of the crackdown, China's foreign relations with its neighbors generally improved. 3284:

leaders, eager to show the patriotic nature of the movement, also toned down anti-Communist slogans, choosing to present a message of "anti-corruption" and "anti-cronyism", but "pro-party". In a twist of irony, student factions who genuinely called for the overthrow of the Communist Party gained traction due to the 26 April editorial.

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Ziyang, while hardliner conservatives opposed the movement rallied behind Premier Li Peng. Zhao and Li clashed at a PSC meeting on 1 May. Li maintained that the need for stability overrode all else, while Zhao said that the party should show support for increased democracy and transparency. Zhao pushed the case for further dialogue.

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discontent was brewing over unfair wealth distribution. Greed, not skill, appeared to be the most crucial factor in success. There was widespread public disillusionment concerning the country's future. People wanted change, yet the power to define "the correct path" continued to rest solely in the unelected government's hands.

4957:, and foreign governments; China's credit rating was lowered; tourism revenue decreased from US$ 2.2 billion to US$ 1.8 billion; and foreign direct investment commitments were canceled. However, there was a rise in government defense spending from 8.6% in 1986, to 15.5% in 1990, reversing a previous 10-year decline. 4658:, another PSC member who opposed martial law but abstained from voting, was also removed from the committee. However, he was able to retain his party membership, and after "changing his opinion", he was reassigned as deputy minister in the Ministry for Machinery and Electronics Industry. Another reform-minded Chinese leader, 1025:

city's major thoroughfares in the early morning hours of 4 June and engaged in bloody clashes with demonstrators attempting to block them, in which many people – demonstrators, bystanders, and soldiers – were killed. Estimates of the death toll vary from several hundred to several thousand, with thousands more wounded.

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essentially disappeared. After his initial arrest in January 1991 and subsequent release, nothing further is known about his situation and where he lives now. Zhang Zhiqing's role and reason for being listed on the 21 most wanted is generally unknown; this is the case for many others on the list, such as Wang Chaohua.

3544: 5223:, or the significance of the date of the massacre 4 June itself. Some older intellectuals no longer aspire to implement political change. Instead, they focus on economic issues. Some political prisoners have refused to talk to their children about their involvement in the protests out of fear of putting them at risk. 3540:

hunger strikers to hospitals. The discussions were confrontational and yielded little substantive progress, but gained student leaders prominent airtime on national television. By this point, those calling for the overthrow of the party and Li Peng and Deng became prominent both in Beijing and in other cities.

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reluctant to speak about the protests because of potentially negative repercussions. Many young people who were born after 1980 are unfamiliar with the events and are therefore apathetic about politics. Youth in China are sometimes unaware of the events, the symbols which are associated with them such as the

3512:" advocates who were pulling strings behind the scenes, as well as tools of elements within the party who wished to further their personal ambitions. For the rest of his life, Zhao Ziyang maintained that the decision was ultimately in Deng's hands: among the five PSC members present at the meeting, he and 4046:, a military intelligence officer at the U.S. Embassy at the time, noted that the demonstrators' swarming tactics were clearly rehearsed and practiced, having been used similarly in other places around the city. The reporter noted that APC incident "appeared to have sparked the shooting that followed". 5267:

Journalists have frequently been denied entry to the square on the anniversaries of the massacre. Also, the authorities are known to have detained foreign journalists and increase surveillance of prominent human rights activists during this time of year. Internet searches on "4 June Tiananmen Square"

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As the party departed from the orthodox communism it was founded upon, much of its attention was focused on the cultivation of nationalism as an alternative ideology. This policy largely succeeded in tying the party's legitimacy to China's "national pride", turning domestic public opinion back in its

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The remaining student leaders were apprehended and incarcerated. Those who escaped, whether in 1989 or after, generally have had difficulty re-entering China up to this day. The Chinese government has preferred to leave the dissidents in exile. Those who attempt to re-enter, such as Wu'er Kaixi, have

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By dawn, the sky was enveloped with smoke rising from the center of the city, and the streets were filled with burned-out vehicles. Skirmishes between protesters and troops continued sporadically in the city. Some demonstrators regrouped and attempted to re-enter the square from the northeast on East

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am. The debris left over from the student occupation was either piled and burnt on the square or placed in large plastic bags that were then airlifted away by military helicopters. After the cleanup, the troops stationed at The Great Hall of the People remained confined within for the next nine days.

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am, a few minutes after the demonstrators started to retreat, the lights in the square were turned on, and troops began to advance. A squad of commandos charged up the monument and shot out the students' loudspeaker. According to Hou Dejian, tear gas was used during the operation to clear the square.

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Student leaders were put under close surveillance by the authorities; traffic cameras were used to perform surveillance on the square; and nearby restaurants, and wherever students gathered, were wiretapped. This surveillance led to the identification, capture, and punishment of protest participants.

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Organized by the Union on 27 April, some 50,000–100,000 students from all Beijing universities marched through the streets of the capital to Tiananmen Square, breaking through lines set up by police, and receiving widespread public support along the way, particularly from factory workers. The student

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Starting on the night of 17 April, three thousand PKU students marched from the campus towards Tiananmen Square, and soon nearly a thousand students from Tsinghua joined. Upon arrival, they soon joined forces with those already gathered at the square. As its size grew, the gathering gradually evolved

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and the control over the ideology that came with it, opening a deep chasm within the central leadership. The reformers ("the right", led by Hu Yaobang) favored political liberalization and a plurality of ideas as a channel to voice popular discontent and pressed for further reforms. The conservatives

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that benefited some people but seriously disadvantaged others, and the one-party political system also faced a challenge to its legitimacy. Common grievances at the time included inflation, corruption, limited preparedness of graduates for the new economy, and restrictions on political participation.

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A few people may have been killed by random shooting on streets near the square, but all verified eyewitness accounts say that the students who remained in the square when troops arrived were allowed to leave peacefully. Hundreds of people, most of them workers and passersby, did die that night, but

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Furthermore, the government has successfully promoted China as an attractive destination for investment by emphasizing its skilled workers, comparatively low wages, established infrastructure, and sizable consumer base. At the same time, the explosion of commercial interest in the country opened the

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was present in the square to show solidarity with the students and said that he did not see any massacre occurring in the square. He was quoted by Xiaoping Li, a former China dissident to have stated: "Some people said 200 died in the square, and others claimed that as many as 2,000 died. There were

4395:, an overseas group agitating for democratic reform in China, said that he was only able to identify and verify 15 military deaths. Wu asserts that if deaths from events unrelated to demonstrators were removed from the count, only seven deaths among military personnel might be counted as from being " 4254:

At a news conference on 6 June, State Council spokesperson Yuan Mu announced that based on "preliminary statistics", "nearly 300 people died ... includ soldiers", 23 students, "bad elements who deserve this because of their crimes, and people who were killed by mistake." He said the wounded included

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and another 4,000 gathered at the railway station. About one thousand students staged a railroad "sit-in", and rail traffic on the Beijing-Guangzhou and Wuhan-Dalian lines was interrupted. The students also urged employees of major state-owned enterprises to go on strike. In Wuhan, the situation was

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overpasses. Shellfire was heard throughout the night, and the next morning a United States Marine in the eastern part of the city reported spotting a damaged armored vehicle that an armor-piercing shell had disabled. The ongoing turmoil in the capital disrupted everyday life flow. No editions of the

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There was initial reluctance among the students to leave, but as the deadline approached, Feng Congde asked students for a voice vote on whether to stay or leave. Although the vote's results were inconclusive, Feng said the vote to leave was louder. The demonstrators began to evacuate, with students

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reported witnessing rioters setting fire to military vehicles and beating the soldiers inside them to death. On one avenue in western Beijing, anti-government protestors torched a military convoy of more than 100 trucks and armored vehicles. They also hijacked an armored personnel carrier, taking it

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amid the backdrop of commotion and protest in the square. When Gorbachev met with Zhao on 16 May, Zhao told him, and by extension the international press, that Deng was still the "paramount authority" in China. Deng felt that this remark was Zhao's attempt to shift blame for mishandling the movement

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Afraid that the movement would spin out of control, Deng Xiaoping ordered the square to be cleared for Gorbachev's visit. Executing Deng's request, Zhao again used a soft approach and directed his subordinates to coordinate negotiations with students immediately. Zhao believed he could appeal to the

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In preparation for dialogue, the Union elected representatives to a formal delegation. However, there was some friction as the Union leaders were reluctant to let the delegation unilaterally take control of the movement. The movement was slowed by a change to a more deliberate approach, fractured by

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on 30 April and reasserted his authority. In Zhao's view, the hardliner approach was not working, and the concession was the only alternative. Zhao asked that the press be allowed to positively report the movement and delivered two sympathetic speeches on 3–4 May. In the speeches, Zhao said that the

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On 20 April, most students had been persuaded to leave Xinhua Gate. To disperse about 200 students that remained, police used batons; minor clashes were reported. Many students felt abused by the police, and rumors about police brutality spread quickly. The incident angered students on campus, where

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In 1978, reformist leaders had envisioned that intellectuals would play a leading role in guiding the country through reforms, but this did not happen as planned. Despite the opening of new universities and increased enrollment, the state-directed education system did not produce enough graduates to

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p. 468. "After Li's report the Elders voiced their anger at the foreign and domestic enemies who were manipulating the students, and their con- viction that there was no choice left but to clear the Square by force. Nonetheless, most of the Elders hoped the job could be done without casualties, and

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The Chinese government continues to forbid discussions about the Tiananmen Square protests and has taken measures to block or censor related information, in an attempt to suppress the public's memory of the Tiananmen Square protests. Textbooks contain little, if any, information about the protests.

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in 1996. Whereas China had been a member of only 30 international organizations in 1986, it was a member of over 50 by 1997. China also sought to diversify its external partnerships, establishing good diplomatic relations with post-Soviet Russia, and welcoming Taiwanese business in lieu of Western

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In the aftermath of the protests, the government sought again to centralize control over the economy, though the changes were short-lived. Sensing that conservative policies had again taken a foothold within the party, Deng, now retired from all of his official positions, launched his southern tour

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Government officials have long asserted that no one died in the square in the early morning hours of 4 June, during the "hold-out" of students' last batch in the south part of the square. Initially, foreign media reports of a "massacre" on the square were prevalent, though subsequently, journalists

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The number of deaths and the extent of bloodshed in the square itself have been in dispute since the events. The government actively suppressed discussion of casualty figures immediately after the events, and estimates rely heavily on eyewitness testimony, hospital records, and organized efforts by

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After the order was restored in Beijing on 4 June, protests of various sizes continued in some 80 other Chinese cities outside the international press's spotlight. In the British colony of Hong Kong, people again took to wearing black in solidarity with the demonstrators in Beijing. There were also

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Between 3:30 and 3:45 am, the ambulance arrived at the Museum of Chinese History in the northeast corner of the square, and Hou Dejian and Zhou Duo met with Ji Xinguo, a regimental political commissar. They requested that the army give them time to evacuate, and to open a path for them to leave. Ji

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In the early morning on 4 June, the first APC entered Tiananmen Square from Chang'an West Boulevard. Demonstrators attacked the APC with molotov cocktails and immobilized it with a traffic divider, before covering it with gasoline-doused blankets and setting it on fire. Wu Renhua claims that after

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reported on the fighting: "As columns of tanks and tens of thousands of soldiers approached Tiananmen, many troops were set on by angry mobs who screamed, 'Fascists'. Dozens of soldiers were pulled from trucks, severely beaten, and left for dead. At an intersection west of the square, the body of a

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At 1 pm, a crowd intercepted one of these buses at Liubukou, and several men raised military helmets on bayonets to show the rest of the crowd. At 2:30 pm, a clash broke out between protesters and police. The police attempted to disperse the crowd with tear gas, but demonstrators counterattacked

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moderated his position, ostensibly sensing the impending military action and its consequences. He advocated for a temporary withdrawal from Tiananmen Square to re-group on campus, but this was opposed by hardline student factions who wanted to hold the square. The increasing internal friction would

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for the first time on 18 May in an attempt to placate public concern over the hunger strike. During the talks, student leaders again demanded that the government rescind the 26 April Editorial and affirm the student movement as "patriotic". Li Peng said the government's main concern was sending the

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The hunger strikes galvanized support for the students and aroused sympathy across the country. Around a million Beijing residents from all walks of life demonstrated in solidarity from 17 to 18 May. These included PLA personnel, police officers, and lower party officials. Many grassroots Party and

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to gauge the situation at the square. The municipal officials wanted a quick resolution to the crisis and framed the protests as a conspiracy to overthrow China's political system and prominent party leaders, including Deng Xiaoping. In Zhao's absence, the PSC agreed to take firm action against the

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on the part of elite party bureaucrats. The state-mandated pricing system, in place since the 1950s, had long kept prices fixed at low levels. The initial reforms created a two-tier system where some prices were fixed while others were allowed to fluctuate. In a market with chronic shortages, price

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The European Union and United States embargo on armament sales to China, put in place due to the violent suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests, remains in place today. China has been calling for a lift of the ban for years and has had a varying amount of support from European Union members.

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With the imposition of martial law, the Chinese government cut off Western broadcasters' satellite transmissions such as CNN and CBS. Broadcasters tried to defy these orders by reporting via telephone. Video footage was smuggled out of the country, although the only network that was able to record

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The suppression of 4 June marked the end of a period of relative press freedom in China, and media workers—both foreign and domestic—faced heightened restrictions and punishment in the aftermath of the crackdown. State media reports in the immediate aftermath were sympathetic to the students. As a

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On June 5, having secured the square, the military began to reassert control over thoroughfares through the city, especially Chang'an Avenue. A column of tanks of the 1st Armored Division left the square and, heading east on Chang'an Avenue, came upon a lone protester standing in the middle of the

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am on 4 June, as a convoy of students who had vacated the square were walking westward in the bicycle lane along Chang'an Avenue back to campus, three tanks pursued them from the square, firing tear gas. One tank was said to have driven through the crowd, killing 11 students and injuring scores of

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In the evening on 3 June, the government issued an emergency announcement urging citizens to "stay off the streets and away from Tiananmen Square". Meanwhile, protesters made their own broadcasts across various university campuses in Beijing to call for students and citizens to arm themselves and

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On 2 June, with increasing action on the part of protesters, the government saw that it was time to act. Protests broke out as newspapers published articles that called for the students to leave Tiananmen Square and end the movement. Many of the students in the square were not willing to leave and

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Students, we came too late. We are sorry. You talk about us, criticize us, it is all necessary. The reason that I came here is not to ask you to forgive us. All I want to say is that students are getting very weak. It is the 7th day since you went on a hunger strike. You can't continue like this.

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The movement, on the wane at the end of April, now regained momentum. By 17 May, as students from across the country poured into the capital to join the movement, protests of various sizes occurred in some 400 Chinese cities. Students demonstrated at provincial party headquarters in Fujian, Hubei,

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The government was divided on how to respond to the movement as early as mid-April. After Zhao Ziyang's return from North Korea, tensions between the progressive camp and the conservative camp intensified. Those who supported continued dialogue and a soft approach with students rallied behind Zhao

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In December 2009, the Chinese government responded to the committee's recommendations by saying that the government had closed the case concerning the "political turmoil in the spring and summer of 1989". It also stated that the "practice of the past 20 years has made it clear that the timely and

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Although the Chinese government never officially acknowledged relevant accusations when it came to the incident, in 2005 a payment was made to one of the victims' mothers, the first publicized case of the government offering redress to a Tiananmen-related victim's family. The payment was termed a

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Print media that contain references to the protests must be consistent with the government's version of events. Domestic and foreign journalists are detained, harassed, or threatened, as are their Chinese colleagues and any Chinese citizens who they interview. Thus, Chinese citizens are typically

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opposed lifting the ban. Members of the United States Congress had also proposed restrictions on the transfer of military technology to the European Union if the latter lifted the ban. The United Kingdom also opposed the embargo lifting when it took charge of the European Union presidency in July

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said that "preliminary tallies" by the government showed that about 300 civilians and soldiers died, including 23 students from universities in Beijing, along with some people he described as "ruffians". Yuan also said some 5,000 soldiers and police were wounded, along with 2,000 civilians. On 19

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In Shanghai, students marched on the streets on 5 June and erected roadblocks on major thoroughfares. Public transport including railway traffic was blocked. On 6 June, the municipal government tried to clear the rail blockade, but it was met with fierce resistance from the crowds. Several people

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equipment and training among both the Chinese military and police. The PLA was not trained or equipped to handle riots, and the few PAP riot control units that were dispatched were insufficient in crowd control. Since 1989, efforts have been made to create effective riot control units in Chinese

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s 1 June article "Tiananmen, I Cry for You", which was written by a fellow student who had become disillusioned with the movement, as he thought it was chaotic and disorganized. In response to the articles, thousands of students lined the streets of Beijing to protest against leaving the square.

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When Hu Yaobang suddenly died of a heart attack on 15 April 1989, students reacted strongly, most of them believing that his death was related to his forced resignation. Hu's death provided the initial impetus for students to gather in large numbers. On university campuses, many posters appeared

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After several weeks of standoffs and violent confrontations between the army and demonstrators left many on both sides severely injured, a meeting held among the CCP's top leadership on 1 June concluded with a decision to clear the square. The troops advanced into central parts of Beijing on the

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has repeatedly called on the government to reverse its verdict on the demonstrations. Chen Xitong, the mayor of Beijing, who read the martial law order and was later disgraced by a political scandal, expressed regret in 2012, a year before his death, for the death of innocent civilians. Premier

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and his having prevented deadly violence in the city won him support from party elders in Beijing. Having put the new leadership team in place and recognizing his weakened position, Deng Xiaoping himself also bowed out of the party leadership—at least officially—by resigning his last leadership

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in late 1989 for their involvement in the protests. Chinese authorities alleged they were the "black hands" behind the movement. Both Chen and Wang rejected the allegations made against them. They were put on trial in 1990 and sentenced to 13 years in prison. Others, such as Zhang Zhiqing, have

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agreed there was no bloodshed inside Tiananmen Square. Instead, they said Chinese soldiers opened fire on protesters outside the square as they fought their way from the west towards the center. A Chilean diplomat who had been positioned next to a Red Cross station inside the square told his US

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A stopped convoy of 37 APCs on Changan Boulevard at Muxidi was forced to abandon their vehicles after becoming stuck among an assortment of burned-out buses and military vehicles. In addition to occasional incidents of soldiers opening fire on civilians in Beijing, Western news outlets reported

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The soldiers were beaten by the crowd, as were Beijing security personnel who attempted to aid the soldiers. Some of the soldiers were kidnapped when they attempted to head for the hospital. Several other buses carrying weapons, gear, and supplies were intercepted and boarded around Tiananmen.

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jeep ran onto a sidewalk, civilians, killing three pedestrians and injuring a fourth. This incident sparked fear that the army and the police were trying to advance into Tiananmen Square. Student leaders issued emergency orders to set up roadblocks at major intersections to prevent the entry of

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issued a report titled "On the True Nature of the Turmoil", which was circulated to every member of the Politburo. The report concludes that the demonstrators' leadership, referred to as a "tiny minority", had "organized and plotted the turmoil", and that they were using the square as a base to

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am Zhao made a speech with a bullhorn to a crowd of students, urging them to end the hunger strike. He told the students that they were still young and urged them to stay healthy and not to sacrifice themselves without due concern for their futures. Zhao's emotional speech was applauded by some

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met with Deng at the latter's residence. Deng endorsed a hardline stance and said an appropriate warning must be disseminated via mass media to curb further demonstrations. The meeting firmly established the first official evaluation of the protests, and highlighted Deng's having "final say" on

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took place on 22 April. On the evening of 21 April, some 100,000 students marched on Tiananmen Square, ignoring orders from Beijing municipal authorities that the square was to be closed for the funeral. The funeral, which took place inside the Great Hall and was attended by the leadership, was

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Simultaneously, the party's nominally socialist ideology faced a legitimacy crisis as it gradually adopted capitalist practices. Private enterprise gave rise to profiteers who took advantage of lax regulations and who often flaunted their wealth in front of those who were less well off. Popular

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Richard Roth reported that he was held captive by troops in the Great Hall of the People on the west side of the square on the night of 3 June and could hear but not see into the square until dawn when they were driven through the square. He heard a "volley of gunfire" to silence the students'

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met with appointed representatives of government-sanctioned student associations. While the talks discussed a wide range of issues, including the editorial, the Xinhua Gate incident, and freedom of the press, they achieved few substantive results. Independent student leaders such as Wu'erkaixi

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expressed concern over the lack of investigations into the reports of people "killed, arrested or disappeared on or following the 4 June 1989 Beijing suppression." It stated that the Chinese government had also failed to inform relatives of those individuals' fate, despite relatives' numerous

5143:

has consistently opposed the lifting of the arms embargo to China. Though its agreement is not necessary for lifting the ban, many argue it reflects the will of the European people better as it is the only directly elected European body. The arms embargo has limited China's options in seeking

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later that year. He kept a low profile until 1992. According to diplomatic cables de-classified by Canada, the Swiss ambassador informed Canadian diplomats in confidence that over several months following the massacre, "every member of the Politburo Standing Committee has approached him about

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and Xiang Xiaoji. Yan affirmed the student movement's patriotic nature and pleaded for the students to withdraw from the square. While Yan's apparent sincerity for compromise satisfied some students, the meeting grew increasingly chaotic as competing student factions relayed uncoordinated and

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The events continue to strongly impact perceptions of China, its government, attitudes towards democracy, and the extent to which Hong Kongers should identify as "Chinese". The events of 4 June are seen as representative of the Chinese brand of authoritarianism, and they are often invoked by

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A severe counterrevolutionary riot has broken out in the capital tonight. Rioters have savagely attacked soldiers of the PLA, have stolen their weapons and burned their vehicles, have erected roadblocks, and have kidnapped officers and soldiers Citizens and students must evacuate the Square

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declared a second hunger strike to revive the movement. After weeks of occupying the square, the students were tired, and internal rifts opened between moderate and hardline student groups. In their declaration speech, the hunger strikers openly criticized the government's suppression of the

3035:, near Tiananmen Square, to mourn Hu. The gathering featured speakers from various backgrounds who gave public orations commemorating Hu and discussed social problems. However, it was soon deemed obstructive to the Great Hall's operation, so police tried to persuade the students to disperse. 4069:

At 3:00 am, Hou Dejian, Liu Xiaobo, Zhou Duo, and Gao Xin decided to convince the students to evacuate the square; Chai Ling, however, insisted that "those who wish to leave may leave, and those who don't may stay." The group asked Chai Ling and other student leaders to negotiate a peaceful

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Inspired by the events in Beijing, protests and strikes began at universities in other cities, with many students traveling to Beijing to join the demonstration. Generally, the Tiananmen Square demonstration was well ordered, with daily marches of students from various Beijing-area colleges

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Ren Jianmin (Victim No. 106), was a farmer from Hebei who was passing through the city and wounded by gunfire in the stomach on 4 June. He was unable to afford medical bills and hanged himself in August because of unbearable pain. Zou Bing (Victim No. 51), a 19-year-old student at the

5745:, hanged himself for escaping the pressure of post-protest investigations at his school. Wei Wumin (Victim No. 163), also a student at the Central Academy of Drama, who participated in the hunger strike, committed suicide by standing in front of an oncoming train. List of casualties, 4632: 1813:

In English, the terms "Tiananmen Square Massacre", "Tiananmen Square Protests", and "Tiananmen Square Crackdown" are often used to describe the series of events. However, much of the violence in Beijing did not actually happen in Tiananmen, but outside the square along a stretch of

4255:"5,000 officers and " and over "2,000 civilians, including the handful of lawless ruffians and the onlooking masses who do understand the situation." Military spokesperson Zhang Gong stated that no one was killed in Tiananmen Square and no one was run over by tanks in the square. 3069:

On the morning of 18 April, students remained in the square. Some gathered around the Monument to the People's Heroes, singing patriotic songs and listening to student organizers' impromptu speeches. Others gathered at the Great Hall. Meanwhile, a few thousand students gathered at

9340:"This was clearly a tactic rehearsed and even practiced among the demonstrators, since it was used in the same way in separate places around the city. By this time, having seen their fellow soldiers killed, the troops were scared Predictably, the troops reacted by opening fire." 5365: 5726:

similarly described the act as "...in line with the classic Chinese tradition of aggrieved parties wailing before the Yamen door, of publicly dramatizing their unhappiness by petitioning officialdom... sincerely believed that the officials would have to respond by meeting with

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At the same time, internal divisions intensified within the student movement itself. By late May, the students became increasingly disorganized with no clear leadership or unified course of action. Moreover, Tiananmen Square was overcrowded and facing serious hygiene problems.

2664:) said that the reforms had gone too far and advocated a return to greater state control to ensure social stability and to better align with the party's socialist ideology. Both sides needed the backing of paramount leader Deng Xiaoping to carry out important policy decisions. 1006:. Workers' protests were generally focused on inflation and the erosion of welfare. These groups united around anti-corruption demands, adjusting economic policies, and protecting social security. At the height of the protests, about one million people assembled in the square. 3801:

into China and the negative effect that Western ideological influence, particularly from the United States, had on the students. The MSS had determined that the United States had infiltrated the student movement by various means, including the use of the U.S. government-owned

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students' concerns about corruption were legitimate and that the student movement was patriotic in nature. The speeches essentially negated the message presented by 26 April Editorial. While some 100,000 students marched on the streets of Beijing on 4 May to commemorate the

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and repeated demands from earlier marches, many students were satisfied with the government's concessions. On 4 May, all Beijing universities except PKU and BNU announced the end of the classroom boycott. Subsequently, most students began to lose interest in the movement.

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Deng's reforms aimed to decrease the state's role in the economy and gradually allow private production in agriculture and industry. By 1981, roughly 73% of rural farms had been de-collectivized, and 80% of state-owned enterprises were permitted to retain their profits.

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that 4 June was the most serious mistake committed by the Communist Party in its history, a mistake that Yang himself could not correct, but one that certainly will eventually be corrected. Zhao Ziyang remained under house arrest until his death in 2005. Zhao's aide

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General Secretary Hu Yaobang was blamed for showing a "soft" attitude and mishandling the protests, thus undermining social stability. He was denounced thoroughly by conservatives and was forced to resign as general secretary on 16 January 1987. The party began the

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After the announcement, most people in the square began to leave, and by 2:00 am, there were only a few thousand demonstrators in the square. North of the square, a dozen students and citizens attempted to torch army trucks with cans of gasoline but were arrested.

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In conjunction with the plan to clear the square by force, the Politburo received word from army headquarters stating that troops were ready to help stabilize the capital and that they understood the necessity and legality of martial law to overcome the turmoil.

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Each of the 21 students faced diverse experiences after their arrests or escapes; while some remain abroad with no intent to return, others have chosen to stay indefinitely, such as Zhang Ming. Only 7 of the 21 were able to escape. Some student leaders, such as

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claimed in a speech broadcast on Hong Kong television that she witnessed tanks arrive at the square and crush students who were sleeping in their tents, and added that between 200 and 4000 students died at the square. Ling was joined by fellow student leader

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were available in Beijing on 5 June, despite assurances that they had been printed. Many shops, offices, and factories were not able to open, as workers remained in their homes, and public transit services were limited to the subway and suburban bus routes.

3450:, marked the normalization of Sino-Soviet relations and was seen as a breakthrough of tremendous historical significance for China's leaders. However, its smooth proceedings were derailed by the student movement; this created a major embarrassment ("loss of 4049:

Troops from the west arrived at the square at about 1:30 am, and troops from other directions gradually arrived as well, blocking main roads to the square to prevent entry. A second emergency announcement from the government was broadcast on loudspeakers:

3504:, on 4 May, Zhao had exposed divisions within the top leadership and emboldened the students. Deng warned that "there is no way to back down now without the situation spiraling out of control", and so "the decision is to move troops into Beijing to declare 3523:

On the evening of 17 May, the PSC met at Zhongnanhai to finalize plans for martial law. At the meeting, Zhao announced that he was ready to "take leave", citing he could not bring himself to carry out martial law. The elders in attendance at the meeting,

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in Beijing, launching political reforms in China. He called for a systematic revision of China's constitution, criticizing bureaucracy, centralization of power, and patriarchy, while proposing term limits for the leading positions in China and advocating

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Zhang Shijun, a former soldier who was involved in the military crackdown, published an open letter to President Hu Jintao that sought to have the government reevaluate its position on the protests. He was subsequently arrested and taken from his home.

3974:, began to advance from military office compounds in Shijingshan and Fentai District in western Beijing along the western extension of Chang'an Avenue toward the square to the east. At 9:30 p.m, this army encountered a blockade set up by protesters at 11235: 2710:

campaign", aiming at Hu, political liberalization, and Western-inspired ideas in general. The campaign stopped student protests and restricted political activity, but Hu remained popular among intellectuals, students, and Communist Party progressives.

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provoke conflict in order to create an international impact. It also maintains that they had formed connections with criminal elements and used funding from foreign and domestic sources to improve their communications equipment and procure weapons.

15732: 4223:. Although there were rumors of possible martial law in the city, the situation was gradually brought under control without deadly force. The municipal government gained recognition from the top leadership in Beijing for averting a major upheaval. 3323: 5901: 4205:

By and large, the government regained control in the week following the square's military seizure. A political purge followed in which officials responsible for organizing or condoning the protests were removed, and protest leaders were jailed.

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was the only political party in the world to pass a resolution supporting the crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protests, calling them "an imperialist attempt to internally subvert socialism, was successfully thwarted by the CPC and the PLA."

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eulogizing Hu, calling for honoring Hu's legacy. Within days, most posters were about broader political issues, such as corruption, democracy, and freedom of the press. Small, spontaneous gatherings to mourn Hu began on 15 April around the

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The army's initial entry into the capital was blocked in the suburbs by throngs of protesters. Seeing no way forward, the authorities ordered the army to withdraw on 24 May. All government forces then retreated to bases outside the city.

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On 17 June, two individuals were captured after exchanging gunfire with soldiers. The same day, a woman who had been visiting a Western diplomat at Jianguomenwai diplomatic compound was observed being arrested by plainclothes policemen.

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to him. Zhao's defense against this accusation was that privately informing world leaders that Deng was the true center of power was standard operating procedure; Li Peng had made nearly identical private statements to US president

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counterparts that he did not observe any mass firing of weapons into the crowds in the square itself, although sporadic gunfire was heard. He said that most of the troops who entered the square were armed only with anti-riot gear.

3251:". The language in the editorial effectively branded the student movement to be an anti-party, anti-government revolt. The editorial invoked memories of the Cultural Revolution, using similar rhetoric that had been used during the 3614: 12732: 5131:, in March 2005, increased tensions between mainland China and Taiwan, damaging attempts to lift the ban; and several European Union Council members retracted their support for a lift of the ban. Moreover, Schröder's successor 4886:

responded to the massacre by ordering the state television to offer only the absolute minimum coverage of the incident so as not to jeopardize a thawing in relations with China and to empathize with the Chinese government. The

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In the interior cities of Xi'an, Wuhan, Nanjing, and Chengdu, many students continued protests after 4 June, often erecting roadblocks. In Xi'an, students stopped workers from entering factories. In Wuhan, students blocked the

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regimes fear facts because they have built their power on unjust foundations" and he also wrote that memory is important: "without it there is no such thing as a civilised society or nation" because "our past is all we have."

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who said he had witnessed 200 students being cut down by gunfire; however, according to Mathews, it was later proven that he had already left the square several hours before the events he claimed to have happened. Taiwan-born

15737: 4723:, who were general secretaries of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party—consistently reiterated the official narrative of the Chinese Communist Party when being asked about the protests by foreign journalists. 2845: 13754: 4944:

After the Tiananmen Square protests, many business analysts downgraded their outlook for China's economic future. The violent response to the protests was one of the factors that led to a delay in China's acceptance in the

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On the morning of 4 June, many estimates of deaths were reported, including from government-affiliated sources. Peking University leaflets circulated on campus suggested a death toll of between two and three thousand. The

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on 4 June Incident states that the use of force was necessary to control "political turmoil", and this also ensures the stable society that is necessary for successful economic development. Chinese leaders—including

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reported to the Politburo that the government's confirmed death toll was 241, including 218 civilians (of which 36 were students), 10 PLA soldiers, and 13 People's Armed Police, along with 7,000 wounded. On 30 June,

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evacuation. Hou Dejian addressed the students by loudspeaker, urging them to leave the square and surrender their rifles and other weapons, before leaving with Zhou Duo in an ambulance to meet the government troops.

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Press restrictions were loosened significantly from early to mid-May. State media began broadcasting footage sympathetic to protesters and the movement, including the hunger strikers. On 14 May, intellectuals led by

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Several foreign journalists who had covered the crackdown were expelled in the weeks that followed, while others were harassed by authorities or blacklisted from reentering the country. Some were reportedly beaten.

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avenue. The brief standoff between the man and the tanks was captured by Western media atop the Beijing Hotel. After returning to his position in front of the tanks, the man was pulled aside by a group of people.

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organizations, as well as government-sponsored labor unions, encouraged their membership to demonstrate. In addition, several of China's non-Communist parties sent a letter to Li Peng to support the students. The

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While public discussions about the events have become socially taboo, private discussions about them continue to occur despite frequent interference and harassment by the authorities. Nobel Peace Prize laureate

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At the Square, soldiers and students initially attempted to show restraint, but that residents refused to follow student orders. Soldiers did not fight back at first after some citizens threw rocks at them.

3536: 16133: 15757: 4949:, which was not completed until twelve years later, in 2001. Furthermore, bilateral aid to China decreased from $ 3.4 billion in 1988 to $ 700 million in 1990. Loans to China were suspended by the 3677: 3668:. Across the world, especially where ethnic Chinese lived, people gathered and protested. Many governments, including those of the United States and Japan, issued travel warnings against traveling to China. 944: 14168: 7360: 7321: 3871: 2850:

During the demonstrations, protesters received a significant amount of support from domestic and outside sources. The Chinese University in Hong Kong donated HK$ 10,000 by early May, and groups such as the

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In December 1986, inspired by Fang and other "people-power" movements worldwide, student demonstrators staged protests against the slow pace of reform. The issues were wide-ranging and included demands for

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upon returning from a shortened trip abroad; the authorities declared his detention to be on health grounds. When Wan Li was released from his house arrest after he finally "changed his opinion", he, like

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also emerged as leaders. The Union then called for a general classroom boycott at all Beijing universities. Such an independent organization operating outside of party jurisdiction alarmed the leadership.

11931: 4996:, Tiananmen served as the turning point when they lost trust in the Beijing government. The event, coupled with general uncertainty about the status of Hong Kong after the transfer of sovereignty, led to 13353: 10365: 10335: 3656:). Many Hong Kong celebrities sang songs and expressed their support for the students in Beijing. The following day, a procession of 1.5 million people, one fourth of Hong Kong's population, led by 10522: 5897: 5721:

described their actions as "...a mock-ceremonial remonstrance... presenting their scrolled-up demands on hands and knees in the stylized, obsequious manner of an imperial petition." Political scientist

2592:. Discontent over corruption reached a fever pitch with the public; and many, particularly intellectuals, began to believe that only democratic reform and the rule of law could cure the country's ills. 9182: 5393: 3727:

What we actually are hoping for is bloodshed, the moment when the government is ready to brazenly butcher the people. Only when the Square is awash with blood will the people of China open their eyes.

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fluctuation allowed people with powerful connections to buy goods at low prices and sell at market prices. Party bureaucrats in charge of economic management had enormous incentives to engage in such

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on 6 June 1989, two days after the Chinese Army dispersed the Tiananmen protesters. She was reportedly paid CNY70,000 (approximately US$ 10,250). This has been welcomed by various Chinese activists.

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At about 10:30 p.m., still being pummeled by rocks thrown by protesters, the 38th Army troops opened fire. The crowds were stunned that the army was using live ammunition and fell back towards

2702:, where Fang lived, they quickly spread to Shanghai, Beijing, and other major cities. This alarmed the central leadership, who accused the students of instigating Cultural Revolution-style turmoil. 11954: 10795: 5272:

their mainland China site to remove information about Tiananmen and other subjects which are considered sensitive by the authorities. Google withdrew its cooperation on censorship in January 2010.

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have acknowledged that most of the deaths occurred outside of the square in western Beijing. Several people who were situated around the square that night, including former Beijing bureau chief of

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On the morning of 3 June, students and citizens intercepted and questioned a busload of plainclothed soldiers at Xinjiekou. Isolated pockets of soldiers were similarly surrounded and interrogated.

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important issues. Li Peng subsequently ordered Deng's views to be drafted as a communique and issued to all high-level Communist Party officials to mobilize the party apparatus against protesters.

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and Yang Shangkun, urged the PSC to follow Deng's orders. Zhao did not consider the inconclusive PSC vote to have legally binding implications for martial law; Yang Shangkun, in his capacity as

12761: 4465: 939:, lasting from 15 April to 4 June 1989. After weeks of unsuccessful attempts between the demonstrators and the Chinese government to find a peaceful resolution, the Chinese government declared 13835: 8822:"Class Struggle: China's Harsh Actions Threaten to Set Back 10-Year Reform Drive – Suspicions of Westernization Are Ascendant, and Army Has a Political Role Again – A Movement Unlikely to Die" 3692: 3485:, many foreign journalists remained in the Chinese capital to cover the protests, shining an international spotlight on the movement. Western governments urged Beijing to exercise restraint. 2765:

In the first half of 1986, Deng repeatedly called for the revival of political reforms, as further economic reforms were hindered by the original political system with an increasing trend of

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formed in May 1989. After the Beijing protest crackdown, this group drew up an initial list of 40 dissidents they believed could form the nucleus of a "Chinese democracy movement in exile".

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students' patriotism. The students understood that signs of internal turmoil during the Sino-Soviet summit would embarrass the nation and not just the government. On the morning of 13 May,

2603:

increased by 30% in Beijing between 1987 and 1988, leading to panic among salaried workers that they could no longer afford staple goods. Moreover, in the new market economy, unprofitable

12685: 5409: 2793:. Deng's intention was to boost administrative efficiency, further separate responsibilities of the Party and the government, and eliminate bureaucracy. Although he spoke in terms of the 5015:, has started to crowdfund money to open the museum in a new location. A virtual version of the museum released online in August 2021 has also been blocked by Chinese telecom companies. 16497: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 5248: 4341:

cable filed on the same day estimated 180–500 deaths up to the morning of 4 June. Beijing hospital records compiled shortly after the events recorded at least 478 dead and 920 wounded.

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loudspeakers. He added that there is no doubt that many people were killed in the area on the way to and around the square, mostly in western Beijing, which the Communist Party denies.

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meeting at Deng's residence. At the meeting, Zhao Ziyang's concessions-based strategy, which called for the retraction of the 26 April Editorial, was thoroughly criticized. Li Peng,

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victims' relatives. As a result, large discrepancies exist among various casualty estimates. Initial estimates ranged from the official figure of a few hundred to several thousand.

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Security cordoned off the east entrance to the Great Hall of the People, but several students pressed forward. A few were allowed to cross the police line. Three of these students,

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to commemorate Hu Yaobang. Its wreath-laying ceremony was on 17 April, and a larger-than-expected crowd assembled. At 5 pm, 500 CUPL students reached the eastern gate of the

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immediately so that martial law troops can successfully carry out their mission. We cannot guarantee the safety of violators, who will be solely responsible for any consequences.

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At 5:30 pm, several thousand troops awaiting orders began to retreat from the Great Hall of the People. That evening, the government leaders continued to monitor the situation.

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and CBS correspondent Richard Roth reported that while they had heard sporadic gunfire, they could not find enough evidence to suggest that a massacre took place on the square.

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young soldier, who had been beaten to death, was stripped naked and hung from the side of a bus. Another soldier's corpse was strung up at an intersection east of the square."

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event, reaction to the protests set limits on political expression in China that have lasted up to the present day. The events remain one of the most sensitive and most widely

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expressed great sadness over the event. In 1992, he however stated that the crackdown had been exaggerated, and that he received no convincing evidence of widespread killing.

3699:. At least 14 of the PLA's 24 army corps contributed troops. Guangzhou's civil aviation authorities suspended civil airline travel to prepare for transporting military units. 147: 9120: 20786: 16454: 14944: 12289: 6435: 4455: 3740:

However, she felt that she was unable to convince her fellow students of this. She also claimed that her expectation of a violent crackdown was something she had heard from

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As the protests developed, the authorities responded with both conciliatory and hardline tactics, exposing deep divisions within the party leadership. By May, a student-led

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reportedly suggested reversing the government's position on Tiananmen in party meetings before he departed from politics in 2013, only to be rebuffed by his colleagues.

3078:, the seat of the party leadership, where they demanded dialogue with the administration. After police restrained the students from entering the compound, they staged a 2410: 12202: 12161: 4188:

clashes between units of the PLA. Late in the afternoon, 26 tanks, three armored personnel carriers, and supporting infantry took up defensive positions facing east at

1861: 15473: 14606: 5875: 5247:, every year on 4 June in order to prevent public displays of remembrance, with an especially heavy security presence on the anniversaries of major events such as the 2484: 1782:

Outside mainland China, and among circles critical of the crackdown within mainland China, the crackdown is commonly referred to in Chinese as "June Fourth Massacre" (

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Lee, Francis L.F. (June 2012). "Generational Differences in the Impact of Historical Events: The Tiananmen Square Incident in Contemporary Hong Kong Public Opinion".

12709: 4478:, which had been instrumental in the Tiananmen Square protests. Though decades have passed, this most-wanted list has never been retracted by the Chinese government. 4176:

Although the fate of Tank Man following the demonstration is not known, paramount Chinese leader Jiang Zemin stated in 1990 that he did not think the man was killed.

16683: 15621: 12551: 10271: 5354:" is a "distortion in the nature of the incident". According to the Chinese government, such observations were "inconsistent with the Committee's responsibilities". 4345:'s estimates put the number of deaths at between several hundred and close to 1,000, while a Western diplomat who compiled estimates put the number at 300 to 1,000. 3629:, which commented favorably on the Beijing student protests, and called for a reassessment of Hu's 1987 purge. Sensing the conservative political trends in Beijing, 3454:") for the leadership on the global stage and drove many moderates in government onto a more hardline path. The summit between Deng and Gorbachev took place at the 21257: 18073: 17741: 10124: 5741:, hanged herself in September 1989 because of her inability to endure interrogation into her involvement in the protest. Qi Li, (Victim No. 162), a student at the 4485:

The 21 most-wanted student leaders' faces and descriptions were often broadcast on television. Photographs with biographies of the leaders followed in this order:

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The event had both short and long term consequences. Western countries imposed arms embargoes on China, and various Western media outlets labeled the crackdown a "

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The students remained in the square during the Gorbachev visit; his welcoming ceremony was held at the airport. The Sino-Soviet summit, the first of its kind in

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decisive measures taken by the Chinese Government at the time were necessary and correct". It said that the labeling of the "incident as 'the Democracy Movement

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organization and were particularly outspoken about the humanitarian aspects of the protests. The authorities mobilize security forces, including members of the

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During this time, the soldiers were apparently left to sleep on the floors and were daily supplied a single packet of instant noodles shared between three men.

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also stories of tanks running over students who were trying to leave. I have to say I did not see any of that. I was in the square until 6:30 in the morning."

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The situation seemed intractable, and the weight of taking decisive action fell on paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Matters came to a head on 17 May during a

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Zhao's departure to North Korea left Li Peng as the acting executive authority in Beijing. On 24 April, Li Peng and the PSC met with Beijing Party Secretary

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area. The term also gives a misleading impression that demonstrations only happened in Beijing, when in fact, they occurred in many cities throughout China.

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Includes footage of the shutting down of CNN, and interviews with Al Pessin (VOA) and John Pomfret (AP), both of whom were expelled soon after the protests.

14330:"Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History – Document 9: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 3, 1989, China: Police Use Tear Gas on Crowds" 9143: 4333:

wrote on 21 June that "it seems plausible that about a dozen soldiers and policemen were killed, along with 400 to 800 civilians." United States ambassador

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Official government announcements shortly after the event put the number who died at around 300. At the State Council press conference on 6 June, spokesman

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On 21 April, students began organizing under the banners of formal organizations. On 23 April, in a meeting of around 40 students from 21 universities, the

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remained in China in order to speak out about Tiananmen in the 1990s despite the fact that he received offers of asylum; he faced constant surveillance.

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Having removed the students from the square, soldiers were ordered to relinquish their ammunition, after which they were allowed a short reprieve, from 7

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While the reforms were generally well received by the public, concerns grew over a series of social problems which the changes brought about, including

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Although the crackdown hurt relations with Western countries, it had relatively little impact on China's relations with its Asian neighbors. Professor

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Cuba, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany, under the Soviet sphere of influence at the time, supported the Chinese government and denounced the protests.

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to explain the government's views on the protests. Later, anonymous people within the Chinese government shipped the files overseas and published the "

4353: 4181: 3288: 1014: 382: 78: 21576: 20938: 17502: 16434: 15656: 13826: 13146: 4671:, was transferred to a different position with equal rank but a mostly ceremonial role. Several Chinese ambassadors abroad claimed political asylum. 2755: 1888: 17258: 10773: 3359:, student protester at Tiananmen, taken on 10 May. The words say: "We want the freedom of newspapers, freedom of associations, also to support the ' 20966: 20771: 20298: 19048: 13222: 13170: 6677: 6417: 5057:

The Chinese government drew widespread condemnation for its suppression of the protests. In the immediate aftermath, China seemed to be becoming a

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were founded in support of the protests. Funding also came from the United States, Canada, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, and countries across Europe.

21152: 18615: 16721: 16560: 13067: 12677: 12182: 11201: 9616:"Cable, From: Department of State, Wash DC, To: U.S. Embassy Beijing, China Task Force Situation Report No. 3 - Situation as of 1700 EDT, 6/4/89" 4606: 4518: 4514: 4510: 3605:

After the massacre, the government did thorough interrogations at work units, institutions, and schools to identify who had been at the protest.

3114: 14361:"Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History – Document 13: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 4, 1989, China: Troops Open Fire" 13238: 21388: 20857: 18366: 18175: 11083: 2832:

and, taking Deng's speech in 1980 as a guideline, detailed steps to be taken for political reform, including promoting the rule of law and the

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released an order for the arrest of 21 students they identified as the protest leaders. These 21 most-wanted student leaders were part of the

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were killed from being run over by a train. On 7 June, students from major Shanghai universities stormed various campus facilities to erect

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issued a special notice and sent in many personnel to provide medical services to the hunger strikers on the square. After the departure of

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erected shrines and joined the gathering in Tiananmen Square in a piecemeal fashion. Small, organized student gatherings also took place in

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Print media were required to be consistent with the Chinese government's account of the 4 June Incident. The Chinese government prepared a

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pointed out that Donald later revised his estimate to 2,700–3,400 deaths, a number closer to, but still much higher than, other estimates.

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said that "as far as can be determined from the available evidence, no one died that night in Tiananmen Square". He goes on to conclude:

3554:, accompanied Zhao Ziyang to meet with students in the square, surviving the political purge of the party's liberals and later serving as 21328: 20821: 16598: 14407: 10975: 1898: 14693: 12974: 10735: 6346: 4164: 21747: 20811: 17126: 16119: 15587: 14971: 13609: 12781: 12051: 9655: 9622: 9263: 9228: 8373: 8318: 6657: 4475: 3287:

The stunning success of the march forced the government into making concessions and meeting with student representatives. On 29 April,

3129: 2548:). Within several years, the country's focus on ideological purity was replaced by a concerted attempt to achieve material prosperity. 2235: 433: 38: 14371: 14340: 13559: 13043: 12406: 5119:

Since 2004, China has portrayed the ban as "outdated" and damaging to China–European Union relations. In early 2004, French President

4360:, but which is an estimated number much higher than other sources provided. After the declassification, former student protest leader 3843:

movement, to remind the students that their cause was worth fighting for and pushing them to continue their occupation of the square.

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At 17:00, a sitrep from the U.S. State Department to the U.S. Embassy indicated that the PLA was "mopping up isolated resistance".

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You are still young, there are still many days yet to come, you must live healthily, and see the day when China accomplishes the

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and the 25th anniversary of the protests in 2014. On the 30th anniversary of the protests in 2019, the renowned Chinese artist

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and Editor-in-Chief Tan Wenrui, were also sacked because of reports in the paper that were sympathetic towards the protesters.

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Although they were highly disorganized and their goals varied, the students called for things like rollback of the removal of "

7282: 7249: 21757: 21477: 21432: 20931: 20776: 18711: 18398: 18376: 17522: 17354: 17334: 17309: 17211: 17156: 13190: 12198: 12157: 7030: 5624: 5552: 5092: 5049:. On 22 December 2021, it was removed by the university authorities, a move that was condemned by survivors of the massacre. 4775:, were fired because they openly emoted in sympathy with the protesters. Wu Xiaoyong, the son of the former foreign minister 4663: 4437: 2200: 792: 19799: 15538: 15465: 14917: 14786:"Tiananmen Square Document 35: State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, "China: Aftermath of the Crisis," 1989" 14726: 14628: 14490: 14432: 14255: 14222: 14113: 13934: 13787: 13673: 13592: 13534: 13300: 12957: 12924: 12837: 12584: 12523:

A Heart for Freedom: The Remarkable Journey of a Young Dissident, Her Daring Escape, and Her Quest to Free China's Daughters

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demanded that the article be censored, and many newspapers were printed with a blank page. Jiang then suspended lead editor

3086:

those who were not politically active decided to join the protests. Additionally, a group of workers calling themselves the

2773:. A five-man committee to study the feasibility of political reform was established in September 1986; the members included 21732: 21482: 21406: 21032: 19618: 19543: 19203: 18803: 17374: 17364: 16429: 15742: 15676: 14189: 12701: 4930:

cities increased spending on internal security and to an expanded role for the People's Armed Police in handling protests.

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Unlike more moderate student leaders, Chai seemed willing to allow the student movement to end in a violent confrontation.

3508:" as a show of the government's no-tolerance stance. To justify martial law, the demonstrators were described as tools of " 2648:), began appearing on Beijing university campuses. These organizations motivated the students to get involved politically. 2380: 2073: 1986: 443: 12559: 4323:

had given a figure of 2,600 deaths but later denied having given such a figure. The Swiss Ambassador had estimated 2,700.

21717: 21089: 21067: 21022: 20976: 20816: 19223: 18356: 17410: 16741: 15671: 13333:

Kristof, Nicholas D. (6 June 1989). "Units Said to Clash: Troops in Capital Seem to Assume Positions Against an Attack".

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A banner in support of the June Fourth Student Movement in Shanghai Fashion Store (formerly the Xianshi Company Building)

4687: 4638:, the party secretary of Shanghai, where student protests were subdued largely without violence, was promoted to succeed 2673: 2387: 2095: 1981: 788: 778: 721: 18465: 18393: 13263: 10116: 9327: 6758: 1013:

galvanized support around the country for the demonstrators, and the protests spread to some 400 cities. On 20 May, the

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Qiping, Luo., Yantting, Mai., Meifen, Liang., Li Peter., trans., Fons Lampoo., "Student Organizations and Strategies,"

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suggested an open election of the student leadership to speak for the movement but was met with opposition. Meanwhile,

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Kristof, Nicholas D. (3 June 1989). "Beijing Residents Block Army Move Near City Center: Tear Gas said to be Fired".

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said that, based on visits to hospitals around Beijing, a minimum of several hundred had been killed. A declassified

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in February 1989. Nevertheless, the statement marked a decisive split between the country's two most senior leaders.

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correspondent at the time, stated that a photo of a soldier who was "burnt to a crisp" was not sent to subscribers.

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spearheaded a movement within the European Union to lift the ban, his efforts being supported by German Chancellor

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into a protest, as students began to draft a list of pleas and suggestions (the Seven Demands) for the government:

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The Chinese government has used numerous names for the event since 1989. As the events unfolded, it was labeled a "

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Mathews, Jay (2 June 1989). "Chinese Army Moving Closer to Protesters: Finances, Leadership Split Student Ranks".

12467: 7575: 3778:, was submitted to the party leadership, and likewise sent to every member of the Politburo, as well as to senior 21596: 21212: 21057: 20413: 19794: 19723: 19623: 19501: 19273: 19263: 18850: 18237: 17990: 17607: 17537: 17288: 17171: 17166: 16772: 16591: 16341: 16294: 15691: 14884: 8829: 8007:

Preliminary Findings on Killings of Unarmed Civilians, Arbitrary Arrests and Summary Executions Since 3 June 1989

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On 18 August 1980, Deng Xiaoping gave a speech titled "On the Reform of the Party and State Leadership System" ("

2365: 2350: 2026: 1033: 808: 19188: 19075: 19063: 14827: 9804: 21662: 21457: 21190: 21077: 21072: 19844: 19613: 19193: 19095: 18828: 18272: 18267: 17445: 16736: 14299:(1990). "Tiananmen and Chinese Political Culture: The Escalation of Confrontation from Moralizing to Revenge". 13478: 12017: 5738: 5422: 5300: 4471: 4356:, that a minimum of 10,000 civilians died, claims which were repeated in a speech by Australian Prime Minister 3649: 3645: 2068: 1697: 1542: 1467: 1353: 1261: 19513: 19243: 18754: 18526: 13804: 9459: 4004:, where "65 PLA trucks and 47 APCs ... were totally destroyed, and 485 other military vehicles were damaged." 3102:

delivered the eulogy. The funeral seemed rushed, lasting only 40 minutes, as emotions ran high in the square.

21247: 20791: 19806: 19759: 19523: 19446: 19178: 18014: 17978: 17856: 17773: 17617: 17216: 17201: 16362: 7187:

Shigong, Jiang (2014). "Chinese-Style Constitutionalism: On Backer's Chinese Party-State Constitutionalism".

5692: 5667: 5642: 5292: 4882:, Asian countries generally remained silent throughout the protests; India's government under Prime Minister 3625:, a magazine close to reformists, decided to publish a commemorative section on Hu. Inside was an article by 2621: 2083: 1638: 1528: 1339: 1202: 803: 19238: 18947: 18870: 18541: 14152: 11670: 6624: 3720: 21737: 21672: 21516: 21467: 21462: 21298: 21269: 21200: 21162: 21094: 21005: 19824: 19784: 19754: 19703: 19563: 19481: 19477: 19348: 19278: 19043: 18860: 18626: 18521: 18453: 17862: 17527: 17492: 17482: 17440: 17253: 13138: 12433:"How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself on the International Stage and Re-Engage the World after Tiananmen" 5569: 5517: 5342: 4896: 4651: 4090:

am, a Chinese unit crushed the Goddess of Democracy statue, removing its severed torch first as a memento.

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In Hong Kong, the Tiananmen Square protests led to fears that China would renege on its commitments under

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Liu, Alan P.L. (May 1990). "Aspects of Beijing's Crisis Management: The Tiananmen Square Demonstration".

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Chang'an Avenue, but were driven off by gunfire. The square remained closed to the public for two weeks.

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of Spain (TVE). During the military action, some foreign journalists faced harassment from authorities.

4573:, were able to escape to the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and other Western nations under 4296: 3520:

remained carefully neutral and noncommittal. Deng appointed the latter three to carry out the decision.

1806:, alternative names have sprung up to describe the events on the Internet, such as May 35th, VIIV ( 1779:

rebellion", which was later changed to simply "riot", followed by "political turmoil" and "1989 storm".

21657: 21647: 21637: 21571: 21546: 21062: 20947: 20633: 19854: 19839: 19829: 19683: 19283: 18771: 18574: 18341: 17886: 17572: 17226: 17221: 16584: 16053: 15389: 14449: 13976: 12178: 10693: 10663: 5557: 5542: 4984:, following the impending handover of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom in 1997. In response, Governor 4320: 4228: 3478: 2829: 2280: 1676: 1446: 1240: 870: 856: 65: 13745:"At least 10,000 people died in Tiananmen Square massacre, secret British cable from the time alleged" 13246: 13059: 11190: 6162:

Deng Xiaop- ing repeated his insistence that nothing should stop the momentum of reform and opening."

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The Chinese government's response was widely denounced by Western governments and media. According to

21712: 21652: 21606: 21601: 21509: 21370: 20862: 20738: 20683: 20503: 19491: 19198: 18759: 18371: 18288: 17972: 17587: 12382: 11061: 5898:"As China Cracks Down on Dissent, New York City Gives Refuge to Exhibit Remembering Tiananmen Square" 5184: 5176: 4832: 2908: 2891: 2730: 2607:

were pressured to cut costs. This threatened a vast proportion of the population that relied on the "

2355: 2245: 2180: 2172: 13720:"Article: Still on the wing; inside Operation Yellowbird, the daring plot to help dissidents escape" 13428:

Kurlantzick, Joshua (2003). "The Dragon Still Has Teeth: How the West Winks at Chinese Repression".

9175:"TURMOIL IN CHINA; FOREBODING GRASPS BEIJING; ARMY UNITS CRISSCROSS CITY; FOREIGNERS HURRY TO LEAVE" 21682: 21526: 21234: 21125: 21113: 20951: 20488: 20055: 19318: 19208: 18962: 18506: 17850: 17602: 17552: 17191: 17181: 16950: 16711: 16419: 16335: 15727: 14599:"8 Sentenced to Die in Beijing Fighting : Are Convicted of Beating Soldiers, Burning Vehicles" 11191:"Resolution Adopted at the 14th Congress of the CPI(M) Madras, January 3–9, 1992, 4.0(xvii), p. 12" 5742: 5244: 5097: 4981: 4946: 4822: 4772: 4338: 3882: 3637:, his decisive action earning the trust of conservative party elders, who praised Jiang's loyalty. 3455: 3432:

to bypass government censorship and air the progressive views of the nation's intellectuals in the

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Dialogue between students and the government during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

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and his cameraman were taken into custody while filing a report from the square via mobile phone.

2686:

and began a personal tour of universities in China, speaking about liberty, human rights, and the

21308: 21262: 21084: 20916: 19718: 19663: 19648: 19588: 19396: 19376: 19136: 18813: 18418: 17832: 17653: 17592: 17532: 17435: 17359: 17319: 17186: 17176: 16955: 16872: 16804: 16716: 15767: 15747: 15722: 15686: 15661: 10117:"Previously classified diplomatic cable reveals what PM Bob Hawke knew about Tiananamen Massacre" 9001:"Laws of War: Declaration on the Use of Bullets Which Expand or Flatten Easily in the Human Body" 5607: 5547: 4711: 4024: 3940: 3641: 3434: 3418: 3379:

displaying their support of the classroom boycott and the protesters' demands. The students sang

3264: 3252: 2695: 2541: 2320: 2250: 2125: 1843: 982: 967: 865: 798: 359: 232: 190: 18621: 13869: 9429: 3993:, prohibited by international law for use in warfare between countries but not for other uses. 3897:

and threw rocks, forcing them to retreat inside the Zhongnanhai compound through the west gate.

3397:, called an emergency meeting, gathering prominent student leaders and intellectuals, including 219: 21742: 21642: 21632: 21531: 21346: 21195: 20508: 20012: 19406: 19080: 18556: 18316: 18311: 18104: 17844: 17808: 17718: 17557: 17369: 16940: 16787: 5190: 5011:

closed in July 2016, after only two years in its location. The group that runs the museum, the

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on a joy ride; These scenes were captured on camera and broadcast by Chinese state television.

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Rights beyond borders : the global community and the struggle over human rights in China

11057:

The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leadership and the Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy

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People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre § Casualties

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and halted the policies of liberalization of the 1980s, which were only partly resumed after

15414: 14961: 14934: 14360: 14329: 13825: 13343: 12751: 12668: 12405: 12279: 12252: 12047: 10758:"Relatives of dead at Tiananmen seek review – Asia – Pacific – International Herald Tribune" 9647: 9615: 9256: 9221: 8365: 8310: 6681: 981:, reflecting anxieties among the people and political elite about the country's future. The 21293: 21252: 21176:

Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

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In the early morning of 19 May, Zhao Ziyang went to Tiananmen in what became his political

3509: 3394: 3137: 2915: 2833: 2687: 2683: 2600: 2529:("bringing order out of chaos") to correct the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution. At the 2397: 2260: 1951: 1883: 1037: 999: 592: 331: 267: 236: 16837: 15594: 12644: 11842:"They faced down the tanks in Tiananmen Square. Now they want their children to forget it" 11228:"CPI(M) assailed for welcoming hardliners' coup, but refuses to budge from Marxist dogmas" 7152:

Finch, George (2007). "Modern Chinese Constitutionalism: Reflections of Economic Change".

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The comprehensive and wide-ranging reforms created political differences over the pace of

2551:

To oversee his reform agenda, Deng promoted his allies to top government and party posts.

2038: 8: 21452: 20728: 20643: 20638: 20538: 20401: 20198: 20082: 19997: 19885: 19738: 19733: 19713: 19698: 19608: 19603: 19508: 19441: 19431: 19343: 19338: 19328: 19228: 19168: 19141: 18967: 18952: 18922: 18900: 18686: 18676: 18403: 18326: 18296: 18280: 18020: 17826: 17512: 17487: 17283: 17268: 16867: 16607: 16355: 16329: 16301: 16287: 16280: 16204: 15806: 15681: 15651: 15092: 14763: 13893: 11117: 10517: 5202: 5166: 5140: 5005:

large candlelight vigils attended by tens of thousands in Hong Kong every year since 1989

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In a disputed cable sent in the aftermath of the events at Tiananmen, British Ambassador

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In the evening, a firefight broke out between soldiers and demonstrators at Shuangjing.

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Gifts and donations from outside Mainland China during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests

3582: 3305: 3117:, knelt on the steps of the Great Hall to present a petition and demanded to see Premier 3016: 2770: 2766: 2580: 2505: 2420: 2130: 2050: 2045: 1976: 1971: 1069: 372: 289:

Heavy casualties in urban clashes between rioters and soldiers in Beijing, especially at

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The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leadership's Decision to Use Force, in Their Own Words

15362: 15227: 15200: 15119: 11002: 9000: 5124: 4310: 1110: 1107: 21536: 21394: 21180: 20882: 20678: 20663: 20588: 20568: 20563: 20548: 20395: 20143: 19895: 19779: 19533: 19436: 19421: 19333: 19323: 19298: 19293: 19058: 19012: 18927: 18912: 18855: 18671: 18594: 18470: 18361: 18351: 18032: 17880: 17455: 17344: 17339: 17329: 17324: 16514: 15752: 15717: 15173: 15146: 15042: 15034: 14573: 14565: 14316: 14059: 13827:"'The Tank Man,' a 'Frontline' Documentary, Examines One Man's Act in Tiananmen Square" 13706: 13642: 13445: 12787: 12490: 11669:

Ruan, Lotus; Knockel, Jeffrey; Ng, Jason Q.; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi (December 2016).

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protests in other countries, where many adopted the wearing of black armbands as well.

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Funding of student organizations during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

2446: 2441: 2415: 1946: 1918: 1815: 1733: 1725: 1297: 1289: 263: 20578: 20407: 16814: 12358: 12307:"Chinese detain Zhang Shijun, soldier who spoke out against Tiananmen Square massacre" 9026: 8449:

Yeung, Chris (29 May 1989). "Another vast crowd joins world-wide show of solidarity".

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opposed the imposition of martial law, Li Peng and Yao Yilin firmly supported it, and

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The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement

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result, those responsible were all later removed from their posts. Two news anchors,

4586: 4373: 4008: 3990: 3482: 3460: 3447: 3372: 3243: 3012: 2966: 2950: 2937: 2921: 2806: 2611:", i.e., social benefits such as job security, medical care, and subsidized housing. 2451: 2162: 2155: 1660: 1652: 1430: 1422: 1224: 1216: 1003: 861: 240: 20872: 20543: 14577: 5042: 3299:

The government's tone grew increasingly conciliatory when Zhao Ziyang returned from

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Wright, Kate (1990). "The Political Fortunes of Shanghai's World Economic Herald".

14555: 14547: 14533:"China's Fear of Contagion: Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example" 14308: 14148: 14051: 13698: 13552:"Latin American Diplomat Eyewitness Account of June 3–4 Events on Tiananmen Square" 13466: 13437: 12645:"China: 15 years after Tiananmen, calls for justice continue and the arrests go on" 12482: 11065: 8938: 7560: 7555: 7543: 7497: 7272: 7239: 7196: 7110: 7064: 6181: 6084: 5591: 5476: 5100:

and established relations with Indonesia, Israel, South Korea, and others in 1992.

4783:, ostensibly for his sympathies towards protesters. Editors and other staff at the 4662:, was also put under house arrest immediately after he stepped out of his plane at 4396: 3979: 3955: 3925: 3803: 3665: 3008: 2534: 2436: 2345: 2275: 1573: 1384: 1137: 1099: 977:

in April 1989 amid the backdrop of rapid economic development and social change in

928: 318: 142: 99: 13186: 11698:"He tried to commemorate erased history. China detained him, then erased that too" 11118:"India's Communist Party (Marxist): Defender of Stalin and capitalist restoration" 7055:

Ng-Quinn, Michael (1982). "Deng Xiaoping's Political Reform and Political Order".

7022: 5840:"He tried to commemorate erased history. China detained him, then erased that too" 3367:

Students began the hunger strike on 13 May, two days before the highly publicized

20986: 20877: 20733: 20723: 20708: 20688: 20673: 20648: 20593: 20358: 20326: 20218: 20178: 19940: 19935: 19875: 19816: 19548: 19426: 19253: 19218: 19126: 19121: 18845: 18739: 18413: 18346: 18336: 18301: 18257: 18244: 18196: 17960: 17648: 17638: 17497: 17405: 16726: 16701: 16678: 16525: 16383: 15522: 15232:[Incident at Liubukou When Tanks Ran Over Retreating Group of Students]. 14901: 14710: 14644: 14622: 14474: 14239: 14206: 14097: 13918: 13771: 13749: 13655: 13576: 13518: 13284: 12941: 12908: 12821: 12568: 12432: 12219: 8232: 5504: 5260: 5037: 5023: 5008: 4917:

Political purges during and after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

4627:

Political purges during and after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

2802: 2754:." In December 1982, the fourth and current Constitution of China, known as the " 2698:, democracy, and the rule of law. While the protests were initially contained in 2525: 2325: 2190: 2011: 1839: 1624: 1188: 18840: 16993: 13860: 13369:

Kristof, Nicholas D. (14 June 1989). "Beijing Ousts 2 American Correspondents".

13325: 3337:

made an emotional appeal on the night before the strike was scheduled to begin.

21581: 21556: 21340: 21242: 21049: 20703: 20628: 20618: 20613: 20473: 20213: 20002: 19925: 19653: 19558: 19308: 19248: 18880: 18798: 18701: 18661: 18631: 18531: 18486: 17966: 17753: 17673: 17577: 17093: 17073: 16852: 16633: 16173: 16093: 15666: 13441: 12570:

Behind the Tiananmen Massacre: Social, Political, and Economic Ferment in China

12387:

Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement

11147: 8434:

Macklin, Simon; Tang, John (27 May 1989). "Organisers ready for mass concert".

5490: 5232: 5120: 4762: 4381: 2608: 2140: 2055: 1923: 1807: 1803: 1608: 1405: 1172: 991: 986: 773: 11499:"University of Hong Kong removes Tiananmen Massacre monument in dead of night" 10929: 8408: 7501: 7114: 4842:

Some Western outlets withheld certain images from viewers; Graham Earnshaw, a

4796:

The restrictions were loosened after a few years had passed, especially after

1065: 21621: 21400: 20867: 20713: 20608: 20573: 20558: 20518: 20060: 19890: 19628: 19538: 19401: 19381: 19268: 19029: 19007: 18972: 18551: 18546: 18501: 18423: 18383: 18132: 18002: 17925: 17678: 17668: 17663: 17547: 17415: 17098: 17078: 17058: 17038: 17013: 16970: 16912: 16902: 16731: 16068: 15796: 15786: 15490: 14857: 14847: 12777: 12753:"Deng's June 9 Speech: 'We Faced a Rebellious Clique' and 'Dregs of Society'" 12336: 10769: 9816: 9319: 7509: 7456:"Tiananmen 30 years on: A China that's averse to political reforms – for now" 7208: 7200: 7165: 7122: 7076: 6754: 6436:"After 20 Years of 'Peaceful Evolution,' China Faces Another Historic Moment" 6193: 6096: 5601: 5581: 5320: 5132: 5065: 4879: 4860: 4767: 4490: 4424: 4259: 4043: 3971: 3917: 3783: 3230: 3141: 3122: 3094: 2898: 2656: 2520: 2330: 1010: 713: 686: 597: 501: 472: 322: 255: 213: 162: 149: 15335: 15308: 15281: 15254: 14668: 14072: 13719: 12899: 11947:"Tiananmen Square protests: crackdown intensifies as 30th anniversary nears" 11030: 11028: 9941: 8821: 5987: 4060:

Emergency Announcement, Beijing Municipal Government and Martial Law Command

3585:. You are not like us. We are already old. It doesn't matter to us anymore. 3053:

Publish information on the income of state leaders and their family members.

644: 317:, previously Party Secretary of Shanghai, promoted to General Secretary and 21472: 21376: 20653: 20603: 20533: 20523: 20377: 20365: 20352: 20158: 19985: 19486: 18734: 18584: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18139: 17542: 17161: 17088: 17043: 16777: 16668: 16643: 16158: 16048: 16013: 15778: 15518: 14009: 13863:– via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The Washington Post (1877–1994). 13470: 13405:"How China has censored words relating to the Tiananmen Square anniversary" 13038: 12158:"All references to Tiananmen Square massacre closely censored for 20 years" 12110: 12108: 11250: 11055: 10947:

11. "Troops march near Beijing square; foreign press coverage restricted,"

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People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

3273: 3133: 3106: 2989: 2513: 2467: 2315: 2006: 1742: 1580: 1495: 1391: 1306: 1144: 1053: 1052:. The government also invested heavily into creating more effective police 639: 15416:"China's Newspapers, After Crackdown by Beijing, Revert to a Single Voice" 14997: 14876: 13328:– via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851–2007). 12095: 12093: 11383: 11069: 9784: 7346:

Chinese Democracy and the Crisis of 1989: Chinese and American Reflections

6277: 6275: 6273: 5144:

military hardware. Among the sources that were sought included the former

2820:

on the political reforms. In his speech titled "Advance Along the Road of

2725: 21442: 20698: 20303: 20273: 20128: 20118: 20017: 19880: 19673: 19162: 18992: 18977: 18788: 18636: 18604: 18491: 18306: 18211: 18150: 17940: 17141: 17028: 17003: 16945: 16907: 16897: 16767: 16168: 16153: 16148: 16063: 16028: 16003: 15880: 15875: 15834: 15801: 14746: 14551: 13951: 12975:"Foreign journalists in China harassed over Tiananmen Square anniversary" 11924:"Why searching for the truth about Tiananmen is more important than ever" 11025: 5963: 5595: 5145: 4993: 4727: 4716: 4674: 4639: 4635: 4538: 4530: 4412: 4361: 4349: 4299: 3874:

into the Great Hall of the People on the west side of the square and the

3787: 3688: 3630: 3591: 3505: 3406: 3402: 3385:, the world socialist anthem, on their way to, and while at, the square. 3368: 3356: 3225: 3207: 3166: 3099: 3075: 3071: 2957: 2928: 2794: 2774: 2552: 2340: 2255: 2090: 1938: 1018: 940: 661: 627: 617: 573: 548: 536: 531: 526: 506: 314: 301: 209: 15075: 14624:

Sino-American relations: One year after the massacre at Tiananmen Square

14569: 14063: 13646: 13449: 12105: 11349: 11339: 10001: 9922: 8950: 8922: 7544:"Postsocialism? Reflections on 'socialism with Chinese characteristics'" 7216: 7173: 6201: 6165: 6104: 6068: 5498: 4691:

transferring very significant amounts of money to Swiss bank accounts."

2853:

Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China

21437: 21352: 20457: 20168: 20138: 20092: 20007: 19975: 19967: 19910: 19598: 19313: 19002: 18890: 18496: 17934: 17643: 17517: 17131: 16917: 16862: 16832: 16762: 16183: 16178: 16088: 16083: 16033: 16018: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15941: 15936: 15921: 15911: 15885: 15494: 15205:[1989 Tiananmen Square incident Highlights: Saturday, June 3]. 15038: 14320: 14296: 14273:"Fresh details of 'savage' Tiananmen massacre emerge in embassy cables" 13805:"Chinese human rights official says the crackdown 'completely correct'" 13710: 13633:

Lin, Chong-Pin; Deng, Xiaoping (28 June 1989). "Deng's 9 June Speech".

12486: 12090: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8820:

Greenberger, Robert S.; Ignatius, Adi; Sterba, James P. (5 June 1989).

7084: 6579:"Bus driver in '8964' massacre memento suspended for 3 months - report" 6270: 5746: 5723: 5330: 5236: 5228: 5007:, even after the transfer of power to China in 1997. Despite that, the 4950: 4801: 4790: 4776: 4735: 4570: 4542: 4429: 4377: 3975: 3839: 3835: 3708: 3657: 3567: 3547: 3543: 3398: 3390: 2790: 2782: 2679: 2560: 2509: 2230: 1893: 1669: 1439: 1233: 1081: 1032:". In the aftermath of the protests, the Chinese government suppressed 974: 681: 671: 656: 578: 568: 295:

Protest leaders and pro-democracy activists later exiled or imprisoned

185: 19111: 16576: 14560: 13380:"A Reassessment of How Many Died in the Military Crackdown in Beijing" 10189:"Tiananmen Square massacre cable makes chilling '10,000 killed' claim" 9048: 9046: 9044: 8844: 7517: 7307:

Toward a Democratic China: The Intellectual Autobiography of Yan Jiaqi

7130: 4868: 4595:, the operation involved more than 40 people and had its roots in the 3570:. Li Peng also went to the square but left shortly thereafter. At 4:50 21586: 20753: 20598: 20447: 20420: 20233: 20188: 20097: 20065: 20045: 20037: 19366: 19156: 17683: 17477: 17196: 17136: 17018: 16628: 16163: 16078: 16043: 16038: 15973: 15890: 15870: 15854: 15811: 15466:"China Censors: The Tiananmen Square Anniversary Will Not Be Tweeted" 14154:

Beijing Spring, 1989: Confrontation and Conflict: The Basic Documents

14055: 12517: 9977: 9257:"Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC" 9222:"Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC" 9117:""Tank Man" photographer reflects on 30 years since Tiananmen Square" 8942: 7630:

Zhang Liang, "An Emergency Report of the Beijing Party Committee" in

6185: 6145: 6143: 6088: 5426: 5256: 5252: 4976:

in Hong Kong in 2009 on the 20th anniversary of the June 4th incident

4765:, who reported this event on 4 and 5 June, respectively in the daily 4720: 4566: 4498: 4419: 4388: 4357: 4291: 4193: 3859: 3661: 3634: 3626: 3563: 3497: 3439: 3334: 3300: 3221: 3188: 2944: 2882: 2798: 2589: 2265: 1690: 1460: 1254: 995: 824: 607: 602: 521: 516: 327:

Imposition of Western economic sanctions and arms embargoes on China

298:

Rioters charged with violent crimes executed in the following months

195: 15030: 14312: 13773:

The Politics of China: Sixty Years of The People's Republic of China

13702: 9553: 8856: 7068: 6938: 5456: 5107: 4466:

Women's roles during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

4352:

initially claimed, based on information from a "good friend" in the

4078:

leaving under their school banners, heading southeast. At about 4:35

1810:

for 6 and 4), Eight Squared (since 8=64) and 8964 (in yymd format).

20332: 20173: 20070: 19945: 19764: 19668: 18808: 18666: 18120: 17033: 17008: 16965: 16799: 16782: 16706: 16520: 16008: 15983: 15978: 15906: 15844: 15791: 15554:

Zhao, Ziyang (2009). Pu, Bao; Chiang, Renee; Ignatius, Adi (eds.).

11867: 11865: 11863: 9041: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 5325: 5220: 5208: 4969: 4694: 4668: 4494: 4233: 4152: 4143: 4131: 3855: 3791: 3517: 3425: 3158: 3154: 3020: 2962: 2904: 2887: 2817: 2661: 2596: 2584: 1711: 1594: 1481: 1275: 1158: 1029: 676: 666: 612: 563: 511: 496: 205: 57: 20946: 19452:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

15178:[The advance target and route of the martial law forces]. 12407:"Chen Xitong, Beijing Mayor During Tiananmen Protests, Dies at 82" 10416: 6558: 6140: 5484: 2721:

History of the People's Republic of China § Political reforms

2614: 21171:

Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR

20278: 20163: 20153: 20102: 19643: 18388: 18006: 16960: 15968: 15926: 15916: 15849: 15839: 15816: 14745:. Long Bow Group in collaboration with ITVS. 1995. Archived from 13368: 13345:"Moderates Appear on Beijing TV, Easing Fears of Wholesale Purge" 12018:"China tried to pay off Tiananmen Square family, activists claim" 11395: 10935: 10581: 10579: 7101:

Whyte, Martin King (1993). "Deng Xiaoping: The Social Reformer".

6466:"The inside story of the propaganda fightback for Deng's reforms" 5585: 5308: 4843: 4738:, a general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, said in the 4655: 4286: 4169: 3851: 3758: 3525: 3513: 3429: 3292: 3234: 3211: 3118: 2933: 2786: 2778: 1749: 1502: 1313: 1050:

demoted or purged officials it deemed sympathetic to the protests

932: 553: 491: 271: 15557:

Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang

14679:

Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations 1989–2000

13187:"It Is Necessary To Take A Clear-Cut Stand Against Disturbances" 13089:

Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang

11860: 9726: 9724: 6915: 6309: 6307: 4814:

Foreign media at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

4314:

A burned-out vehicle on a Beijing street a few days after 6 June

3996:

The advance of the army was again halted by another blockade at

3500:, and Deng asserted that by making a conciliatory speech to the 37:"Tiananmen Square protests" redirects here. For other uses, see 21541: 20346: 20148: 20087: 19022: 17813: 16887: 15931: 15636: 15151:[Casualties of military police in martial law forces]. 15062:

Military Units Enforcing Martial Law During the June 4 Incident

14987:

Wong, Jan (6 June 1989). "Troops Brace for Attack in Beijing".

14903:

China's New Order: Society, Politics, and Economy in Transition

12943:

Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Revolution: A Political Biography

12621:"China tightens information controls for Tiananmen anniversary" 10358:"Wikileaks: no bloodshed inside Tiananmen Square, cables claim" 10328:"Wikileaks: no bloodshed inside Tiananmen Square, cables claim" 9075: 9073: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7963: 5700: 5675: 5650: 5611: 5000:

to Western countries such as Canada and Australia before 1997.

4872: 4659: 4631: 4577:, which was organized by Western intelligence agencies such as 4402: 3997: 3986: 3269: 3079: 3028: 2629: 1819: 558: 290: 259: 14359:

Richelson, Jeffrey T.; Evans, Michael L., eds. (1 June 1999).

14328:

Richelson, Jeffrey T.; Evans, Michael L., eds. (1 June 1999).

13892: 11529:"Pillar of Shame: Hong Kong's Tiananmen Square statue removed" 10576: 10070: 9579: 9144:"Images Vilify Protesters; Chinese Launch Propaganda Campaign" 7844: 7154:

Willamette Journal of International Law and Dispute Resolution

3823:

were outraged by the articles. They were also outraged by the

3249:

It is necessary to take a clear-cut stand against disturbances

3132:(also known as the Union) was formed. It elected CUPL student 3043:

Affirm Hu Yaobang's views on democracy and freedom as correct.

20831: 20787:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

20293: 20076: 18155: 18079:

Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China

17952: 17745: 16023: 14208:

Out of Mao's Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China

13520:

Culture and Politics in China: An Anatomy of Tiananmen Square

13034:"Director hailed at Cannes faces five-year film ban in China" 12130: 10895: 10893: 10880: 10878: 9874: 9790: 9721: 8714: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6290: 5807:"261 ways to refer to the Tiananmen Square massacre in China" 5114:

European Union arms embargo on the People's Republic of China

4546: 4456:

Dissidents in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

4001: 3741: 2978: 2973: 2699: 2270: 1757: 1510: 1321: 936: 891: 766: 761: 622: 14784: 11901:"The west is complicit in the 30-year cover-up of Tiananmen" 11809: 11668: 11256: 11034: 9862: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9070: 8738: 8726: 8619: 7960: 6497:"Prosperity, repression mark China 30 years after Tiananmen" 6227: 6225: 6223: 5148:

that it had a strained relationship with as a result of the

4856:

Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

3059:

Increase funding for education and raise intellectuals' pay.

994:" jobs, greater accountability, constitutional due process, 30:"June 4th movement" redirects here. Not to be confused with 20371: 20253: 18145: 18089: 17905: 15595:"Assignment: China – Tiananmen Square – US-China Institute" 15124:[The release of Tiananmen Square clearance order]. 14396:. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 300–. 13377: 11821: 11604: 11602: 11295: 11293: 11291: 11153:

Pax Indica: India and the World of the Twenty-first Century

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Schram, Stuart R. (1988). "China after the 13th Congress".

7023:"On the Reform of the System of Party and State Leadership" 6827: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6281: 4734:" in 2001. At the 30th anniversary of the 4 June Incident, 4220: 3214:(right) who declared martial law and backed military action 1021:, and as many as 300,000 troops were mobilized to Beijing. 14811:"Why China Refuses to Arrest its 'Most Wanted' Dissidents" 14476:

The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989

13479:"Less Than a Dozen June Fourth Protesters Still in Prison" 13239:"Japan concerned by call to lift China embargo – official" 11626: 11614: 10890: 10875: 9965: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9346: 8388: 8293: 8291: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8104: 8102: 8029: 8027: 7984: 7982: 7736: 7724: 6948: 6287: 3881:

On the evening of 2 June, an accident occurred in which a

966:

The protests were precipitated by the death of pro-reform

20826: 20806: 20801: 16684:

Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

16663: 15097:[Number of Beijing martial law units on June 4]. 13315: 13118: 12663: 12221:

Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping

12114: 12099: 10433: 10431: 10025: 9709: 9591: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9296: 9286: 9284: 8969: 8893: 8891: 8878: 8876: 8850: 8819: 8195: 8147: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7819: 7817: 7753: 7751: 7712: 7678: 7676: 6965: 6963: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6220: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 5319:

Before his death in 1998, Yang Shangkun told army doctor

5068:, Director of the Center for China-US Cooperation at the 4828: 4582: 4578: 3210:(left) who pushed for dialogue with students and Premier 3197: 3090:

issued two handbills challenging the central leadership.

3065:

Provide objective coverage of students in official media.

3056:

Allow privately run newspapers and stop press censorship.

2828:"), Zhao argued that socialism in China was still in its 1730: 1716: 1702: 1486: 1472: 1294: 1280: 1266: 1036:, carried out mass arrests of protesters which catalyzed 14186:"Web-savvy & cynical: China's youth since Tiananmen" 14147: 12750: 11638: 11599: 11587: 11563: 11551: 11478: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11305: 11288: 10863: 10554: 10552: 10322: 10320: 10052: 10042: 10040: 10007: 9983: 9947: 9935: 9910: 9898: 9886: 9850: 9835: 9326:. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College: 74. 8793: 8781: 8762: 8702: 8658: 8643: 8631: 8607: 8595: 8583: 8571: 8556: 8544: 8532: 8520: 7902: 7900: 7829: 7576:"1987: 13th CPC National Congress starts – China.org.cn" 6854: 6852: 6818: 4449: 3640:

On 27 May, over 300,000 people in Hong Kong gathered at

1681: 1451: 1245: 15441:"Young clerk let Tiananmen ad slip past censors: paper" 15340:[Last act of the Tiananmen incident (page 4)]. 15313:[Last act of the Tiananmen incident (page 3)]. 15286:[Last act of the Tiananmen incident (page 2)]. 15259:[Last act of the Tiananmen incident (page 1)]. 15225: 14709:

Thakur, Manab; Burton, Gene E; Srivastava, B N (1997).

14621: 13161: 12910:

China Road: A Journey into the Future of a Rising Power

12678:"Olympic hopeful who lost his legs in Tiananmen Square" 12199:"China's Youth post-Tiananmen: Apathy a fact or front?" 11882: 11880: 11773: 11456:"Tiananmen Massacre Online Museum Blocked in Hong Kong" 10627: 10603: 10013: 9953: 9559: 9400: 9343: 8867: 8692: 8690: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8288: 8276: 8126: 8099: 8087: 8075: 8063: 8039: 8024: 8012: 7979: 7948: 7924: 7912: 7621:

Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1994

6736: 6734: 6732: 6548: 6546: 6260: 6258: 6246: 5275: 5239:, the mothers of victims who died in 1989, founded the 3023:

and Shanghai on 16 April. On 17 April, students at the

2570: 1830: 1370:

Political turmoil between the Spring and Summer of 1989

247:, social equality, democratic input on economic reforms 14708: 13137: 12724: 12619: 12599: 12078: 11727: 11725: 11389: 11317: 10796:"Hong Kong's 'Long-Haired' Provocateurs International" 10537: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10428: 9529: 9519: 9517: 9379: 9362: 9281: 9197: 9058: 9052: 8888: 8873: 8496: 8484: 8333: 8207: 8171: 7885: 7873: 7856: 7814: 7804: 7802: 7787: 7748: 7700: 7673: 7661: 6999: 6960: 6888: 6801: 6777: 6765: 6606: 6604: 6564: 6531: 6149: 6006: 5341:

During its 41st session, from 3–21 November 2008, the

5035:

In memory of the events among other monuments at 1997

2595:

Following the 1988 meeting at their summer retreat of

904:

2010 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest

899:

2007 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest

102:

on 2 June (top), and tanks in Beijing in July (bottom)

27:

Chinese pro-democracy movement and subsequent massacre

21763:

Massacres committed by the People's Republic of China

18074:

Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China

14151:; Sullivan, Lawrence R.; Lambert, Marc, eds. (1990). 13578:

The People's Republic of Amnesia: Tiananmen Revisited

13341: 12671: 21 November 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2019. 11997: 11407: 10905: 10615: 10549: 10422: 10380: 10317: 10139: 10085: 10037: 9748: 9736: 9324:

Chinese National Security Decisionmaking Under Stress

8921:

Nathan, Andrew J.; Link, Perry; Liang, Zhang (2002).

7897: 6987: 6975: 6905: 6903: 6876: 6864: 6849: 6837: 6164:

Nathan, Andrew J.; Link, Perry; Liang, Zhang (2002).

6067:

Nathan, Andrew J.; Link, Perry; Liang, Zhang (2002).

6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 5798: 4779:, was removed from the English Program Department of 4681:. Jiang's decisive actions in Shanghai involving the 4007:

Demonstrators attacked troops with poles, rocks, and

3153:

On 22 April, near dusk, serious rioting broke out in

1657: 1643: 1629: 1613: 1599: 1585: 1427: 1410: 1396: 1221: 1207: 1193: 1177: 1163: 1149: 14741: 12855:"Most Chinese students have never heard of Tank Man" 12601:"China: The massacre of June 1989 and its aftermath" 12066: 11877: 11761: 11373: 11371: 10639: 10223: 9478: 8687: 8675: 8508: 8457: 8252: 7688: 6942: 6729: 6543: 6255: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6025: 5928: 5438: 5285:"hardship assistance" and was given to Tang Deying ( 5129:

Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China

4597:

Alliance in Support of Democratic Movements in China

3797:

The report emphasized the danger of infiltration of

1040:, strictly controlled coverage of the events in the 14129:Naughton, Barry (2010). Béja, Jean-Philippe (ed.). 13207:(People's Daily) editorial (printed April 26, 1989) 13087:. In Pu, Bao; Chiang, Renee; Ignatius, Adi (eds.). 13060:"How Many Really Died? Tiananmen Square Fatalities" 12281:"Beijing Orders Its Ambassadors Home for a Meeting" 12156: 11871: 11785: 11749: 11737: 11722: 11650: 11575: 10851: 10591: 10443: 10404: 10392: 10097: 9541: 9514: 9502: 9490: 9097: 9085: 8981: 8264: 7799: 7763: 7637: 6601: 6387: 5916: 5769:

in a different place and under other circumstances.

4677:, the Party Secretary of Shanghai, was promoted to 4650:The party leadership expelled Zhao Ziyang from the 3532:, mobilized the military to move into the capital. 15360: 14828:"China's Tiananmen activists: Where are they now?" 14079:(Interview). Interviewed by Maria Elena Viggiano. 14042:Nathan, Andrew (2002). "On the Tiananmen Papers". 13185: 13109: 12700: 12552:"Document of 1989: 21 Most Wanted Student Leaders" 12131: 11985: 11973: 11098: 10917: 10564: 10235: 10159:"Tiananmen Square protest death toll 'was 10,000'" 8340:Kevin D. Haggerty, Richard Victor Ericson (2006). 8183: 7850: 7775: 7649: 6900: 6519: 6037: 5940: 5096:investment. China expedited negotiations with the 4990:franchise for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong 4302:said that the number of injured was around 6,000. 3930:Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution 3664:, and other organization leaders, paraded through 3575:students. It would be his last public appearance. 3229:protesters. On the morning of 25 April, President 3098:broadcast live to the students. General Secretary 21577:Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location 16435:Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy 15590:about 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 15367:[1989 Tiananmen Events: Sunday, June 4]. 13517:Li, Peter; Li, Marjorie H.; Mark, Steven (2011). 13477: 12823:China Since Tiananmen: The Politics of Transition 12643: 11961: 11460:The Daily News Brief | Real News without the Spin 11368: 10960:21. Jonathan Mirsky, "Revenge of the old guard," 10585: 9772: 9760: 9697: 8339: 6313: 6123: 5314: 5108:European Union and the United States arms embargo 2858: 2559:, the head of government, in September 1980, and 1080:"8964" redirects here. For the minor planet, see 21619: 20967:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 20772:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 15117: 14936:"Chen Ziming, Dissident in China, Is Dead at 62" 13459:International Journal of Public Opinion Research 13332: 12627:. Australia. Agence France-Presse. 4 June 2009. 11436: 10462: 9730: 9251: 9249: 9216: 9214: 9212: 8720: 8442: 6678:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 6319: 5052: 4925:The protests highlighted severe inadequacies in 4589:, a British territory at the time. According to 3530:Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission 2805:and opposed the implementation of Western-style 1414:nien chʻun hsia chih-chiao te cheng-chih feng-po 842:December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong 19209:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 18616:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 16722:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 16561:Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao 15439: 15171: 14358: 14002:"Tiananmen's Most Wanted – Where Are They Now?" 13009:"Miao Deshun: China's last Tiananmen prisoner?" 12468:"Revolution and repression in Tiananmen square" 11815: 11797: 11424: 9079: 8920: 8744: 8342:The New Politics of Surveillance and Visibility 6163: 6066: 4992:, which led to friction with Beijing. For many 4752:People's Daily during the 1989 Student Movement 4182:100 most influential people of the 20th century 4161:, thought that they were concerned bystanders. 2615:Social disenfranchisement and legitimacy crisis 1818:only a few miles long, and especially near the 1056:units. More broadly, the suppression ended the 21412:Information operations and information warfare 21389:Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism 17503:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 15657:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 15144: 15090: 14327: 11156:. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. 10217: 6298: 5041:with height of 8 meters performed by sculptor 4243: 3062:End restrictions on demonstrations in Beijing. 2667: 1853:History of the People's Republic of China 1453:1989-ni tshen-ghô tsy-jiau di tsen-tsy fhon-bo 743: 20932: 18105: 17726: 16592: 15622: 14963:"Far-Ranging Support for Google's China Move" 14853:Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China 14682:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 58–. 14131:The Impact of China's 1989 Tiananmen Massacre 13660:The Impact of China's 1989 Tiananmen Massacre 13282: 13058: 12776: 12437:The Impact of China's 1989 Tiananmen Massacre 11401: 11225: 11140: 9971: 9608: 9246: 9209: 6798:, Chapter 5: On the Eve of the 1989 Movement. 6231: 5761:Jay Mathews, former Beijing bureau chief for 5383:Mourning banners hung near the South Gate of 5286: 4820: 3838:, Zhou Duo, and Gao Xin—and Taiwanese singer 3599: 3312: 3025:China University of Political Science and Law 2995:China University of Political Science and Law 2485: 1547: 1533: 1512:1989-nî chhun-hē chi-kau tī chèng-tī hong-pho 1474:1989-nìhn cheūnhaah jígáau dī jingchìh fūngbō 1398:1989-nián chūn xià zhījiāo de zhèngzhì fēngbō 1358: 1344: 1104: 729: 121:(1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days) 20848:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 18399:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 15733:Dialogue between students and the government 15333: 15306: 15279: 15252: 14712:International Management: Concepts and Cases 14596: 11334: 11332: 11262: 9602: 9302: 8344:. University of Toronto Press. p. 204. 7634:(New York: Public Affairs, 2001). pp. 334-5. 6702: 5307:) died at age 15 while in police custody in 5207:and any writings of Zhao Ziyang or his aide 4865:Monument in Memory of Chinese from Tiananmen 4403:Deaths around and in Tiananmen Square itself 3412: 3241:On 26 April, the party's official newspaper 3050:and bourgeois liberalization had been wrong. 2533:, in December 1978, Deng emerged as China's 21628:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 21329:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 19709:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 17798:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 15638:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 14809:Traywick, Catherine A. (25 November 2013). 14099:The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth 14017:Nathan, Andrew J. (January–February 2001). 13952:"Tiananmen killings: Were the media right?" 13769: 13427: 13237: 11839: 11644: 11632: 11620: 10899: 10884: 9313: 9311: 8433: 8165: 5900:. US News & World Report. 1 June 2023. 4232:so tense that residents reportedly began a 4209: 3770:On the same day, another report, issued by 2106:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 1899:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 1090:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 784:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 51:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 20939: 20925: 20812:United States involvement in regime change 18367:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 18112: 18098: 17733: 17719: 16599: 16585: 15629: 15615: 14874: 14675: 14450:"There Was No 'Tiananmen Square Massacre'" 13920:The Legacy of Tiananmen: China in Disarray 13283:Kelley, Lane; Shenkar, Oded, eds. (1993). 12972: 12566: 12277: 12250: 11779: 10609: 8975: 8409:"Playlist of 'Democratic Songs for China'" 7718: 7624: 6658:"Huíshǒu 1978 – Lìshǐ zài zhèlǐ zhuǎnzhé" 4710:The official narrative constructed by the 4376:, a victims' advocacy group co-founded by 4125: 3909:assemble at intersections and the Square. 3258: 3121:. Standing beside them, a fourth student ( 2531:Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee 2492: 2478: 736: 722: 39:Tiananmen Square protests (disambiguation) 21488:List of Hong Kong national security cases 21186:Independent Commission Against Corruption 15019:The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 14998:"Security tight on Tiananmen anniversary" 14875:Walder, Andrew W.; Gong, Xiaoxia (1993). 14743:"The Gate of Heavenly Peace – Transcript" 14559: 13802: 12176: 12084: 11329: 11323: 10994: 10480: 9640: 7611: 7559: 4607:Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao were arrested 3317: 847:Anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement 21028:National Defense Mobilization Commission 15488: 14808: 14270: 14128: 14095: 13977:"Places 20 years apart – Indian Express" 13894:"The Memory Of Tiananmen – The Tank Man" 13516: 13082: 13002:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 12819: 12665:United Nations Committee Against Torture 12603:. Amnesty International. 31 March 1990. 12567:Cheng, Chu-yüan; Zheng, Zhuyuan (1990). 12549: 12540: 12430: 12329: 12304: 12254:"In Taiwan, Sympathies Lean Toward Home" 12160:. 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The Dui Hua Foundation. 31 May 2012. 13264:"Hong Kong's Tiananmen Museum to close" 13032:Higgins, Charlotte (5 September 2006). 13031: 12939: 12906: 12465: 12403: 12389:. 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Hong Kong: 真相出版社. 15016: 14761: 14643: 14508:"China faces dark memory of Tiananmen" 14505: 14183: 14070: 14041: 14016: 13999: 13823: 13742: 13620:from the original on 27 September 2018 13549: 13193:from the original on 12 September 2006 13149:from the original on 21 September 2009 13006: 12997: 12852: 12675: 12647:. Amnesty International. 2 June 2004. 11791: 11755: 11731: 11656: 11496: 11466:from the original on 30 September 2021 11207:from the original on 25 September 2020 11188: 10857: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10597: 10456: 10103: 10008:Oksenberg, Sullivan & Lambert 1990 9948:Oksenberg, Sullivan & Lambert 1990 9936:Oksenberg, Sullivan & Lambert 1990 9585: 9547: 9523: 9394: 9373: 9290: 9203: 9091: 9064: 8987: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8897: 8882: 8832:from the original on 12 September 2020 8502: 8490: 8394: 8141: 7541: 7487: 7453: 7096: 7094: 7016: 7014: 6993: 6752: 6652: 6650: 6525: 6494: 6349:from the original on 21 September 2023 6155: 6054: 5946: 5804: 5528:Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 5160: 5155: 5027:in the University of Hong Kong in 2020 4476:Beijing Students Autonomous Federation 4450:Arrests, punishments, and evacuations 4444: 4436:In 2011, three secret cables from the 4032: 3278:Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation 3247:issued a front-page editorial titled " 3148: 3088:Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation 2863: 2839: 2822:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 1732: 1659: 1429: 1296: 1223: 439:Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation 208:(especially regarding the children of 20920: 20777:Soviet espionage in the United States 18933:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 18712:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 18377:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 18093: 17714: 17157:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 16580: 16302:The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries 15610: 14959: 14947:from the original on 22 December 2017 14932: 14846: 14609:from the original on 27 February 2019 14472: 14447: 14422: 13987:from the original on 27 February 2019 13974: 13949: 13916: 13880:from the original on 23 December 2016 13537:from the original on 4 September 2015 13402: 13378:Kristof, Nicholas D. 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New York: Oxford University Press. 12764:from the original on 13 November 2013 12381: 12015: 11991: 11979: 11104: 10973: 10936:Kristof: Beijing Ousts Correspondents 10923: 10674:from the original on 27 February 2019 10645: 10633: 10570: 10292: 10241: 10145: 10091: 10046: 10031: 9754: 9742: 9715: 9679:"Jan Wong, August 1988 - August 1994" 9670: 9658:from the original on 17 February 2009 9440:from the original on 23 December 2016 9109: 8681: 8478: 8448: 8415:from the original on 27 February 2019 8406: 8282: 8258: 8226:Higgins, Andrew (14 September 1998). 8189: 7906: 7838: 7537: 7535: 7483: 7481: 7435:from the original on 16 December 2019 7416: 7414: 7380: 7378: 7151: 7100: 7050: 7048: 6831: 6552: 6476:from the original on 26 February 2020 6393: 6264: 6134: 6031: 5957: 5955: 5922: 5890: 5625:2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement 5553:Mass killings under communist regimes 4905: 4819:video during the night of 4 June was 4705: 4620: 3846:On 2 June, Deng Xiaoping and several 3466: 3172: 2542:program to reform the Chinese economy 951:. The events are sometimes called the 793:2011 crackdown on dissidents in China 717: 20853:Soviet Union–United States relations 19204:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 15677:Campaign against spiritual pollution 14995: 14986: 14974:from the original on 4 February 2010 14899: 14887:from the original on 1 December 2010 14825: 14435:from the original on 23 October 2012 13653: 13607: 13574: 13390:from the original on 4 February 2011 13270:from the original on 11 January 2017 13212: 12877: 12807:from the original on 27 October 2015 12798: 12651:from the original on 31 January 2019 12607:from the original on 16 January 2019 12516: 12265:from the original on 4 November 2018 12217: 11967: 11957:from the original on 31 August 2019. 11677:from the original on 10 October 2019 11581: 11390:Thakur, Burton & Srivastava 1997 11377: 11053: 11040: 10664:"China: Tiananmen's Unhealed Wounds" 10543: 10437: 10410: 10398: 9778: 9766: 9703: 9535: 9508: 9496: 9484: 9460:"ACTIVIST: NO KILLINGS IN TIANANMEN" 9419: 9173:Kristof, Nicholas D. 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On the same day, many students at 2714: 2678:In mid-1986, astrophysics professor 2571:Challenges to Reforms and Opening-up 2381:2020 Hong Kong national security law 2074:Campaign against spiritual pollution 945:deployed troops to occupy the square 444:Defend Tiananmen Square Headquarters 21078:city/county Public Security Bureaus 20817:Soviet involvement in regime change 15672:1986 Chinese student demonstrations 14877:"Workers in the Tiananmen Protests" 14597:Schoenberger, Karl (18 June 1989). 14584:from the original on 1 October 2020 14493:from the original on 19 August 2020 14377:from the original on 25 August 2017 14346:from the original on 25 August 2017 14295: 14237: 14204: 13730:from the original on 1 October 2020 13717: 13688: 13456: 13403:Kuang, Keng Kek Ser (4 June 2016). 13261: 12738:from the original on 5 January 2017 12702:"The Day China trampled on freedom" 12359:"Journalists banned from Tiananmen" 12278:Bernstein, Richard (29 June 1989). 12144:from the original on 27 August 2018 12048:"China doctor calls 1989 'mistake'" 11743: 11539:from the original on 1 January 2022 11484: 11442: 11226:Raj Chengappa (15 September 1991). 10824: 10776:from the original on 4 October 2018 10651: 10483:"Tiananmen Square: the long shadow" 10468: 10071:Frontline: Memory of Tiananmen 2006 9803:McFadden, Robert D. 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Kennedy 18804:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 18322:Restatement of Policy on Germany 17700:Human rights in the Soviet Union 16659:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 15738:Funding of student organizations 15451:from the original on 16 May 2008 15267:from the original on 1 July 2018 15159:from the original on 18 May 2013 14933:Weber, Bruce (25 October 2014). 14834:from the original on 13 May 2017 14370:. George Washington University. 14171:from the original on 4 June 2024 13962:from the original on 9 July 2015 13937:from the original on 9 July 2020 13923:. University of Michigan Press. 13757:from the original on 4 June 2019 13658:. 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University of Chicago Press. 15413:Wudunn, Sheryl (22 June 1989). 15348:from the original on 3 May 2019 15294:from the original on 3 May 2019 14073:"The Consequences of Tiananmen" 13502:. Hong Kong: Au Ya Publishing. 13286:International Business in China 12973:Greenslade, Roy (3 June 2014). 12133:"Ageing rebels, bitter victims" 12016:Watts, Jonathan (31 May 2011). 11945:Davidson, Helen (31 May 2019). 11922:Needham, Kirsty (31 May 2019). 10293:Clark, Gregory (21 July 2008). 10169:from the original on 7 May 2020 9823:from the original on 3 May 2019 9676: 7568: 7336: 7297: 7264: 7231: 7180: 7145: 6696: 6488: 6458: 6427: 6407:"Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour" 6282:Kristof: Reassessing Casualties 6060: 5711: 5564:Moving the Mountain (1994 film) 5197:Collection of June Fourth Poems 3850:met with the three PSC members— 3693:mobilized at least 30 divisions 3005:Monument to the People's Heroes 2366:China International Import Expo 1802:). To bypass censorship by the 1792:) and "June Fourth Crackdown" ( 1758: 1731: 1717: 1703: 1682: 1523:Second alternative Chinese name 1511: 1487: 1473: 1452: 1334:Name used by the PRC Government 1322: 1295: 1281: 1267: 1246: 1058:political reforms begun in 1986 809:2022 COVID-19 protests in China 706: 21458:Central Case Examination Group 21191:Hong Kong Disciplined Services 19194:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 18829:Mozambican War of Independence 18268:Indonesian National Revolution 17598:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact 16737:Terrorism and the Soviet Union 15371:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15344:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15317:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15290:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15263:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15236:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15209:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15182:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15155:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15128:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15101:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 14715:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 14676:Suettinger, Robert L. (2004). 14647:(1999). "Testing the Limits". 14425:"Remembering Tiananmen Square" 13776:. Cambridge University Press. 13770:MacFarquhar, Roderick (2011). 13726:. Vol. 127, no. 14. 13550:Lilley, James (12 July 1989). 13163:"Interview with Timothy Brook" 12826:. Cambridge University Press. 12431:Cabestan, Jean-Pierre (2010). 12404:Buckley, Chris (5 June 2013). 12224:. Princeton University Press. 12115:Committee Against Torture 2008 12100:Committee Against Torture 2008 11270:"Tiananmen toll 'exaggerated'" 10974:Clark, Gregory (3 June 2014). 10800:english.ohmynews.com – OhmyNew 10481:Anderlini, Jamil (June 2014). 9142:Burgess, John (12 June 1989). 7561:10.1080/14672715.1989.10413190 7310:. University of Hawaii Press. 6577:Yuen, Chantal (13 June 2016). 6434:Ma, Damien (23 January 2012). 6414:Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 5864: 5805:Sonnad, Nikhil (3 June 2019). 5739:Beijing Broadcasting Institute 5705: 5696: 5686: 5680: 5671: 5661: 5655: 5646: 5636: 5423:University of British Columbia 5315:Chinese leaders voicing regret 5304: 5296: 5127:. However, the passing of the 5089:Convention on Chemical Weapons 4472:Beijing Public Security Bureau 4393:Chinese Alliance for Democracy 4290:June, Beijing Party Secretary 4105: 3682: 3653: 3646:Concert for Democracy in China 2859:Beginning of the 1989 protests 2825: 2760:5th National People's Congress 2644: 2639: 2634: 2625: 2540:. He launched a comprehensive 2069:Sino-British Joint Declaration 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1658: 1644: 1630: 1614: 1600: 1586: 1559:Eighty-Nine Democracy Movement 1548: 1534: 1428: 1411: 1397: 1359: 1345: 1222: 1208: 1194: 1178: 1164: 1150: 1105: 947:in what is referred to as the 13: 1: 21693:Political repression in China 21248:Commission Against Corruption 20792:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 19807:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 19760:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 19482:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 19447:Seven Days to the River Rhine 19179:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 18466:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 18394:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 17774:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency 17618:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 17217:Inter-regional Deputies Group 17202:National League for Democracy 16363:Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square 14860:of Harvard University Press. 14448:Roth, Richard (4 June 2009). 14184:Olesen, Alexa (30 May 2009). 14000:Mosher, Stacy (26 May 2004). 13718:Liu, Melinda (1 April 1996). 13608:Lim, Louisa (15 April 2014). 13215:"Time 100: The Unknown Rebel" 13139:"Interview with John Pomfret" 13007:Harron, Celia (3 June 2014). 12940:Goodman, David S. G. (1994). 12550:Cheng, Eddie (13 June 2012). 10513:"The great escape from China" 10257:The Second Chinese Revolution 8851:Kristof: Residents Block Army 8372:. Event occurs at 00:42:12. 8317:. Event occurs at 00:24:50. 5787: 5093:Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 5053:China's image internationally 4940:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour 4798:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour 4265: 3878:compound east of the square. 3765: 2361:China–United States trade war 2034:China–United States relations 1825: 1062:Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour 804:Beijing Sitong Bridge protest 231:End of corruption within the 21758:Human rights abuses in China 21478:Grid-style social management 21468:Death sentence with reprieve 21463:Civil Servant-Family Pair Up 21299:Correctional Services Bureau 21201:National Security Department 21033:Ministry of National Defense 21006:United Front Work Department 20972:National Security Commission 19785:Fall of communism in Albania 19755:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 19704:Polish Round Table Agreement 19044:1968 Polish political crisis 18861:Eritrean War of Independence 18627:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 18522:East German uprising of 1953 18454:Chinese Communist Revolution 18119: 17528:Alexanderplatz demonstration 17493:Polish Round Table Agreement 17167:People's Movement of Ukraine 15091:Wu, Renhua (23 April 2010). 14906:. Harvard University Press. 14826:Tsui, Anjali; Pang, Esther. 14244:. Harvard University Press. 13950:Miles, James (2 June 2009). 13824:Martel, Ed (11 April 2006). 13262:Kam, Vivian (11 July 2016). 13213:Iyer, Pico (13 April 1998). 12726:"Declassified British cable" 12526:. Tyndale House Publishers. 12340:(in Spanish). Archived from 10828:【六四三十】國防部長魏鳳和：中央果斷平息動亂屬正確決定 9317: 8868:Timothy Brook interview 2006 7385:Wu, Wei (15 December 2014). 6703:Tom Phillips (11 May 2016). 5792: 5570:Protest and dissent in China 5343:UN Committee Against Torture 4964: 4849: 4686:position as Chairman of the 4652:Politburo Standing Committee 4229:Yangtze River Railway bridge 3744:and not an idea of her own. 3494:Politburo Standing Committee 3163:Politburo Standing Committee 2741:") at a full meeting of the 2682:returned from a position at 2376:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 1967:Socialist Education Movement 876:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 7: 21733:Chinese democracy movements 21023:Ministry of Public Security 20977:Central Military Commission 19659:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 19387:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 19132:Corrective Movement (Syria) 19096:New People's Army rebellion 19091:Sino-Soviet border conflict 18819:Angolan War of Independence 18682:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 18562:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 18207:Jamaican political conflict 18051:Johnson South Reef Skirmish 17914:Sino-Soviet border conflict 17869:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 17573:January Events in Lithuania 17508:Hungarian Round Table Talks 17147:Democratic Party of Albania 15464:Zetter, Kim (2 June 2009). 15226:Wu, Renhua (12 June 2010). 14650:The Search for Modern China 14390:Roberts, John A.G. (2011). 13975:Mohan, Raja (4 June 2009). 13917:Miles, James A. R. (1997). 13610:"After 25 Years of Amnesia" 13581:. Oxford University Press. 12853:Fisher, Max (3 June 2014). 12801:"Talking Points, June 3–18" 12667: Session 41 11341:Why the People's Army Fired 9560:Wu: Tanks Ran Over Students 9080:Richelson & Evans 1999b 9053:John Pomfret interview 2006 6339:"Tiananmen Square incident" 5576:Other protests in the 1980s 5434: 5291:), whose son Zhou Guocong ( 5047:the University of Hong Kong 4910: 4781:Chinese Radio International 4688:Central Military Commission 4244:Government's pronouncements 4180:later named him one of the 3970:, led by interim commander 3903: 3876:Ministry of Public Security 3813: 3695:from five of the country's 3644:for a gathering called the 2668:1986 student demonstrations 1488:1989-nin4 ceon1ci4 fung1bo1 1034:other protests around China 943:on the night of 3 June and 10: 21779: 21718:April 1989 events in China 21572:Re-education through labor 21109:Judicial Administrative PP 21018:Ministry of State Security 19855:Sino-Indian border dispute 19684:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 19614:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 19372:1976 Argentine coup d'état 19284:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 19234:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 18918:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 18886:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 18575:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 18342:Asian Relations Conference 17887:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 17746:People's Republic of China 17227:Hungarian Democratic Forum 17222:Alliance of Free Democrats 17212:Union of Democratic Forces 16323:The Gate of Heavenly Peace 15361:Wu, Renhua (4 June 2011). 15199:Wu, Renhua (5 June 2010). 15172:Wu, Renhua (5 June 2010). 15145:Wu, Renhua (23 May 2010). 14996:Wong, Andy (3 June 2009). 13874:Columbia Journalism Review 13523:. Transaction Publishers. 13442:10.1215/07402775-2003-2011 12708:. Australia. 30 May 2009. 12123: 11899:Ai, Weiwei (4 June 2019). 11696:Su, Alice (24 June 2021). 11189:CPI(M) (9 January 1992) . 10835:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 10295:"Birth of a massacre myth" 9434:Columbia Journalism Review 6565:China tightens information 6299:Richelson & Evans 1999 6150:Declassified British cable 5838:Su, Alice (24 June 2021). 5558:Mass surveillance in China 5543:List of massacres in China 5357: 5170: 5164: 5111: 5083:The government signed the 5079:Protest in Hong Kong, 2020 4937: 4933: 4914: 4853: 4811: 4749: 4624: 4463: 4453: 4269: 4247: 4129: 3772:Ministry of State Security 3734:The Gate of Heavenly Peace 3675: 3612: 3600:Surveillance of protesters 3416: 3344: 3321: 3313:Escalation of the protests 3262: 3176: 2843: 2718: 2671: 1837: 1079: 871:2016 Mong Kok civil unrest 857:Hong Kong new year marches 66:Chinese democracy movement 36: 29: 21728:June 1989 events in China 21703:Student protests in China 21668:Cold War history of China 21607:Holistic security concept 21602:Xinjiang internment camps 21425: 21371:Persecution of Falun Gong 21321: 21233: 21161: 21048: 20959: 20891: 20840: 20762: 20739:William Appleman Williams 20684:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 20466: 20438: 20387: 20319: 20312: 20246: 20111: 20036: 19966: 19959: 19868: 19815: 19747: 19460: 19199:Bangladesh Liberation War 19189:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 19104: 19076:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 19064:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 18727: 18502:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 18479: 18189: 18127: 18066: 18027:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 18000: 17950: 17923: 17903: 17896: 17807: 17752: 17692: 17626: 17588:1991 protests in Belgrade 17468: 17393: 17302: 17244: 17235: 17117: 16979: 16926: 16823: 16755: 16692: 16614: 16548: 16506: 16453: 16407: 16272: 16192: 16141: 16132: 16107: 15961: 15954: 15899: 15863: 15825: 15777: 15766: 15710: 15644: 15118:Wu, Renhua (4 May 2010). 14512:The Sydney Morning Herald 14368:National Security Archive 14337:National Security Archive 14241:From Reform to Revolution 13111:"Interview with Jan Wong" 12820:Fewsmith, Joseph (2001). 11928:The Sydney Morning Herald 11503:Hong Kong Free Press HKFP 11402:Kelley & Shenkar 1993 11062:Stanford University Press 10423:Kristof: Moderates Appear 9984:Deng's 9 June Speech 1989 8228:"Obituary: Yang Shangkun" 7502:10.1017/S0305741000026758 7271:Bao, Tong (4 June 2015). 7238:Wu, Wei (18 March 2014). 7115:10.1017/S0305741000013898 6943:The Gate of Heavenly 1995 6705:"The Cultural Revolution" 6583:Hong Kong Free Press HKFP 5874:. LA Times. 30 May 2019. 5749:. Retrieved 21 May 2007. 5287: 5177:Chinese censorship abroad 4821: 3928:, here on display at the 3747: 3413:Mikhail Gorbachev's visit 2988: 2972: 2956: 2943: 2927: 2914: 2909:Beijing Normal University 2897: 2892:Beijing Normal University 2881: 2876: 2873: 2738: 2731:paramount leader of China 2356:Xinjiang internment camps 2331:Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou 2181:China Western Development 2173:Persecution of Falun Gong 1769: 1748: 1741: 1724: 1710: 1696: 1689: 1675: 1668: 1651: 1637: 1623: 1607: 1593: 1579: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1541: 1527: 1522: 1501: 1494: 1480: 1466: 1459: 1445: 1438: 1421: 1404: 1390: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1366: 1352: 1338: 1333: 1312: 1305: 1288: 1274: 1260: 1253: 1239: 1232: 1215: 1201: 1187: 1171: 1157: 1143: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1119: 1106: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1075: 957:Tiananmen Square Incident 949:Tiananmen Square massacre 917:Tiananmen Square protests 755: 701: 696: 467: 462: 345: 340: 277: 251: 227: 178: 134: 110: 71: 55: 50: 21723:May 1989 events in China 21708:Labour movement in China 21383:Anti-corruption campaign 21143:State Secrets Protection 20982:People's Liberation Army 19514:1980 Turkish coup d'état 19349:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 19319:1978 Somali coup attempt 19279:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 19244:1973 Chilean coup d'état 19069:Revolutionary Government 18963:South African Border War 18755:1960 Turkish coup d'état 18672:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 18527:1953 Iranian coup d'état 18507:1952 Egyptian revolution 17979:Daulat Beg Oldi incident 17578:January Events in Latvia 17568:Reunification of Germany 17553:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 17483:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 17207:National Salvation Front 17192:Belarusian Popular Front 17182:Popular Front of Estonia 16951:Polish underground press 16712:List of socialist states 16420:Democracy Party of China 15560:. Simon & Schuster. 15363: 15336: 15309: 15282: 15255: 15228: 15201: 15174: 15147: 15120: 15093: 15056: 14157:. Qiao Li. M.E. Sharpe. 14096:Naughton, Barry (2007). 12782: 11872:References Censored 2009 11122:World Socialist Web Site 11060:. Stanford, California: 10827: 10726: 10694: 8451:South China Morning Post 8436:South China Morning Post 7423: 7387: 7273: 7240: 7201:10.1177/0097700413511313 6755:"A Country Study: China" 6667: 6659: 6470:South China Morning Post 5743:Central Academy of Drama 5630: 5619:Similar student killings 5518:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 5098:World Trade Organization 5085:Non-Proliferation Treaty 4982:one country, two systems 4947:World Trade Organization 4773:China Central Television 4339:National Security Agency 4210:Protests outside Beijing 3989:Bridge. The troops used 3949:People's Liberation Army 3934:People's Liberation Army 3566:. He was accompanied by 3456:Great Hall of the People 3347:Tiananmen hunger strikes 3033:Great Hall of the People 2812:In October 1987, at the 2708:bourgeois liberalization 2638:) and the "Lawn Salon" ( 2336:2016 G20 Hangzhou summit 2311:Belt and Road Initiative 2306:Anti-corruption campaign 2146:One country, two systems 2079:Bourgeois liberalization 1957:Two Bombs, One Satellite 1929:Hundred Flowers Campaign 1543:Traditional Chinese 1354:Traditional Chinese 1070:censored topics in China 1046:foreign affiliated press 919:, known in China as the 837:Hong Kong 1 July marches 448:Pro-democracy protesters 396:People's Liberation Army 21058:Supervisory Commissions 19719:Fall of the Berlin Wall 19664:People Power Revolution 19649:Central American crisis 19589:1986 Black Sea incident 19239:1973 Afghan coup d'état 19137:Western Sahara conflict 18948:1966 Syrian coup d'état 18871:1963 Syrian coup d'état 18814:Portuguese Colonial War 18777:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 18542:1954 Syrian coup d'état 18419:Annexation of Hyderabad 18362:1947–1949 Palestine war 17654:Economic liberalization 17593:1991 Belarusian strikes 17533:Fall of the Berlin Wall 17187:Public Against Violence 17177:Popular Front of Latvia 16956:Political demonstration 16805:Chinese economic reform 16717:People Power Revolution 15723:April 27 demonstrations 15662:1976 Tiananmen Incident 15388:Wu, Wei (4 June 2015). 14762:Thomas, Antony (2006). 14205:Pan, Philip P. (2008). 13870:"The Myth of Tiananmen" 13203:English translation of 12878:Foot, Rosemary (2000). 12466:Calhoun, Craig (1989). 11054:Zhao, Suisheng (2023). 9430:"The Myth of Tiananmen" 9318:Wortzel, Larry (2005). 9031:Weapons Law Enyclopedia 8826:The Wall Street Journal 7851:26 April Editorial 1995 7421:Wu, Wei (7 July 2014). 6757:. Library of Congress. 6753:Worden, Robert (1987). 6248:Sino-American relations 5608:People Power Revolution 5548:Mass incidents in China 5270:Google agreed to censor 4897:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 4712:Chinese Communist Party 4664:Beijing Capital Airport 4126:5 June and the Tank Man 4025:The Wall Street Journal 3870:, and 24th armies were 3642:Happy Valley Racecourse 3428:gained permission from 3419:1989 Sino-Soviet Summit 3265:27 April demonstrations 3259:27 April demonstrations 3253:1976 Tiananmen Incident 2877:Origin and affiliation 2696:economic liberalization 2605:state-owned enterprises 2256:Three Links with Taiwan 2251:2008 Sichuan earthquake 2226:2002–2004 SARS outbreak 2126:Shanghai Stock Exchange 1844:Chinese economic reform 1529:Simplified Chinese 1340:Simplified Chinese 968:Chinese Communist Party 866:2014 Hong Kong protests 799:Egg fried rice protests 360:Chinese Communist Party 233:Chinese Communist Party 220:Third wave of democracy 21532:Judiciary of Hong Kong 21347:Anti-Rightist Campaign 21270:Public Security Police 21258:Unitary Police Service 21181:PLA Hong Kong Garrison 20013:Neoclassical economics 19524:Gulf of Sidra incident 19081:1969 Libyan revolution 18772:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 18557:1954 Geneva Conference 18317:Turkish straits crisis 18312:Corfu Channel incident 17991:Sino-Indian skirmishes 16788:New political thinking 15702:Criticism of communism 14540:International Security 14531:Sarotte, M.E. (2012). 14211:. Simon and Schuster. 14019:"The Tiananmen Papers" 13169:. PBS. 11 April 2006. 13145:. PBS. 11 April 2006. 13083:Ignatius, Adi (2009). 12799:Dube, Clayton (2014). 12218:Baum, Richard (1996). 11671:"One App, Two Systems" 10700:politics.people.com.cn 10586:Less Than a Dozen 2012 9960:Li, Li & Mark 2011 9681:. The Globe and Mail. 7719:Walder & Gong 1993 7454:hermes (4 June 2019). 6314:Calls for Justice 2004 5771: 5080: 5028: 4977: 4955:Asian Development Bank 4875: 4647: 4315: 4173: 4063: 3963: 3952: 3937: 3738: 3697:seven military regions 3587: 3559: 3552:Party's General Office 3502:Asian Development Bank 3364: 3318:Preparing for dialogue 3280: 2734: 2729:Deng Xiaoping was the 2546:Reforms and Opening-up 2393:2020–2021 reform spree 2351:Persecution of Uyghurs 2281:West–East Gas Pipeline 2186:Hainan Island incident 2027:Special economic zones 2022:Reforms and Opening Up 1934:Anti-Rightist Campaign 1064:in 1992. Considered a 953:'89 Democracy Movement 245:freedom of association 163:39.90333°N 116.39167°E 119:15 April – 4 June 1989 21663:Civil rights protests 21304:Macau Customs Service 21126:People's Armed Police 21038:Taiwan Affairs Office 20863:Russia–NATO relations 20744:Jonathan Reed Winkler 20028:Democratic capitalism 20023:Supply-side economics 19991:American conservatism 19790:Breakup of Yugoslavia 19679:Bougainville conflict 19594:South Yemen civil war 19529:Martial law in Poland 19392:Nicaraguan Revolution 19367:Dirty War (Argentina) 19174:1971 JVP insurrection 18988:Years of Lead (Italy) 18866:North Yemen civil war 18784:Berlin Crisis of 1961 18760:Albanian–Soviet split 18692:1959 Tibetan uprising 18657:Syrian Crisis of 1957 18512:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 18372:1948 Arab–Israeli War 17768:Kuomintang insurgency 17659:Post-Soviet conflicts 17613:Tajikistani Civil War 17563:Revolution on Granite 17523:Monday Demonstrations 17049:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 16883:Mengistu Haile Mariam 16649:Eastern Bloc politics 16566:Human rights in China 16430:Human Rights in China 16416:China Support Network 16349:Prisoner of the State 15743:Mao portrait incident 15489:Zhang, Liang (2001). 13189:. The Heavenly Gate. 12907:Gifford, Rob (2007). 12556:Standoff at Tiananmen 12543:Standoff at Tiananmen 12541:Cheng, Eddie (2009). 11462:. 29 September 2021. 11070:10.1515/9781503634152 10254:Bregolat, E. (2016). 9119:. CBSN. 4 June 2019. 8002:Amnesty International 7542:Dirlik, Arif (2019). 5970:Duke University Press 5766: 5538:Human rights in China 5533:Executive Order 12711 5523:December 9th Movement 5401:University of Calgary 5337:United Nations report 5245:People's Armed Police 5165:Further information: 5078: 5021: 4972: 4915:Further information: 4863: 4789:, including director 4683:World Economic Herald 4634: 4470:On 13 June 1989, the 4343:Amnesty International 4313: 4167: 4052: 3960:Type 56 assault rifle 3958: 3943: 3920: 3808:psychological warfare 3725: 3622:World Economic Herald 3578: 3546: 3361:World Economic Herald 3354: 3272: 2758:", was passed by the 2752:collective leadership 2748:democratic centralism 2728: 2565:CCP General Secretary 2523:proposed the idea of 2246:Qinghai–Tibet railway 2151:Handover of Hong Kong 1777:counter revolutionary 985:had led to a nascent 410:People's Armed Police 130:(1 day); 35 years ago 21294:Fire Services Bureau 21253:Macau Security Force 20284:Non-Aligned Movement 19906:Peaceful coexistence 19860:North Borneo dispute 19775:German reunification 19770:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 19468:Salvadoran Civil War 19417:Grand Mosque seizure 19412:Yemenite War of 1979 19304:Mozambican Civil War 19259:Carnation Revolution 19214:Yemenite War of 1972 19152:1970 Polish protests 18983:1967 Hong Kong riots 18958:Argentine Revolution 18908:Guatemalan Civil War 18836:Cuban Missile Crisis 18750:Bay of Pigs Invasion 18622:1956 Poznań protests 18600:Geneva Summit (1955) 18202:Hukbalahap Rebellion 18181:Non-Aligned Movement 18045:Project Blue Sword-B 17985:Sino-Indian Standoff 17973:Sino-Indian skirmish 17069:Vytautas Landsbergis 17064:Viacheslav Chornovil 16893:Denis Sassou Nguesso 16532:Goddess of Democracy 16440:Operation Yellowbird 16377:The Tiananmen Papers 15758:Military involvement 14653:. New York: Norton. 14627:. U.S. G.P.O. 1991. 14552:10.1162/ISEC_a_00101 14473:Saich, Tony (1990). 14238:Pei, Minxin (1994). 13654:Link, Perry (2010). 13575:Lim, Louisa (2014). 13471:10.1093/ijpor/edr042 13430:World Policy Journal 13289:. Psychology Press. 12946:. Psychology Press. 12201:. CNN. 4 June 2009. 11816:Young clerk let 2007 11535:. 23 December 2021. 11487:, pp. 152, 155. 10165:. 23 December 2017. 10121:ABC News (Australia) 9883:, pp. 399, 404. 9731:Kristof: Units Clash 8925:The Tiananmen Papers 8721:Wu: Clear the Square 8423:– via YouTube. 8366:"Tremble & Obey" 8311:"Tremble & Obey" 7632:The Tiananmen Papers 6676:] (in Chinese). 6625:"《亲历拨乱反正》：拨乱反正的日日夜夜" 6472:. 14 November 2018. 6168:The Tiananmen Papers 6071:The Tiananmen Papers 5418:Goddess of Democracy 5070:University of Denver 4988:tried to expand the 4575:Operation Yellowbird 4460:Operation Yellowbird 4368:Identifying the dead 4155:, who was there for 4141:, who was there for 3834:Three intellectuals— 3799:bourgeois liberalism 3550:, then chief of the 3510:bourgeois liberalism 3341:Hunger strikes begin 3027:(CUPL) made a large 2834:separation of powers 2688:separation of powers 2684:Princeton University 2660:("the left", led by 2601:Consumer Price Index 2508:ended with chairman 2398:2022 Winter Olympics 2299:2012–present: Xi era 2261:2008 Summer Olympics 2196:Accession to the WTO 2136:Deng's southern tour 2119:1989–2002: Jiang era 1952:Great Chinese Famine 1909:First five-year plan 1884:Land Reform Movement 1834:and economic reforms 1718:baat3 gau2 man4 wan6 1123:June Fourth Incident 1038:Operation Yellowbird 1000:freedom of the press 983:reforms of the 1980s 921:June Fourth Incident 332:Operation Yellowbird 284:Government crackdown 237:freedom of the press 201:Political corruption 21738:Censorship in China 21673:Mass murder in 1989 21517:Internet censorship 20729:Alex von Tunzelmann 20719:Vladimir Tismăneanu 20644:Thomas J. McCormick 20639:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 20539:Robert Hugh Ferrell 20402:Crusade for Freedom 20199:Illiberal democracy 20083:Ho Chi Minh Thought 19886:Eisenhower Doctrine 19739:Peaceful Revolution 19734:Romanian Revolution 19714:Revolutions of 1989 19699:1988 Polish strikes 19609:Operation INFEKTION 19604:1987 Lieyu massacre 19509:Eritrean Civil Wars 19492:Peruvian Revolution 19442:1979 Herat uprising 19432:Sino-Vietnamese War 19397:Uganda–Tanzania War 19377:Egyptian–Libyan War 19344:Third Indochina War 19339:Sino-Albanian split 19329:Ethiopian Civil War 19229:Eritrean Civil Wars 19169:Ping-pong diplomacy 19142:Cambodian Civil War 18968:Korean DMZ Conflict 18953:Cultural Revolution 18923:Dominican Civil War 18901:Tlatelolco massacre 18687:1959 Mosul uprising 18677:1958 Lebanon crisis 18404:Al-Wathbah uprising 18327:First Indochina War 18297:Iran crisis of 1946 18021:Sino-Vietnamese War 17857:Yijiangshan Islands 17809:Cross-Taiwan Strait 17513:Pan-European Picnic 17488:1988 Polish strikes 16868:Wojciech Jaruzelski 16608:Revolutions of 1989 16356:Quelling the People 16342:Moving the Mountain 16330:A Heart for Freedom 16288:A Tiananmen Journal 16281:Almost a Revolution 15652:May Fourth Movement 15364:89天安门事件大事记：6月4日星期日 15202:89天安门事件大事记：6月3日星期六 15054:Wu, Renhua (2009). 14277:The Daily Telegraph 13853:The Washington Post 13249:on 28 November 2007 13000:Cries for Democracy 11830:, pp. 167–168. 11404:, pp. 120–122. 11392:, pp. 404–405. 10951:, June 2, 1989, A4. 10825:朱加樟 (2 June 2019). 10518:The Washington Post 10034:, pp. 151–169. 9998:, pp. 154–158. 9996:Lin & Deng 1989 9950:, pp. 361–367. 9718:, pp. 178–179. 9148:The Washington Post 9027:"Expanding bullets" 8745:Wu: Troop Movements 8735:, pp. 355–362. 8397:, pp. 121–132. 7976:, pp. 612–614. 7945:, pp. 161–162. 7841:, pp. 603–606. 7826:, pp. 505–521. 7733:, pp. 152–153. 7490:The China Quarterly 7304:Yan, Jiaqi (1992). 7103:The China Quarterly 6957:, pp. 64, 215. 6834:, pp. 600–601. 5763:The Washington Post 5604:, South Korea, 1987 5301:traditional Chinese 5203:The Critical Moment 5167:Censorship in China 5161:Censorship in China 5156:Contemporary issues 5141:European Parliament 4823:Televisión Española 4740:Shangri-La Dialogue 4592:The Washington Post 4445:Immediate aftermath 4410:The Washington Post 4354:China State Council 4325:Nicholas D. Kristof 4033:Clearing the square 3583:Four Modernizations 3306:May Fourth Movement 3296:refused to attend. 3149:Rioting on 22 April 3048:spiritual pollution 3017:Tsinghua University 2870: 2864:Death of Hu Yaobang 2840:Funding and support 2771:economic inequality 2519:In September 1977, 2506:Cultural Revolution 2131:Pudong New District 2051:Sino-Vietnamese War 2046:Four Modernizations 2000:1976–1989: Deng era 1987:Richard Nixon visit 1977:Cultural Revolution 923:, were student-led 748:democracy movements 373:Government of China 168:39.90333; 116.39167 159: / 62:Revolutions of 1989 32:May Fourth Movement 21753:Socialism in China 21678:Massacres in China 21562:Political offences 21537:Judiciary of Macau 21448:Capital punishment 21395:Operation Fox Hunt 21243:PLA Macau Garrison 21068:Public Security PP 20883:Russian Revolution 20679:Mary Elise Sarotte 20664:William B. Pickett 20589:Patrick J. Hearden 20569:Gabriel Gorodetsky 20564:Timothy Garton Ash 20549:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 20144:Ethnic nationalism 19896:Hallstein Doctrine 19780:Yemeni unification 19569:1985 Geneva Summit 19534:Casamance conflict 19437:New Jewel Movement 19422:Iranian Revolution 19407:Chadian–Libyan War 19354:Cambodian conflict 19334:Lebanese Civil War 19324:Western Sahara War 19299:June 1976 protests 19294:Cambodian genocide 19059:17 July Revolution 19013:Nigerian Civil War 18928:Rhodesian Bush War 18913:Colombian conflict 18856:Ramadan Revolution 18595:Bandung Conference 18471:Operation Valuable 18352:Partition of India 18033:Battle of Fakashan 17863:Dachen Archipelago 17819:(after 1 Oct 1949) 16873:Slobodan Milošević 16742:Vatican Opposition 16515:Nothing to My Name 16425:Hong Kong Alliance 15827:Standing Committee 15753:June 9 Deng speech 15748:Sino-Soviet Summit 15718:April 26 Editorial 15588:in other libraries 15582:Library resources 15503:. Public Affairs. 15421:The New York Times 15078:on 17 October 2007 14989:The Globe and Mail 14968:The New York Times 14941:The New York Times 14900:Wang, Hui (2006). 14790:US-China Institute 14749:on 12 January 2012 14645:Spence, Jonathan D 14393:A History of China 13981:The Indian Express 13832:The New York Times 13384:The New York Times 13371:The New York Times 13350:The New York Times 13335:The New York Times 13318:The New York Times 12794:on 27 August 2008. 12788:Xinhua News Agency 12783:在接见首都戒严部队军以上干部时的讲话 12758:The New York Times 12573:. Westview Press. 12487:10.1007/BF02700237 12412:The New York Times 12332:"TVE in Tiananmen" 12286:The New York Times 12259:The New York Times 10949:The Globe and Mail 10762:The New York Times 10695:1989年政治风波--时政--人民网 10668:Human Rights Watch 10218:Wu: PLA casualties 9972:Deng Xiaoping 1989 9871:, p. 535-540. 9809:The New York Times 9181:. New York Times. 9179:The New York Times 8628:, p. 455-462. 8503:Han & Hua 1990 8491:Han & Hua 1990 8005:, 30 August 1989. 7608:Vol 5, No 2 (1990) 7343:Ning, Lou (1993). 7279:The New York Times 7274:鲍彤纪念六四，兼谈邓小平与中国的腐败 7246:The New York Times 6232:How Many Died 1990 5962:Lin, Chun (2006). 5706:Tiān'ānmén shìjiàn 5385:Beijing University 5293:simplified Chinese 5081: 5029: 5013:Hong Kong Alliance 4978: 4906:Longer-term impact 4876: 4706:Official narrative 4648: 4621:Leadership changes 4615:Dui Hua Foundation 4330:The New York Times 4316: 4250:June 9 Deng speech 4174: 4158:The Globe and Mail 3964: 3953: 3951:in Beijing in 1989 3938: 3560: 3558:from 2003 to 2013. 3467:Gathering momentum 3382:The Internationale 3365: 3281: 3206:General Secretary 3179:26 April Editorial 3173:26 April Editorial 3074:, the entrance to 2983:Nanjing University 2868: 2735: 2236:Visit of Lien Chan 1947:Great Leap Forward 1919:Bandung Conference 1872:1949–1976: Mao era 1683:poh-cieu Min-yiuin 1195:Liòu-Sìh Shìh-jiàn 1180:Liu-Szu Shih-chien 961:Tiananmen uprising 264:civil disobedience 21658:Conflicts in 1989 21648:Massacres in 1989 21638:Protests in China 21615: 21614: 21547:Life imprisonment 21274:Migration Service 21104:State Security PP 20948:National security 20914: 20913: 20901:List of conflicts 20749:Rudolph Winnacker 20694:Giles Scott-Smith 20669:Ronald E. Powaski 20624:Melvyn P. Leffler 20554:John Lewis Gaddis 20529:Robert D. English 20494:Warren H. Carroll 20484:Michael Beschloss 20453:Nuclear arms race 20434: 20433: 20340:Neues Deutschland 20242: 20241: 20224:White nationalism 20194:Liberal democracy 19931:Ulbricht Doctrine 19921:Brezhnev Doctrine 19729:Velvet Revolution 19473:Soviet–Afghan War 19289:Angolan Civil War 19086:Goulash Communism 18943:ASEAN Declaration 18896:Mexican Dirty War 18794:Annexation of Goa 18745:1960 U-2 incident 18719:Sino-Soviet split 18697:Laotian Civil War 18537:Bricker Amendment 18517:Mau Mau rebellion 18461:Malayan Emergency 18449:Chinese Civil War 18409:Tito–Stalin split 18263:Division of Korea 18087: 18086: 18062: 18061: 18039:Battle of Laoshan 17820: 17792:Xinjiang conflict 17762:Chinese Civil War 17708: 17707: 17634:Colour revolution 17464: 17463: 17431:Congo-Brazzaville 17152:Democratic Russia 17109:Pope John Paul II 17104:George H. W. Bush 17054:Vladimir Bukovsky 16843:Mikhail Gorbachev 16838:Nicolae Ceaușescu 16624:Era of Stagnation 16574: 16573: 16445:Tiananmen Mothers 16309:Escape from China 16268: 16267: 16128: 16127: 15950: 15949: 14821:on 13 April 2018. 14603:Los Angeles Times 14149:Oksenberg, Michel 14012:on 13 April 2018. 13498:Li, Peng (2010). 13121:. 11 April 2006. 12803:. China.usc.edu. 12562:on 13 April 2018. 11703:Los Angeles Times 11200:: 12, 4.0(xvii). 11003:"Tiananmen Story" 10636:, pp. 27–30. 10546:, pp. 73–76. 10440:, pp. 70–71. 9603:Schoenberger 1989 9538:, pp. 25–26. 8481:, pp. 80–82. 8469:, pp. 30–31. 8285:, pp. 42–43. 8204:, pp. 28–30. 8156:, pp. 25–34. 7606:China Information 7460:The Straits Times 7063:(12): 1187–1205. 6984:, pp. 56–57. 5937:, pp. 34–35. 5845:Los Angeles Times 5241:Tiananmen Mothers 5205:: Li Peng diaries 5150:Sino-Soviet split 5091:in 1993, and the 4974:Candlelight vigil 4644:General Secretary 4613:According to the 4541:, Zhang Zhiqing, 4387:Former protester 4374:Tiananmen Mothers 4321:Chinese Red Cross 4149:government agents 4009:molotov cocktails 3991:expanding bullets 3537:met with students 3483:Mikhail Gorbachev 3479:Chinese Red Cross 3461:George H. W. Bush 3373:Mikhail Gorbachev 3371:by Soviet leader 3276:, founder of the 3013:Peking University 3000: 2999: 2967:Peking University 2951:Peking University 2938:Peking University 2922:Peking University 2807:constitutionalism 2756:1982 Constitution 2715:Political reforms 2502: 2501: 2388:COVID-19 pandemic 2219:2002–2012: Hu era 2156:Handover of Macau 2039:Three Communiqués 1982:UN representation 1773: 1772: 1765: 1764: 1698:Yale Romanization 1639:Yale Romanization 1574:Standard Mandarin 1518: 1517: 1468:Yale Romanization 1385:Standard Mandarin 1329: 1328: 1282:Luk4sei3 si6 gin6 1268:Lùhk-sei Sih gihn 1262:Yale Romanization 1209:Lyòu-Sz̀ Shr̀jyàn 1203:Yale Romanization 1138:Standard Mandarin 1004:freedom of speech 972:general secretary 912: 911: 862:Umbrella Movement 712: 711: 483: 458: 457: 306:General Secretary 241:freedom of speech 18:June 4th movement 16:(Redirected from 21770: 21713:Tiananmen Square 21653:1980s in Beijing 21592:Two-faced person 21359:Shadian incident 21312: 21288: 21266: 21148:Cyberspace Admin 20992:Maritime Militia 20941: 20934: 20927: 20918: 20917: 20659:David S. Painter 20584:John Earl Haynes 20514:Nicholas J. Cull 20499:Adrian Cioroianu 20479:Thomas A. Bailey 20426:Voice of America 20317: 20316: 20229:White separatism 20209:Social democracy 20204:Guided democracy 20184:Authoritarianism 20134:Ultranationalism 20124:Anti-imperialism 20051:Marxism–Leninism 19964: 19963: 19951:Kinmen Agreement 19916:Johnson Doctrine 19901:Kennedy Doctrine 19817:Frozen conflicts 19800:1991 August Coup 19689:Afghan Civil War 19584:Reykjavík Summit 19579:Somali Rebellion 19519:Ugandan Bush War 19497:Gdańsk Agreement 19018:Protests of 1968 18998:War of Attrition 18707:Cuban Revolution 18643:We will bury you 18610:Cyprus Emergency 18590:Kashmir Princess 18580:Jebel Akhdar War 18429:Western betrayal 18114: 18107: 18100: 18091: 18090: 17901: 17900: 17818: 17786:Tibetan uprising 17780:Battle of Chamdo 17735: 17728: 17721: 17712: 17711: 17583:Transnistria War 17242: 17241: 17084:Aung San Suu Kyi 16999:Alexander Dubček 16936:Civil resistance 16793:Sinatra Doctrine 16773:Demokratizatsiya 16674:Shortage economy 16601: 16594: 16587: 16578: 16577: 16370:Tiananmen Exiles 16139: 16138: 15959: 15958: 15864:Regional leaders 15775: 15774: 15631: 15624: 15617: 15608: 15607: 15602: 15571: 15550: 15548: 15546: 15514: 15485: 15483: 15481: 15460: 15458: 15456: 15436: 15434: 15432: 15418: 15409: 15407: 15405: 15384: 15382: 15380: 15357: 15355: 15353: 15330: 15328: 15326: 15303: 15301: 15299: 15276: 15274: 15272: 15249: 15247: 15245: 15222: 15220: 15218: 15195: 15193: 15191: 15168: 15166: 15164: 15141: 15139: 15137: 15114: 15112: 15110: 15087: 15085: 15083: 15074:. 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Archived from 6660:回首1978 – 历史在这里转折 6654: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6623:Shen, Baoxiang. 6620: 6614: 6608: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6411: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6302: 6296: 6285: 6279: 6268: 6262: 6253: 6244: 6235: 6229: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6186:10.2307/20050041 6159: 6153: 6147: 6138: 6132: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6089:10.2307/20050041 6064: 6058: 6052: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5959: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5802: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5734: 5728: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5698: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5673: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5648: 5640: 5592:Gwangju uprising 5507: 5502: 5501: 5493: 5488: 5487: 5479: 5477:Communism portal 5474: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5412: 5396: 5380: 5368: 5353: 5306: 5298: 5290: 5289: 5125:Gerhard Schröder 5003:There have been 4826: 4825: 4732:Tiananmen Papers 4529:, Wang Zhixing, 4397:killed in action 4281:Official figures 4236:and resorted to 4113: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4081: 4061: 4022:On 5 June 1989, 3980:Haidian District 3947:deployed by the 3926:main battle tank 3829: 3753:Li Peng's Report 3736: 3666:Hong Kong Island 3655: 3595: 3573: 3200: 3191: 3009:Tiananmen Square 2871: 2869:Student leaders 2867: 2827: 2826:沿着有中国特色的社会主义道路前进 2803:one-party system 2740: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2627: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2468:China portal 2466: 2465: 2464: 2346:9th BRICS summit 2276:Three Gorges Dam 1864: 1855: 1848: 1847: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1761: 1760: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1720: 1719: 1706: 1705: 1704:baatgáu màhnwahn 1685: 1684: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1647: 1646: 1633: 1632: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1603: 1602: 1601:ㄅㄚㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄩㄣˋ 1589: 1588: 1565: 1564: 1551: 1550: 1537: 1536: 1514: 1513: 1490: 1489: 1476: 1475: 1455: 1454: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1400: 1399: 1376: 1375: 1362: 1361: 1348: 1347: 1325: 1324: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1284: 1283: 1270: 1269: 1249: 1248: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1211: 1210: 1197: 1196: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1167: 1166: 1153: 1152: 1129: 1128: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1087: 1086: 929:Tiananmen Square 890: 888: 887: 823: 821: 820: 765: 764: 750: 738: 731: 724: 715: 714: 587:Student leaders: 477: 432: 431: 430: 412: 407: 406: 405: 398: 393: 392: 391: 381: 371: 370: 369: 358: 357: 356: 347: 346: 319:paramount leader 174: 173: 171: 170: 169: 164: 160: 157: 156: 155: 152: 143:Tiananmen Square 115:Initial protests 100:Tiananmen Square 92: 81: 48: 47: 21: 21778: 21777: 21773: 21772: 21771: 21769: 21768: 21767: 21683:Filmed killings 21618: 21617: 21616: 21611: 21527:Judicial system 21421: 21317: 21306: 21282: 21280:Judicial Police 21260: 21229: 21157: 21085:Internet police 21063:People's Police 21044: 20955: 20952:law enforcement 20945: 20915: 20910: 20887: 20878:Second Cold War 20836: 20764: 20758: 20734:Odd Arne Westad 20724:Patrick Vaughan 20709:Athan Theoharis 20689:Ellen Schrecker 20674:Yakov M. Rabkin 20649:Timothy Naftali 20594:Tvrtko Jakovina 20579:Jussi Hanhimäki 20462: 20440: 20430: 20408:Paix et Liberté 20383: 20327:Active measures 20308: 20238: 20219:White supremacy 20179:Totalitarianism 20107: 20032: 19955: 19941:Reagan Doctrine 19936:Carter Doctrine 19876:Truman Doctrine 19864: 19811: 19743: 19638:Soviet reaction 19549:Ndogboyosoi War 19456: 19427:Saur Revolution 19254:1973 oil crisis 19219:Munich massacre 19127:Alcora Exercise 19122:Black September 19100: 18846:Sino-Indian War 18740:Simba rebellion 18723: 18567:Capture of the 18475: 18414:Berlin Blockade 18347:May 1947 crises 18337:Truman Doctrine 18302:Greek Civil War 18291:Blacklist Forty 18258:Gouzenko Affair 18245:Cursed soldiers 18197:Morgenthau Plan 18185: 18123: 18118: 18088: 18083: 18058: 18015:Paracel Islands 17996: 17961:Sino-Indian War 17946: 17919: 17892: 17851:Dongshan Island 17817: 17811: 17803: 17748: 17742:Armed conflicts 17739: 17709: 17704: 17688: 17649:Democratization 17639:Decommunization 17622: 17558:Helsinki Summit 17498:April 9 tragedy 17470: 17460: 17389: 17298: 17246: 17237: 17231: 17119: 17113: 16981: 16975: 16928: 16922: 16878:Mathieu Kérékou 16825: 16819: 16751: 16727:Reagan Doctrine 16702:Active measures 16694: 16688: 16679:Totalitarianism 16616: 16610: 16605: 16575: 16570: 16544: 16526:June 4th Museum 16502: 16449: 16409: 16403: 16384:Pillar of Shame 16264: 16188: 16124: 16103: 15962:Leading figures 15946: 15895: 15859: 15821: 15769: 15762: 15706: 15687:Economic reform 15640: 15635: 15593: 15584:in your library 15579: 15574: 15568: 15544: 15542: 15535: 15511: 15479: 15477: 15454: 15452: 15447:. 6 June 2007. 15430: 15428: 15403: 15401: 15378: 15376: 15365: 15351: 15349: 15338: 15324: 15322: 15311: 15297: 15295: 15284: 15270: 15268: 15257: 15243: 15241: 15230: 15229:六部口坦克追轧学生撤退队伍事件 15216: 15214: 15203: 15189: 15187: 15176: 15162: 15160: 15149: 15135: 15133: 15122: 15108: 15106: 15095: 15081: 15079: 15072: 15058: 15031:10.2307/2158797 15025:(23): 121–132. 15007: 15005: 14977: 14975: 14950: 14948: 14923: 14921: 14914: 14890: 14888: 14868: 14837: 14835: 14799: 14797: 14775: 14773: 14752: 14750: 14732: 14730: 14723: 14699: 14697: 14690: 14661: 14634: 14632: 14612: 14610: 14587: 14585: 14535: 14521: 14519: 14496: 14494: 14487: 14479:. M.E. Sharpe. 14463: 14461: 14438: 14436: 14413: 14411: 14404: 14380: 14378: 14374: 14363: 14349: 14347: 14343: 14332: 14313:10.2307/2644711 14286: 14284: 14261: 14259: 14252: 14228: 14226: 14219: 14195: 14193: 14174: 14172: 14165: 14141: 14119: 14117: 14110: 14086: 14084: 14077:Reset Dialogues 14044:Foreign Affairs 14032: 14030: 14023:Foreign Affairs 13990: 13988: 13965: 13963: 13940: 13938: 13931: 13907: 13905: 13883: 13881: 13841: 13839: 13814: 13812: 13793: 13791: 13784: 13760: 13758: 13750:the Independent 13733: 13731: 13703:10.2307/2644842 13679: 13677: 13670: 13623: 13621: 13598: 13596: 13589: 13565: 13563: 13540: 13538: 13531: 13510: 13488: 13486: 13418: 13416: 13393: 13391: 13359: 13357: 13306: 13304: 13297: 13273: 13271: 13252: 13250: 13228: 13226: 13196: 13194: 13176: 13174: 13152: 13150: 13128: 13126: 13103: 13073: 13071: 13066:. 4 June 1990. 13049: 13047: 13022: 13020: 12988: 12986: 12963: 12961: 12954: 12930: 12928: 12921: 12892: 12868: 12866: 12843: 12841: 12834: 12810: 12808: 12784: 12780:(9 June 1989). 12767: 12765: 12741: 12739: 12735: 12728: 12715: 12713: 12691: 12689: 12682:The Independent 12654: 12652: 12634: 12632: 12610: 12608: 12590: 12588: 12581: 12534: 12507: 12505: 12501: 12470: 12456: 12454: 12447: 12421: 12419: 12397: 12372: 12370: 12347: 12345: 12344:on 25 June 2009 12320: 12318: 12295: 12293: 12268: 12266: 12241: 12239: 12232: 12208: 12206: 12188: 12186: 12167: 12165: 12147: 12145: 12140:. 29 May 2014. 12126: 12121: 12113: 12106: 12098: 12091: 12083: 12079: 12071: 12067: 12057: 12055: 12046: 12045: 12041: 12031: 12029: 12014: 12010: 12002: 11998: 11990: 11986: 11978: 11974: 11966: 11962: 11943: 11939: 11920: 11916: 11897: 11893: 11885: 11878: 11870: 11861: 11851: 11849: 11838: 11834: 11826: 11822: 11814: 11810: 11802: 11798: 11790: 11786: 11780:Greenslade 2014 11778: 11774: 11766: 11762: 11754: 11750: 11742: 11738: 11730: 11723: 11713: 11711: 11694: 11690: 11680: 11678: 11667: 11663: 11655: 11651: 11645:Japan Concerned 11643: 11639: 11631: 11627: 11619: 11615: 11607: 11600: 11592: 11588: 11580: 11576: 11568: 11564: 11556: 11552: 11542: 11540: 11527: 11526: 11522: 11512: 11510: 11495: 11491: 11483: 11479: 11469: 11467: 11454: 11453: 11449: 11441: 11437: 11429: 11425: 11417: 11408: 11400: 11396: 11388: 11384: 11376: 11369: 11359: 11357: 11344:. p. 205. 11338: 11337: 11330: 11322: 11318: 11310: 11306: 11298: 11289: 11279: 11277: 11268: 11267: 11263: 11255: 11251: 11241: 11239: 11224: 11220: 11210: 11208: 11204: 11193: 11187: 11183: 11173: 11171: 11164: 11148:Tharoor, Shashi 11145: 11141: 11131: 11129: 11116: 11115: 11111: 11103: 11099: 11089: 11087: 11080: 11052: 11041: 11033: 11026: 11016: 11014: 10999: 10995: 10985: 10983: 10978:. Japan Times. 10972: 10968: 10959: 10955: 10946: 10942: 10934: 10930: 10922: 10918: 10910: 10906: 10898: 10891: 10883: 10876: 10868: 10864: 10856: 10852: 10842: 10840: 10829: 10823: 10819: 10809: 10807: 10794: 10793: 10789: 10779: 10777: 10764:. 29 May 2006. 10756: 10755: 10751: 10741: 10739: 10728: 10724: 10723: 10719: 10709: 10707: 10696: 10692: 10691: 10687: 10677: 10675: 10670:. 13 May 2009. 10662: 10661: 10652: 10644: 10640: 10632: 10628: 10620: 10616: 10608: 10604: 10596: 10592: 10584: 10577: 10569: 10565: 10557: 10550: 10542: 10538: 10528: 10526: 10511: 10510: 10506: 10496: 10494: 10487:Financial Times 10479: 10475: 10467: 10463: 10455: 10444: 10436: 10429: 10421: 10417: 10409: 10405: 10397: 10393: 10385: 10381: 10371: 10369: 10364:. 4 June 2011. 10356: 10355: 10351: 10341: 10339: 10326: 10325: 10318: 10308: 10306: 10299:The Japan Times 10291: 10287: 10277: 10275: 10268: 10252: 10248: 10240: 10236: 10228: 10224: 10216: 10212: 10202: 10200: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10172: 10170: 10157: 10156: 10152: 10144: 10140: 10130: 10128: 10115: 10114: 10110: 10102: 10098: 10090: 10086: 10081: 10077: 10069: 10065: 10057: 10053: 10045: 10038: 10030: 10026: 10018: 10014: 10006: 10002: 9994: 9990: 9982: 9978: 9970: 9966: 9958: 9954: 9946: 9942: 9934: 9923: 9915: 9911: 9903: 9899: 9891: 9887: 9879: 9875: 9867: 9863: 9855: 9851: 9843: 9836: 9826: 9824: 9801: 9797: 9789: 9785: 9779:Tsui & Pang 9777: 9773: 9765: 9761: 9753: 9749: 9741: 9737: 9729: 9722: 9714: 9710: 9702: 9698: 9688: 9686: 9675: 9671: 9661: 9659: 9646: 9645: 9641: 9631: 9629: 9625: 9618: 9614: 9613: 9609: 9601: 9592: 9584: 9580: 9571: 9570: 9566: 9558: 9554: 9546: 9542: 9534: 9530: 9522: 9515: 9507: 9503: 9495: 9491: 9483: 9479: 9469: 9467: 9458: 9457: 9453: 9443: 9441: 9428: 9427: 9420: 9412: 9401: 9397:, pp. 500. 9393: 9380: 9376:, pp. 498. 9372: 9363: 9355: 9344: 9333: 9331: 9316: 9309: 9301: 9297: 9293:, pp. 497. 9289: 9282: 9272: 9270: 9266: 9259: 9255: 9254: 9247: 9237: 9235: 9231: 9224: 9220: 9219: 9210: 9206:, pp. 509. 9202: 9198: 9188: 9186: 9171: 9167: 9157: 9155: 9140: 9136: 9126: 9124: 9115: 9114: 9110: 9102: 9098: 9090: 9086: 9078: 9071: 9067:, pp. 493. 9063: 9059: 9051: 9042: 9025: 9024: 9020: 9010: 9008: 8999: 8998: 8994: 8986: 8982: 8976:Suettinger 2004 8974: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8931:Foreign Affairs 8919: 8904: 8900:, pp. 492. 8896: 8889: 8885:, pp. 489. 8881: 8874: 8866: 8857: 8849: 8845: 8835: 8833: 8818: 8811: 8803: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8763: 8755: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8731: 8727: 8719: 8715: 8707: 8703: 8695: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8668: 8659: 8651: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8624: 8620: 8612: 8608: 8600: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8576: 8572: 8564: 8557: 8549: 8545: 8537: 8533: 8525: 8521: 8513: 8509: 8501: 8497: 8489: 8485: 8477: 8473: 8465: 8458: 8447: 8443: 8432: 8428: 8418: 8416: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8379: 8377: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8338: 8334: 8324: 8322: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8296: 8289: 8281: 8277: 8269: 8265: 8257: 8253: 8243: 8241: 8233:The Independent 8224: 8220: 8212: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8127: 8123:, 17 May entry. 8119: 8115: 8107: 8100: 8092: 8088: 8080: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8060:, 15 May entry. 8056: 8052: 8044: 8040: 8032: 8025: 8017: 8013: 7999: 7995: 7987: 7980: 7972: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7941: 7937: 7929: 7925: 7917: 7913: 7905: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7866: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7837: 7830: 7822: 7815: 7807: 7800: 7792: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7756: 7749: 7745:, 21 May entry. 7741: 7737: 7729: 7725: 7721:, pp. 1–2. 7717: 7713: 7705: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7681: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7654: 7650: 7642: 7638: 7629: 7625: 7616: 7612: 7603: 7599: 7589: 7587: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7540: 7533: 7486: 7479: 7469: 7467: 7452: 7448: 7438: 7436: 7425: 7419: 7412: 7402: 7400: 7389: 7383: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7357: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7325: 7318: 7302: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7275: 7269: 7265: 7255: 7253: 7242: 7241:邓小平为什么重提政治体制改革？ 7236: 7232: 7185: 7181: 7150: 7146: 7099: 7092: 7069:10.2307/2644047 7053: 7046: 7036: 7034: 7019: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6968: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6941: 6916: 6908: 6901: 6893: 6889: 6881: 6877: 6869: 6865: 6857: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6819: 6811: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6770: 6766: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6730: 6720: 6718: 6701: 6697: 6687: 6685: 6669: 6661: 6656: 6655: 6648: 6638: 6636: 6621: 6617: 6609: 6602: 6592: 6590: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6493: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6432: 6428: 6420: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6378: 6376: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6352: 6350: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6324: 6320: 6312: 6305: 6297: 6288: 6280: 6271: 6263: 6256: 6245: 6238: 6230: 6221: 6211: 6209: 6174:Foreign Affairs 6160: 6156: 6148: 6141: 6133: 6124: 6114: 6112: 6077:Foreign Affairs 6065: 6061: 6053: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6007: 5997: 5995: 5980: 5972:. p. 211. 5960: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5881: 5879: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5735: 5731: 5716: 5712: 5691: 5687: 5666: 5662: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5505:Politics portal 5503: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5430: 5421:outside of the 5413: 5404: 5397: 5388: 5381: 5372: 5369: 5360: 5351: 5339: 5317: 5278: 5179: 5169: 5163: 5158: 5116: 5110: 5055: 5038:Pillar of Shame 5024:Pillar of Shame 5009:June 4th Museum 4967: 4942: 4936: 4919: 4913: 4908: 4858: 4852: 4816: 4810: 4754: 4748: 4708: 4703: 4629: 4623: 4468: 4462: 4454:Main articles: 4452: 4447: 4418:Student leader 4405: 4370: 4308: 4306:Other estimates 4283: 4274: 4268: 4252: 4246: 4212: 4134: 4128: 4111: 4108: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4062: 4059: 4035: 3936:on 3 June 1989. 3915: 3913:Chang'an Avenue 3906: 3827: 3816: 3768: 3755: 3750: 3737: 3731: 3723:, Chai stated: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3672:Military action 3617: 3611: 3609:Outside Beijing 3602: 3597: 3589: 3571: 3469: 3435:Guangming Daily 3421: 3415: 3349: 3343: 3326: 3320: 3315: 3267: 3261: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3192: 3181: 3175: 3151: 2866: 2861: 2848: 2842: 2723: 2717: 2676: 2670: 2617: 2573: 2526:Boluan Fanzheng 2498: 2462: 2460: 2403: 2402: 2326:APEC China 2014 2301: 2291: 2290: 2286:High-speed rail 2221: 2211: 2210: 2191:APEC China 2001 2177: 2121: 2111: 2110: 2060: 2012:Boluan Fanzheng 2002: 1992: 1991: 1943: 1874: 1851: 1846: 1840:Boluan Fanzheng 1838:Main articles: 1836: 1832:Boluan Fanzheng 1828: 1816:Chang'an Avenue 1631:Ba-Jiǒu Mín-yùn 1625:Tongyong Pinyin 1616:Pa-Chiu Min-yün 1615: 1556:Literal meaning 1413: 1367:Literal meaning 1323:La̍k-sù Sū-kiaⁿ 1189:Tongyong Pinyin 1179: 1165:ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄙˋ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄢˋ 1120:Literal meaning 1085: 1078: 913: 908: 885: 883: 880: 818: 816: 813: 759: 751: 747: 744: 742: 692: 691: 583: 484: 476: 454: 428: 426: 415: 408: 403: 401: 394: 389: 387: 367: 365: 354: 352: 336: 286: 285: 191:Economic reform 167: 165: 161: 158: 153: 150: 148: 146: 145: 141: 140: 129: 127: 122: 120: 118: 106: 105: 104: 103: 95: 94: 93: 84: 83: 82: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21776: 21766: 21765: 21760: 21755: 21750: 21745: 21740: 21735: 21730: 21725: 21720: 21715: 21710: 21705: 21700: 21695: 21690: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21655: 21650: 21645: 21640: 21635: 21630: 21613: 21612: 21610: 21609: 21604: 21599: 21594: 21589: 21584: 21582:Soft detention 21579: 21574: 21569: 21564: 21559: 21557:PLA Unit 61398 21554: 21549: 21544: 21539: 21534: 21529: 21524: 21519: 21514: 21513: 21512: 21507: 21502: 21492: 21491: 21490: 21480: 21475: 21470: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21445: 21440: 21435: 21433:2011 crackdown 21429: 21427: 21423: 21422: 21420: 21419: 21414: 21409: 21404: 21398: 21392: 21386: 21380: 21374: 21368: 21362: 21356: 21350: 21344: 21341:Sufan movement 21338: 21332: 21325: 21323: 21319: 21318: 21316: 21315: 21314: 21313: 21301: 21296: 21291: 21290: 21289: 21277: 21250: 21245: 21239: 21237: 21231: 21230: 21228: 21227: 21226: 21225: 21220: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21204: 21203: 21188: 21183: 21178: 21173: 21167: 21165: 21159: 21158: 21156: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21135: 21134: 21133: 21123: 21122: 21121: 21116: 21111: 21106: 21101: 21100: 21099: 21098: 21097: 21087: 21082: 21081: 21080: 21060: 21054: 21052: 21046: 21045: 21043: 21042: 21041: 21040: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21010: 21009: 21008: 21003: 21002: 21001: 20996: 20995: 20994: 20984: 20974: 20963: 20961: 20957: 20956: 20944: 20943: 20936: 20929: 20921: 20912: 20911: 20909: 20908: 20903: 20898: 20892: 20889: 20888: 20886: 20885: 20880: 20875: 20870: 20865: 20860: 20855: 20850: 20844: 20842: 20838: 20837: 20835: 20834: 20829: 20824: 20819: 20814: 20809: 20804: 20799: 20794: 20789: 20784: 20779: 20774: 20768: 20766: 20760: 20759: 20757: 20756: 20751: 20746: 20741: 20736: 20731: 20726: 20721: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20704:Timothy Snyder 20701: 20696: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20676: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20634:Vojtech Mastny 20631: 20629:Geir Lundestad 20626: 20621: 20619:Walter Laqueur 20616: 20614:Walter LaFeber 20611: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20544:André Fontaine 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20486: 20481: 20476: 20474:Gar Alperovitz 20470: 20468: 20464: 20463: 20461: 20460: 20455: 20450: 20444: 20442: 20436: 20435: 20432: 20431: 20429: 20428: 20423: 20417: 20416: 20411: 20404: 20399: 20391: 20389: 20385: 20384: 20382: 20381: 20374: 20369: 20362: 20355: 20350: 20343: 20336: 20329: 20323: 20321: 20314: 20310: 20309: 20307: 20306: 20301: 20296: 20291: 20286: 20281: 20276: 20271: 20266: 20261: 20256: 20250: 20248: 20244: 20243: 20240: 20239: 20237: 20236: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20214:Third-Worldism 20211: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20115: 20113: 20109: 20108: 20106: 20105: 20100: 20095: 20090: 20085: 20080: 20073: 20068: 20063: 20058: 20053: 20048: 20042: 20040: 20034: 20033: 20031: 20030: 20025: 20020: 20015: 20010: 20005: 20003:Libertarianism 20000: 19995: 19994: 19993: 19983: 19981:Chicago school 19978: 19972: 19970: 19961: 19957: 19956: 19954: 19953: 19948: 19943: 19938: 19933: 19928: 19926:Nixon Doctrine 19923: 19918: 19913: 19908: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19872: 19870: 19869:Foreign policy 19866: 19865: 19863: 19862: 19857: 19852: 19847: 19842: 19837: 19832: 19827: 19821: 19819: 19813: 19812: 19810: 19809: 19804: 19803: 19802: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19767: 19762: 19757: 19751: 19749: 19745: 19744: 19742: 19741: 19736: 19731: 19726: 19721: 19716: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19696: 19691: 19686: 19681: 19676: 19671: 19666: 19661: 19656: 19654:Operation RYAN 19651: 19646: 19641: 19631: 19626: 19621: 19616: 19611: 19606: 19601: 19596: 19591: 19586: 19581: 19576: 19571: 19566: 19561: 19559:Able Archer 83 19556: 19551: 19546: 19541: 19536: 19531: 19526: 19521: 19516: 19511: 19506: 19505: 19504: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19475: 19470: 19464: 19462: 19458: 19457: 19455: 19454: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19414: 19409: 19404: 19399: 19394: 19389: 19384: 19379: 19374: 19369: 19364: 19356: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19336: 19331: 19326: 19321: 19316: 19311: 19309:Oromo conflict 19306: 19301: 19296: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19249:Yom Kippur War 19246: 19241: 19236: 19231: 19226: 19221: 19216: 19211: 19206: 19201: 19196: 19191: 19186: 19181: 19176: 19171: 19166: 19159: 19154: 19149: 19144: 19139: 19134: 19129: 19124: 19119: 19114: 19108: 19106: 19102: 19101: 19099: 19098: 19093: 19088: 19083: 19078: 19073: 19072: 19071: 19061: 19056: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19032: 19027: 19026: 19025: 19015: 19010: 19005: 19000: 18995: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18905: 18904: 18903: 18893: 18888: 18883: 18881:Aden Emergency 18878: 18873: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18832: 18831: 18826: 18821: 18811: 18806: 18801: 18799:Papua conflict 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18780: 18779: 18769: 18768: 18767: 18757: 18752: 18747: 18742: 18737: 18731: 18729: 18725: 18724: 18722: 18721: 18716: 18715: 18714: 18704: 18702:Kitchen Debate 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18662:Sputnik crisis 18659: 18654: 18646: 18639: 18634: 18632:Polish October 18629: 18624: 18619: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18597: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18577: 18572: 18564: 18559: 18554: 18549: 18544: 18539: 18534: 18532:Pact of Madrid 18529: 18524: 18519: 18514: 18509: 18504: 18499: 18494: 18489: 18487:Bamboo Curtain 18483: 18481: 18477: 18476: 18474: 18473: 18468: 18463: 18458: 18457: 18456: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18380: 18379: 18374: 18369: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18286: 18278: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18247: 18242: 18241: 18240: 18235: 18227: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18193: 18191: 18187: 18186: 18184: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18136: 18128: 18125: 18124: 18117: 18116: 18109: 18102: 18094: 18085: 18084: 18082: 18081: 18076: 18070: 18068: 18064: 18063: 18060: 18059: 18057: 18056: 18055: 18054: 18048: 18042: 18036: 18024: 18018: 18011: 18009: 17998: 17997: 17995: 17994: 17988: 17982: 17976: 17970: 17967:Chola incident 17964: 17957: 17955: 17948: 17947: 17945: 17944: 17938: 17931: 17929: 17921: 17920: 17918: 17917: 17910: 17908: 17898: 17894: 17893: 17891: 17890: 17884: 17878: 17875:Burmese border 17872: 17866: 17860: 17854: 17848: 17842: 17836: 17830: 17823: 17821: 17805: 17804: 17802: 17801: 17795: 17794:(1980–present) 17789: 17783: 17777: 17771: 17765: 17758: 17756: 17754:Mainland China 17750: 17749: 17744:involving the 17738: 17737: 17730: 17723: 17715: 17706: 17705: 17703: 17702: 17696: 17694: 17690: 17689: 17687: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17674:Post-communism 17671: 17666: 17661: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17630: 17628: 17624: 17623: 17621: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17474: 17472: 17466: 17465: 17462: 17461: 17459: 17458: 17453: 17448: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17397: 17395: 17391: 17390: 17388: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17306: 17304: 17300: 17299: 17297: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17264:Czechoslovakia 17261: 17256: 17250: 17248: 17247:Eastern Europe 17239: 17233: 17232: 17230: 17229: 17224: 17219: 17214: 17209: 17204: 17199: 17194: 17189: 17184: 17179: 17174: 17169: 17164: 17159: 17154: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17123: 17121: 17115: 17114: 17112: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17094:Isaias Afwerki 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17074:Zianon Pazniak 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16985: 16983: 16977: 16976: 16974: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16932: 16930: 16924: 16923: 16921: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16853:Erich Honecker 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16829: 16827: 16821: 16820: 16818: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16796: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16765: 16759: 16757: 16753: 16752: 16750: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16698: 16696: 16690: 16689: 16687: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16671: 16666: 16661: 16656: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16634:Anti-communism 16631: 16626: 16620: 16618: 16612: 16611: 16604: 16603: 16596: 16589: 16581: 16572: 16571: 16569: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16552: 16550: 16546: 16545: 16543: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16510: 16508: 16504: 16503: 16501: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16459: 16457: 16451: 16450: 16448: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16413: 16411: 16405: 16404: 16402: 16401: 16400: 16399: 16387: 16380: 16373: 16366: 16359: 16352: 16345: 16338: 16333: 16326: 16319: 16312: 16305: 16298: 16291: 16284: 16276: 16274: 16270: 16269: 16266: 16265: 16263: 16262: 16259: 16254: 16251: 16248: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16196: 16194: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16174:Liang Guanglie 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16145: 16143: 16136: 16130: 16129: 16126: 16125: 16123: 16122: 16117: 16111: 16109: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16101: 16096: 16094:Zhao Changqing 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16054:Wang Bingzhang 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15965: 15963: 15956: 15952: 15951: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15903: 15901: 15897: 15896: 15894: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15867: 15865: 15861: 15860: 15858: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15831: 15829: 15823: 15822: 15820: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15783: 15781: 15772: 15764: 15763: 15761: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15714: 15712: 15708: 15707: 15705: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15667:Beijing Spring 15664: 15659: 15654: 15648: 15646: 15642: 15641: 15634: 15633: 15626: 15619: 15611: 15605: 15604: 15591: 15578: 15577:External links 15575: 15573: 15572: 15567:978-1439149386 15566: 15551: 15534:978-0226982601 15533: 15515: 15510:978-1586481223 15509: 15491:Nathan, Andrew 15486: 15461: 15437: 15410: 15385: 15358: 15331: 15304: 15277: 15250: 15223: 15196: 15169: 15142: 15115: 15094:六四北京戒严部队的数量和番号 15088: 15071:978-0982320389 15070: 15051: 15014: 14993: 14984: 14957: 14930: 14913:978-0674021112 14912: 14897: 14881:www.tsquare.tv 14872: 14867:978-0674055445 14866: 14848:Vogel, Ezra F. 14844: 14823: 14815:Foreign Policy 14806: 14782: 14768:(Video). PBS. 14759: 14739: 14722:978-0074633953 14721: 14706: 14689:978-0815782087 14688: 14673: 14660:978-0393973518 14659: 14641: 14619: 14594: 14546:(2): 156–182. 14528: 14503: 14486:978-0873327459 14485: 14470: 14445: 14420: 14403:978-0230344112 14402: 14387: 14356: 14325: 14307:(4): 331–347. 14297:Pye, Lucian W. 14293: 14268: 14251:978-0674325630 14250: 14235: 14218:978-1416537052 14217: 14202: 14192:on 12 May 2011 14181: 14164:978-0765640574 14163: 14145: 14140:978-1136906848 14139: 14126: 14109:978-0262640640 14108: 14093: 14068: 14039: 14029:on 6 July 2004 14014: 13997: 13972: 13947: 13930:978-0472084517 13929: 13914: 13890: 13865: 13848: 13821: 13800: 13783:978-1139498227 13782: 13767: 13740: 13715: 13697:(5): 505–521. 13686: 13669:978-1136906848 13668: 13651: 13641:(3): 154–158. 13630: 13605: 13588:978-0199347704 13587: 13572: 13547: 13530:978-1412811996 13529: 13514: 13509:978-1921815003 13508: 13495: 13475: 13465:(2): 141–162. 13454: 13425: 13400: 13375: 13366: 13352:. p. A1. 13339: 13330: 13313: 13296:978-0415053457 13295: 13280: 13259: 13235: 13210: 13183: 13159: 13135: 13107: 13102:978-1439149386 13101: 13080: 13056: 13029: 13004: 12995: 12970: 12953:978-0415112536 12952: 12937: 12920:978-1588366344 12919: 12904: 12891:978-0198297765 12890: 12875: 12850: 12833:978-0521001052 12832: 12817: 12796: 12786:(in Chinese). 12778:Deng, Xiaoping 12774: 12748: 12722: 12698: 12673: 12669:CAT/C/CHN/CO/4 12661: 12641: 12617: 12597: 12580:978-0813310473 12579: 12564: 12547: 12545:. Sensys Corp. 12538: 12533:978-1414362465 12532: 12514: 12463: 12446:978-1136906848 12445: 12428: 12401: 12396:978-0804736381 12395: 12383:Brook, Timothy 12379: 12354: 12327: 12302: 12275: 12248: 12231:978-0691036373 12230: 12215: 12195: 12174: 12154: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12119: 12104: 12089: 12085:Anderlini 2013 12077: 12065: 12039: 12008: 11996: 11984: 11972: 11960: 11937: 11914: 11891: 11876: 11859: 11832: 11820: 11808: 11796: 11784: 11772: 11760: 11748: 11746:, p. 152. 11736: 11721: 11688: 11661: 11649: 11637: 11625: 11613: 11611:, p. 196. 11598: 11596:, p. 198. 11586: 11574: 11572:, p. 194. 11562: 11560:, p. 424. 11550: 11520: 11489: 11477: 11447: 11435: 11423: 11406: 11394: 11382: 11367: 11328: 11324:MacKinnon 1999 11316: 11314:, p. 201. 11304: 11302:, p. 199. 11287: 11261: 11259:, pp. 11. 11249: 11218: 11181: 11163:978-8184756937 11162: 11139: 11109: 11097: 11079:978-1503634152 11078: 11064:. p. 67. 11039: 11024: 10993: 10966: 10953: 10940: 10928: 10916: 10904: 10889: 10874: 10872:, p. 195. 10862: 10850: 10817: 10787: 10749: 10727:中共重申对六四事件有明确定论 10717: 10685: 10650: 10638: 10626: 10614: 10610:Bernstein1989b 10602: 10590: 10575: 10563: 10548: 10536: 10504: 10473: 10461: 10442: 10427: 10415: 10403: 10391: 10379: 10349: 10316: 10285: 10267:978-1137475992 10266: 10246: 10234: 10222: 10210: 10180: 10150: 10148:, p. 169. 10138: 10108: 10096: 10094:, p. 161. 10084: 10075: 10063: 10061:, p. 436. 10051: 10049:, p. 167. 10036: 10024: 10012: 10010:, p. 378. 10000: 9988: 9976: 9964: 9952: 9940: 9938:, p. 364. 9921: 9919:, p. 408. 9909: 9907:, p. 405. 9897: 9895:, p. 400. 9885: 9873: 9861: 9859:, p. 535. 9849: 9847:, p. 530. 9834: 9795: 9783: 9771: 9759: 9757:, p. 190. 9747: 9745:, p. 189. 9735: 9720: 9708: 9696: 9669: 9639: 9607: 9590: 9588:, 32:23–34:50. 9578: 9564: 9552: 9540: 9528: 9513: 9501: 9489: 9487:, p. 288. 9477: 9451: 9418: 9416:, p. 206. 9399: 9378: 9361: 9359:, p. 205. 9342: 9307: 9295: 9280: 9245: 9208: 9196: 9165: 9134: 9108: 9096: 9084: 9069: 9057: 9040: 9018: 8992: 8980: 8968: 8902: 8887: 8872: 8855: 8843: 8809: 8807:, p. 484. 8792: 8790:, p. 483. 8780: 8778:, p. 482. 8761: 8749: 8737: 8725: 8713: 8711:, p. 363. 8701: 8686: 8674: 8672:, p. 362. 8657: 8655:, p. 353. 8642: 8640:, p. 349. 8630: 8618: 8616:, p. 450. 8606: 8604:, p. 449. 8594: 8592:, p. 447. 8582: 8580:, p. 446. 8570: 8568:, p. 445. 8555: 8553:, p. 437. 8543: 8541:, p. 435. 8531: 8529:, p. 434. 8519: 8517:, p. 165. 8507: 8505:, p. 327. 8495: 8493:, p. 298. 8483: 8471: 8456: 8441: 8426: 8399: 8387: 8357: 8351:978-0802048783 8350: 8332: 8302: 8287: 8275: 8273:, p. 343. 8263: 8251: 8218: 8206: 8194: 8182: 8170: 8168:, p. 443. 8158: 8146: 8125: 8113: 8111:, p. 181. 8098: 8096:, p. 165. 8086: 8084:, p. 170. 8074: 8072:, p. 300. 8062: 8050: 8048:, p. 169. 8038: 8036:, p. 165. 8023: 8021:, p. 164. 8011: 7993: 7991:, p. 167. 7978: 7959: 7957:, p. 163. 7947: 7935: 7933:, p. 161. 7923: 7921:, p. 159. 7911: 7909:, p. 608. 7896: 7894:, p. 156. 7884: 7882:, p. 157. 7872: 7870:, p. 155. 7855: 7843: 7828: 7813: 7798: 7796:, p. 154. 7786: 7784:, p. 337. 7774: 7772:, p. 248. 7762: 7760:, p. 153. 7747: 7735: 7723: 7711: 7709:, p. 149. 7699: 7687: 7685:, p. 148. 7672: 7670:, p. 147. 7660: 7658:, p. 274. 7648: 7636: 7623: 7610: 7597: 7567: 7531: 7477: 7446: 7431:(in Chinese). 7429:New York Times 7410: 7395:(in Chinese). 7393:New York Times 7388:赵紫阳与邓小平的两条政改路线 7374: 7356:978-0791412695 7355: 7349:. SUNY Press. 7335: 7317:978-0824815011 7316: 7296: 7281:(in Chinese). 7263: 7248:(in Chinese). 7230: 7195:(2): 133–167. 7179: 7144: 7090: 7044: 7010: 7008:, p. 138. 6998: 6996:, p. 685. 6986: 6974: 6959: 6947: 6914: 6899: 6897:, p. 137. 6887: 6875: 6863: 6848: 6836: 6817: 6815:, p. 127. 6800: 6788: 6786:, p. 120. 6776: 6764: 6745: 6728: 6695: 6684:on 11 May 2008 6673:People's Daily 6646: 6631:(in Chinese). 6615: 6613:, p. 283. 6600: 6569: 6557: 6555:, p. 634. 6542: 6540:, p. 112. 6530: 6518: 6487: 6457: 6426: 6398: 6386: 6360: 6330: 6318: 6303: 6286: 6269: 6267:, p. 154. 6254: 6252:, p. 445. 6236: 6219: 6180:(1): 468–477. 6154: 6139: 6122: 6083:(1): 468–477. 6059: 6036: 6034:, p. 172. 6024: 6022:, p. 171. 6005: 5979:978-0822337850 5978: 5951: 5939: 5927: 5925:, p. 216. 5915: 5889: 5863: 5830: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5773: 5754: 5729: 5710: 5685: 5660: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5605: 5599: 5589: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5494: 5491:Society portal 5480: 5466: 5452: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5414: 5407: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5338: 5335: 5316: 5313: 5277: 5274: 5233:Zhang Xianling 5213:Zhao's memoirs 5191:Forbidden City 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5121:Jacques Chirac 5112:Main article: 5109: 5106: 5054: 5051: 5045:was placed in 5043:Jens Galschiøt 4966: 4963: 4935: 4932: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4854:Main article: 4851: 4848: 4831:correspondent 4812:Main article: 4809: 4806: 4786:People's Daily 4747: 4744: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4701:Media coverage 4699: 4625:Main article: 4622: 4619: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4404: 4401: 4399:" by rioters. 4382:Zhang Xianling 4369: 4366: 4307: 4304: 4282: 4279: 4267: 4264: 4245: 4242: 4211: 4208: 4199:People's Daily 4130:Main article: 4127: 4124: 4107: 4104: 4057: 4034: 4031: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3872:secretly moved 3815: 3812: 3767: 3764: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3729: 3691:on 20 May and 3684: 3681: 3676:Main article: 3673: 3670: 3613:Main article: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3577: 3468: 3465: 3417:Main article: 3414: 3411: 3345:Main article: 3342: 3339: 3322:Main article: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3263:Main article: 3260: 3257: 3244:People's Daily 3205: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3177:Main article: 3174: 3171: 3150: 3147: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3044: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2902: 2895: 2894: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2844:Main article: 2841: 2838: 2719:Main article: 2716: 2713: 2672:Main article: 2669: 2666: 2635:Mínzhǔ Shālóng 2616: 2613: 2609:iron rice bowl 2572: 2569: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2321:Supercomputing 2318: 2313: 2308: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2222: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2143: 2141:1992 consensus 2138: 2133: 2128: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2059: 2058: 2056:Beijing Spring 2053: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1924:Sufan movement 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1856: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1808:Roman numerals 1804:Great Firewall 1771: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1759:pat-káu bîn-ūn 1755: 1746: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1691:Yue: Cantonese 1687: 1686: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1645:Bā-Jyǒu Mínyùn 1641: 1635: 1634: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1568:Transcriptions 1561: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1508: 1499: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1461:Yue: Cantonese 1457: 1456: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1379:Transcriptions 1372: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1360:1989年春夏之交的政治風波 1356: 1350: 1349: 1346:1989年春夏之交的政治风波 1342: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1319: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1255:Yue: Cantonese 1251: 1250: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1151:Liù-Sì Shìjiàn 1147: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1132:Transcriptions 1125: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1077: 1074: 992:iron rice bowl 987:market economy 979:post-Mao China 925:demonstrations 910: 909: 907: 906: 901: 895: 894: 879: 878: 873: 868: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 828: 827: 812: 811: 806: 801: 796: 786: 781: 776: 774:Beijing Spring 770: 769: 767:Mainland China 756: 753: 752: 741: 740: 733: 726: 718: 710: 709: 703: 699: 698: 694: 693: 690: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 651:Intellectuals: 648: 647: 642: 631: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 584: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 540: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 469: 468: 465: 464: 460: 459: 456: 455: 453: 452: 449: 446: 441: 436: 418: 416: 414: 413: 399: 385: 375: 350: 343: 342: 338: 337: 335: 334: 330:Initiation of 328: 325: 312: 299: 296: 293: 283: 282: 281: 279: 275: 274: 253: 249: 248: 229: 225: 224: 223: 222: 217: 203: 198: 193: 188: 180: 176: 175: 138: 136: 132: 131: 112: 108: 107: 98:Protesters in 97: 96: 87: 86: 85: 76: 75: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21775: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21743:Deng Xiaoping 21741: 21739: 21736: 21734: 21731: 21729: 21726: 21724: 21721: 21719: 21716: 21714: 21711: 21709: 21706: 21704: 21701: 21699: 21696: 21694: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21644: 21643:1989 in China 21641: 21639: 21636: 21634: 21633:1989 protests 21631: 21629: 21626: 21625: 21623: 21608: 21605: 21603: 21600: 21598: 21595: 21593: 21590: 21588: 21585: 21583: 21580: 21578: 21575: 21573: 21570: 21568: 21565: 21563: 21560: 21558: 21555: 21553: 21550: 21548: 21545: 21543: 21540: 21538: 21535: 21533: 21530: 21528: 21525: 21523: 21520: 21518: 21515: 21511: 21508: 21506: 21503: 21501: 21498: 21497: 21496: 21493: 21489: 21486: 21485: 21484: 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21439: 21436: 21434: 21431: 21430: 21428: 21424: 21418: 21417:United States 21415: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21405: 21402: 21401:709 crackdown 21399: 21396: 21393: 21390: 21387: 21384: 21381: 21378: 21375: 21372: 21369: 21366: 21363: 21360: 21357: 21354: 21351: 21348: 21345: 21342: 21339: 21336: 21333: 21330: 21327: 21326: 21324: 21320: 21310: 21305: 21302: 21300: 21297: 21295: 21292: 21286: 21281: 21278: 21275: 21271: 21268: 21267: 21264: 21259: 21256: 21255: 21254: 21251: 21249: 21246: 21244: 21241: 21240: 21238: 21236: 21232: 21224: 21221: 21219: 21216: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21202: 21199: 21198: 21197: 21194: 21193: 21192: 21189: 21187: 21184: 21182: 21179: 21177: 21174: 21172: 21169: 21168: 21166: 21164: 21160: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21139: 21136: 21132: 21129: 21128: 21127: 21124: 21120: 21117: 21115: 21112: 21110: 21107: 21105: 21102: 21096: 21093: 21092: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21079: 21076: 21075: 21074: 21071: 21070: 21069: 21066: 21065: 21064: 21061: 21059: 21056: 21055: 21053: 21051: 21047: 21039: 21036: 21034: 21031: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21015: 21014: 21013:State Council 21011: 21007: 21004: 21000: 20997: 20993: 20990: 20989: 20988: 20985: 20983: 20980: 20979: 20978: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20969: 20968: 20965: 20964: 20962: 20958: 20953: 20949: 20942: 20937: 20935: 20930: 20928: 20923: 20922: 20919: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20897: 20894: 20893: 20890: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20868:War on terror 20866: 20864: 20861: 20859: 20856: 20854: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20845: 20843: 20839: 20833: 20830: 20828: 20825: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20798: 20795: 20793: 20790: 20788: 20785: 20783: 20780: 20778: 20775: 20773: 20770: 20769: 20767: 20763:Espionage and 20761: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20727: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20714:Andrew Thorpe 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20609:Gabriel Kolko 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20574:Fred Halliday 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20559:Lloyd Gardner 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20519:Norman Davies 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20504:John Costello 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20471: 20469: 20465: 20459: 20456: 20454: 20451: 20449: 20446: 20445: 20443: 20439:Technological 20437: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20419: 20418: 20415: 20412: 20410: 20409: 20405: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20397: 20393: 20392: 20390: 20386: 20380: 20379: 20375: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20367: 20363: 20361: 20360: 20356: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20348: 20344: 20342: 20341: 20337: 20335: 20334: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20324: 20322: 20320:Pro-communist 20318: 20315: 20311: 20305: 20302: 20300: 20297: 20295: 20292: 20290: 20287: 20285: 20282: 20280: 20277: 20275: 20272: 20270: 20267: 20265: 20262: 20260: 20257: 20255: 20252: 20251: 20249: 20247:Organizations 20245: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20116: 20114: 20110: 20104: 20101: 20099: 20096: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20078: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20064: 20062: 20061:Eurocommunism 20059: 20057: 20054: 20052: 20049: 20047: 20044: 20043: 20041: 20039: 20035: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19992: 19989: 19988: 19987: 19984: 19982: 19979: 19977: 19974: 19973: 19971: 19969: 19965: 19962: 19958: 19952: 19949: 19947: 19944: 19942: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19919: 19917: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19891:Domino theory 19889: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19873: 19871: 19867: 19861: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19845:South Ossetia 19843: 19841: 19838: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19823: 19822: 19820: 19818: 19814: 19808: 19805: 19801: 19798: 19797: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19752: 19750: 19746: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19672: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19662: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19647: 19645: 19642: 19639: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19629:8888 Uprising 19627: 19625: 19622: 19620: 19617: 19615: 19612: 19610: 19607: 19605: 19602: 19600: 19597: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19587: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19574:Iran–Iraq War 19572: 19570: 19567: 19565: 19562: 19560: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19550: 19547: 19545: 19542: 19540: 19539:Falklands War 19537: 19535: 19532: 19530: 19527: 19525: 19522: 19520: 19517: 19515: 19512: 19510: 19507: 19503: 19500: 19499: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19479: 19476: 19474: 19471: 19469: 19466: 19465: 19463: 19459: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19402:NDF Rebellion 19400: 19398: 19395: 19393: 19390: 19388: 19385: 19383: 19382:German Autumn 19380: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19370: 19368: 19365: 19363: 19362: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19269:Metapolitefsi 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19230: 19227: 19225: 19222: 19220: 19217: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19185: 19182: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19170: 19167: 19165: 19164: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19150: 19148: 19145: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19135: 19133: 19130: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19120: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19109: 19107: 19103: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19070: 19067: 19066: 19065: 19062: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19038: 19033: 19031: 19030:Prague Spring 19028: 19024: 19021: 19020: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19008:Al-Wadiah War 19006: 19004: 19001: 18999: 18996: 18994: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18973:12-3 incident 18971: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18902: 18899: 18898: 18897: 18894: 18892: 18889: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18816: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18778: 18775: 18774: 18773: 18770: 18766: 18763: 18762: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18732: 18730: 18726: 18720: 18717: 18713: 18710: 18709: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18652: 18647: 18644: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18617: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18570: 18565: 18563: 18560: 18558: 18555: 18553: 18552:Domino theory 18550: 18548: 18547:Petrov Affair 18545: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18484: 18482: 18478: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18462: 18459: 18455: 18452: 18451: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18424:Madiun Affair 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18384:Marshall Plan 18382: 18378: 18375: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18365: 18364: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18292: 18287: 18285: 18284: 18279: 18277: 18276: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18253: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18233: 18228: 18226: 18225: 18220: 18219: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18194: 18192: 18188: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18141: 18137: 18135: 18134: 18133:United States 18130: 18129: 18126: 18122: 18115: 18110: 18108: 18103: 18101: 18096: 18095: 18092: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18071: 18069: 18065: 18052: 18049: 18046: 18043: 18040: 18037: 18034: 18031: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18022: 18019: 18016: 18013: 18012: 18010: 18008: 18004: 18003:South Vietnam 17999: 17992: 17989: 17986: 17983: 17980: 17977: 17974: 17971: 17968: 17965: 17962: 17959: 17958: 17956: 17954: 17949: 17942: 17939: 17936: 17933: 17932: 17930: 17927: 17926:United States 17922: 17915: 17912: 17911: 17909: 17907: 17902: 17899: 17897:International 17895: 17888: 17885: 17882: 17879: 17876: 17873: 17870: 17867: 17864: 17861: 17858: 17855: 17852: 17849: 17846: 17843: 17840: 17839:Hainan Island 17837: 17834: 17833:Dengbu Island 17831: 17828: 17825: 17824: 17822: 17815: 17810: 17806: 17799: 17796: 17793: 17790: 17787: 17784: 17781: 17778: 17775: 17772: 17769: 17766: 17763: 17760: 17759: 17757: 17755: 17751: 17747: 17743: 17736: 17731: 17729: 17724: 17722: 17717: 17716: 17713: 17701: 17698: 17697: 17695: 17691: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17679:Yugoslav Wars 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17669:Neo-Stalinism 17667: 17665: 17664:Neo-Sovietism 17662: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17631: 17629: 17625: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17548:Black January 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17475: 17473: 17467: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17398: 17396: 17392: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17307: 17305: 17301: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17251: 17249: 17243: 17240: 17234: 17228: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17218: 17215: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17193: 17190: 17188: 17185: 17183: 17180: 17178: 17175: 17173: 17170: 17168: 17165: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17153: 17150: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17124: 17122: 17116: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17099:Ronald Reagan 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17079:Zhelyu Zhelev 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17059:Boris Yeltsin 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17039:Joachim Gauck 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16986: 16984: 16978: 16972: 16971:Strike action 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16933: 16931: 16925: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16913:Todor Zhivkov 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16903:Deng Xiaoping 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16830: 16828: 16822: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16770: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16760: 16758: 16754: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16732:Soviet Empire 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16699: 16697: 16693:International 16691: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16621: 16619: 16613: 16609: 16602: 16597: 16595: 16590: 16588: 16583: 16582: 16579: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16553: 16551: 16547: 16539: 16536: 16535: 16534: 16533: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16516: 16512: 16511: 16509: 16505: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16460: 16458: 16456: 16455:Anniversaries 16452: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16415: 16414: 16412: 16406: 16398: 16395: 16394: 16393: 16392: 16388: 16386: 16385: 16381: 16379: 16378: 16374: 16372: 16371: 16367: 16365: 16364: 16360: 16358: 16357: 16353: 16351: 16350: 16346: 16344: 16343: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16331: 16327: 16325: 16324: 16320: 16318: 16317: 16313: 16311: 16310: 16306: 16304: 16303: 16299: 16297: 16296: 16292: 16290: 16289: 16285: 16283: 16282: 16278: 16277: 16275: 16271: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16252: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16197: 16195: 16191: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16146: 16144: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16131: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16112: 16110: 16106: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15966: 15964: 15960: 15957: 15953: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15904: 15902: 15898: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15868: 15866: 15862: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15832: 15830: 15828: 15824: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15797:Yang Shangkun 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15787:Deng Xiaoping 15785: 15784: 15782: 15780: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15765: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15728:Hunger Strike 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15715: 15713: 15709: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15647: 15643: 15639: 15632: 15627: 15625: 15620: 15618: 15613: 15612: 15609: 15600: 15599:china.usc.edu 15596: 15592: 15589: 15585: 15581: 15580: 15569: 15563: 15559: 15558: 15552: 15540: 15536: 15530: 15526: 15525: 15520: 15519:Zhao, Dingxin 15516: 15512: 15506: 15502: 15501: 15496: 15492: 15487: 15475: 15471: 15467: 15462: 15450: 15446: 15442: 15438: 15426: 15422: 15417: 15411: 15399: 15395: 15391: 15386: 15374: 15370: 15366: 15359: 15347: 15343: 15339: 15332: 15320: 15316: 15312: 15305: 15293: 15289: 15285: 15278: 15266: 15262: 15258: 15251: 15239: 15235: 15231: 15224: 15212: 15208: 15204: 15197: 15185: 15181: 15177: 15170: 15158: 15154: 15150: 15143: 15131: 15127: 15123: 15116: 15104: 15100: 15096: 15089: 15077: 15073: 15067: 15063: 15059: 15052: 15048: 15044: 15040: 15036: 15032: 15028: 15024: 15020: 15015: 15003: 14999: 14994: 14991:. p. A1. 14990: 14985: 14973: 14969: 14964: 14958: 14946: 14942: 14937: 14931: 14919: 14915: 14909: 14905: 14904: 14898: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14873: 14869: 14863: 14859: 14858:Belknap Press 14855: 14854: 14849: 14845: 14833: 14829: 14824: 14820: 14816: 14812: 14807: 14795: 14791: 14787: 14783: 14771: 14767: 14766: 14760: 14748: 14744: 14740: 14728: 14724: 14718: 14714: 14713: 14707: 14695: 14691: 14685: 14681: 14680: 14674: 14670: 14666: 14662: 14656: 14652: 14651: 14646: 14642: 14630: 14626: 14625: 14620: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14595: 14583: 14579: 14575: 14571: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14553: 14549: 14545: 14541: 14534: 14529: 14517: 14513: 14509: 14504: 14492: 14488: 14482: 14478: 14477: 14471: 14459: 14455: 14451: 14446: 14434: 14430: 14426: 14421: 14409: 14405: 14399: 14395: 14394: 14388: 14373: 14369: 14362: 14357: 14342: 14338: 14331: 14326: 14322: 14318: 14314: 14310: 14306: 14302: 14298: 14294: 14282: 14278: 14274: 14269: 14257: 14253: 14247: 14243: 14242: 14236: 14224: 14220: 14214: 14210: 14209: 14203: 14191: 14187: 14182: 14170: 14166: 14160: 14156: 14155: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14136: 14133:. Routledge. 14132: 14127: 14115: 14111: 14105: 14102:. MIT Press. 14101: 14100: 14094: 14082: 14078: 14074: 14069: 14065: 14061: 14057: 14053: 14049: 14045: 14040: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14015: 14011: 14007: 14003: 13998: 13986: 13982: 13978: 13973: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13948: 13936: 13932: 13926: 13922: 13921: 13915: 13903: 13899: 13895: 13891: 13879: 13875: 13871: 13866: 13862: 13858: 13854: 13849: 13837: 13833: 13828: 13822: 13810: 13806: 13801: 13789: 13785: 13779: 13775: 13774: 13768: 13756: 13752: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13729: 13725: 13721: 13716: 13712: 13708: 13704: 13700: 13696: 13692: 13687: 13675: 13671: 13665: 13662:. Routledge. 13661: 13657: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13640: 13636: 13635:World Affairs 13631: 13619: 13615: 13611: 13606: 13594: 13590: 13584: 13580: 13579: 13573: 13561: 13557: 13553: 13548: 13536: 13532: 13526: 13522: 13521: 13515: 13511: 13505: 13501: 13496: 13484: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13455: 13451: 13447: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13426: 13414: 13410: 13406: 13401: 13389: 13385: 13381: 13376: 13372: 13367: 13355: 13351: 13346: 13340: 13337:. p. A1. 13336: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13319: 13314: 13302: 13298: 13292: 13288: 13287: 13281: 13269: 13265: 13260: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13224: 13220: 13216: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13124: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13081: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13045: 13041: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13018: 13014: 13010: 13005: 13001: 12996: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12971: 12959: 12955: 12949: 12945: 12944: 12938: 12926: 12922: 12916: 12912: 12911: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12893: 12887: 12883: 12882: 12876: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12851: 12839: 12835: 12829: 12825: 12824: 12818: 12806: 12802: 12797: 12793: 12789: 12785: 12779: 12775: 12763: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12734: 12727: 12723: 12711: 12707: 12703: 12699: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12650: 12646: 12642: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12618: 12606: 12602: 12598: 12586: 12582: 12576: 12572: 12571: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12553: 12548: 12544: 12539: 12535: 12529: 12525: 12524: 12519: 12515: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12469: 12464: 12452: 12448: 12442: 12439:. Routledge. 12438: 12434: 12429: 12417: 12413: 12408: 12402: 12398: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12368: 12364: 12360: 12355: 12343: 12339: 12338: 12337:La Vanguardia 12333: 12328: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12303: 12291: 12287: 12282: 12276: 12264: 12260: 12255: 12249: 12237: 12233: 12227: 12223: 12222: 12216: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12184: 12180: 12175: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12143: 12139: 12138:The Economist 12134: 12129: 12128: 12117:, p. 13. 12116: 12111: 12109: 12101: 12096: 12094: 12086: 12081: 12074: 12069: 12053: 12049: 12043: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12012: 12005: 12004:Branigan 2009 12000: 11993: 11988: 11981: 11976: 11969: 11964: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11941: 11933: 11929: 11925: 11918: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11895: 11888: 11883: 11881: 11873: 11868: 11866: 11864: 11847: 11843: 11836: 11829: 11824: 11817: 11812: 11805: 11800: 11793: 11788: 11781: 11776: 11769: 11764: 11757: 11752: 11745: 11740: 11733: 11728: 11726: 11709: 11705: 11704: 11699: 11692: 11676: 11672: 11665: 11658: 11653: 11646: 11641: 11635:, p. 56. 11634: 11629: 11623:, p. 55. 11622: 11617: 11610: 11609:Cabestan 2010 11605: 11603: 11595: 11594:Cabestan 2010 11590: 11584:, p. 19. 11583: 11578: 11571: 11570:Cabestan 2010 11566: 11559: 11558:L. Zhang 2001 11554: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11524: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11493: 11486: 11481: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11451: 11444: 11439: 11432: 11427: 11420: 11419:Naughton 2010 11415: 11413: 11411: 11403: 11398: 11391: 11386: 11379: 11374: 11372: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11342: 11335: 11333: 11325: 11320: 11313: 11312:Cabestan 2010 11308: 11301: 11300:Cabestan 2010 11296: 11294: 11292: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11258: 11253: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11222: 11203: 11199: 11192: 11185: 11169: 11165: 11159: 11155: 11154: 11149: 11143: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11113: 11106: 11101: 11085: 11081: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11058: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11036: 11031: 11029: 11012: 11008: 11004: 10997: 10981: 10977: 10970: 10963: 10957: 10950: 10944: 10937: 10932: 10925: 10920: 10913: 10912:Bregolat 2007 10908: 10902:, p. 52. 10901: 10896: 10894: 10887:, p. 50. 10886: 10881: 10879: 10871: 10870:Cabestan 2010 10866: 10859: 10854: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10821: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10791: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10753: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10721: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10689: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10648:, p. 30. 10647: 10642: 10635: 10630: 10623: 10622:Phillips 2015 10618: 10611: 10606: 10599: 10594: 10587: 10582: 10580: 10572: 10567: 10560: 10559:Traywick 2013 10555: 10553: 10545: 10540: 10524: 10520: 10519: 10514: 10508: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10477: 10470: 10465: 10458: 10453: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10439: 10434: 10432: 10424: 10419: 10413:, p. 39. 10412: 10407: 10401:, p. 74. 10400: 10395: 10388: 10387:E. Cheng 2012 10383: 10367: 10363: 10362:The Telegraph 10359: 10353: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10323: 10321: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10289: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10259: 10258: 10250: 10243: 10238: 10231: 10226: 10219: 10214: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10184: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10154: 10147: 10142: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10112: 10105: 10100: 10093: 10088: 10079: 10072: 10067: 10060: 10059:L. Zhang 2001 10055: 10048: 10043: 10041: 10033: 10028: 10022:, p. 42. 10021: 10020:Fewsmith 2001 10016: 10009: 10004: 9997: 9992: 9985: 9980: 9973: 9968: 9962:, p. 67. 9961: 9956: 9949: 9944: 9937: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9918: 9917:L. Zhang 2001 9913: 9906: 9905:L. Zhang 2001 9901: 9894: 9893:L. Zhang 2001 9889: 9882: 9881:L. Zhang 2001 9877: 9870: 9869:L. Zhang 2001 9865: 9858: 9857:L. Zhang 2001 9853: 9846: 9845:L. Zhang 2001 9841: 9839: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9799: 9792: 9787: 9780: 9775: 9768: 9763: 9756: 9751: 9744: 9739: 9732: 9727: 9725: 9717: 9712: 9705: 9700: 9684: 9680: 9673: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9643: 9624: 9617: 9611: 9604: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9587: 9582: 9574: 9568: 9561: 9556: 9549: 9544: 9537: 9532: 9525: 9520: 9518: 9511:, p. 19. 9510: 9505: 9499:, p. 23. 9498: 9493: 9486: 9481: 9465: 9461: 9455: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9423: 9415: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9396: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9375: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9358: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9314: 9312: 9304: 9299: 9292: 9287: 9285: 9265: 9258: 9252: 9250: 9230: 9223: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9205: 9200: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9169: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9138: 9122: 9118: 9112: 9106:, p. 38. 9105: 9100: 9093: 9088: 9081: 9076: 9074: 9066: 9061: 9054: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9022: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8989: 8984: 8978:, p. 60. 8977: 8972: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8926: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8899: 8894: 8892: 8884: 8879: 8877: 8869: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8852: 8847: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8814: 8806: 8805:L. Zhang 2001 8801: 8799: 8797: 8789: 8788:L. Zhang 2001 8784: 8777: 8776:L. Zhang 2001 8772: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8758: 8757:L. Zhang 2001 8753: 8746: 8741: 8734: 8733:L. Zhang 2001 8729: 8722: 8717: 8710: 8709:L. Zhang 2001 8705: 8698: 8693: 8691: 8684:, p. 94. 8683: 8678: 8671: 8670:L. Zhang 2001 8666: 8664: 8662: 8654: 8653:L. Zhang 2001 8649: 8647: 8639: 8638:L. Zhang 2001 8634: 8627: 8626:L. Zhang 2001 8622: 8615: 8614:L. Zhang 2001 8610: 8603: 8602:L. Zhang 2001 8598: 8591: 8590:L. Zhang 2001 8586: 8579: 8578:L. Zhang 2001 8574: 8567: 8566:L. Zhang 2001 8562: 8560: 8552: 8551:L. Zhang 2001 8547: 8540: 8539:L. Zhang 2001 8535: 8528: 8527:L. Zhang 2001 8523: 8516: 8511: 8504: 8499: 8492: 8487: 8480: 8475: 8468: 8463: 8461: 8452: 8445: 8437: 8430: 8414: 8410: 8403: 8396: 8391: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8353: 8347: 8343: 8336: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8300:, p. xv. 8299: 8298:Ignatius 2009 8294: 8292: 8284: 8279: 8272: 8267: 8261:, p. 41. 8260: 8255: 8239: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8214:Ignatius 2009 8210: 8203: 8198: 8191: 8186: 8180:, p. 28. 8179: 8174: 8167: 8162: 8155: 8150: 8143: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8122: 8117: 8110: 8105: 8103: 8095: 8090: 8083: 8078: 8071: 8066: 8059: 8054: 8047: 8042: 8035: 8030: 8028: 8020: 8015: 8008: 8004: 8003: 7997: 7990: 7985: 7983: 7975: 7974:E. Cheng 2009 7970: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7956: 7951: 7944: 7939: 7932: 7927: 7920: 7915: 7908: 7903: 7901: 7893: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7869: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7852: 7847: 7840: 7835: 7833: 7825: 7820: 7818: 7810: 7805: 7803: 7795: 7790: 7783: 7778: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7754: 7752: 7744: 7739: 7732: 7727: 7720: 7715: 7708: 7703: 7696: 7695:L. Zhang 2001 7691: 7684: 7679: 7677: 7669: 7664: 7657: 7652: 7645: 7640: 7633: 7627: 7620: 7614: 7607: 7601: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7562: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7536: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7482: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7417: 7415: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7381: 7379: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7339: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7300: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7267: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7160:(1): 75–110. 7159: 7155: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7097: 7095: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7049: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7017: 7015: 7007: 7002: 6995: 6990: 6983: 6978: 6972:, p. 33. 6971: 6970:E. Cheng 2009 6966: 6964: 6956: 6951: 6944: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6912:, p. 57. 6911: 6906: 6904: 6896: 6891: 6885:, p. 89. 6884: 6879: 6873:, p. 84. 6872: 6867: 6861:, p. 82. 6860: 6855: 6853: 6846:, p. 81. 6845: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6814: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6797: 6792: 6785: 6780: 6774:, p. 91. 6773: 6772:Naughton 2007 6768: 6760: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6741:Naughton 2007 6737: 6735: 6733: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6699: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6653: 6651: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6607: 6605: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6547: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6522: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6402: 6396:, p. 28. 6395: 6390: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6327: 6322: 6315: 6310: 6308: 6300: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6266: 6261: 6259: 6251: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6169: 6158: 6151: 6146: 6144: 6136: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6072: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6033: 6028: 6021: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5958: 5956: 5948: 5943: 5936: 5931: 5924: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5797: 5777: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5656:liùsì shìjiàn 5652: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5602:June Struggle 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5582:8888 Uprising 5580: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5495: 5492: 5486: 5481: 5478: 5467: 5464: 5458: 5453: 5450: 5439: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5415:A replica of 5411: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5355: 5347: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5321:Jiang Yanyong 5312: 5310: 5302: 5294: 5282: 5273: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5185:Summer Palace 5178: 5174: 5168: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5134: 5133:Angela Merkel 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5105: 5101: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5087:in 1992, the 5086: 5077: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5066:Suisheng Zhao 5062: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5033: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4931: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4893: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4880:Suisheng Zhao 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4815: 4808:Foreign media 4805: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4771:broadcast on 4770: 4769: 4768:Xinwen Lianbo 4764: 4760: 4753: 4746:Chinese media 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4642:as the party 4641: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4519:Zheng Xuguang 4516: 4515:Wang Zhengyun 4512: 4511:Liang Qingdun 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4278: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4260:Deng Xiaoping 4256: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4103: 4091: 4084: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4045: 4044:Larry Wortzel 4039: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3972:Zhang Meiyuan 3969: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3825:Beijing Daily 3820: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3784:Deng Xiaoping 3781: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3760: 3745: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3724: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3606: 3596: 3593: 3586: 3584: 3576: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3464: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448:some 30 years 3444: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3330: 3325: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3289:State Council 3285: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3231:Yang Shangkun 3227: 3223: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3190: 3180: 3170: 3169:on 23 April. 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115:Zhang Zhiyong 3112: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3095:state funeral 3091: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2856: 2854: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2830:primary stage 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2743:CCP Politburo 2732: 2727: 2722: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2657:marketization 2653: 2649: 2647: 2645:Cǎodì Shālóng 2637: 2631: 2623: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2521:Deng Xiaoping 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2371:Space program 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1799:liù-sì zhènyā 1791: 1780: 1778: 1768: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1734: 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507:Li Xiannian 486:Hardliners: 315:Jiang Zemin 302:Zhao Ziyang 278:Resulted in 210:Zhao Ziyang 166: / 154:116°23′30″E 21622:Categories 21453:Censorship 21438:610 Office 21353:Red August 21322:Operations 21213:Correction 21095:Inspection 20467:Historians 20458:Space Race 20359:Rudé právo 20313:Propaganda 20169:Neo-Nazism 20139:Chauvinism 20093:Trotskyism 20008:Monetarism 19976:Liberalism 19968:Capitalism 19960:Ideologies 19911:Ostpolitik 19634:Solidarity 19599:Toyota War 19502:Solidarity 19359:Operation 19314:Ogaden War 19003:Dhofar War 18891:Shifta War 18649:Operation 18497:Korean War 18289:Operation 18281:Operation 18273:Operation 18250:Operation 18230:Operation 18222:Operation 17935:Korean War 17928:and allies 17644:Lustration 17518:Baltic Way 17469:Individual 17446:Mozambique 17385:Uzbekistan 17370:Tajikistan 17355:Kyrgyzstan 17350:Kazakhstan 17315:Azerbaijan 17294:Yugoslavia 17172:Solidarity 17132:Charter 77 17118:Opposition 17014:Wu'erkaixi 16980:Opposition 16927:Opposition 16918:Siad Barre 16863:Egon Krenz 16833:Ramiz Alia 16824:Government 16763:Uskoreniye 16695:background 16617:background 16193:Army units 16184:Li Lianxiu 16179:Xu Qinxian 16089:Zhang Boli 16084:Yu Dongyue 16069:Wu'erkaixi 16034:Liu Xiaobo 16019:Hou Dejian 15999:Fang Zheng 15994:Fang Lizhi 15989:Ding Zilin 15955:Protesters 15942:Wu Xueqian 15937:Wen Jiabao 15922:Yan Mingfu 15912:Hu Yaobang 15886:Zhu Rongji 15711:Chronology 15682:Corruption 15645:Background 15369:Boxun blog 15342:Boxun blog 15337:天安门事件的最后一幕 15315:Boxun blog 15310:天安门事件的最后一幕 15288:Boxun blog 15283:天安门事件的最后一幕 15261:Boxun blog 15256:天安门事件的最后一幕 15234:Boxun blog 15207:Boxun blog 15180:Boxun blog 15153:Boxun blog 15126:Boxun blog 15099:Boxun blog 15057:六四事件中的戒严部队 14951:29 October 14891:1 December 14753:15 January 14561:1811/54988 14287:22 October 14196:2 December 14087:22 October 14033:3 November 13966:15 January 13624:22 October 13274:11 January 13177:9 November 13153:9 November 13129:9 November 12811:22 October 12635:3 November 12611:16 January 12518:Chai, Ling 12508:26 October 12269:4 November 11992:Wines 2010 11980:Kuang 2016 11105:Mohan 2009 10924:Roth 2009a 10646:Miles 1997 10634:Miles 1997 10571:Weber 2014 10372:2 December 10309:2 December 10242:Roth 2009b 10146:Brook 1998 10092:Brook 1998 10047:Brook 1998 10032:Brook 1998 9755:Brook 1998 9743:Brook 1998 9716:Brook 1998 9444:11 January 9158:14 January 8988:Wu: 3 June 8836:14 January 8682:Brook 1998 8479:Brook 1998 8419:22 October 8283:Brook 1998 8259:Brook 1998 8190:Miles 1997 7907:Vogel 2011 7839:Vogel 2011 6832:Vogel 2011 6721:5 November 6553:Vogel 2011 6394:Miles 1997 6343:Britannica 6265:Brook 1998 6135:Miles 2009 6032:Saich 1990 5923:Brook 1998 5788:References 5747:Ding Zilin 5724:Lucian Pye 5331:Wen Jiabao 5257:autocratic 5237:Ding Zilin 5229:Liu Xiaobo 5171:See also: 4951:World Bank 4938:See also: 4802:Falun Gong 4791:Qian Liren 4777:Wu Xueqian 4750:See also: 4736:Wei Fenghe 4571:Wuer Kaixi 4551:Zhang Ming 4543:Zhang Boli 4491:Wuer Kaixi 4464:See also: 4430:Hou Dejian 4378:Ding Zilin 4270:See also: 4266:Death toll 4248:See also: 4190:Jianguomen 4172:, Germany. 3976:Gongzhufen 3840:Hou Dejian 3836:Liu Xiaobo 3766:MSS Report 3709:Hou Dejian 3658:Martin Lee 3568:Wen Jiabao 3548:Wen Jiabao 3399:Liu Xiaobo 3391:Yan Mingfu 3291:spokesman 3224:and mayor 3142:Wu'erkaixi 3136:as chair. 3123:Wu'erkaixi 3015:(PKU) and 2899:Wu'erkaixi 2791:Peng Chong 2783:Tian Jiyun 2767:corruption 2739:党和国家领导制度改革 2680:Fang Lizhi 2581:corruption 2561:Hu Yaobang 2555:was named 2510:Mao Zedong 2231:Shenzhou 5 2084:Opposition 1894:Korean War 1879:Revolution 1826:Background 1609:Wade–Giles 1406:Wade–Giles 1173:Wade–Giles 1082:8964 Corax 975:Hu Yaobang 707:Death toll 697:Casualties 682:Zhang Boli 672:Hou Dejian 657:Liu Xiaobo 645:Lü Jinghua 598:Wu'erkaixi 579:Xu Qinxian 569:Yan Mingfu 543:Moderates: 451:Reformists 268:occupation 186:Hu Yaobang 151:39°54′12″N 21587:Shuanggui 21510:Hong Kong 21367:(1983–87) 21349:(1957–59) 21343:(1955–57) 21337:(1951–52) 21331:(1950–53) 21163:Hong Kong 20754:Ken Young 20599:Tony Judt 20448:Arms race 20421:Red Scare 20289:NN States 20234:Apartheid 20189:Autocracy 20098:Stalinism 20066:Guevarism 20056:Castroism 20046:Communism 20038:Socialism 19564:Star Wars 19157:Koza riot 18283:Beleaguer 18275:Masterdom 17889:(1995–96) 17877:(1960–61) 17827:Kuningtou 17764:(1927–50) 17684:Pink tide 17478:Jeltoqsan 17394:Elsewhere 17345:Lithuania 17197:Rastokhez 17137:New Forum 17120:movements 17019:Chai Ling 16629:Communism 16538:Hong Kong 16397:TV series 16391:Chimerica 16316:Execution 16164:Qin Jiwei 16079:Yan Jiaqi 16074:Xiong Yan 16044:Shen Tong 16039:Qin Benli 15974:Chai Ling 15891:Hu Jintao 15871:Li Ximing 15855:Yao Yilin 15812:Peng Zhen 15807:Wang Zhen 15768:Communist 15047:157680075 15000:. MSNBC. 14006:HRI China 13898:Frontline 13861:734005592 13734:7 January 13556:WikiLeaks 13326:115057724 13167:Frontline 13143:Frontline 13115:Frontline 13085:"Preface" 12742:6 January 12495:145014593 11968:Wong 2009 11582:Link 2010 11543:2 January 11378:Foot 2000 11211:26 August 11090:5 January 10770:0362-4331 10732:boxun.com 10544:Lim 2014a 10438:Lim 2014a 10411:Lim 2014a 10399:Lim 2014a 10332:Telegraph 9817:0362-4331 9767:Wong 1989 9704:Iyer 1998 9662:7 October 9536:Lim 2014a 9509:Lim 2014a 9497:Lim 2014a 9485:Baum 1996 9470:20 August 9104:Lim 2014a 8515:Chai 2011 7770:Baum 1996 7554:: 33–44. 7526:154818820 7510:0305-7410 7225:144236160 7209:0097-7004 7166:1521-0235 7139:135471151 7123:0305-7410 7077:0004-4687 6982:Wang 2006 6910:Wang 2006 6611:Baum 1996 6379:18 August 6326:Dube 2014 6194:0015-7120 6097:0015-7120 5935:Lim 2014a 5793:Citations 5427:Vancouver 5403:in Canada 5253:Ai Weiwei 4965:Hong Kong 4850:Reactions 4721:Hu Jintao 4587:Hong Kong 4567:Chai Ling 4559:Xiong Yan 4555:Xiong Wei 4499:Chai Ling 4420:Chai Ling 4389:Wu Renhua 4358:Bob Hawke 4292:Li Ximing 4194:Fuxingmen 3968:38th Army 3904:3–4 June 3860:Yao Yilin 3662:Szeto Wah 3635:Qin Benli 3627:Yan Jiaqi 3564:swan song 3498:Yao Yilin 3440:Shen Tong 3355:Photo of 3335:Chai Ling 3301:Pyongyang 3222:Li Ximing 2949:Beijing; 2945:Shen Tong 2920:Beijing; 2901:(Örkesh) 2883:Chai Ling 2799:democracy 2590:arbitrage 2567:in 1982. 2447:Geography 2442:Education 2316:Chang'e 3 2266:Expo 2010 1066:watershed 1017:declared 996:democracy 959:, or the 825:Hong Kong 608:Shen Tong 603:Chai Ling 522:Li Ximing 517:Yao Yilin 310:Politburo 196:Inflation 184:Death of 179:Caused by 21050:Mainland 20960:National 20954:in China 20906:Timeline 20896:Category 20841:See also 20333:Izvestia 20174:Islamism 20071:Hoxhaism 19946:Rollback 19825:Abkhazia 19765:Gulf War 19669:Glasnost 19039:incident 18809:Sand War 18667:Ifni War 18176:Rio Pact 18121:Cold War 18067:See also 17881:Dong-Yin 17441:Mongolia 17436:Ethiopia 17421:Cambodia 17325:Chechnya 17259:Bulgaria 17034:Tank Man 17024:Wang Dan 17009:Liu Gang 16966:Samizdat 16961:Protests 16800:Glasnost 16783:500 Days 16707:Cold War 16615:Internal 16521:Tank Man 16142:Generals 16134:Military 16059:Wang Dan 16009:Liu Gang 15984:Dai Qing 15979:Cui Jian 15907:Bao Tong 15845:Qiao Shi 15792:Chen Yun 15545:31 March 15539:Archived 15521:(2001). 15497:(eds.). 15480:30 March 15474:Archived 15455:5 August 15449:Archived 15431:31 March 15425:Archived 15404:16 April 15398:Archived 15379:31 March 15373:Archived 15352:31 March 15346:Archived 15325:31 March 15319:Archived 15298:31 March 15292:Archived 15271:31 March 15265:Archived 15244:31 March 15238:Archived 15217:31 March 15211:Archived 15184:Archived 15157:Archived 15136:31 March 15130:Archived 15109:31 March 15103:Archived 15008:27 March 15002:Archived 14972:Archived 14945:Archived 14924:31 March 14918:Archived 14885:Archived 14850:(2011). 14832:Archived 14800:30 March 14794:Archived 14770:Archived 14733:31 March 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11932:Archived 11909:Archived 11846:Archived 11744:Pei 1994 11708:Archived 11675:Archived 11537:Archived 11533:BBC News 11507:Archived 11485:Lee 2012 11464:Archived 11443:Kam 2016 11354:Archived 11350:45305304 11274:Archived 11236:Archived 11202:Archived 11198:cpim.org 11168:Archived 11150:(2013). 11126:Archived 11084:Archived 11011:Archived 10980:Archived 10843:10 April 10837:Archived 10810:10 April 10804:Archived 10780:10 April 10774:Archived 10742:10 April 10736:Archived 10710:10 April 10704:Archived 10678:10 April 10672:Archived 10523:Archived 10491:Archived 10469:Liu 1996 10366:Archived 10336:Archived 10303:Archived 10272:Archived 10197:Archived 10167:Archived 10163:BBC News 10125:Archived 9821:Archived 9683:Archived 9656:Archived 9652:BBC News 9623:Archived 9464:Archived 9438:Archived 9328:Archived 9264:Archived 9229:Archived 9183:Archived 9152:Archived 9121:Archived 9035:Archived 9005:Archived 8955:Archived 8951:20050041 8830:Archived 8413:Archived 8374:Archived 8319:Archived 8271:Pye 1990 8244:8 August 8238:Archived 8009:, p. 19. 7824:Liu 1990 7782:Pye 1990 7656:Pan 2008 7584:Archived 7464:Archived 7433:Archived 7397:Archived 7361:Archived 7322:Archived 7283:Archived 7250:Archived 7217:24575589 7174:26211714 7037:29 April 7031:Archived 6759:Archived 6715:Archived 6688:29 April 6639:29 April 6633:Archived 6593:17 April 6587:Archived 6505:Archived 6474:Archived 6444:Archived 6418:Archived 6416:. 2009. 6373:Archived 6347:Archived 6206:Archived 6202:20050041 6109:Archived 6105:20050041 5992:Archived 5988:63178961 5902:Archived 5876:Archived 5850:Archived 5817:Archived 5717:Analyst 5435:See also 5429:, Canada 5326:Bao Tong 5221:Tank Man 5209:Bao Tong 4911:Politics 4695:Bao Tong 4669:Qiao Shi 4646:in 1989. 4527:Yang Tao 4495:Liu Gang 4487:Wang Dan 4234:bank run 4153:Jan Wong 4151:, while 4144:Newsweek 4132:Tank Man 4115:others. 4058:— 3856:Qiao Shi 3814:2–3 June 3792:Chen Yun 3730:— 3713:Wang Dan 3535:Li Peng 3518:Qiao Shi 3426:Dai Qing 3155:Changsha 3138:Wang Dan 2963:Zhejiang 2916:Wang Dan 2905:Xinjiang 2888:Shandong 2818:Bao Tong 2662:Chen Yun 2597:Beidaihe 2585:nepotism 2536:de facto 2452:Politics 2421:Shanghai 2341:Xiong'an 1712:Jyutping 1595:Bopomofo 1482:Jyutping 1276:Jyutping 1159:Bopomofo 1042:domestic 1030:massacre 927:held in 702:Death(s) 677:Cui Jian 667:Dai Qing 634:Workers: 613:Liu Gang 593:Wang Dan 564:Bao Tong 512:Qiao Shi 497:Chen Yun 206:Nepotism 135:Location 124:Massacre 64:and the 58:Cold War 21397:(2014–) 21391:(2014–) 21385:(2012–) 21218:Customs 21138:Customs 20987:Militia 20396:Amerika 20279:Comecon 20164:Fascism 20154:Zionism 20103:Titoism 19644:Contras 19112:Détente 18389:Comecon 18007:Vietnam 17693:Related 17451:Somalia 17380:Ukraine 17360:Moldova 17335:Georgia 17330:Estonia 17320:Belarus 17310:Armenia 17284:Romania 17274:Hungary 17254:Albania 17162:Sąjūdis 16982:leaders 16929:methods 16826:leaders 16815:Đổi Mới 16756:Reforms 16549:Related 15969:Bei Dao 15927:Yuan Mu 15917:Luo Gan 15850:Hu Qili 15840:Li Peng 15817:Bo Yibo 15445:Reuters 15082:16 July 15039:2158797 14830:. CNN. 14321:2644711 13900:. PBS. 13815:5 March 13807:. CNN. 13711:2644842 13616:. NPR. 13614:NPR.org 13599:1 April 13566:2 April 13266:. CNN. 12706:The Age 12625:The Age 12475:Society 12242:1 April 12124:Sources 11844:. CNN. 11431:Wu 2015 11360:24 June 11280:25 July 11174:27 June 11017:25 July 10986:25 July 10193:Newshub 9632:17 July 9575:. TIME. 9273:12 July 9011:20 June 8467:Wu 2009 8121:Li 2010 8058:Li 2010 7743:Li 2010 7085:2644047 6501:AP News 6371:. NPR. 6212:29 June 6115:29 June 5908:23 July 5882:23 July 5823:21 June 5693:Chinese 5668:Chinese 5643:Chinese 5358:Gallery 5309:Chengdu 4934:Economy 4922:favor. 4869:Wrocław 4844:Reuters 4763:Xue Fei 4759:Du Xian 4656:Hu Qili 4654:(PSC). 4391:of the 4287:Yuan Mu 4170:Cologne 4097:am to 9 4086:At 5:23 3923:Type 59 3852:Li Peng 3759:Li Peng 3654:民主歌聲獻中華 3650:Chinese 3556:Premier 3526:Bo Yibo 3514:Hu Qili 3430:Hu Qili 3293:Yuan Mu 3235:Li Peng 3212:Li Peng 3119:Li Peng 2934:Sichuan 2787:Bo Yibo 2779:Hu Qili 2750:" and " 2622:Chinese 2563:became 2557:Premier 2437:Economy 2432:Culture 2416:Beijing 1750:Hokkien 1503:Hokkien 1314:Hokkien 1100:Chinese 933:Beijing 746:Chinese 554:Hu Qili 492:Li Peng 341:Parties 272:rioting 252:Methods 21542:Laogai 21407:Abroad 21403:(2015) 21379:(2009) 21373:(1999) 21361:(1975) 21355:(1966) 21196:Police 20347:Pravda 20149:Racism 20088:Maoism 19840:Kosovo 19361:Condor 19037:Pueblo 19023:May 68 18651:Gladio 18569:Tuapse 18232:Jungle 18224:Priboi 18053:(1988) 18047:(1986) 18041:(1984) 18035:(1981) 18023:(1979) 18017:(1974) 17987:(2017) 17981:(2013) 17969:(1967) 17963:(1962) 17916:(1969) 17883:(1965) 17871:(1958) 17865:(1955) 17859:(1955) 17853:(1953) 17847:(1952) 17841:(1950) 17835:(1949) 17829:(1949) 17814:Taiwan 17800:(1989) 17788:(1959) 17782:(1950) 17471:events 17406:Angola 17365:Russia 17340:Latvia 17279:Poland 17236:Events 16888:Ne Win 16410:groups 16108:Groups 15932:Wan Li 15900:Others 15779:Elders 15564: 15531: 15507: 15190:3 July 15163:7 June 15068: 15045: 15037: 14910: 14864: 14776:2 July 14719: 14686: 14667: 14657: 14576: 14568: 14483: 14400: 14319: 14248: 14215: 14175:2 July 14161: 14137: 14106: 14062: 13927: 13859: 13780: 13709: 13666: 13645: 13585: 13541:7 July 13527: 13506: 13448: 13324: 13293: 13243:Forbes 13099: 13093:iv–xvi 12950: 12917: 12898: 12888: 12830: 12655:30 May 12577: 12530: 12493: 12443: 12422:6 June 12393: 12228: 12189:6 June 12148:3 June 12032:1 June 11852:3 June 11804:Apathy 11714:13 May 11348: 11242:5 June 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20832:Stasi 20299:SAARC 20294:ASEAN 20259:SEATO 20112:Other 20077:Juche 19835:Korea 19748:1990s 19461:1980s 19105:1970s 18728:1960s 18480:1950s 18190:1940s 18171:NEATO 18166:SEATO 18156:ANZUS 17953:India 17426:China 17416:Burma 17411:Benin 16507:Icons 16273:Works 16024:Li Lu 15770:Party 15470:Wired 15060:[ 15043:S2CID 15035:JSTOR 14838:1 May 14574:S2CID 14566:JSTOR 14536:(PDF) 14375:(PDF) 14364:(PDF) 14344:(PDF) 14333:(PDF) 14317:JSTOR 14060:JSTOR 13707:JSTOR 13693:. 5. 13643:JSTOR 13637:. 3. 13446:JSTOR 12768:1 May 12736:(PDF) 12729:(PDF) 12502:(PDF) 12491:S2CID 12471:(PDF) 11346:JSTOR 11205:(PDF) 11194:(PDF) 9626:(PDF) 9619:(PDF) 9267:(PDF) 9260:(PDF) 9232:(PDF) 9225:(PDF) 8947:JSTOR 7590:4 May 7522:S2CID 7514:JSTOR 7470:3 May 7439:3 May 7403:3 May 7289:3 May 7256:3 May 7221:S2CID 7213:JSTOR 7170:JSTOR 7135:S2CID 7127:JSTOR 7081:JSTOR 6670:[ 6480:1 May 6450:1 May 6421:(PDF) 6410:(PDF) 6198:JSTOR 6101:JSTOR 5697:天安门事件 5631:Notes 5586:Burma 4585:from 4547:Li Lu 4297:Mayor 4221:biers 4002:Xidan 3828:' 3742:Li Lu 3159:Xi'an 3093:Hu's 3021:Xi'an 2979:Hebei 2974:Li Lu 2874:Name 2700:Hefei 2271:BRICS 1412:1989- 937:China 892:Macau 623:Li Lu 228:Goals 21208:Fire 20999:NDMC 20950:and 20372:TASS 20264:METO 20254:NATO 19480:and 19478:1980 19035:USS 18161:METO 18146:NATO 17906:USSR 17812:(vs 16261:67th 16257:65th 16253:64th 16250:63rd 16247:54th 16243:40th 16238:39th 16233:38th 16228:28th 16223:27th 16218:26th 16214:24th 16210:20th 16205:15th 16200:12th 15586:and 15562:ISBN 15547:2019 15529:ISBN 15505:ISBN 15482:2019 15457:2008 15433:2019 15406:2018 15381:2019 15354:2019 15327:2019 15300:2019 15273:2019 15246:2019 15219:2019 15192:2013 15165:2013 15138:2019 15111:2019 15084:2013 15066:ISBN 15010:2019 14980:2010 14953:2017 14926:2019 14908:ISBN 14893:2010 14862:ISBN 14840:2017 14802:2019 14778:2013 14755:2012 14735:2019 14717:ISBN 14702:2019 14684:ISBN 14665:OCLC 14655:ISBN 14637:2019 14615:2020 14590:2019 14524:2019 14499:2019 14481:ISBN 14466:2019 14441:2012 14416:2019 14398:ISBN 14383:2008 14352:2010 14289:2018 14264:2019 14246:ISBN 14231:2019 14213:ISBN 14198:2010 14177:2013 14159:ISBN 14135:ISBN 14122:2019 14104:ISBN 14089:2018 14035:2010 13993:2019 13968:2012 13943:2019 13925:ISBN 13910:2017 13886:2019 13844:2019 13817:2007 13796:2019 13778:ISBN 13763:2017 13736:2019 13682:2019 13664:ISBN 13626:2018 13601:2019 13583:ISBN 13568:2016 13543:2015 13525:ISBN 13504:ISBN 13491:2019 13421:2019 13396:2017 13362:2019 13309:2019 13291:ISBN 13276:2017 13255:2017 13231:2019 13219:Time 13199:2019 13179:2009 13155:2009 13131:2009 13097:ISBN 13076:2019 13064:Time 13052:2016 13025:2019 12991:2019 12966:2019 12948:ISBN 12933:2019 12915:ISBN 12896:OCLC 12886:ISBN 12871:2019 12846:2019 12828:ISBN 12813:2018 12770:2012 12744:2017 12718:2019 12694:2017 12657:2009 12637:2010 12613:2019 12593:2019 12575:ISBN 12528:ISBN 12510:2018 12459:2019 12441:ISBN 12424:2014 12391:ISBN 12375:2019 12350:2007 12323:2019 12298:2019 12271:2018 12244:2019 12226:ISBN 12211:2019 12191:2014 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