384:
19:
131:
324:. This is punctuated by stories of persons who stood up to him (the longest of which is that of Eusebius) and the interventions of the righteous Jovian (called Jovinian in the text). Not all of those who resisted Julian escaped martyrdom. Their stories are sometimes drawn from non-Edessene traditions, leading them to author's contradict the narrative at points. For example, the cities of
457:. In Antioch, the inhabitants forsake Christianity, welcome Julian and join the pagans and Jews in plundering the churches. A Jew of Edessa named Humnas denounces his city to the emperor, who sends envoys to demand its surrender. The Edessenes refuse to let them in and cloak their walls in black out of mourning. They direct the emissaries to the pagan city of
395:
373:
414:
which does not consume him but does kill the pagan priests standing nearby. When an executioner tries to finish him off with an axe, an angel strikes him down. The citizens repudiate Julian, saying, "you will not be a king over us, for our city does not need a stranger to king over it, for its king is alive and has risen and will never be destroyed."
349:. Adoctus claims that Rome's successes stem from its adherence to the old religion. Eusebius refuses to go along and is joined by Volusianus, a leading Roman citizen, who then publicly reveals his conversion to Christianity. He advises Julian that he cannot be truly emperor until he is acclaimed in Rome.
413:
In Julian's encampment, the philosopher
Aplatus reminds the emperor that he must yet be acclaimed in Rome. When Julian goes to Rome, however, the citizens refuse to acclaim him until he promises religious toleration. He arrests the leading citizens to execute them. Eusebius is thrown into a fire,
464:
Some Jews from Edessa go the emperor and request
Jerusalem as compensation for their seized properties in Edessa. A group of Christian soldiers defects from Julian and takes refuge in Edessa. When the Jews try to return, the soldiers massacre them. Julian vows to destroy the city. Jovian and the
271:
is known from a single seventh- or eighth-century manuscript: British
Library, MS Richmond 7192. This Syriac text was also published by Hoffmann (1880), translated into German by Nöldeke (1874), translated into English by Gollancz (1928) and translated and abridge in French by Richer (1978). The
427:, tries to convince the city not to side with Julian. While Julian is watching female dancers at a pagan festival, Maximus attempts to assassinate him. He fails in both efforts, although he does knock the crown off of Julian's head. Julian is acclaimed "king of the Romans" in Constantinople.
422:
The epistolary section that closes out the work is addressed by Jovian's chamberlain, Aploris, to an abbot named Abdil. Aploris recounts how Jovian pretended to serve Julian while secretly working to protect
Christians. After his failure at Rome, Julian bribes Constantinople into persecuting
344:
The first part of the work is introductory and establishes the madness and tyranny of Julian and the virtue of
Eusebius. The story picks up when Julian's ally, Adoctus, urges Eusebius to become a pagan priest to help the new emperor undo the
162:
argued that it was the work of a single author writing in Syriac in Edessa between 502 and 532, although van
Esbroeck thought it was only translated into Syriac around that time. Philip Wood also argues for a date in the sixth century.
216:
in Egypt and brought to the
British Library in the 1830s. The first 12 folios are lost, but what they contained can be partially reconstructed from the only other witness to the Syriac text: the lower writing of a
225:, MS Syr. 378. This was identified by Sebastian Brock in 1975. The Syriac text of the British Library manuscript was first published by J. G. E.  Hoffmann in 1880. The "Eusebius story" alone was published by
364:, attack Julian's men in the street, killing many. The captured are then burned on the altars they had built. The Christian elite of Rome, following the example of Volusianus, resign from political power.
469:
in prayers for Edessa, after which Julian decides to spare it until after his war with Persia. Julian then visits Harran, where he destroys the churches and participates in the worship of the moon god
272:
second text focuses on "Julian's apostasy, sorcery and veneration of idols and demons." Nöldeke concluded that it was written in the later sixth century by a different author than that of the first.
1154:
476:
Julian is killed in battle by an arrow. Jovian publicly declares his
Christianity and is acclaimed emperor. Arimhar converts to Christianity and the two sides make peace. Nisibis and the
143:
487:
At his coronation, Jovian has the crown placed on a cross, kneels before the cross and lets the crown fall onto his head. He visits Edessa, where he is given a crown
252:(1928), followed by an abridged French translation by Jean Richer (1978). The Syriac text of the palimpsest was first published in 2000 with an English translation.
302:
105:
829:
Drijvers, Jan Willem (1999). "The Syriac Julian
Romance: Aspects of the Jewish–Christian Controversy in Late Antiquity". In H. L. J. Vanstiphout (ed.).
336:
are condemned. Yet some of the interspersed narratives are clearly drawn from
Antiochene and Constantinopolitan traditions that do not share this view.
42:. It was written sometime between Julian's death in 363 and the copying of the oldest known manuscript in the sixth century. It was probably written in
1285:
1241:
953:
66:
383:
925:
473:. As he bows to Sin, the crown falls from his head. As he is leaving the city, his horse stops and refuses to go before dropping dead.
1290:
353:
313:(363–364). It is in the form of a letter by a certain Aploris to one Abdil. It is sometimes called the "History of Jovian".
346:
142:(363) and the date of the oldest surviving manuscript (sixth century), but there is no consensus on a more precise dating.
222:
896:'We Have No King But Christ': Christian Political Thought in Greater Syria on the Eve of the Arab Conquest (c.400–585)
511:
256:
has published a revised English translation by Michael Sokoloff (2017), which includes material from the palimpsest.
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1039:
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321:
241:
230:
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430:
The larger part of the letter is framed by an account of Julian's war with Persia. First, he declares war on
403:
From top to bottom: Julian, Shapur and Jovian. The conflicts of these three form the frame narrative of the
767:
Ben-Horin, U. (1961). "An Unknown Old Arabic Translation of the Syriac Romance of Julian the Apostate".
491:. He heals a sick woman and then returns to Constantinople. The narrative ends abruptly at this point.
1234:
1138:
1024:
911:
96:
There is no scholarly consensus on the original language or the date and place of composition of the
434:
because of the latter's tolerance of Christians. Shapur's lieutenant, Arimhar, meets with Jovian in
1275:
357:
1108:
1090:
1034:
843:
438:
and give him information on Persian troop dispositions. They agree to begin the war immediately.
183:
65:
perspective. It is divided into three parts. The first describes the accession of Julian and his
309:
to the persecution. The third part, which is the longest, takes the narrative into the reign of
1178:
981:
199:
116:
110:
848:
Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire: The Breaking of a Dialogue (IVth–VIth Century A.D.)
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996:
8:
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1014:
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442:
431:
298:
139:
62:
39:
872:
Muraviev, Alexei (1999). "The Syriac Julian Romance and Its Place in Literary History".
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script. The manuscript was copied in the sixth century, but sustained damage and had 23
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785:"The Fragments of the Syriac Julian Romance from the Manuscript Paris Syr 378"
360:. New pagan altars are built, but the monks of Rome, aided by some monks from
1264:
253:
36:
488:
481:
119:. It is great importance in Syriac linguistics, being cited 1,117 times by
814:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
484:. Shapur promises toleration of Christians and the restoration of trade.
480:
are handed over to Persia for a hundred years because they belong to the
435:
361:
226:
73:. The third and longest part, written in the form of a letter, describes
218:
130:
831:
All Those Nations... Cultural Encounters Within and With the Near East
1114:
1067:
151:
423:
Christians. A certain Maximus, mocking paganism for its reliance on
212:
replaced before the end of the twelfth century. It was found in the
1120:
1084:
446:
305:
of Christians. The second part is a narrative of the opposition of
198:
is known primarily from a single Syriac manuscript, now in London,
784:
289:
is divided into three parts. The first part is a narrative of the
466:
450:
329:
838:
Drijvers, Jan Willem (2011). "Religious Conflict in the Syriac
503:
influenced the later Syriac apocalyptic tradition, notably the
458:
441:
Meanwhile, Julian has taken his campaign of persecution to the
237:
147:
51:
43:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
614:
612:
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509:, and also the Arabic historiographic tradition, notably the
424:
209:
352:
Out of revenge for the destruction of their synagogues, the
657:
655:
533:
325:
240:
is preserved in the tenth-century manuscript Arabic 516 of
134:
Theodor Nöldeke, who first classified the work as a romance
745:
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739:
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710:
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and Edessa are portrayed as great Christian cities, while
77:, his downfall and the accession of the Christian emperor
903:
453:
was a pagan and hoping to convince Julian to rebuild the
189:
667:
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732:
703:
691:
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593:
84:
There exists a short Syriac text known as the "second
146:
proposed that it was originally written in Syriac in
855:
Mazzola, Marianna; Van Nuffelen, Peter (2023). "The
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720:
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35:is fictionalized prose account of the reign of the
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178:(died 521). Nöldeke was the first to identify its
356:team up with Julian and the pagans to repeat the
320:is of Julian's persecution of Christians and his
1262:
1242:Julian Comstock: A Story of 22nd-Century America
554:
174:(died 373) and is similar in style to those of
54:adaptation had been made by the tenth century.
519:. Its influence can also be seen in Greek and
69:. The second describes Julian's conflict with
919:
887:The Julian Romance: A New English Translation
779:
661:
1155:Saint Mercurius slaying Julian the Apostate
91:
50:, the language of all surviving copies. An
926:
912:
489:"made with care in the days of king Abgar"
263:", the relationship of which to the first
766:
22:Two pages from the Arabic version of the
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871:
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673:
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618:
548:
465:local bishop, Valgash, lead the city of
129:
17:
1286:Cultural depictions of Julian (emperor)
649:, p. vii, says "in the 12th cent."
248:. The first English translation was by
1263:
190:Manuscripts, editions and translations
907:
799:
642:
587:
259:There is a text known as the "second
893:
833:. Styx Publications. pp. 31–42.
749:
726:
714:
697:
630:
599:
417:
347:Christianization of the Roman Empire
138:It was written between the death of
449:convert to paganism, claiming that
115:argued that it was translated from
13:
244:and in a two-page fragment in the
14:
1302:
512:History of the Prophets and Kings
339:
316:The overarching narrative of the
393:
382:
371:
1150:(4th–6th-century prose account)
885:Sokoloff, Michael, ed. (2017).
859:: A Full Text and a New Date".
850:. LIT Verlag. pp. 131–162.
759:
645:says "10th–12th  cent.", while
170:was influenced by the works of
1291:Works about pagan restorations
636:
506:Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius
231:Richard James Horatio Gottheil
202: 14641. It is written in
158:favours a fifth-century date.
100:. It was probably composed in
1:
297:(337) until the accession of
236:An abridged translation into
494:
280:
7:
846:; Rita Lizzi Testa (eds.).
812:; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
783:; Muraviev, Alexei (2001).
275:
242:Saint Catherine's Monastery
150:shortly after the death of
75:Julian's Persian expedition
10:
1307:
933:
898:. Oxford University Press.
1235:Julian: A Christmas Story
1221:
1139:Coronation of Ardashir II
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1077:
1052:
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969:
962:
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861:Journal of Late Antiquity
662:Brock & Muraviev 2001
67:persecution of Christians
970:Roman–Alamannic conflict
800:Butts, Aaron M. (2011).
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358:Diocletianic persecution
214:Monastery of the Syrians
200:British Library, MS Add.
92:Date, place and language
1271:Late Antique literature
954:Restoration of paganism
267:is unclear. The second
769:Studia Hierosolymitana
301:(361) and the ensuing
223:Bibliothèque nationale
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26:
1171:The Death of the Gods
1061:Against the Galileans
894:Wood, Philip (2010).
295:Constantine the Great
291:Constantinian dynasty
133:
21:
1163:Emperor and Galilean
874:Khristianskij Vostok
789:Khristianskij Vostok
551:, pp. vii–viii.
303:Julianic persecution
1249:Worship of the Gods
1179:Giuliano l'Apostata
1158:(15th-century icon)
752:, pp. 136–140.
717:, pp. 134–136.
700:, pp. 133–134.
621:, pp. 135–136.
602:, pp. 140–142.
482:land of the Aramoye
455:temple in Jerusalem
432:Shapur II of Persia
299:Julian the Apostate
140:Julian the Apostate
106:Michel van Esbroeck
40:Julian the Apostate
1229:Column of Julianus
1211:The Dragon Waiting
1103:Constantius Gallus
1097:Julius Constantius
1007:Persian expedition
963:Military campaigns
949:Chalcedon tribunal
808:; Aaron M. Butts;
806:Sebastian P. Brock
322:invasion of Persia
293:from the death of
246:Mingana Collection
136:
61:is written from a
27:
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1257:
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676:, pp. 2–491.
418:Letter of Aploris
172:Ephrem the Syrian
144:H. J. W. Drijvers
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1142:(379–383 relief)
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1174:(1895 novel)
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982:Durocortorum
942:Major events
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818:. Retrieved
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23:
15:
1182:(1919 film)
1166:(1873 play)
1117:(physician)
844:Peter Brown
362:Mesopotamia
229:(1896) and
227:Paul Bedjan
182:as that of
109: [
104:, although
1265:Categories
1131:Depictions
1015:Pirisabora
997:Strasbourg
880:: 194–206.
820:1 December
643:Butts 2011
588:Butts 2011
443:Roman East
219:palimpsest
205:Esáąrangela
1123:(adviser)
1115:Oribasius
1109:Mardonius
1105:(brother)
1068:Misopogon
1025:Ctesiphon
750:Wood 2010
727:Wood 2010
715:Wood 2010
698:Wood 2010
631:Wood 2010
600:Wood 2010
517:al-Ṭabarī
495:Influence
281:Structure
152:Shapur II
63:Christian
1203:Fireball
1121:Salutius
1099:(father)
1087:(mother)
1085:Basilina
795:: 14–34.
521:Georgian
447:Tiberias
276:Synopsis
233:(1906).
154:in 379.
127:(1928).
1111:(tutor)
1035:Samarra
1030:Maranga
992:Senonae
987:Brumath
775:: 1–10.
467:Nisibis
451:Solomon
405:Romance
330:Antioch
318:Romance
269:Romance
265:Romance
184:romance
168:Romance
123:in his
86:Romance
59:Romance
1281:Edessa
1195:Julian
1093:(wife)
1091:Helena
1078:People
935:Julian
842:". In
459:Harran
311:Jovian
238:Arabic
210:folios
148:Edessa
102:Syriac
79:Jovian
52:Arabic
48:Syriac
44:Edessa
1053:Works
977:Autun
804:. In
527:Notes
436:Syria
425:Homer
180:genre
117:Greek
113:]
822:2021
515:of
499:The
354:Jews
332:and
326:Rome
285:The
166:The
57:The
29:The
471:Sin
88:".
46:in
1267::
876:.
865:16
863:.
791:.
787:.
771:.
734:^
705:^
654:^
607:^
556:^
535:^
461:.
186:.
111:fr
81:.
927:e
920:t
913:v
878:1
824:.
793:2
773:9
664:.
590:.
407:.
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