1590:
556:
The vowels of Jru' inherited from Proto-Mon-Khmer show three vowel heights and three tongue positions, or amount of "backness". An innovation in which Jru' developed a rounding contrast in the open-mid back vowels, results in ten vowel positions. All ten also show a length contrast, giving a total of
945:
Recently, linguist
Pascale Jacq, with the help of native speakers, has devised an orthography based on the Lao script in an attempt to provide Jru' speakers a standardized method with which to write their language. Jacq's orthography is currently being used to compile a Jru'-Lao-English-French
295:
Similar to the other Mon-Khmer languages of the region, Jru' distinguishes five places of articulation in its consonant inventory and the stops can be either voiced, unvoiced or (unvoiced) aspirated. The consonants are given below in IPA as laid out by Jacq.
916:
As is the situation with most of the Mon-Khmer languages, Jru' has no indigenous writing system. However, at different points in history, various existing scripts including
79:
2023:
271:
The sounds and syllable structure of Jru' are typical of the West
Bahnaric languages in general. Words are mostly monosyllabic although a few words have
1626:
2148:
1056:
Sidwell, P 2008, 'The Khom script of the
Kommodam Rebellion', International Journal of the sociology of language, vol. 2008, no. 192, pp. 15-25.
1115:
256:
2028:
2040:
260:
1082:
1619:
524:
517:
247:
in the central part of extreme southern Laos. The variety described here is the most-studied variety that is spoken in
928:
of the early 1900s, in which the Mon-Khmer hill tribes of the region joined together to resist French and Lao rule,
1612:
1073:. Pacific Linguistics, 551. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
1108:
668:
661:
857:
is any consonant except a voiced or aspirated stop. The components in parentheses are not present in all words.
707:
700:
2402:
1721:
1179:
741:
728:
633:
626:
3377:
3032:
2993:
2035:
1878:
686:
679:
492:
901:
897:
893:
885:
881:
877:
850:
846:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
279:
contrast seen in other Mon-Khmer languages has not been found in Jru' and, in contrast to the surrounding
3457:
747:
734:
619:
612:
503:
3462:
1101:
938:
772:
765:
538:
381:
374:
118:
2818:
388:
219:
which belongs to the
Western branch of the Bahnaric languages which also includes such languages as
3384:
2317:
1400:
647:
640:
2608:
1635:
1554:
1157:
423:
416:
395:
176:
69:
1004:
3391:
3325:
2338:
2312:
1575:
1504:
1423:
430:
561:, the length contrast is not between short and long, but between "regular" and "extra short".
3434:
3398:
3330:
1491:
531:
460:
453:
2047:
183:
branch spoken in southern Laos. It is also known as "Loven", "Laven" or "Boloven" from the
3405:
2960:
2555:
467:
437:
276:
924:
have been used or modified to transcribe the sounds of the language for study. During the
8:
3207:
2474:
2018:
1853:
1843:
1386:
1310:
358:
349:
342:
3193:
3086:
2621:
2593:
2375:
2052:
1681:
1648:
1519:
1376:
1166:
474:
309:
304:
284:
236:
180:
74:
154:
3335:
3291:
3281:
3202:
3126:
3001:
2933:
2527:
2439:
2241:
2236:
1940:
1272:
721:
714:
324:
314:
280:
3151:
2626:
3234:
3212:
3183:
3136:
3072:
3060:
3037:
3011:
3006:
2983:
2813:
2797:
2787:
2777:
2677:
2545:
2505:
2444:
2414:
2269:
2176:
2127:
2000:
1901:
1812:
1807:
1767:
1559:
1529:
1524:
1481:
1441:
1413:
1381:
1338:
1282:
1244:
1214:
917:
248:
244:
1499:
19:
This article is about the Jru' variety of Laven. For the wider dialect chain, see
3268:
3167:
3162:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
2978:
2849:
2767:
2762:
2704:
2631:
2598:
2354:
2322:
2246:
2210:
2117:
1977:
1838:
1772:
1757:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1676:
1671:
1471:
1446:
1371:
1300:
1295:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1184:
655:
319:
240:
200:
61:
1716:
3428:
3365:
3320:
3304:
3299:
3217:
3157:
3145:
3096:
3091:
3081:
2917:
2912:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2865:
2752:
2729:
2652:
2647:
2578:
2570:
2510:
2489:
2429:
2143:
1956:
1858:
1848:
1828:
1752:
1726:
1691:
1686:
1509:
1456:
1451:
1408:
1328:
1323:
1204:
694:
272:
216:
196:
107:
84:
20:
962:
3451:
3342:
2886:
2792:
2782:
2757:
2672:
2583:
2434:
2370:
2287:
2226:
2194:
2153:
2101:
2086:
2078:
2068:
1972:
1833:
1802:
1782:
1742:
1514:
1476:
1466:
1461:
1436:
1431:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1290:
1262:
1257:
1209:
1174:
933:
929:
574:
220:
3276:
3027:
2616:
2550:
2460:
2231:
2122:
2096:
2091:
1924:
1919:
1762:
1666:
1534:
1361:
1318:
1267:
1252:
1199:
1189:
1138:
402:
184:
1604:
138:
2772:
2588:
2560:
2535:
1777:
1594:
1219:
606:
569:
511:
3121:
2540:
967:
921:
755:
579:
558:
447:
232:
114:
1079:
RWAAI (Repository and
Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
1124:
484:
147:
131:
1093:
1088:
204:
171:
1045:
A Description of Jruq (Loven): a Mon-Khmer language of the Lao PDR
925:
331:
252:
1076:
275:, retaining the classic Mon-Khmer sesquisyllabic structure. The
557:
20 monophthongs. Unlike other languages in the
Southeast Asian
42:
860:
The maximal sesquisyllabic word structure is represented C
1083:
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-9043-C@view
1071:
A Handbook of comparative
Bahnaric, Vol. 1: West Bahnaric
1047:. Doctoral Dissertation. Australian National University.
805:
are also found in certain environments as allophones of
207:
cultivation, as well as other agricultural activities.
1005:"The Development of a Lao-based orthography for Jrù"
908:
is any consonant except a voiced or aspirated stop.
231:Jru' is the native language of the Jru' people, a
3449:
1620:
1109:
821:The maximal monosyllable is represented as (C
1156:
226:
1634:
1627:
1613:
1116:
1102:
1050:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
841:is any consonant except one identical to C
942:that was used for a time to write Jru'.
235:indigenous to the isolated mountains in
1030:
977:
936:, invented a complicated script called
785:Jru' additionally has three diphthongs
283:, Lao, Jru' has not developed phonemic
203:. The Jru' people engage in coffee and
3450:
170:
3363:
3256:
3058:
2958:
2702:
2400:
2267:
2174:
1998:
1899:
1646:
1608:
1123:
1097:
816:
16:Austroasiatic language spoken in Laos
1002:
3364:
2401:
932:, a speaker of the closely related
904:, V is any vowel or diphthong and C
853:, V is any vowel or diphthong and C
13:
3433:Languages between parentheses are
2024:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern
956:
14:
3474:
3331:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)
1063:
911:
771:
764:
746:
740:
733:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
685:
678:
667:
660:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
537:
530:
523:
516:
502:
491:
473:
466:
459:
452:
436:
429:
422:
415:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
357:
348:
341:
210:
1588:
263:, and various nearby villages.
3437:of the language on their left.
2959:
1:
1085:Jru' in RWAAI Digital Archive
1077:http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai
949:
837:is any voiceless consonant, C
290:
3326:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)
1647:
266:
251:, Champasak in the towns of
195:, which is derived from the
7:
10:
3479:
3257:
3059:
2268:
2175:
1999:
1900:
18:
3419:
3372:
3359:
3313:
3290:
3267:
3263:
3252:
3226:
3192:
3176:
3135:
3071:
3067:
3054:
3020:
2992:
2971:
2967:
2954:
2926:
2905:
2874:
2858:
2842:
2835:
2806:
2745:
2738:
2722:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2665:
2640:
2607:
2569:
2526:
2519:
2498:
2482:
2473:
2453:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2396:
2363:
2347:
2331:
2305:
2296:
2280:
2276:
2263:
2219:
2203:
2187:
2183:
2170:
2136:
2110:
2077:
2061:
2011:
2007:
1994:
1965:
1949:
1933:
1912:
1908:
1895:
1871:
1821:
1798:
1791:
1735:
1659:
1655:
1642:
1584:
1568:
1547:
1490:
1422:
1399:
1337:
1309:
1281:
1243:
1165:
1147:
1131:
1012:Mon-Khmer Studies Journal
578:
573:
568:
566:
551:
510:
490:
483:
458:
446:
421:
379:
347:
330:
308:
301:
227:Geographical distribution
145:
129:
124:
104:
58:
48:
38:
33:
28:
845:(or R if present), R is
2355:Somray (Northern Chong)
1636:Austroasiatic languages
973:(subscription required)
1576:Laotian sign languages
1548:Main foreign languages
1089:Consonant Ear Training
1069:Sidwell, Paul (2003).
1003:Jacq, Pascale (2004).
215:Jru' is a variety of
3378:Proto-Austroasiatic
3033:Southern Nicobarese
2423:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam
273:minor pre-syllables
3458:Bahnaric languages
817:Syllable structure
797:. The diphthongs
177:Mon–Khmer language
54:28,000 (2007)
3463:Languages of Laos
3445:
3444:
3429:extinct languages
3415:
3414:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2661:
2660:
2469:
2468:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1867:
1866:
1602:
1601:
1543:
1542:
1395:
1394:
1132:Official language
1125:Languages of Laos
971:(18th ed., 2015)
926:Ong Keo Rebellion
783:
782:
549:
548:
412:
370:
338:
281:prestige language
245:Attapeu Provinces
161:
160:
3470:
3361:
3360:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3253:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3055:
2969:
2968:
2956:
2955:
2840:
2839:
2743:
2742:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2699:
2524:
2523:
2480:
2479:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2398:
2397:
2303:
2302:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2264:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2171:
2032:
2009:
2008:
1996:
1995:
1910:
1909:
1897:
1896:
1796:
1795:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1643:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1009:
1000:
975:
974:
960:
903:
899:
895:
887:
883:
879:
852:
848:
813:, respectively.
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
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750:
744:
737:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
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682:
671:
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629:
622:
615:
564:
563:
541:
534:
527:
520:
506:
495:
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470:
463:
456:
440:
433:
426:
419:
410:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
368:
361:
352:
345:
336:
299:
298:
249:Paksong District
174:
169:
157:
141:
134:
110:
64:
26:
25:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3411:
3385:Proto-Palaungic
3368:
3366:Proto-languages
3347:
3309:
3286:
3259:
3240:
3222:
3188:
3172:
3131:
3063:
3042:
3016:
2988:
2963:
2938:
2922:
2901:
2870:
2854:
2823:
2802:
2734:
2707:
2682:
2657:
2636:
2603:
2565:
2515:
2494:
2465:
2449:
2405:
2403:Khasi–Palaungic
2380:
2359:
2343:
2327:
2298:
2292:
2272:
2251:
2215:
2199:
2179:
2158:
2132:
2106:
2073:
2057:
2026:
2003:
1982:
1961:
1945:
1929:
1904:
1883:
1863:
1817:
1787:
1731:
1651:
1638:
1633:
1603:
1598:
1595:Laos portal
1589:
1587:
1580:
1564:
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1418:
1391:
1333:
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1239:
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1143:
1127:
1122:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1007:
1001:
978:
972:
961:
957:
952:
914:
907:
891:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
554:
293:
269:
229:
213:
201:Boloven Plateau
167:
153:
137:
130:
111:
106:
100:
65:
62:Language family
60:
51:
50:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
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3284:
3279:
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3261:
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3250:
3249:
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3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
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2975:
2973:
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2964:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2520:East Palaungic
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2499:West Palaungic
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2300:
2297:Western Pearic
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
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1064:External links
1062:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1043:Jacq, Pacale.
1029:
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912:Writing system
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172:[ɟruʔ]
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125:Language codes
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108:Writing system
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21:Laven language
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3392:Proto-Khmeric
3389:
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3305:Bugan (Pakan)
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2972:Chaura-Teresa
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2339:Western Chong
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2313:Central Chong
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1505:Northern Thai
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1158:Austroasiatic
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969:
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940:
935:
934:Alak language
931:
930:Ong Kommandam
927:
923:
919:
909:
858:
814:
779:
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404:
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393:
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367:
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354:
351:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
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297:
288:
286:
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278:
274:
264:
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238:
234:
224:
222:
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208:
206:
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199:name for the
198:
194:
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186:
182:
178:
173:
165:
156:
152:
150:
149:
144:
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136:
133:
128:
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116:
113:
109:
103:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:Austroasiatic
67:
63:
57:
53:
47:
44:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3424:
3404:
3399:Proto-Aslian
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3233:
3227:unclassified
3150:
2247:Phong-Kniang
1747:
1586:
1424:Sino-Tibetan
1301:Phong-Kniang
1194:
1070:
1052:
1044:
1020:. Retrieved
1015:
1011:
966:
958:
946:dictionary.
944:
937:
915:
859:
820:
784:
555:
294:
270:
230:
214:
192:
188:
163:
162:
146:
89:
34:Jruʔ, ຈຼ໌ຣູະ
3406:Proto-Munda
2556:Muak Sa-aak
2027: [
1913:West Katuic
598:extra short
592:extra short
586:extra short
512:Approximant
119:Khom script
3452:Categories
3208:Semaq Beri
3196:(Southern)
3075:(Northern)
2961:Nicobarese
2906:Gutob-Remo
2875:Sora-Gorum
2739:Kherwarian
2137:Phong–Liha
2019:Vietnamese
2012:Viet-Muong
1854:Mel-Khaonh
1401:Hmong–Mien
1387:Vietnamese
1148:Indigenous
968:Ethnologue
950:References
559:sprachbund
291:Consonants
233:hill tribe
115:Lao script
3435:varieties
3427:indicate
3336:Khmer Khe
3139:(Central)
3087:Cheq Wong
2622:Quang Lam
2609:Bit-Khang
2594:Meung Yum
2475:Palaungic
2220:Phay-Pram
1520:Tai Daeng
1311:Palaungic
1150:languages
872:) where C
833:) where C
656:Close-mid
485:Fricative
369:Voiceless
337:Aspirated
267:Phonology
257:Houeikong
237:Champasak
148:Glottolog
132:ISO 639-3
3282:Nyah Kur
3203:Mah Meri
3194:Semelaic
3021:Southern
3002:Nancowry
2807:Santalic
2746:Mundaric
2440:Lyngngam
2364:Southern
2348:Northern
2237:Ksingmul
2036:in China
1934:Ta'oihic
1649:Bahnaric
1167:Bahnaric
1018:: 97–112
918:Quốc ngữ
695:Open-mid
601:regular
310:Alveolar
305:Bilabial
277:register
205:cardamom
181:Bahnaric
155:lave1248
75:Bahnaric
3425:Italics
3292:Pakanic
3235:Kenaboi
3213:Semelai
3184:Jah Hut
3177:Jah Hut
3122:Ten'edn
3038:Shompen
3012:Katchal
3007:Camorta
2994:Central
2984:Teressa
2814:Santali
2798:Agariya
2788:Majhwar
2778:Mundari
2678:Tai Loi
2546:Man Met
2528:Angkuic
2506:Palaung
2445:Maharam
2332:Western
2306:Central
2299:(Chong)
2128:Thavưng
1813:Tampuan
1808:Tariang
1792:Central
1768:Nyaheun
1560:English
1530:Tai Lue
1525:Tai Dam
1492:Kra–Dai
1482:Sinsali
1442:Bantang
1414:Iu Mien
1382:Thavung
1215:Nyaheun
1022:28 June
595:regular
589:regular
575:Central
332:Plosive
325:Glottal
315:Palatal
253:Paksong
187:exonym
185:Laotian
179:of the
175:) is a
3314:Others
3258:Others
3168:Temiar
3163:Semnam
3137:Senoic
3117:Mintil
3112:Minriq
3107:Kintaq
3102:Kensiu
3073:Jahaic
3061:Aslian
2979:Chaura
2850:Kharia
2843:Kharia
2768:Birhor
2763:Birjia
2666:Others
2632:Bumang
2599:Savaiq
2415:Khasic
2376:Sa'och
2323:Kasong
2270:Pearic
2211:Mlabri
2204:Mlabri
2177:Khmuic
2118:Maleng
2001:Vietic
1978:Phuong
1902:Katuic
1844:Ra’ong
1839:Stieng
1773:Sapuan
1712:Rengao
1707:Bahnar
1702:Sedang
1697:Todrah
1677:Kayong
1672:Halang
1555:French
1472:Phunoi
1447:Cantan
1372:Maleng
1339:Vietic
1296:Mlabri
1283:Khmuic
1245:Katuic
1230:Sedang
1225:Sapuan
1185:Halang
868:(R)V(C
829:(R)V(C
793:, and
552:Vowels
411:Voiced
261:Tateng
241:Sekong
3321:Khmer
3300:Bolyu
3269:Monic
3218:Temoq
3158:Semai
3152:Sabüm
3146:Lanoh
3127:Wila'
3097:Jedek
3092:Jahai
3082:Batek
2918:Gutob
2913:Bonda
2897:Lodhi
2892:Juray
2882:Gorum
2866:Juang
2859:Juang
2836:South
2753:Korwa
2730:Korku
2723:Korku
2716:North
2705:Munda
2653:Kiorr
2648:Lamet
2641:Lamet
2627:Kháng
2579:Blang
2511:Riang
2490:Danau
2483:Danau
2430:Khasi
2318:Samre
2144:Phong
2053:Nguồn
2048:Mường
2041:in US
2031:]
1957:Pacoh
1950:Pacoh
1941:Ta'Oi
1859:Thmon
1849:Mnong
1829:Chrau
1822:South
1753:Laven
1727:Katua
1692:Monom
1687:Takua
1682:Kaco’
1660:North
1510:Phuan
1457:Cosao
1452:Cauho
1409:Hmong
1377:Nguồn
1329:Lamet
1324:Kiorr
1273:Ta'Oi
1205:Laven
1008:(PDF)
607:Close
570:Front
448:Nasal
320:Velar
285:tones
217:Laven
197:Khmer
193:Loven
189:Laven
164:Jru'
85:Laven
3343:Mang
2934:Gta’
2927:Gta’
2887:Sora
2793:Turi
2783:Koda
2758:Asur
2673:Kuan
2584:Lawa
2571:Waic
2435:Pnar
2371:Suoi
2288:Pear
2281:Pear
2242:O’du
2227:Prai
2195:Khmu
2188:Khmu
2154:Liha
2149:Tuom
2102:Sach
2087:Arem
2079:Chứt
2069:Cuoi
2062:Cuoi
1973:Katu
1966:Katu
1872:East
1834:Koho
1803:Alak
1783:Brao
1748:Jru'
1743:Lavi
1736:West
1722:Duan
1515:Saek
1500:Khün
1477:Piyo
1467:Luma
1462:Hani
1437:Akha
1432:Akeu
1367:Liha
1357:Cuoi
1352:Chut
1347:Arem
1291:Khmu
1263:Katu
1258:Brao
1210:Lavi
1195:Jru'
1180:Duan
1175:Alak
1024:2012
963:Jru'
939:Khom
920:and
809:and
803:/uo/
801:and
799:/ie/
795:/ua/
791:/ɨə/
787:/ia/
756:Open
580:Back
243:and
221:Brao
90:Jru'
80:West
43:Laos
29:Jru'
3277:Mon
3028:Car
2819:Kol
2617:Bit
2551:Mok
2461:War
2454:War
2232:Mal
2123:Kri
2111:Kri
2097:Ruc
2092:May
1925:Bru
1920:Kuy
1879:Cua
1763:Juk
1758:Su'
1717:Hrê
1667:Jeh
1535:Yoy
1362:Kri
1319:Bit
1268:Kuy
1253:Bru
1235:Su'
1200:Juk
1190:Jeh
1139:Lao
965:at
922:Lao
902:/l/
900:or
898:/r/
894:/h/
892:is
888:, C
886:/t/
884:or
882:/k/
878:/p/
876:is
851:/l/
849:or
847:/r/
811:/u/
807:/i/
191:or
168:IPA
139:lbo
3454::
2773:Ho
2589:Wa
2561:Va
2536:Hu
2029:vi
1778:Oi
1220:Oi
1032:^
1016:34
1014:.
1010:.
979:^
896:,
880:,
864:əC
825:)C
789:,
773:aː
748:ɔː
745:,
742:ʌː
732:,
722:əː
708:ɛː
687:oː
669:eː
648:uː
634:ɨː
620:iː
359:kʰ
350:tʰ
343:pʰ
287:.
259:,
255:,
239:,
223:.
117:,
2541:U
1628:e
1621:t
1614:v
1117:e
1110:t
1103:v
1026:.
906:3
890:2
874:1
870:3
866:2
862:1
855:3
843:1
839:2
835:1
831:3
827:2
823:1
766:a
735:ɔ
729:ʌ
715:ə
701:ɛ
680:o
662:e
641:u
627:ɨ
613:i
539:j
532:r
525:l
518:w
504:h
493:s
475:ŋ
468:ɲ
461:n
454:m
438:ɡ
431:ɟ
424:d
417:b
403:ʔ
396:k
389:c
382:t
375:p
166:(
23:.
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