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year. In response, China put pressure on them by banning envoy delegates from entering the country or demanding unreasonable tributes, but in the end Joseon, which had a theoretical advantage, got the privilege of paying tribute at least one or two times a year. Joseon enjoyed the most opportunities for tribute trade with China, and the tribute trade with China was considered as a privilege not easily granted in Asia. China had to give a higher value than the tribute it received in order to maintain face, and Joseon abused it. Joseon experienced numerous economic and cultural benefits through gifts from the imperial China. The purpose of the tribute varied depending on the circumstances, but it was usually for economic or diplomatic gain.
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166:
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3648:
175:
112:
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gwageo exams (one had to pass the "lesser gwageo" exam (소과) in both of two stages in order to qualify for the greater gwageo exam, which again one had to pass in both of two stages to become a government official). The yangban and the king, in an uneasy balance, controlled the central government and military institutions. The proportion of yangban may have reached as high as 30% by 1800, due to the later practices of transaction of yangban status to peasants, although there was considerable local variation. As the government was small, a great many yangban were local gentry of high social status, but not always of high income.
3174:, a royal library in order to improve the cultural and political position of Joseon and to recruit gifted officers to run the nation. King Jeongjo also spearheaded bold social initiatives, opening government positions to those who would previously have been barred because of their social status. King Jeongjo had the support of the many Silhak scholars. King Jeongjo's reign also saw the further growth and development of Joseon's popular culture. At that time, the group of Silhak scholars encouraged the individual to reflect on state traditions and lifestyle, initiating the studies of Korea that addressed its history, geography,
4974:
3807:
2396:), as crown prince in 1392. This conflict arose largely because Jeong Do-jeon, who shaped and laid down ideological, institutional, and legal foundations of the new kingdom more than anyone else, saw Joseon as a kingdom led by ministers appointed by the king while Yi Bang-won wanted to establish an absolute monarchy ruled directly by the king. With Taejo's support, Jeong Do-jeon kept limiting the royal family's power by prohibiting political involvement of princes and attempting to abolish their private armies. Both sides were well aware of each other's great animosity and were getting ready to strike first.
3966:
3663:, and Confucian teachings. The king commanded absolute loyalty from his officials and subjects, but the officials were also expected to persuade the king to the right path if the latter was thought to be mistaken. Natural disasters were thought to be due to the king's failings, and therefore, Joseon kings were very sensitive to their occurrences. When there was severe drought or a series of disasters, the king often formally sought criticism from officials and citizenry. On those occasions, critics were immune from prosecution, regardless of what they said or wrote (although there were a few exceptions).
4026:(경연), in which they discussed history and Confucian philosophy with the king. Since these discussions often led to commentary on current political issues, its officials had significant influence as advisors. It was headed by Chief Scholar (Daejehak, 대제학), a part-time post of 2nd senior rank that served concurrently in another high post (such as in State Council), and Deputy Chief Scholar (Bujehak, 부제학), a full-time post of 3rd senior rank that actually ran the office. There was great prestige attached to being Chief Scholar in this deeply Confucian society. The office was established to replace
3262:
the government. The other aristocratic families, overwhelmed by the power exercised by the royal in-laws, could not speak out. As the power was concentrated in the hands of the royal in-law lineage, there was disorder in the governing process, and corruption became rampant. Large sums were offered in bribes to the powerful lineages to obtain positions with nominally high rank. Even the low-ranking posts were bought and sold. This period, which spanned 60 years, saw the manifestation of both severe poverty among the Korean population and ceaseless rebellions in various parts of the country.
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2408:. One of King Jeongjong's first acts as monarch was to revert the capital to Gaegyeong, where he is believed to have been considerably more comfortable, away from the toxic power strife. Yet Yi Bang-won retained real power and was soon in conflict with his disgruntled older brother, Yi Bang-gan, who also yearned for power. In 1400, the tensions between Yi Bang-won's faction and Yi Bang-gan's camp escalated into an all-out conflict that came to be known as the "Second Strife of Princes". In the aftermath of the struggle, the defeated Yi Bang-gan was exiled to
128:
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695:
4605:
3155:, who believed that political faction would weaken the king's power started rapid reversals of the ruling faction, which resulted in bloody killings between factions. After the three bloody hwanguk, the Southerners lost their influence in the central government, and the ruling Westerners were divided into hard-line Noron who rejected the Southerners and moderate Soron who were friendly to the Southerners. This shift resulted in political radicalism which viewed other factions as the ones that should be eliminated. In response, the next kings,
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beyond the collapse of the Ming
Dynasty in the mid-1600s, molding the prevailing political and intellectual developments within Joseon Korea. This influence is evident in the construction of the Taebodan, the Altar of Great Gratitude, and the Mandongmyo, an Eastern Shrine dedicated to Ming emperors, within Korea. These structures, erected in 1704 within a palace courtyard and a local private academy respectively, served as tributes to the memory of selected Ming emperors, to honor the memory of specific Ming emperors.
2426:
enjoyed by the upper echelons of government and the aristocracy to maintain private armies. His revocation of such rights to field independent forces effectively severed their ability to muster large-scale revolts, and drastically increased the number of men employed in the national military. Taejong's next act as king was to revise the existing legislation concerning the taxation of land ownership and the recording of state of subjects. With the discovery of previously hidden land, national income increased twofold.
3418:(1894–1895) between Japan and the Qing Empire, fought largely in Korea. (The king made a deal with Japan, partially out of a distrust of the queen's support for open trade policies toward the Western civilizations and China. He ended up preempting a specific disadvantageous, exclusive negotiation with Japan previous to the Queen's decision, which was later used as a political premise for Japan to wage military action. Scholars, particularly during the Joseon era, were touted for expressing allegiance to the king.)
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105:
5389:. The study of literary exchanges between Confucian scholar officials and Buddhists shows that Buddhism was not cast out. There literary exchanges show a middle ground of both philosophies. "scholar-officials – Some who in public castigated Buddhism as a heresy and deluded tradition, in private visited temples and associated closely with monks." This shows that while in public some scholars shamed Buddhists, their exchanges with Buddhists show that at the very least it was not cast outside of the kingdom.
3628:
734:
5105:. A national painting style of landscapes called "true view" began – moving from the traditional Chinese style of idealized general landscapes to particular locations exactly rendered. While not photographic, the style was academic enough to become established and supported as a standardized style in Korean painting. At this time China ceased to have pre-eminent influence, Korean art took its own course, and became increasingly distinctive to the traditional Chinese painting.
3072:, known as sojunghwa. According to Youngmin Kim, " it held that the Joseon embodied Chineseness authentically while other neighboring countries failed to do so in the face of the barbarian domination of the center of the civilized world." A set of standardized rites and unifying symbols were developed in Late Joseon Korea in order to maintain that sense of cultural identity. Long after submitting to the Qing, the Joseon court and many Korean intellectuals kept using Ming
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2441:, a new branch of central administration that revolved around the king and his edicts. After passing the subject documentation and taxation legislation, he issued a new decree in which all decisions passed by the State Council could only come into effect with the approval of the king. This ended the custom of court ministers and advisors making decisions through debate and negotiations amongst themselves, and thus brought the royal power to new heights.
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1240:
3984:(삼사), is a collective name for three offices that functioned as major organ of press and provided checks and balance on the king and the officials. While modeled after the Chinese system, they played much more prominent roles in the Joseon government than their Chinese counterparts. In their role as organ of press, they did not have actual authority to decide or implement policies, but had influential voice in the ensuing debate.
2236:
5329:
8567:"Tribute trade was the oldest and most important component of the trade structure, not for its volume or content, but for its symbolism. Japanese brought items to "offer" to Korea and received in exchange "gifts" of higher value, since Korea was a greater land receiving supplicants. Koreans viewed tribute trade as a "burden" and a favor extended to needy islanders; the significance was diplomatic not economic."
3915:(Yukjo, 육조, 六曹) make up the chief executive body. Each minister (Panseo, 판서, 判書) was of 2nd senior rank and was assisted by deputy minister (Champan, 참판, 參判), who was of 2nd junior rank. Ministry of Personnel was the most senior office of six ministries. As the influence of State Council waned over time, Minister of Personnel was often de facto head of ministers. Six ministries are in the order of seniority.
2770:
2338:, the consensus in the reformed court was that a new dynastic title was needed to signify the change. In naming the new kingdom, Taejo contemplated two possibilities – "Hwaryeong" (his place of birth) and "Joseon". After much internal deliberation, as well as endorsement by the neighboring Ming dynasty's emperor, Taejo declared the name of the kingdom to be Joseon, a tribute to the ancient Korean state of
2194:
3998:, 사헌부) – It monitored government administration and officials at each level in both central and local governments for corruption, malfeasance, or inefficiency. It was also in charge of advancing public morals and Confucian customs and redressing grievances of the populace. It was headed by Inspector General (Daesaheon, 대사헌), a position of 2nd junior rank, who oversaw 30 largely independent officials.
2986:
2497:
3094:
4005:, 사간원) – Its chief function was to remonstrate with the king if there was wrong or improper action or policy. Important decrees of the king were first reviewed by censors, who could ask for them to be withdraw if they judged them improper. It also issued opinions about the general state of affairs. It was composed of five officials, led by the Chief Censor (Daesagan, 대사간), of 3rd senior rank.
6030:
4325:'s followers forced him to take the crown as Taejo of Joseon, thus establishing a new dynasty. In search of a justification for its rule given the lack of a royal bloodline, the new regime wanted recognition from other countries such as China. Furthermore, the only way to establish diplomatic relations and trade with China was to accept the tributary system of China. Thus, Joseon joined the
3889:, 우의정, 右議政) were the highest-ranking officials in the government (all three were of 1st senior rank). They were assisted by Left Minister (Jwachanseong, 좌찬성, 左贊成) and Right Minister (Uichangseong, 우찬성, 右贊成), both of 1st junior rank, and seven lower ranking officials. The power of State Council was inversely proportional to the king's power. There were periods when it directly controlled the
3102:
5091:
4708:), craftsmen and laborers, textile workers, etc. Given the size of the population, it may be that a typical person had more than one role. Most farming was, at any rate, commercial, not subsistence. In addition to generating additional income, a certain amount of occupational dexterity may have been required to avoid the worst effects of an often heavy and corrupt tax system.
9763:
3064:, Joseon leaders and intellectuals remained resentful of the Manchus, whom they regarded as barbarians, and regarded the Ming Dynasty as the center of the civilized world. Joseon intellectuals, who had political and cultural allegiances to the Ming Dynasty, were forced to reexamine their state identity when the Qing overthrew the Ming, leading to an influx of Ming
2717:, who was forced to drink poison after poisoning one of Seongjong's concubines out of jealousy and leaving a scratch mark on Seongjong's face. When he was shown a piece of clothing that was allegedly stained with his mother's blood vomited after drinking poison, he beat to death two of Seongjong's concubines who had accused Queen Yun and he pushed his grandmother,
1205:, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace and prosperity, along with cultural and technological development. What power the kingdom recovered during its isolation waned as the 18th century came to a close. Faced with internal strife, power struggles, international pressure, and rebellions at home, the kingdom declined rapidly in the late 19th century.
2842:. Factions in the Joseon dynasty were formed based on their different interpretations of Confucian philosophy, which mainly differed according to who their master was and what they believed in. The alternations in power among these factions were often accompanied by charges of treason and bloody purges, initiating a cycle of revenge with each change of regime.
4157:(do, 도, 道). The eight provinces' boundaries remained unchanged for almost five centuries from 1413 to 1895, and formed a geographic paradigm that is still reflected today in the Korean Peninsula's administrative divisions, dialects, and regional distinctions. The names of all eight provinces are still preserved today, in one form or another.
5704:. It became a full-fledged musical form by the middle of the eighteenth century, and not long thereafter the yangban aristocracy also became interested in it. Originally there was a set of twelve stories that were sung, but only five were written down, and hence those five are the only ones sung today. Having been developed by commoners,
3278:
3794:
4054:
the populace to the king, but they also advised the king and served in other key positions close to the king. In particular Chief Royal
Secretary (도승지), a liaison to Ministry of Personnel, served the king in the closest proximity of all government official and often enjoyed great power that was derived from the king's favor.
3123:(Practical Learning). The early group of Silhak scholars advocated comprehensive reform of civil service examination, taxation, natural sciences and the improvement in agromanagerial and agricultural techniques. It aimed to rebuild Joseon society after it had been devastated by the two invasions. Under the leadership of
3839:
to a position of 6th junior rank (a jump of six ranks). The two candidates with the next highest scores were appointed to a position of 7th junior rank. The seven candidates with next highest scores were assigned to 8th junior rank. The remaining 23 candidates were given 9th junior rank, the lowest of 18 ranks.
4728:(1690–1756) sarcastically complained that "ith so many different ranks and grades separating people from one another, people tend not to have a very large circle of friends." But, even as Yi wrote, the informal social distinctions of the Early Joseon were being reinforced by legal discrimination, such as
1220:, derive from the culture and traditions of Joseon. Modern Korean bureaucracy and administrative divisions were also established during the Joseon period. The Korean territory under Joseon had a similar shape to today's Korean territory, which was created after King Sejong's conquest of Jurchens in 1433.
5448:
Buddhism was a part of the Joseon kingdom. While not supported publicly, privately it was very prevalent in
Confucian-scholar officials. Many monarchs and members of the royal court also practiced or tolerated Buddhism among their family and court advisors and commissioned or were patrons of Buddhist
4715:
contributed to the increasingly male-dominated society of the time. Women were expected to be silent and not socialize with men who were not their relatives. They were required to be chaste to their husbands, and widows were not allowed to remarry. Any doubt of a woman's chastity would bring dishonor
4053:
Royal
Secretariat (Seungjeongwon, 승정원) served as a liaison between the king and Six Ministries. There were six royal secretaries (승지), one for each ministry, and all were of 3rd senior rank. Their primary role was to pass down royal decree to the ministries and submit petitions from the officials and
3822:
Government officials were ranked in 18 levels, ranging from first senior rank (정1품, 正一品) down to ninth junior rank (종9품, 從九品). Seniority and promotion was achieved through royal decree, based on examination or recommendation. The officials from 1st senior rank to 3rd senior rank wore red robes. Those
2333:
In the beginning of his reign, Yi Sŏng-gye, now ruler of Korea, intended to continue to use of the name Goryeo for the country he ruled and simply change the royal line of descent to his own, thus maintaining the façade of continuing the 500-year-old Goryeo tradition. After numerous threats of mutiny
5879:, which compiled computations of the courses of the seven heavenly objects (five visible planets, the sun, and moon), developed in 1442. This work made it possible for scientists to calculate and accurately predict all the major heavenly phenomena, such as solar eclipses and other stellar movements.
4402:, Joseon regarded the Ming Empire as its ancestral homeland and considered the Qing Dynasty barbaric, maintaining loyalty to the Ming even after its collapse. Due to their adherence to the China-centric perspective called Hwai-gwan, intellectuals in Joseon held profound disdain for the Qing Dynasty.
3987:
The officials who served in these offices tended to be younger and of lower rank compared to other offices but had strong academic reputation and enjoyed special privileges and great prestige (for instance, censors were permitted to drink during working hours because of their function of criticizing
3838:
posts, were open only to officials who advanced through literary exam. The literary route involved a series of four tests. To qualify, one had to pass them all. 33 candidates who were chosen in this manner would take the final exam, before the king. The candidate with the highest score was appointed
2636:
which his predecessors, Sejong and
Munjong, had carefully laid down. He cut down on everything he deemed unworthy and caused countless complications in the long run. Many of these adjustments were done for his own power, not regarding the consequences and problems that would occur. The favoritism he
5013:
Chima was full-skirted and jeogori was short and tight in the late Joseon period. Fullness in the skirt was emphasized round the hips. Many undergarments were worn underneath chima such as darisokgot, soksokgot, dansokgot, and gojengi to achieve a desired silhouette. Because jeogori was so short it
4640:
examinations for
Confucian learning, and a civil service system. The family of a yangban who did not succeed in becoming a government official for the third generation lost their yangban status and became commoners. For most part, the only way to become a government official was to pass a series of
4552:
As an initial step, a diplomatic mission was dispatched to Japan in 1402. The Joseon envoy sought to bring about the re-establishment of amicable relations between the two countries and he was charged to commemorate the good relations which existed in ancient times. This mission was successful, and
4415:
Joseon wanted to dispatch envoys as often as possible for economic and cultural interests as well as diplomatic purposes. China demanded that Joseon pay tribute only once in a three-year cycle. However, Joseon strongly opposed this measure and demanded that Joseon pay tribute to China three times a
4397:
Joseon's perceptions of the Qing
Dynasty were significantly influenced by Sungmyeongbancheong, which means worship of Ming and disdain for Qing, prior to the middle of the 18th century. The Joseon Dynasty was characterized by strong anti-Qing sentiments and allegiance to the Ming Dynasty. According
3702:
oral petition system, commoners could strike a gong or drum in front of the palace or during the king's public processions in order to appeal their grievances or petition to the king directly. This allowed even the illiterate members of Joseon society to make a petition to the king. More than 1,300
3478:
in order to assert Korea's independence. In addition, other foreign powers were sought for military technology, especially Russia, to fend off the
Japanese. Technically, 1897 marks the end of the Joseon period, as the official name of the empire was changed; the Joseon Dynasty still reigned, albeit
3261:
With the domination of the Andong Kims, the era of Sedo
Politics began. The formidable in-law lineage monopolized the vital positions in government, holding sway over the political scene, and intervening in the succession of the throne. These kings had no monarchic authority and could not rule over
10081:
During the Joseon period, the official government policy was to suppress
Buddhism in favor of Neo-Confucianism. Paradoxically, however, queens, consorts, and other members of the royal court frequently commissioned Buddhist dedications and offerings. In the sixteenth century, for example, numerous
5033:
cloth or other high-grade lightweight materials in warm weather and of plain and patterned silks the rest of the year. Commoners were restricted by law as well as resources to cotton at best. The upper classes wore a variety of colors, though bright colors were generally worn by children and girls
4406:
China is the mother and father of our country; thus, those barbarians are the enemy of our parents. As a civil servant, how can you abandon your parents and become the brother of your parents’ enemy? The work of the Imjinwaeran (Japanese invasion of Joseon, 1592) was thanks to the power of the
4088:
Office of Records (Chunchugwan, 춘추관) officials wrote, compiled, and maintained the government and historical records. It was headed by State Councillors, and many posts were held by officials serving in other offices concurrently. There were eight historiographers whose sole function was to record
4011:
While the primary focus for Office of Inspector General is the government officials and Office of Censors is focused on the king, two offices often performed each other's functions, and there was much overlap. Together they were called "Yangsa", (양사) which literally means "Both Offices", and often
2959:
destroyed the Japanese invasion fleet. The guerrilla resistance that eventually formed also helped. Local resistance slowed down the Japanese advance and decisive naval victories by Admiral Yi left control over sea routes in Korean hands, severely hampering Japanese supply lines. Furthermore, Ming
1172:
was accordingly discouraged, and occasionally Buddhists faced persecutions. Joseon consolidated its effective rule over the Korean peninsula and saw the height of classical Korean culture, trade, literature, and science and technology. In the 1590s, the kingdom was severely weakened due to the two
4393:
but also as a ritual father figure. This transformation held significant weight because, unlike the changeable loyalty to a ruler, the Confucian principle of filial piety was considered immutable and irrevocable. The lasting effect of the Ming-Joseon relationship on the Joseon elites endured well
4388:
During the 1400s, the connection between Ming and Joseon was mainly pragmatic and somewhat contractual. The concept of Sadae implied a commitment to serve Ming China, and depending on the international context, the dominant state could be substituted. However, by the early 1500s, the relationship
2931:
and their troops, intending to use Korea as a stepping stone. Factional division in the Joseon court, inability to assess Japanese military capability, and failed attempts at diplomacy led to poor preparation on Joseon's part. The use of superior firearms by the Japanese left most of the southern
2399:
After the sudden death of Queen Sindeok, while King Taejo was still in mourning for his second wife, Yi Bang-won struck first by raiding the palace and killed Jeong Do-jeon and his supporters as well as Queen Sindeok's two sons (his half-brothers) including the crown prince in 1398. This incident
5400:
have harshly criticized Buddhism and therefore have only discussed what is aberrant and have not fully investigated what is profound. People say, their understanding is lacking and they have not fully examined it . I, myself, don't think that is the case… The heresies under heaven, they are also
4573:
of almost equal ranking. The emperors of Japan at the time were figureheads with no actual political or military power, and the actual political and military rulers of Japan that Joseon communicated with were the shoguns who were represented as "tycoon of Japan" in many foreign communications in
4108:
sages. The students' opinions on government policies, especially collective statements and demonstrations, could be influential as they represented fresh and uncorrupted consensus of young scholars. The official in charge was Daesaseong (대사성), of 3rd senior rank, and 36 other officials including
4084:
Royal Investigation Bureau (Uigeumbu, 의금부) was an investigative and enforcement organ under direct control of the king. It chiefly dealt with treason and other serious cases that concerned the king and royal family and served to arrest, investigate, imprison, and carry out sentences against the
3201:
During the late Joseon period of the 18th and 19th century, Joseon started to change its perceptions of the Qing Dynasty. The shift in perceptions commenced through the introduction of Qing Dynasty culture to Joseon society by Yeonhaengsa, Korean Envoys to the Qing Dynasty. Progressive-thinking
2748:
to strengthen local autonomy and communal spirit among the people, sought to reduce the gap between the rich and poor with a land reform that would distribute land to farmers more equally and limit the amount of land and number of slaves that one could own, promulgated widely among the populace
766:
The diplomatic system of East Asia was hierarchical, lacking in equality. Joseon Korea enjoyed a high level of independence and sovereignty in domestic and foreign affairs while ritually subservient to the Ming and Qing dynasties of China. However, the Qing dynasty was directly involved in the
4452:
in 1882, early reform efforts in Korea suffered a major setback. In the aftermath of the incident, the Chinese reasserted their influence over the peninsula, where they began to interfere in Korean internal affairs directly. After stationing troops at strategic points in the capital Seoul, the
2732:
as a personal pleasure ground. He abolished the Office of Censors, whose function was to criticize inappropriate actions and policies of the king, and Hongmungwan. He banned the use of hangul when the common people used it on posters to criticize the king. After twelve years of misrule, he was
2425:
In the beginning of Taejong's reign, the former King Taejo refused to relinquish the royal seal that signified the legitimacy of any king's rule. Regardless, Taejong initiated policies he believed would prove his qualification to rule. One of his first acts as king was to abolish the privilege
5148:
pigment are another example of popular wares of the Joseon period. Many of these items were created by court painters employed by the royal family. During this period, the popular style of landscape paintings is mirrored in the decoration of ceramics. Initially developed by the Chinese at the
5034:
and subdued colors by middle-aged men and women. Commoners were restricted by law to everyday clothes of white, but for special occasions they wore dull shades of pale pink, light green, gray, and charcoal. Formally, when Korean men went outdoors, they were required to wear overcoats known as
4290:
but exercised a high level of independence and sovereignty. The ruling Yi family proclaimed their indigenous legitimacy but institutionalized structures that limited Joseon monarch power, which modern scholars view as producing contradictory statuses from a modern view of sovereignty. Joseon
2756:
These radical reforms were very popular with the populace but were fiercely opposed by the conservative officials who had helped to put Jungjong on the throne. They plotted to cause Jungjong to doubt Jo's loyalty. Jo Gwang-jo was executed, and most of his reform measures died with him in the
5401:
rather foul. Among them, Buddhism is the worst. If a person is inclined to Buddhism, then he is of the kind that pursues what is foul. Is it not clear that there is nothing further to discuss? It is like Mencius who criticized Yang Zhu and Mozi. Surely, he did not argue further than to say
4686:
people would voluntarily become nobi in order to survive. The nobi population could fluctuate up to about one-third of the population, but on average the nobi made up about 10% of the total population. Joseon slaves could, and often did, own property. Private slaves could buy their freedom.
5169:
are the most difficult to successfully craft. During production, these items require great skill and attention or will turn gray during the process of firing. While the birthplace of ceramics with copper red underglaze is widely disputed, these items originated during 12th century in
5852:(the Jagyeokru) which worked by activating motions of wooden figures to indicate time visually (invented in 1434 by Jang), a subsequent more complicated water-clock with additional astronomical devices, and an improved model of the previous metal movable printing type created in the
3021:(r. 1608–1623), putting the Korean state in a difficult position because the Ming court was also requesting assistance. Gwanghaegun tried to maintain neutrality, but most of his officials opposed him for not supporting Ming China, which had saved Joseon during Hideyoshi's invasions.
6813:
1392년부터 1910년까지 한반도전역을 통치하였던 조선(朝鮮)은 일반적으로 조선왕조(朝鮮王朝)라 칭하였으며, 어보(御寶), 국서(國書)등에도 대조선국(大朝鮮國)이라는 명칭을 사용하였었다. (translation) Joseon which had ruled from 1392 to 1910 was commonly referred to as the "Joseon dynasty" while "Great Joseon" was used in the royal seal, national documents, and
4538:. Gyorin was applied to a multi-national foreign policy. The unique nature of these bilateral diplomatic exchanges evolved from a conceptual framework developed by the Chinese. Gradually, the theoretical models would be modified, mirroring the evolution of a unique relationship.
4760:
In 1801, government-owned slaves were all emancipated, and the institution gradually died out over the next century. By 1858 the nobi population stood at about 1.5 percent of the total population of Korea. The institution was completely abolished as part of a social plan in the
4099:
examinations (literary exam) were admitted to Sungkyunkwan. The class size was usually 200 students, who lived in the residential hall and followed strict routine and school rules. (Tuition, room and board were provided by the government.) It also served as the state shrine for
4465:. The Chinese supervised the creation of a Korean Maritime Customs Service headed by von Möllendorff. A staff of Chinese officers also took over the training of the army, providing the Koreans with 1,000 rifles, two cannons, and 10,000 rounds of ammunition. Furthermore, the
2665:, the royal library and advisory council composed of Confucian scholars, with whom he discussed philosophy and government policies. He ushered in a cultural golden age that rivaled Sejong's reign by publishing numerous books on geography, ethics, and various other fields.
5867:
The highpoint of Korean astronomy was during the Joseon period, where men such as Jang created devices such as celestial globes which indicated the positions of the sun, moon, and the stars. Later celestial globes (Gyupyo, 규표) were attuned to the seasonal variations.
2318:, a friend of Yi Sŏng-gye, wanted to use this incident as an opportunity to reform the corrupt nobles and the Buddhist community. He later killed King U and his son after a failed restoration and forcibly placed a royal named Wang Yo on the throne (he became King
9455:
Another target of his critique is the insistence that slaves (nobi) in Korea, especially in Choson dynasty, were closer to serfs (nongno) than true slaves (noye) in Europe and America, enjoying more freedom and independence than what a slave would normally be
2452:. He kept Jeong Do-jeon's reforms intact for most part. In addition, Taejong executed or exiled many of his supporters who helped him ascend on the throne in order to strengthen his own royal authority. To limit the influence of in-laws, he killed all four of
6980:"Yi Sŏng-gye issued a royal edict to proclaim the name of the new kingdom to "Joseon" and issued amnesty to all criminals who opposed the transition. The statement by Taizu about "only the name of Joseon is beautiful and old" naturally refers to Gija Joseon."
6400:
A Korean historian stated that "the Chinese government began to turn its former tributary state into a semi-colony and its policy toward Korea substantially changed to a new imperialistic one where the suzerain state demanded certain privileges in her vassal
4836:
consistently used debate as a major decision-making method. Seonbis expressed their views on problems to be solved in front of the king and discussed the wrongdoings of the other faction's argument. These political clashes often led to violence, such as the
4745:
Yet, these laws may have been announced precisely because social mobility was increasing, particularly during the prosperous century beginning about 1710. The original social hierarchy of the Joseon era was developed based on the social hierarchy of the
2861:, head of the Western faction, was in charge of investigating the case and used this event to affect the widespread purge of Easterners who had the slightest connection to Jeong Yeo-rip. Eventually 1000 Easterners were killed or exiled in the aftermath.
4808:. Etymologically derived from a native Korean word meaning "someone who is wise and knowledgeable," the word later became synonymous with the Chinese character 士 (shì), which meant "scholar" or "retainer". As the Joseon dynasty encouraged the study of
4384:
conflates an attitude of subservience with the political realism which accompanies the prudent recognition of greater power. As a foundation of diplomacy, the Joseon kingdom presumed that the Korean state was positioned within a Sinocentristic milieu.
4122:(Amhaengeosa, 암행어사) was appointed by the king to travel incognito and monitor the provincial officials. These undercover inspectors were generally young officials of lower rank but were invested with the royal authority to dismiss corrupt officials.
3036:
erupted in 1624 and wrecked Joseon's military defenses in the north. Even after the rebellion had been suppressed, King Injo had to devote military forces to ensure the stability of the capital, leaving fewer soldiers to defend the northern borders.
2467:
Taejong remains a controversial figure who killed many of his rivals and relatives to gain power and yet ruled effectively to improve the populace's lives, strengthen national defense, and lay down a solid foundation for his successor Sejong's rule.
6676:
2624:
King Sejo enabled the government to determine exact population numbers and to mobilize troops effectively. He also revised the land ordinance to improve the national economy and encouraged the publication of books. Most importantly, he compiled the
10512:
Robinson, David M.. 2004. "Disturbing Images: Rebellion, Usurpation, and Rulership in Early Sixteenth-century East Asia – "Korean Writings on Emperor Wuzong". The Journal of Korean Studies 9 (1). University of Washington Center for Korea Studies:
3800:"Daegunju bo" designed to replace the former sergeant "Joseon gukwang jiin", used as the seal of the king for documents such as appointment documents for high-ranking government officials and ordinances proclaimed in Korea, between 1882 and 1897
3206:, which argued that Joseon should adopt Qing and Western culture through the Qing Dynasty. Joseon scholars became intrigued by the sophisticated architectural technology of China, encompassing construction techniques, wagon utilization, and the
2761:. For nearly 50 years afterward, the court politics were marred by bloody and chaotic struggles between factions backing rival consorts and princes. In-laws of the royal family wielded great power and contributed to much corruption in that era.
4295:, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Brunei, and the Philippines, among others. In addition, Joseon received tribute from Jurchens and Japanese until the 17th century, and had a small enclave in the Ryukyu Kingdom that engaged in trade with Siam and Java.
12001:
Only the crown princes that didn't become the king were listed; the former year indicates when one officially became the heir and the latter one is that when one died/deposed. Those who ascended to the throne were excluded in the list for
4616:
The exact population figures of Joseon-era Korea are disputed as government records of households are considered unreliable in this period. Between 1810 and 1850, the population declined approximately 10% and remained stable. Before the
5158:, artists and their buyers found the material was inferior in quality and preferred the more expensive imported cobalt. Korean porcelain with imported cobalt decoration contradict the emphasis of an orderly, frugal and moderate life in
5153:
in the mid-14th century, Joseon began to produce this type of porcelain from the 15th century under Chinese influence. The first cobalt imported from China was used by Korean artists. In 1463 when sources of cobalt were discovered in
4723:
During the Late Joseon, the Confucian ideals of propriety and "filial piety" gradually came to be equated with a strict observance to a complex social hierarchy, with many fine gradations. By the early 18th century, the social critic
3988:
the king). To be appointed, they went through more thorough review of character and family background. Three Offices provided the fastest route of promotion to high posts and was almost a requirement to becoming a State Councillor.
4993:
became gradually tightened and shortened. In the 16th century, jeogori was baggy and reached below the waist, but by the 19th century, jeogori was shortened to the point that it did not cover the breasts, so another piece of cloth
5498:
is a poetic form consisting of three lines, each with four feet, traditionally sung very slowly. In Korean verse, a foot is generally a short syntactic unit, such as a noun with an adjective or a verb with an adverb. For example:
3318:
clans, he promoted persons without making references to political party or family affiliations, and in order to reduce the burdens of the people and solidify the basis of the nation's economy, he reformed the tax system. In 1871,
3846:" (영감, 令監). These red-robed officials, collectively called "dangsanggwan" (당상관, 堂上官), took part in deciding government policies by attending cabinet meetings. The rest of the ranked officials were called "danghagwan" (당하관, 堂下官).
3806:
2271:. Goryeo remained a neutral third-party observer in the conflict between the Yuan and the Ming and had friendly diplomatic relations with both. In 1388, a Ming messenger came to Goryeo to demand that territories of the former
5844:
were allowed to work for the government. At a young age, Jang displayed talent as an inventor and engineer, creating machines to facilitate agricultural work. These included supervising the building of aqueducts and canals.
3295:, ruled for him until Gojong reached adulthood. During the mid-1860s the Regent was the main proponent of isolationism and the instrument of the persecution of native and foreign Catholics, a policy that led directly to the
3226:
After the death of King Jeongjo, the Joseon faced difficult external and internal problems. Internally, the foundation of national law and order weakened as a result of "Sedo Politics" (in-law government) by royal in-laws.
4373:
construes China as the center of a Confucian moral universe. and describes a foreign policy characterized by the various ways a weaker nation-state such as Korea acknowledges the strength of a greater power such as China.
4431:
policy toward Joseon; despite being a tributary state of China, Joseon was independent in its internal and external affairs, and China did not manipulate or interfere in them. After the Imo Incident, China abandoned its
2403:
Aghast at the fact that his sons were willing to kill each other for the crown, and psychologically exhausted from the death of his second wife, King Taejo abdicated and immediately crowned his second son Yi Bang-gwa as
3134:
The co-existence system between Southerners and Westerners which were established after the Injo coup started to fall. After the Yesong debate, factional conflict grew particularly intense under the reigns of the kings
6142:, Gojong's 5th daughter and youngest (14th) child. (This is a compilation of individual photographs since the Japanese did not allow them to be in the same room at the same time, and some were forced to leave Korea).
2412:
while his supporters were executed. Thoroughly intimidated, King Jeongjong immediately invested Yi Bang-won as heir presumptive and voluntarily abdicated. That same year, Yi Bang-won assumed the throne of Joseon as
2562:, a government official, north to fend off the Jurchens. Kim's military campaign captured several castles, pushed north, and expanded Korean territory, roughly the present-day border between North Korea and China.
4701:
Many of the remaining 40–50% of the population were surely farmers, but recent work has raised important issues about the size of other groups: merchants and traders, local government or quasi-governmental clerks
5130:, was recognized for its artistic value. Among the most prized of Korean ceramics are large white jars. Their shape is symbolic of the moon and their color is associated with the ideals of purity and modesty of
2783:
The middle Joseon period was marked by intense and bloody power struggles between political factions that weakened the country, and by large-scale invasions by Japan and Manchu which nearly toppled the kingdom.
4453:
Chinese undertook several initiatives to gain significant influence over the Korean government. The Qing dispatched two special advisers on foreign affairs representing Chinese interests to Korea: the German
3052:
emperor Hong Taiji sent a punitive expedition of 120,000 men to Joseon in 1636. Defeated, King Injo was forced to end his relations with the Ming and recognize the Qing as suzerain instead. Injo's successor
3409:
government for assistance in ending the revolt. The Qing sent 3,000 troops, and the rebels negotiated a truce, but the Japanese considered the Qing presence a threat and sent in 8,000 troops of their own,
10499:
Kye, Seung B.. 2010. "Huddling Under the Imperial Umbrella: A Korean Approach to Ming China in the Early 1500s". The Journal of Korean Studies 15 (1). University of Washington Center for Korea Studies:
4720:), and with this they were expected to take their own lives if they were raped or even rumored to be caught in an affair. Laws were also enacted to prohibit women from riding horses or playing sports.
3842:
The officials of 1st senior rank, 1st junior rank, and 2nd senior rank were addressed with honorific "daegam" (대감, 大監) while those of 2nd junior rank and 3rd senior rank were addressed with honorific "
4682:. There were both government- and privately owned nobi, and the government occasionally gave them to yangban. Privately owned nobi could be inherited as personal property. During poor harvests, many
3770:
3758:
3746:
5115:, blue underglaze and iron underglaze. Ceramics from the Joseon period differ from other periods because artists felt that each piece of art deserved its own uniquely cultivated personality.
4022:, 홍문관, 弘文館) – It oversaw the royal library and served as research institute to study Confucian philosophy and answer the king's questions. Its officials took part in the daily lessons called
3214:
was among the first to construct brick Chinese-style buildings in Anui, Gyeongsang Province, and Gyedong, Seoul, towards the end of the 18th century. Following the establishment of the Suwon
2547:
of Tsushima was granted rights to conduct trade with Korea in fifty ships per year in exchange for sending tribute to Korea and aiding to stop any Waegu coastal pirate raids on Korean ports.
6043:
Specifically, not clear why this list is exclusive to the end of the dynasty, with some being post-Joseon. Possibly a brief prose description of the dynasty (with no explicit list) is better
4830:
often organized scholarly communities which often imposed a huge influence over local regions. Those who became office-holders acted as aristocrats, boasting influence over Joseon politics.
3048:
who had supported Gwanghaegun, the Jurchens imposed a treaty that forced Joseon to accept "brotherly relations" with the Jurchen kingdom. Because Injo persisted in his anti-Manchu policies,
5887:
in 1669. The clock has an armillary sphere with a diameter of 40 cm. The sphere is activated by a working clock mechanism, showing the position of celestial objects at any given time.
4562:
was reported to have been favorably impressed by this initial embassy. Not less than 70 diplomatic missions were dispatched from the Joseon capital to Japan before the beginning of Japan's
8115:
4678:
class, and some possessed property rights, legal entities and civil rights. Hence, some scholars argue that it is inappropriate to call them "slaves", while some scholars describe them as
6488:
174:
2314:(1388). Neo-Confucian scholars, who were a small and medium-sized power at the time, were able to use this incident as an opportunity to lay a political foundation, and in particular,
10487:
Alston, Dane. 2008. "Emperor and Emissary: The Hongwu Emperor, Kwŏn Kŭn, and the Poetry of Late Fourteenth Century Diplomacy". Korean Studies 32. University of Hawai'i Press: 104–147.
2849:, one of the bloodiest political purges of Joseon. Jeong Yeo-rip, an Easterner, had formed a society with a group of supporters that also received military training to fight against
6872:
10252:
3734:
3330:
3893:, the chief executive body of Joseon government, but it primarily served in advisory role under stronger kings. State councillors served in several other positions concurrently.
3170:
The two kings led a second renaissance of the Joseon kingdom. Yeongjo's grandson, the enlightened King Jeongjo enacted various reforms throughout his reign, notably establishing
7919:
7416:
4636:. By the end of the 18th century, the yangban had acquired most of the traits of a hereditary nobility except that the status was based on a unique mixture of family position,
4625:
government in the early 20th century, the average life expectancy for peasant and commoner Korean males was 24 years and for females 26 years, accounting for infant mortality.
6613:
9528:
Jun SH & JB Lewis (2004), On double-entry bookkeeping in Eighteenth-century Korea: A consideration of the account books from two clan associations and a private academy.
6048:
2740:
Jungjong was a fundamentally weak king because of the circumstances that placed him on the throne, but his reign also saw a period of significant reforms led by his minister
10525:
Robinson, Kenneth R.. 1992. "From Raiders to Traders: Border Security and Border Control in Early Chosŏn, 1392–1450". Korean Studies 16. University of Hawai'i Press: 94–115.
4407:
emperor. It is difficult to forget the grace of the emperor as long as our country lives and breathes. … we shall not abandon our loyalty even if our country disappears (
8199:
8167:
3782:
3218:, which was influenced by Qing construction technology and techniques, Qing-style architectural style and techniques started to become more widespread in Joseon society.
4486:
unable to appoint diplomats without Chinese approval, and with troops stationed in the country to protect Chinese interests. China's new policy toward Joseon was set by
3834:
examinations. There were three kinds of gwageo exams – literary, military, and miscellaneous. The literary route was the most prestigious. Many key posts, including all
7869:
4732:
regulation of the dress of different social groups, and laws restricting inheritance and property ownership by women. Precisely because of the tenets of the Confucian
709:
9137:
5700:(판소리) is another musical form that combines singing and prose to portray a story. Its development likely originates from shaman rituals and the songs within the
10693:"Click into the Hermit Kingdom" (Written by Yang Sung-jin and published by Dongbang Media in Seoul, South Korea) – 100 articles in English on the Joseon Dynasty
9030:
4138:
Hyeon (현, 縣) – Large hyeons were governed by Hyeonryeong (현령, 縣令) of 5th junior rank while smaller hyeons were governed by Hyeongam (현감, 縣監) of 6th junior rank.
12114:
7050:
7007:
5905:
2967:. The Joseon and Ming forces defeated the Japanese at a deep price. Following the war, relations between Korea and Japan were completely suspended until 1609.
10747:
10686:
7986:
5392:
One example of this is a famous Joseon scholar official Park Se-dang (박세당, 朴世堂, 1629–1703). He argues against Buddhism with the following, "People say that
4333:, in return for recognition. Within this tributary system, China assumed the role of a "big brother", with Korea maintaining the highest position among the
2753:, it was said that no official dared to receive a bribe or exploit the populace during this time because as Inspector General, he applied the law strictly.
10660:
6465:
2334:
from the drastically weakened but still influential Gwonmun nobles, who continued to swear allegiance to the remnants of the Goryeo and to the now-demoted
3028:(r. 1623–1649), who banished Gwanghaegun's supporters. Reverting his predecessor's foreign policy, the new king decided to openly support the Ming, but a
12119:
10337:
Kim Haboush, JaHyun (2005), "Contesting Chinese Time, Nationalizing Temporal Space: Temporal Inscription in Late Chosǒn Korea", in Lynn A. Struve (ed.),
4822:
lived under strict, standardized Confucianist guidelines. Although they were encouraged to participate in politics and act as advisors to the King, many
4753:
In the late 17th to 19th centuries, new commercial groups emerged, and the old class system was extremely weakened. The situation was most marked in the
2668:
He also sent several military campaigns against the Jurchens on the northern border in 1491, like many of his predecessors. The campaign, led by General
2430:
3901:
6489:
https://www.ifans.go.kr/knda/com/fileupload/FileDownloadView.do?storgeId=c61b04e5-0182-4c75-ad21-828ecacfb855&uploadId=346596669843959&fileSn=1
3659:
The king had absolute authority, but his actual power varied with political circumstances. He was bound by tradition, precedents set by earlier kings,
3210:
heating system. Particularly fascinated by brick, the proponents of Bukhak endeavored to popularize its usage across Joseon, and eventually succeeded.
2617:, gained control of the government and eventually deposed his nephew to become the seventh king of Joseon himself in 1455, taking the name Sejo. After
5134:. During this period, the bureau that oversaw the meals and court banquets of the royal family strictly controlled the production of white porcelain.
5111:
are a form of popular art during the Joseon period. Examples of ceramics include white porcelain or white porcelain decorated with cobalt, copper red
4750:
era. In the 14th–16th centuries, this hierarchy was strict and stable. Since economic opportunities to change status were limited, no law was needed.
9304:"...before the introduction of modern medicine in the early 1900s the average life expectancy for Koreans was just 24 for males and 26 for females."
4357:, in return for accepting the subservient tributary role of a "younger brother". A series diplomatic ventures illustrate the persistence of Joseon's
3314:
During his reign, the power and authority of the in-law families such as the Andong Kims sharply declined. In order to get rid of the Andong Kim and
7825:
6967:
5992:
could protect against bullets if thick enough, and devised bullet-proof vests made of 30 layers of cotton. The vests were used in battle during the
4258:
were royal guards defending the king, queen, and ministers. These were soldiers hand-selected by the king. The King's Royal Palace Gatekeepers, the
11198:
8721:
7157:
6472:
2749:
Confucian writings with vernacular translations, and sought to trim the size of government by reducing the number of bureaucrats. According to the
10714:
10708:
5304:
of the Joseon period, which records and prescribes through text and stylized illustration the important ceremonies and rites of the royal family.
2605:
continued his father's legacy but soon died of illness in 1452, just two years after his coronation. He was succeeded by his twelve-year-old son,
10231:
8111:
7190:
7105:
7077:
5894:
5064:
2445:
1928:
4129:
Bu (부) – administrative offices in charge of major cities in provinces. Each bu was led by Buyun (부윤), which was equivalent to Governor in rank.
4126:
Provinces (Do, 도, 道) – There were eight provinces, each of which was governed by Governor (Gwanchalsa, 관찰사, 觀察使), a position of 2nd junior rank.
7700:"Changing perceptions of the Qing Dynasty in the Late Joseon Dynasty and Chinese style architecture that emerged in Joseon in the 18th century"
5876:
5056:
2853:. There is still a dispute about the nature and purpose of his group, which reflected the desire for a classless society and spread throughout
2621:
attempted to assassinate Sejo to return Danjong to the throne, Sejo executed the six ministers and also killed Danjong in his place of exile.
10094:
6834:
5257:, consist of 1,893 volumes and are thought to cover the longest continual period of a single dynasty in the world. With the exception of two
3722:
2585:. Because of such success, Sejong was given the title "Sejong the Great". The most remembered contribution of King Sejong is the creation of
3341:
In 1873, King Gojong announced his assumption of royal rule. With the subsequent retirement of Heungseon Daewongun, Queen Min (later called
10940:
10682:
10651:
5680:" (사설시조, 辭說時調), in which the first two lines were greatly lengthened. This expansion is likely a development from the so-called "irregular
4805:
450:
11226:
7464:
6856:
3381:
Many Koreans despised Japanese and foreign influences over their land and the corrupt oppressive rule of the Joseon Dynasty. In 1881, the
12099:
10862:
9263:
8452:
6052:
5981:
3877:(Uijeongbu, 의정부, 議政府) was the highest deliberative body, whose power declined over the course of the period. The Chief State Councillor (
3411:
2910:
2870:
2637:
showed toward the ministers who aided him in taking the throne led to increased corruption in the higher echelon of the political field.
2168:
2162:
1174:
517:
9278:
Ch'oe YH, PH Lee & WT de Bary (eds.) (2000), Sources of Korean Tradition: Volume II: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries.
9235:
9100:
9002:
8864:
8413:
7655:
7612:
4132:
Mok (목, 牧) – There were twenty moks, which governed large counties named ju (주, 州). They were run by Moksa (목사, 牧使), of 3rd senior rank.
2629:, which became the cornerstone of dynastic administration and provided the first form of constitutional law in a written form in Korea.
10329:
9196:
5985:
5737:
4002:
3151:, the southerners managed to become a ruling faction and made westerners lose power. But the southerners' rise to power was temporary.
2669:
2222:
2150:
10394:
Walker, Hugh D. (1971), "The Weight of Tradition: Preliminary Observations on Korea's Intellectual Response", in Jo, Yung-hwan (ed.),
7908:
3017:
against Ming China in 1618, Nurhaci and the Ming engaged in several military conflicts. On such occasions, Nurhaci required help from
2613:
also served as Danjong's guardian and, along with the general Kim Jong-seo, attempted to strengthen royal authority. Danjong's uncle,
2279:, but had been reclaimed by Goryeo in 1356 as the Yuan dynasty weakened. The act caused an uproar among the Goryeo court, and General
10740:
10021:
8060:
7400:
5076:
4389:
between Ming and Joseon was reinforced through a father-son dynamic, as Joseon elites began to regard the Ming emperor not just as a
2960:
China intervened on the side of the Koreans, sending a large force in 1593 which pushed back the Japanese together with the Koreans.
2481:
2476:
2389:
6597:
5174:
and became increasingly popular during the second half of the Joseon period. Some experts have pointed to the kilns of Bunwon-ri in
3057:(r. 1649–1659) tried to form an army to keep his enemies away and conquer the Qing for revenge, but could never act on his designs.
127:
11344:
10878:
5916:
3812:"Daejoseon Daegunju bo" were used as the 'seal of state' for credentials in diplomatic relations with other countries, between 1882
2721:, who died afterward. He executed government officials who supported Queen Yun's death along with their families. He also executed
3385:, a modern elite military unit, was formed with Japanese trainers. The salaries of the other soldiers were held back, and in 1882
3119:
After invasions from Japan and Manchuria, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace. Joseon witnessed the emergence of
12094:
11157:
11021:
10324:
6309:
5684:" (엇시조, 旕時調), in which there was a minor lengthening of one of the first two lines. While there are very few remaining irregular
5240:
5205:
4399:
3622:
2750:
455:
280:
10615:
9372:"Korean Nobi in American Mirror: Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to the Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States"
6517:
12124:
11992:
Those who were listed were not reigning monarchs but posthumously recognized; the year following means the year of recognition.
8941:
8189:
8157:
7760:
3462:
The Joseon court, pressured by encroachment from larger powers, felt the need to reinforce national integrity and declared the
2831:
2827:
2713:
between 1498 and 1506. His behavior became erratic after he learned that his biological mother was not Queen Junghyeon but the
10720:
9569:
A Brief History of Korea: Isolation, War, Despotism and Revival : the Fascinating Story of a Resilient But Divided People
7253:
3443:
in Seoul, which was under Japanese control, and Queen Min was killed and her body desecrated in the north wing of the palace.
2263:, the royal court in Goryeo split into two conflicting factions, one favouring neutrality and the other wanting to retake the
11248:
10593:
10574:
10555:
10429:
10384:
10365:
10346:
10302:
10279:
9875:
9792:
9646:
9577:
9414:
9320:
8086:
8036:
8012:
7768:
7137:
7044:
7001:
6773:
6741:
4334:
4236:. They also utilized small vessels and fishing boats for reconnaissance and landings. The king also appoints their admirals.
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2777:
2448:, to hear cases in which aggrieved subjects felt that they had been exploited or treated unjustly by government officials or
10692:
10401:
9379:
8374:
8335:
8246:
7857:
6727:
4674:
was hereditary, as well as a form of legal punishment. The nobi were socially indistinct from freemen other than the ruling
3401:
on 11 January 1894; after the battle, Jo's properties were handed out to the peasants. By May, the peasant army had reached
2758:
12089:
12011:
The title given to the biological father, who never reigned, of the kings who were adopted as the heir to a precedent king.
10908:
10733:
4596:
3429:
2793:
10703:
9820:
9798:
9131:
7216:
5178:, a city that played a significant role in the production of ceramics during the Joseon period, as a possible birthplace.
3450:(17 April 1895), which officially guaranteed Korea's independence from China. It was a step toward Japan gaining regional
2373:
When the new dynasty was brought into existence, Taejo brought up the issue of which son would be his successor. Although
11886:
11630:
11312:
9360:
Haboush JHK (1988), A Heritage of Kings: One Man's Monarchy in the Confucian World. Columbia University Press, pp. 88–89.
6487:"The Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security(외교안보연구소)" Was Korea Ever a Part of China?: A Historical Review -
6146:
The following is a simplified relation of Joseon royalty (Korean Imperial Family) during the late period of the dynasty:
1681:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6649:
9682:
9485:
9441:
9229:
9190:
8842:
8808:
8774:
8735:
8662:
8622:
8588:
8553:
8519:
8485:
8446:
8407:
8368:
8321:
8279:
8232:
7955:
7740:
7649:
7606:
7580:
7410:
7263:
6961:
6866:
6721:
6607:
3507:
12045:
4945:
because of Neo-Confucianist social norms when they previously led some of the least restricted lives out of anyone in
4291:
maintained the highest position among China's tributary states, which also included countries such as Japan, Vietnam,
3424:(referred to as Queen Min) had attempted to counter Japanese interference in Korea and was considering turning to the
2518:
ascended the throne. In May 1419, King Sejong, under the advice and guidance of his father Taejong, embarked upon the
11142:
9025:
7853:
6646:
6175:(1909–1991) – eldest son of Yi Kang; renounced the Imperial title and heritage by becoming a Japanese citizen in 1947
6074:
5993:
5787:
5368:
4930:
The Joseon Dynasty presided over two periods of great cultural growth, during which Joseon culture created the first
4917:
4304:
3830:
status – hereditary nobility for three generations. In order to become such an official, one had to pass a series of
3588:
3320:
1279:
1053:
7030:
6991:
2255:
established in 918 was tottering, its foundations collapsing from years of war spilled over from the disintegrating
10981:
10821:
10527:
10515:
10502:
10489:
8916:
8269:
6806:
6582:
5938:
The scientific and technological advance in the late Joseon period progressed slower than the early Joseon period.
3235:
2839:
2835:
2134:
9614:, in D Ko, JHK Haboush & JR Piggott (eds.), Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea and Japan.
4378:
is made manifest in the actions of the weaker nation-state as it conveys goodwill and respect through its envoys.
3131:, the implementation of reforms proved highly advantageous both to state revenues and to the lot of the peasants.
9990:
9943:
7978:
7447:
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5313:
5270:
4201:
2980:
2890:
on sea and brigandage on land. The only purpose for the Joseon navy was to secure the maritime trade against the
2846:
1494:
2728:
Yeonsangun also seized a thousand women from the provinces to serve as palace entertainers and appropriated the
2433:, a council of the old government administration that held a monopoly in court power during the waning years of
11270:
10932:
10883:
9908:"A Shared Cultural Realm: Literary Exchanges between Scholar-Officials and Poet-Monks in the Mid Joseon Period"
9740:
9713:
9615:
9532:
7556:
7506:
7116:
6896:
6324:
5769:
5051:
4899:
4479:
4437:
4264:(왕궁수문장) were a royal guard unit tasked with defending the gates of the five palaces and Hanseong's city gates.
3570:
3526:
3495:
3357:
2976:
2653:
ascended the throne. His reign was marked by the prosperity and growth of the national economy and the rise of
2215:
2096:
2072:
2009:
1393:
1261:
1193:
respectively, leading to an increasingly harsh isolationist policy, for which the country became known as the "
972:
907:
868:
826:
547:
4738:, the adult male practice of Joseon Korea prescribed to keep both hair and beard, in contrast to the Japanese
4135:
County (Gun, 군, 郡) – There were eighty counties in Joseon, each governed by Gunsu (군수, 郡守), a 4th junior rank.
11648:
11259:
11013:
10849:
6579:
New Insights From Recent Studies in Historical Astronomy: Following in the Footsteps of F. Richard Stephenson
5278:
4591:
2029:
1229:
7153:
5181:
Porcelain was also decorated with iron. These items commonly consisted of jars or other utilitarian pieces.
4454:
4206:
The army consists of the central army and the provincial armies. Each is made of peasant soldiers, cavalry,
3246:. However, after the retirement and death of the Queen Dowager, the Norons were gradually ousted, while the
2326:, a highly respected leader of a group loyal to Goryeo dynasty, and dethroned King Gongyang, exiling him to
11256:
10868:
10624:
9293:
Korean Expansion and Decline from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century: A View Suggested by Adam Smith
3647:
3511:
3243:
2578:
2122:
2060:
2054:
1186:
530:
17:
7851:
7532:
4471:(Capital Guards Command), a new Korean military formation, was created and trained along Chinese lines by
159:
10996:
7822:
6951:
6677:"International Order in Historical East Asia: Tribute and Hierarchy Beyond Sinocentrism and Eurocentrism"
5950:
3906:
3389:
attacked the Japanese officers and even forced the queen to take refuge in the countryside. In 1894, the
3113:
6469:
5018:
which functioned like a corset. The white linen cloth exposed under jeogori in the picture is heoritti.
2826:
followed the philosophy of Yi I and Song Hon. Within decades the Easterners themselves divided into the
2672:, was successful, and the defeated Jurchens, led by the Udige clan (兀狄哈), retreated to the north of the
165:
11660:
10898:
7180:
6513:
5973:
5954:
5921:
5476:
5350:
5339:
3482:
In a complicated series of maneuvers and counter-maneuvers, Japan pushed back the Russian fleet at the
3390:
3296:
2183:
2127:
1953:
10227:
9967:"Pathways to Korean Culture: Paintings of the Joseon Period (1392–1910) by Burglind Jungmann (review)"
9310:
7895:
7102:
7074:
5728:
novel (each based on one of the twelve stories) and by increasing the realism of the classical novel.
3905:
Yi Hang-bok - He was appointed and served as Byeongjo Panseo, Minister of National Defense during the
11767:
11295:
11241:
10697:
10584:
Zhao, Quansheng (2003), "China and the Korean peace process", in Tae-Hwan Kwak; Seung-Ho Joo (eds.),
9881:
9279:
7785:
6258:, Imperial Crown Prince (1897–1970) – 28th head of the Korean Imperial Household; married in 1920 to
5262:
4326:
3061:
2947:
2550:
On the northern border, Sejong established four forts and six posts to safeguard his people from the
2330:, and he ascended the throne himself. The Goryeo kingdom had come to an end after 474 years of rule.
2276:
2208:
2155:
2141:
2067:
2049:
2019:
1918:
1302:
1178:
188:
10190:
117:
11208:
11203:
10971:
10017:
9861:
6560:
6215:(1962–) – eldest son of Yi Gap; adopted by Yi Ku as the 30th head of the Korean Imperial Household
4973:
4547:
4154:
4148:
3912:
3890:
3324:
2894:. The navy repelled pirates using an advanced form of gunpowder technologies including cannons and
1584:
8998:
Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century,
8860:
Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century,
6004:
until 2007. The vest has since been sent back to Korea and is currently on display to the public.
5253:) are the annual records of the Joseon dynasty, which were kept from 1413 to 1865. The annals, or
4618:
4095:
or Royal Academy (성균관) prepared future government officials. Those who passed first two stages of
4070:) are some examples of chief royal secretaries who were the most powerful officials of their time.
2802:
faction had suffered a series of political defeats during the reigns of Yeonsangun, Jungjong, and
12109:
11636:
11302:
11285:
10976:
10966:
10961:
10872:
9784:
6319:
6314:
6019:
6001:
6000:
in 1871. The US Army captured one of the vests and took it to the US, where it was stored at the
5765:
5758:
4895:
4888:
4734:
4569:
Reciprocal missions were construed as a means of communication between Korean kings and Japanese
3977:
3965:
3874:
3618:
3614:
3566:
3559:
3538:
3415:
3251:
3069:
2438:
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2343:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2039:
1597:
1257:
1250:
1190:
534:
233:
31:
10664:
7443:"Ruling Ideology and Marginal Subjects: Ming Loyalism and Foreign Lineages in Late Chosŏn Korea"
6039:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
3924:
Ministry of Taxation (Hojo, 호조, 戶曹) – taxation, finances, census, agriculture, and land policies
111:
11751:
11696:
11415:
11086:
10986:
10945:
10471:, Wannae Joe, ed. with intro. by Hongkyu A. Choe, Elizabeth NY, and Seoul Korea: Hollym, 2000.
9349:
Economic growth in P'yongan Province and the development of Pyongyang in the Late Choson Period
7442:
6154:
6110:
This compilation photo, taken about 1915, shows the following royal family members, from left:
5137:
5127:
5047:
4838:
4119:
4035:
3475:
3361:
3029:
2710:
2689:
2618:
2559:
2272:
2091:
1985:
1974:
1362:
9672:
9499:
10 percent of the total population on average, but it could rise up to one-third of the total.
9477:
9402:
9257:
8832:
8764:
8612:
8578:
8543:
8475:
8436:
6206:(1919–2020) – 2nd daughter of Yi Kang; married in 1936 to Yi Seung-gyu from the Yongin Yi clan
5021:
4694:
A Joseon painting which represents the Chungin (literally "middle people"), equivalent to the
3854:
3311:
gathered a peasant army to take over southern parts of Korea until Choe was executed in 1864.
3299:
in 1866. The early years of his rule also witnessed a large effort to restore the dilapidated
2875:
1145:. The kingdom's northernmost borders were expanded to the natural boundaries at the rivers of
104:
11642:
11521:
11391:
11152:
11031:
9219:
9094:
8996:
8977:
8974:
8858:
8798:
8654:
8509:
8397:
7945:
7635:
7596:
6556:
5060:
15th century. Joseon period, Korea. Blue and white porcelain jar with plum and bamboo design.
4938:, and extensive historic works. The royal dynasty also built several fortresses and palaces.
4711:
Gender roles tightened during the Joseon period compared to the Goryeo era. The influence of
3483:
3447:
3439:, almost certainly orchestrated the plot against her. A group of Japanese agents entered the
3211:
3018:
2589:, the Korean alphabet, in 1443; rejected in its time by the scholarly elite, everyday use of
1082:
986:
921:
840:
772:
560:
323:
9180:
7786:"The Port Hamilton (Geomundo) Incident (1885–1887): Retracing Another Great Game in Eurasia"
5980:
ordered development of bulletproof armor because of increasing threats from Western armies.
5856:. The new model was of even higher quality and was twice as fast. Other inventions were the
12104:
11672:
11666:
11552:
11508:
11489:
11403:
11234:
10814:
10439:
Lin, Ming-te (8 December 2014), "Li Hung-chang's Suzerain Policy toward Korea, 1882–1894",
10319:
5953:. The work spread to China and Japan, where it is still regarded as one of the classics of
5301:
5150:
3921:
Ministry of Personnel (Ijo, 이조, 吏曹) – was primarily concerned with appointment of officials
3491:
3414:
in Seoul and installing a pro-Japanese government on 8 June 1894. This soon escalated into
3335:
3140:
2803:
2706:
2677:
1744:
1551:
1382:
179:
Territory of Joseon after King Sejong's conquest of Jurchens in 1433 (with current borders)
10068:
10013:
9133:
State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu,
9117:
8897:"Huddling under the Imperial Umbrella: A Korean Approach to Ming China in the Early 1500s"
8054:
8:
11733:
11721:
11690:
11654:
11582:
11540:
11482:
11440:
11091:
11061:
10314:
8195:
8163:
6187:
6127:
6096:
5977:
5456:
5226:
4999:
4931:
4864:
also acted as village leaders, they often united local peasants and led armies into war.
4559:
4105:
3421:
3342:
3292:
3281:
3128:
3041:
2650:
2405:
1341:
1161:
294:
4498:
as resident official represented an anachronistic policy of intervention toward Korea."
4350:
3788:
The seal was produced on December 15, 1876, for use in Japanese-related state documents.
2744:, the charismatic leader of sarim. He established a local self-government system called
1212:, etiquette, norms, and societal attitudes toward current issues, along with the modern
11576:
11496:
11177:
11148:
11066:
10647:
10611:
10483:
by Jang Pyung Soon. Copyright 1998 Joong Ang Gyo Yook Yun Goo Won, Ltd, pp. 46–47.
10291:
9982:
9935:
8908:
7833:
5899:
5209:
4739:
4695:
4604:
4338:
4260:
4249:
4214:
elite soldiers, archers, musketeers, and artillery. The king appointed their generals.
4160:
3970:
3601:
Joseon was a highly centralized monarchy, and neo-Confucian bureaucracy as codified by
3487:
3433:
2914:
2734:
2610:
2319:
2284:
2264:
2034:
1558:
1467:
1198:
4826:
lived quiet lives in secluded regions, unaffiliated with any government office. These
2593:
in writing eventually was surpassed by Hangul in the latter half of the 20th century.
11727:
11684:
11678:
11564:
11558:
11546:
11534:
11464:
11458:
11446:
11409:
10628:
10589:
10570:
10551:
10538:
10425:
10380:
10361:
10342:
10298:
10275:
10045:
9986:
9939:
9871:
9788:
9678:
9642:
9573:
9481:
9470:
9437:
9410:
9316:
9225:
9186:
8838:
8804:
8770:
8731:
8658:
8647:
8618:
8584:
8549:
8515:
8481:
8442:
8403:
8364:
8327:
8317:
8285:
8275:
8238:
8228:
8136:
7951:
7805:
7764:
7736:
7645:
7602:
7576:
7406:
7259:
7133:
7112:
7084:
7040:
6997:
6957:
6932:
6862:
6717:
6662:
The Standard of Living in the Chosoˇn Dynasty Korea in the 17th to the 19th Centuries
6603:
6509:
6290:
Countess Sō Masae (1932–?), disappeared since 1956, thought to have committed suicide
5927:
5464:
5217:
5201:
5190:
5175:
4716:
to the family. To protect the family's honor, young girls would carry a small knife (
4582:
was the highest authority, and all rulers of tributary states were known as "kings".
4354:
4330:
4059:
3954:
3945:
Ministry of Commerce (Gongjo, 공조, 工曹) – industry, public works, manufacturing, mining
3666:
Direct communication between the king and the common people was possible through the
3660:
3602:
3360:
in 1876, opening three ports to trade and granting the Japanese extraterritoriality.
3353:
3346:
3215:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3136:
3105:
3077:
3054:
2998:
2922:
2714:
2626:
2606:
2602:
2414:
2392:
used their influence on the king to name Yi Bang-seok, his eighth son (second son of
2374:
2335:
2044:
1963:
1544:
1332:
1133:
in October 1897. The kingdom was founded following the aftermath of the overthrow of
349:
274:
8938:
7890:
5708:
usually reflected their attitudes and aspirations, but by becoming popular with the
4816:
were interpreted as "students who study Confucianism" in Joseon-era Korean society.
3957:
is located. So it was also called '''Yukjo street''' after the six ministries.
3942:
Ministry of Justice (Hyeongjo, 형조, 刑曺) – administration of law, slavery, punishments
3143:, with major rapid reversals of the ruling faction, known as hwanguk (換局; literally
3097:
Portrait of Kim Yuk 김육 (1570–1658), an early Silhak philosopher of the Joseon period
2709:
is often considered the worst tyrant in Joseon's history, whose reign was marked by
2649:
succeeded him as the eighth king, but died two years later in 1469. Yejong's nephew
2303:
1322:
136:
12027:
11823:
11613:
11514:
11502:
11476:
11452:
11290:
11213:
11026:
10448:
9974:
9927:
9919:
7797:
7711:
7456:
6924:
6688:
6304:
6281:
6159:
6139:
6115:
5961:
5872:
5833:
5813:
5459:
for the Kingdom of Korea on 8 September 1831, to provide for the spiritual care of
5452:
5212:) and the written works of the Yangban literati were written in Classical Chinese.
5194:
5159:
5126:, it was not until the 15th and 16th centuries that white porcelain, also known as
4845:
4712:
4671:
4579:
4273:
4027:
3826:
Here, "government official" means one who occupied an office which gave its holder
3315:
3303:, the seat of royal authority. From 1862 to 1864, an insurgency movement driven by
3073:
3014:
2807:
2654:
2646:
2633:
2540:
2515:
2489:
2461:
1637:
1576:
1351:
1311:
1209:
1165:
1027:
313:
8082:
8033:
8008:
7801:
7716:
7699:
6826:
6783:
6751:
6231:(1941–) – 10th son of Yi Kang; self-claimed head of the Korean Imperial Household
5836:
was Korea's greatest period of scientific advancement. Under Sejong's new policy,
5346:
2362:
2323:
2280:
2275:
be handed over to Ming China. The tract of land was taken by Mongol forces during
12084:
11800:
11607:
11588:
11570:
11434:
11397:
11384:
11132:
10807:
10773:
10531:
10519:
10506:
10493:
10395:
9567:
9536:
9431:
9371:
9267:
9141:
9104:
9034:
9006:
8945:
8868:
8725:
8358:
8311:
8222:
8040:
7829:
7185:
7109:
7081:
6711:
6476:
6263:
6150:
6123:
6092:
5805:
5701:
5460:
5222:
4783:
4483:
4314:
3823:
from 3rd junior rank to 6th junior rank wore blue. Those below wore green robes.
3652:
3522:
3471:
3375:
3288:
3277:
3247:
3231:
3189:
2566:
2527:
2453:
2311:
2295:
2291:
2239:
2084:
2024:
1798:
1712:
1217:
1213:
1169:
1126:
1117:
1095:
1062:
1009:
1000:
860:
854:
481:
388:
375:
318:
308:
269:
214:
10857:
7637:
Su-un and His World of Symbols: The Founder of Korea's First Indigenous Religion
7528:
5485:
period developed several musical forms. The form with the most extant pieces is
5418:
For long, I have left the mundane world whose innumerable conditions are empty;
4941:
Noble Korean women during this time were suppressed, along with shamans, in the
3503:
3494:, the way was open for Japan to take control of Korea. After the signing of the
3044:
overran Joseon's defenses. After a quick campaign that was assisted by northern
2519:
1208:
The Joseon period has left a substantial legacy to modern Korea; much of modern
12030:, while the former Korean emperors were given nobility title "King Yi" instead.
11528:
11470:
11307:
11162:
11137:
10923:
10757:
10539:
East Asia in the World Twelve Events That Shaped the Modern International Order
10452:
9828:
9735:
9708:
8800:
China and the Developing World: Beijing's Strategy for the Twenty-first Century
8511:
China and the Developing World: Beijing's Strategy for the Twenty-first Century
8112:"Journal of the Royal Secretariat, vol. 2902, year of 1882, 7th month, 1st day"
7501:
7286:
7238:
7212:
5997:
5841:
5809:
5102:
4661:
4628:
Joseon Korea installed a centralised administrative system controlled by civil
4527:
4523:
4408:
4342:
4292:
4067:
4063:
4055:
4031:
3632:
3467:
3425:
3239:
3188:, Queen Regent of Joseon. She served as nominal regent of Joseon, who selected
3185:
3025:
3002:
2632:
Sejo undermined much of the foundation of many existing systems, including the
2614:
2551:
2506:
2079:
2014:
1194:
1154:
504:
442:
356:
300:
10725:
8360:
Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia
8242:
6692:
6285:
4757:
region's Yangban class, where they were expected to reach nearly 70% in 1858.
4322:
4310:
4118:
The officials of high rank were sent from the central government. Sometimes a
2993:
After the Japanese invasions, the Korean Peninsula was devastated. Meanwhile,
2822:
mainly followed the teachings and philosophy of Yi Hwang and Jo Sik while the
12078:
12060:
12047:
11814:
11332:
11127:
11096:
10913:
10788:
10783:
10768:
9306:
8331:
8289:
7809:
7460:
6936:
6348:
6329:
5910:
5880:
5189:
During the Joseon period, the yangban scholars and educated literati studied
5007:
4935:
4729:
4725:
4622:
4494:. According to Ming-te Lin: "Li's control of Korea from 1885 to 1894 through
4178:
4174:
3636:
3627:
3463:
3440:
3300:
2555:
2393:
2385:
2367:
2315:
1893:
1518:
1502:
1432:
1130:
727:
573:
264:
10377:
Tradition, Treaties, and Trade: Qing Imperialism and Chosǒn Korea, 1850–1910
9778:
6055:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
3436:
2834:; in the seventeenth century the Westerners also permanently split into the
11872:
11172:
11101:
10888:
10477:, ed. Koo & Nahm, Elizabeth NJ, and Seoul Korea: Hollym, 1998. 2nd ed.
9592:이중환, "총론" in 택리지, p. 355, quoted in translation in Choe et al. (2000: 162).
8984:
6153:(1852–1919) – 26th head of the Korean Imperial Household, adoptive heir to
6087:
5965:
5946:
5884:
5660:
were primarily composed by the yangban aristocracy and entertainers of the
5602:
When I hear the sound of falling trees, I cannot contain myself for sorrow.
5426:
I have but travelled here and there, finding no enjoyment in settled life.
5382:
5131:
4942:
4853:
4809:
4575:
4487:
4462:
4458:
4449:
4424:
4420:
4364:
4287:
4283:
4186:
4101:
4092:
4012:
worked jointly especially when they sought to reverse the king's decision.
3927:
Ministry of Rites (Yejo, 예조, 禮曺) – rituals, culture, diplomacy, gwageo exam
3878:
3862:
3859:
3640:
3514:
3499:
3406:
3394:
3386:
3266:
3255:
3049:
2918:
2729:
2485:
2409:
2382:
2260:
2256:
2198:
1810:
1786:
1774:
1753:
1690:
1456:
1182:
1141:. Early on, Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day
768:
400:
205:
196:
192:
10536:
Ji-Young Lee. 2020. "The Founding of the Korean Chosŏn Dynasty, 1392." in
9978:
9923:
9530:
International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands (080626)
7255:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume II: From 1600
6912:
6106:
5688:, and the form has not been revived, there is a sizable body of narrative
5610:
were sung in Korean, the pioneering of Hangul created the possibility for
5606:
Here, like other Korean musical forms, each foot can stand on its own. As
3382:
2725:
scholars for writing phrases critical of Sejo's usurpation of the throne.
11977:
11376:
11368:
11264:
11003:
10991:
10903:
10893:
10358:
A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
10082:
Buddhist paintings were commissioned by female members of the royal court
8147:
Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies, "About Rank of Joseon Officials"
8083:"Veritable Records of Jeongjo, vol. 2, year of 1776, 8th month, 18nd day"
8009:"Veritable Records of Taejong, vol. 1, year of 1401, 6th month, 12nd day"
7864:
6928:
6548:
6505:
6183:
6100:
6013:
5857:
5849:
5800:
5108:
4966:
4957:
4848:
during times of war, as archery was taught as a liberal arts subject for
4762:
4690:
4495:
4491:
4482:, and Korea was reduced to a semi-colonial tributary state of China with
4472:
4318:
4233:
4223:
4197:
4019:
3776:
Seal used between 1776 and 1876, for use in Qing-related state documents.
3764:
Seal used between 1653 and 1776, for use in Qing-related state documents.
3752:
Seal used between 1637 and 1653, for use in Qing-related state documents.
2964:
2879:
2858:
2773:
2662:
2661:
who were encouraged by Seongjong to enter court politics. He established
2582:
2570:
2378:
2307:
1525:
1444:
1150:
756:
752:
662:
10524:
10511:
10498:
10486:
9931:
8912:
8896:
5945:
wrote a number of medical texts, his most significant achievement being
5630:
written in 1565, which were written 100 years after the proclamation of
4164:
Portrait of Kim Hu (1751–1805), a military officer of the Joseon Dynasty
3371:
3013:(r. 1626–1643) would eventually rename the "Manchus". After he declared
11962:
11791:
11167:
11106:
10778:
10313:
10097:, in Italian, published on 9 September 1831, accessed on 24 August 2024
8797:
Eisemann, Joshua; Heginbotham, Eric; Mitchell, Derek (20 August 2015).
8508:
Eisemann, Joshua; Heginbotham, Eric; Mitchell, Derek (20 August 2015).
8034:
Veritable Records of Injoo, vol. 35, year of 1637, 11th month, 20nd day
7693:
7088:
6203:
6131:
5861:
5772: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5724:
had a strong influence of the writing of the time, both because of the
5615:
5397:
5166:
5141:
5112:
5080:
5069:
4982:
4902: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4629:
4609:
4563:
4073:
Capital Bureau (Hanseongbu, 한성부) was in charge of running the capital,
3953:
Government offices of each organization were located where the current
3934:
3882:
3708:
3573: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3365:
3181:
3171:
3010:
2956:
2895:
2741:
2718:
2699:
2694:
2673:
2574:
1507:
1371:
1264: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1146:
654:
9966:
9907:
9612:
Versions and subversions: Patriarchy and polygamy in Korean narratives
9436:. Institute for Modern Korean Studies, Yonsei University. p. 50.
8614:
Offshore Asia: Maritime Interactions in Eastern Asia Before Steamships
7691:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7673:
6276:(1931–2005) – 29th head of the Korean Imperial Household; son of Yi Un
5010:-style jacket, to Korea, which is often worn with hanbok to this day.
4799:
3740:
Seal used from 1401 to 1637, for use in Ming-related state documents.
3356:, acquired Western military technology, and forced Joseon to sign the
3258:, gained power. Gradually the Andong Kims came to dominate the court.
3234:
succeeded his father, King Jeongjo, in 1800. With Jeongjo's death the
977:
912:
831:
11081:
10567:
Korea: Tradition & Transformation: A History of the Korean People
7641:
6470:
https://www.jkcf.or.jp/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/3-03j.pdf
6259:
6192:
5819:
4666:
4380:
4363:(serving the great or serving Ming China) diplomacy in dealings with
4255:
4245:
4229:
4081:(판윤), of 2nd senior second rank equivalent to today's mayor of Seoul.
3308:
3175:
3167:– a policy of maintaining balance and equality between the factions.
3060:
Despite reestablishing economic relations by officially entering the
3006:
2941:
2899:
2769:
2539:
of Tsushima, Sadamori, capitulated to the Joseon court. In 1443, The
1202:
9529:
8224:
The Making of International Law in Korea: From Colony to Asian Power
6713:
The Great Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea
6138:, the eldest son of Prince Ui. The seated child in the front row is
5747:
5409:
did not respect their fathers and their emperors." He wrote a poem:
5165:
Strikingly different from cobalt, porcelain items with a copper-red
4877:
3548:
3088:
2381:, had contributed the most to assisting his father's rise to power,
1239:
1160:
During its 500-year duration, Joseon encouraged the entrenchment of
11360:
10546:
Hatada, Takashi; Smith, Warren W. Jr.; Hazard, Benjamin H. (1969),
7670:
5930:. The map was made by combining Chinese, Korean and Japanese maps.
5890:
5837:
5402:
5386:
5140:
artifacts decorating white porcelain with paintings and designs in
5118:
Beginning in the 10th century, white porcelain has been crafted in
4656:
4531:
4390:
4346:
3995:
3886:
3843:
3451:
3398:
3203:
2985:
2745:
2514:
In August 1418, following Taejong's abdication two months earlier,
2496:
2339:
2268:
2235:
1872:
1606:
1566:
1418:
1177:
of 1592 and 1598. Several decades later, Joseon was invaded by the
5200:
The middle and upper classes of Joseon society were proficient in
4443:
3397:
defeating the forces of local ruler Jo Byong-gap at the battle of
2857:. He was subsequently accused of conspiracy to start a rebellion.
2283:
seized the chance to argue for an invasion of the Ming-controlled
12022:
11956:
11935:
11043:
10289:
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Ann; Palais, James B. (2006),
8939:"Will Flowers Bloom without Fragrance? Korean-Chinese Relations,"
7436:
7434:
6778:
6746:
6234:
6228:
6172:
6165:
6135:
6111:
5942:
5696:
5661:
5463:
in the kingdom and separating Korea from the jurisdiction of the
5123:
4857:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4645:
4633:
4182:
3827:
3304:
3124:
3065:
3045:
3033:
2994:
2989:
A Korean painting depicting two Jurchen warriors and their horses
2640:
2457:
2449:
2429:
In 1399, Taejong had played an influential role in scrapping the
2299:
1822:
1763:
1138:
339:
334:
250:
11915:
11111:
11076:
11071:
11036:
10711:– Ohmynews.com's uncovered document about murder of Queen Minbi
6953:
The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism
6212:
5989:
5853:
5665:
5631:
5393:
5274:
5145:
5084:
5003:
4990:
4978:
4962:
4779:
4774:
4747:
4704:
4637:
4555:
4514:
4507:
4096:
3831:
3518:
3457:
3402:
3242:, whose family had strong ties to the faction, and initiated a
3120:
2932:
part of the Korean Peninsula occupied within months, with both
2927:
2903:
2887:
2586:
2535:
2434:
2252:
1848:
1701:
1616:
1538:
1477:
1134:
940:
875:
794:
700:
8580:
East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute
7944:
Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014).
7431:
4109:
those from other offices were involved in running the academy.
2806:, but it gained control of the government during the reign of
2444:
Shortly thereafter, Taejong installed an office, known as the
11909:
11903:
11852:
11846:
11829:
11703:
11182:
9378:. Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University.
9056:
8727:
Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics
8271:
Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics
6273:
6255:
6119:
5969:
5296:
5290:
5171:
5155:
5119:
5101:
The Mid-Joseon period painting styles moved toward increased
5095:
5030:
4793:
4754:
4369:
4359:
4279:
3393:
saw farmers rise up in a mass rebellion, with peasant leader
3269:. Its rulers sought to limit contact with foreign countries.
3207:
3109:
3093:
2937:
2933:
2891:
2854:
2850:
2799:
2722:
2658:
2590:
2523:
2347:
2327:
1859:
1724:
1649:
1626:
1571:
1533:
1512:
1142:
1122:
1072:
1033:
956:
891:
810:
714:
238:
10709:"Japanese Document Sheds New Light on Korean Queen's Murder"
10400:, The Korea Research and Publications, Inc., pp. 1–14,
6659:
6640:
Reorienting Reorient: East Asia and 15th–19th Century Joseon
5614:
to be written down without the use of substitutions such as
5442:
The old, pure and simple hut of Okju province looks lonely.
4228:
The Joseon Navy consists of two types of main warships, the
3101:
2963:
During the war, Koreans developed powerful firearms and the
2764:
2193:
1292:
10341:, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 115–141,
10272:
The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea
9326:
8796:
8507:
6179:
5487:
5406:
4946:
4650:
4535:
3083:
1662:
1036:
10014:"Buddhist paintings: Artworks Filled with Beauty and Hope"
7943:
6577:
Orchiston, Wayne; Green, David A.; Strom, Richard (2014).
5090:
4998:) was used to cover them. At the end of the 19th century,
3930:
Ministry of Defence (Byeongjo, 병조, 兵曺) – military affairs
3323:
in a U.S. attempt at "gunboat diplomacy" following on the
3040:
In 1627, a Jurchen army of 30,000 led by Nurhaci's nephew
493:• change the name of a country from Goryeo to Joseon
10799:
10182:
8834:
Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features
6599:
Interior Space and Furniture of Joseon Upper-class Houses
6182:(1912–1945) – 2nd son of Yi Kang; adopted as the heir to
5926:. The map was created in the second year of the reign of
5848:
Some of his inventions were an automated (self-striking)
4440:, and became directly involved in the affairs of Joseon.
4153:
During most of the Joseon period, Korea was divided into
4085:
suspected offenders, who were often government officials.
3655:- As the dynasty continued, it was expanded horizontally.
1042:
991:
926:
845:
9860:
9163:
Frontier contact between chosŏn Korea and Tokugawa Japan
8545:
Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan
6162:(1874–1926) – 27th head of the Korean Imperial Household
5893:, a Korean-made map of the world was created in 1402 by
5871:
The apex of astronomical and calendarial advances under
5597:
Where is the long-billed woodpecker? Why is he not here?
2733:
finally deposed in a coup which placed his half-brother
11976:
denotes that the king was deposed and never received a
9867:
Birmingham Museum of Art : guide to the collection
6913:"Rethinking the Late Koryŏ in an International Context"
6572:
6570:
9865:
9761:
9046:
9044:
9042:
8438:
Wei Yuan and China's Rediscovery of the Maritime World
7704:
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
6429:
6427:
6425:
6423:
5652:'s anthology represents a change in the authorship of
4030:(Jiphyeonjeon, 집현전) after the latter was abolished by
3076:, as when a scholar marked 1861 as "the 234th year of
9077:
9075:
8954:
8617:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 198.
8611:
Kayoko, Fujita; Momoki, Shiro; Reid, Anthony (2013).
6168:, Prince Imperial Ui (1877–1955) – 5th son of Gojong
5592:
Can tiny insects devour a whole great spreading pine?
5349:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1054:
1045:
1039:
10293:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
9674:
Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia
9407:
Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia
9027:조공횟수의 문제 (The problem of the frequency of tributes),
8316:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 144.
6567:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6442:
4522:) (neighborly relations) diplomacy in dealings with
4512:
This long-term, strategic policy contrasts with the
3432:
by Japanese agents. The Japanese minister to Korea,
2810:. It soon split into opposing factions known as the
1086:
10288:
9039:
8744:
7377:
7349:
7322:
7306:
7154:"King Sejong the Great And The Golden Age Of Korea"
6576:
6510:"Yangban: The Cultural Life of the Joseon Literati"
6420:
4632:and military officers who were collectively called
1030:
10290:
9469:
9305:
9072:
8646:
2510:, the original promulgation of the Korean alphabet
2251:By the late 14th century, the nearly 500-year-old
10545:
10416:Lee, Peter H.; de Bary, William Theodore (1997),
10379:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center,
9315:. Seoul, South Korea: EunHaeng Namu. p. 47.
9221:Jews & the Japanese: The Successful Outsiders
9146:
8313:A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present
7333:
7331:
6804:
6439:
5823:Surviving portion of the Water Clock (Jagyeongnu)
5221:toward the end of the period were written in the
5122:. Historically overshadowed by the popularity of
4644:Another portion of the population were slaves or
3089:Emergence of Silhak and renaissance of the Joseon
3024:In 1623, Gwanghaegun was deposed and replaced by
2565:During the rule of Sejong, Korea saw advances in
12076:
11199:1883 Korean special mission to the United States
10661:Japan–South Korea Joint History Research Project
10255:koreajoongangdaily.joins.com accessed 2023-11-02
8610:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7039:]. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press.
6466:Japan–South Korea Joint History Research Project
5672:as well. This also coincided with a new form of
3623:Royal titles and styles during the Joseon Period
3221:
3147:), being commonplace. During the early reign of
2526:(coastal pirates) who had been operating out of
10755:
10297:, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Press,
7868:(in Korean). No. 508. pp. 472 ~ 485.
7761:Korean Overseas Culture and Information Service
5949:, which is often noted as the defining text of
5385:as its main philosophy, and also included some
5232:
5029:The upper classes wore hanbok of closely woven
4444:Sino-Korean relationship after the Imo Incident
2420:
2400:became known as the "First Strife of Princes".
10422:From Early Times Through the Sixteenth Century
9870:. : Birmingham Museum of Art. pp. 35–39.
9636:
9020:
9018:
9016:
9014:
8441:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 137–138.
7847:
7845:
7843:
7328:
4478:In October 1882, the two countries signed the
3486:in 1904. With the conclusion of the 1904–1905
2886:Throughout Korean history, there was frequent
2641:Institutional arrangements and Prosper culture
1125:that existed for 505 years. It was founded by
12115:States and territories disestablished in 1897
11242:
10815:
10741:
9901:
9899:
7383:
7251:
6118:, the 2nd son and the last monarch of Korea;
4989:During the Joseon period, jeogori of women's
3068:into Joseon. As a result, Joseon created the
2216:
10941:Political factions during the Joseon dynasty
10721:"Korean Lee (Yi) Dynasty Granite Sculptures.
10586:The Korean Peace Process and the Four Powers
10043:
9762:Korea Heritage Service (28 September 2017).
9510:Haboush (1988: 88); Ch'oe et al. (2000: 158)
9472:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
8890:
8888:
8886:
8884:
8882:
8880:
8878:
8876:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7296:
6849:
6637:
6602:. Ewha Womans University Press. p. 16.
5052:List of Korean painters § Joseon period
4797:
4787:
4466:
4337:, which also included countries such as the
3693:
3687:
3677:
3671:
3458:Establishment of the Empire and Colonization
2818:by their political or philosophical masters.
2558:, living in Manchuria. In 1433, Sejong sent
2294:was chosen to lead the attack; he revolted,
1110:
1104:
1076:
1066:
962:
946:
897:
881:
816:
800:
84:
70:
56:
10715:"E-Annals Bring Chosun History to Everyman"
10336:
9400:
9011:
8824:
8696:
8678:
7840:
7485:
7405:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 219–223.
7146:
6367:
5664:class. By the mid-seventeenth century, the
5204:. The Joseon official records (such as the
4142:
2676:. King Seongjong was succeeded by his son,
1168:was installed as the new state's ideology.
12120:States and territories established in 1392
11249:
11235:
10822:
10808:
10748:
10734:
10415:
10339:Time, Temporality, and Imperial Transition
10066:
10046:"Art of the Korean Renaissance, 1400–1600"
9896:
9703:
9701:
8837:. Stanford University Press. p. 117.
8583:. Columbia University Press. p. 122.
8399:Thailand's Policies towards China, 1949–54
8221:Lee, Seokwoo; Lee, Hee Eun (12 May 2016).
7950:. Cambridge University Press. p. 93.
7909:"Ilseongnok: Records of Daily Reflections"
7884:
7361:
5738:History of science and technology in Korea
5434:Tomorrow once again I leave for Changhae;
5318:
4965:) of Joseon period. A portrait painted by
4961:Men's (right) and women's (left) clothes (
2223:
2209:
173:
10154:The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo
10139:The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo
10124:The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo
9467:
8873:
8702:Rockstein, Edward D., PhD pp. 10–11.
8395:
7852:Park Jong-hyo (박종효), former professor at
7816:
7715:
7496:
7494:
7293:
6716:. Duke University Press. pp. 23–30.
6075:Learn how and when to remove this message
5788:Learn how and when to remove this message
5731:
5369:Learn how and when to remove this message
4918:Learn how and when to remove this message
4049:The major offices include the following:
3885:, 좌의정, 左議政), and Right State Councillor (
3589:Learn how and when to remove this message
2765:Middle period (mid 16th-mid 17th century)
2596:
1293:Early period (late 14th-mid 16th century)
1280:Learn how and when to remove this message
12026:monarch of Korea during the era was the
10879:19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea
10330:United States Government Printing Office
9670:
9291:Jun SH, JB Lewis & H-R Kang (2008),
9217:
9178:
8830:
8106:
8104:
6910:
6262:(Yi Bang-ja), an imperial member of the
6209:Yi Gap (1938–2014) – 9th son of Yi Kang
6105:
6086:
5818:
5799:
5381:The Joseon kingdom was noted for having
5345:Relevant discussion may be found on the
5089:
5075:
5063:
5055:
5020:
4972:
4956:
4806:political factions of the Joseon dynasty
4689:
4603:
4595:
4159:
3964:
3900:
3853:
3646:
3626:
3370:
3329:
3276:
3180:
3100:
3092:
3084:Late period (mid 17th-late 19th century)
2984:
2946:
2874:
2768:
2693:
2495:
2475:
2361:
2267:, which many at the Goryeo believed was
2234:
1201:. After the end of these invasions from
1164:ideals and doctrines in Korean society.
11158:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
10863:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
10588:, Hampshire: Ashgate, pp. 98–118,
10424:, New York: Columbia University Press,
10311:
9906:Kim, Sung-Eun Thomas (20 August 2015).
9856:
9854:
9852:
9850:
9848:
9846:
9698:
9118:"사대교린 (조선 외교), Britannica online Korea"
8687:
8434:
7318:
7252:Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Ann (2013).
7181:"Forgotten story of Princess Gyeonghye"
6956:. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 177.
6774:"Korean History in Chronological Order"
6310:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
6245:Yi Jin (1979–), 2nd daughter of Yi Seok
5668:or "professional class" were composing
5634:. Additionally, the first anthology of
5247:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
5241:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
5206:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
5025:Royal ceremony with Joseon era clothing
4400:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
3345:) became a power in the court, placing
3265:Externally, Joseon became increasingly
2871:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
2751:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
2698:Portrait of the neo-Confucian scholar,
14:
12077:
10393:
10374:
10360:. New York: Indiana University Press.
10011:
9964:
9566:Seth, Michael J. (2019). "Chapter 3".
9429:
8960:
8919:from the original on 22 September 2018
8851:
8653:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
8474:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (January 1996).
8220:
8202:from the original on 23 September 2015
8170:from the original on 23 September 2015
7633:
7601:. Ewha Womans University Press. 2005.
7491:
7440:
7402:A History of Chinese Political Thought
7373:
7337:
6631:
6132:Lady Kim, Consort Princess Imperial Ui
4317:to take political power in Korea from
3707:-related accounts are recorded in the
3405:, and the Joseon government asked the
3163:(r. 1776–1800), generally pursued the
11230:
10803:
10729:
10700:– currently available only in Korean.
10683:Cultural Values of the Choson Dynasty
10481:Noon Eu Ro Bo Neun Han Gook Yuk Sa #7
10193:from the original on 24 February 2020
8894:
8541:
8356:
8101:
7193:from the original on 22 February 2018
6705:
6703:
6701:
6687:, Cambridge University Press: 65–93,
6660:Ki-joo Park and Donghyu Yang (2007).
6543:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6520:from the original on 22 November 2021
6500:
6498:
6496:
5832:The Joseon period under the reign of
5014:became natural to expose heoritti or
4574:order to avoid the conflict with the
4282:that was ritually subservient to the
3937:, 포도청, 捕盜廳) – office for public order
3849:
3272:
3009:into a strong coalition that his son
2997:(r. 1583–1626), the chieftain of the
2955:The invasion was slowed when Admiral
2864:
2787:
2357:
1116:
1094:
1008:
859:
10909:Assassination of Empress Myeongseong
10583:
10564:
10325:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
10269:
9843:
9776:
9770:
9565:
9382:from the original on 6 November 2018
9369:
9081:
9066:
9050:
8762:
8750:
8720:
8693:Rockstein, Edward D., PhD p. 7.
8576:
8473:
8310:Seth, Michael J. (16 October 2010).
8309:
8268:Wang, Yuan-kang (15 December 2010).
8267:
8249:from the original on 26 January 2021
7989:from the original on 6 December 2017
7658:from the original on 24 January 2023
7615:from the original on 24 January 2023
7467:from the original on 9 November 2021
7028:
6989:
6949:
6674:
6595:
6248:Yi Jeong-hun (1980–), son of Yi Seok
6023:
5933:
5883:is an astronomical clock created by
5770:adding citations to reliable sources
5741:
5322:
4900:adding citations to reliable sources
4871:
4278:Joseon was a tributary state of the
4267:
4077:or present-day Seoul. It was led by
3881:, 영의정, 領議政), Left State Councillor (
3698:) oral petition system. Through the
3571:adding citations to reliable sources
3542:
3446:The Qing acknowledged defeat in the
3430:Empress Myeongseong was assassinated
2794:Political factions in Joseon dynasty
1423:
1262:adding citations to reliable sources
1233:
10717:, The Chosun Ilbo, 27 January 2006.
10685:– from Instrok.org, created by the
10438:
10355:
10211:
9993:from the original on 7 October 2016
9946:from the original on 7 October 2016
9905:
9167:Hanguk Chungse tae-il kysōpsa yŏngu
9062:
8644:
8542:Lewis, James B. (2 November 2005).
8052:
7783:
7749:
7697:
7398:
7156:. asiasociety.org. 19 August 2008.
7127:
7029:Hall, John W.; et al. (1990).
6990:Rutt, Richard; et al. (1999).
6547:
6504:
6452:
6433:
6237:(1976–), first daughter of Yi Seok
4113:
3428:and to China for support. In 1895,
3202:Joseon intellectuals advocated the
2970:
2627:Grand Code for State Administration
2601:After King Sejong's death, his son
2471:
505:Promulgation of the Korean alphabet
24:
12100:Former countries in Korean history
10646:
10469:A Cultural History of Modern Korea
10461:
10274:. University of California Press.
9783:(Illustrated ed.). New York:
9403:"Nobi: A Korean System of Slavery"
8684:Jang, Pyun-soon. pp. 123–132.
8396:Chinvanno, Anuson (18 June 1992).
8363:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 99.
7925:from the original on 17 April 2017
7872:from the original on 14 March 2009
7178:
7172:
6805:Li, Jun-gyu (이준규) (22 July 2009).
6730:from the original on 7 April 2023.
6709:
6698:
6532:
6493:
6134:, wife of Prince Imperial Ui; and
5996:(1871), when the US Navy attacked
5692:and the form continues to evolve.
5642:in 1728; before the anthology few
4600:Woman's mourning clothes in Joseon
4329:in 1401 within the context of the
3969:Portrait of the Inspector General
3835:
3682:) written petition system and the
3510:, although he was assassinated by
3362:Port Hamilton was briefly occupied
2683:
25:
12136:
11143:Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty
10604:
10475:An Introduction to Korean Culture
9370:Rhee, Young-hoon; Yang, Donghyu.
9238:from the original on 7 April 2023
9199:from the original on 7 April 2023
8455:from the original on 7 April 2023
8416:from the original on 7 April 2023
8377:from the original on 7 April 2023
8338:from the original on 7 April 2023
8059:. Vol. 3. pp. 126–127.
7985:. Korea Creative Content Agency.
7854:Lomonosov Moscow State University
7823:Characteristics of Queen of Corea
7730:
7570:
7419:from the original on 7 April 2023
7378:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
7350:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
7325:, p. 350 (number of troops).
7323:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
7307:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
7258:. Cengage Learning. p. 255.
7160:from the original on 14 June 2011
7053:from the original on 7 April 2023
7010:from the original on 7 April 2023
6970:from the original on 7 April 2023
6875:from the original on 7 April 2023
6827:"Chosŏn dynasty | Korean history"
6616:from the original on 7 April 2023
6284:(1912–1989) – married in 1931 to
5994:United States expedition to Korea
5567:sound of a tree falling audible
4327:Imperial Chinese tributary system
4305:Joseon missions to Imperial China
3896:
3639:The picture in the background is
3605:, a sort of Joseon constitution.
3238:seized power with the regency of
3062:imperial Chinese tributary system
2259:. Following the emergence of the
1129:in July 1392 and replaced by the
574:Proclamation of the Korean Empire
12014:
12005:
11995:
11986:
11343:
11269:
11258:
10982:Border Defense Council of Joseon
10922:
10246:
10234:from the original on 6 July 2007
10220:
10205:
10175:
10160:
10151:
10145:
10136:
10130:
10121:
10115:
10100:
10087:
10060:
10037:
10005:
9958:
9884:from the original on 14 May 1998
9813:
9780:Korea: A Very Short Introduction
9755:
9728:
9664:
9655:
9630:
9627:Haboush (1988: 88–89); Oh (2006)
9621:
9604:
9595:
9586:
9559:
9550:
9541:
9522:
9513:
9504:
9461:
9423:
9394:
9363:
9354:
9341:
9298:
9285:
9272:
9250:
9211:
9172:
9155:
9124:
9110:
9087:
8769:. SUNY Press. pp. 119–120.
8480:. SUNY Press. pp. 119–120.
8118:from the original on 2 June 2021
8089:from the original on 2 June 2021
8063:from the original on 2 June 2021
8015:from the original on 2 June 2021
7790:The International History Review
6833:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
6028:
5746:
5720:sensibilities and restrictions.
5327:
4876:
4044:
3960:
3869:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3547:
3517:in 1909 at the train station at
2192:
1321:
1238:
1026:
732:
707:
693:
164:
135:
126:
110:
103:
10550:, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio,
10404:from the original on 8 May 2024
10169:Understanding Korean Literature
10166:
10109:Understanding Korean Literature
10106:
10044:Lee, Soyoung (September 2010).
10024:from the original on 8 May 2024
9971:Seoul Journal of Korean Studies
9912:Seoul Journal of Korean Studies
9801:from the original on 8 May 2024
9409:. Routledge. pp. 153–157.
8989:
8966:
8931:
8790:
8766:The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty
8756:
8714:
8705:
8638:
8604:
8570:
8535:
8501:
8477:The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty
8467:
8428:
8389:
8350:
8303:
8261:
8214:
8182:
8150:
8141:
8130:
8075:
8046:
8027:
8001:
7971:
7937:
7901:
7777:
7724:
7627:
7589:
7564:
7547:
7535:from the original on 8 May 2024
7521:
7479:
7448:Journal of Early Modern History
7441:Bohnet, Adam (1 January 2011).
7367:
7355:
7343:
7312:
7279:
7245:
7231:
7219:from the original on 8 May 2024
7205:
7121:
7093:
7065:
7022:
6983:
6943:
6904:
6887:
6837:from the original on 3 May 2015
6819:
6798:
6766:
6734:
6668:
6626:Joseon was an absolute monarchy
6394:
6342:
6020:The family tree of Joseon kings
5972:in the 1860s shortly after the
5827:
5757:needs additional citations for
5314:Education in the Joseon dynasty
4887:needs additional citations for
4619:introduction of modern medicine
4202:Joseon Army (late 19th century)
3558:needs additional citations for
3479:perturbed by Japan and Russia.
3307:followers and religious leader
3196:
2981:Second Manchu invasion of Korea
2911:Japanese invasions in the 1590s
2847:1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip
2460:, the father-in-law of his son
2342:. He also moved the capital to
1249:needs additional citations for
1153:through the subjugation of the
12095:1897 disestablishments in Asia
9764:"문화재청-흐트러진 마음을 가담고 각궁으로 활을 쏘다"
9741:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
9714:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
9616:University of California Press
9433:Views on Korean social history
8972:Armstrong, Charles K. (2007).
8763:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996).
7557:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
7507:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
7179:An, Seung-jun (4 April 2014).
7117:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
7032:The Cambridge history of Japan
6897:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
6589:
6481:
6458:
6007:
5941:16th-century court physician,
5586:
4798:
4788:
4239:
3714:
3694:
3688:
3678:
3672:
3321:U.S. and Korean forces clashed
3145:change in the state of affairs
2977:First Manchu invasion of Korea
2619:six ministers loyal to Danjong
2609:. In addition to two regents,
1111:
1105:
1077:
1067:
963:
947:
898:
882:
817:
801:
13:
1:
12125:Tributaries of Imperial China
10542:. Cambridge University Press.
10418:Sources of Korean Tradition,
10228:"Korea And The Korean People"
9468:Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997).
8901:The Journal of Korean Studies
8730:. Columbia University Press.
8274:. Columbia University Press.
7859:일본인 폭도가 가슴을 세 번 짓밟고 일본도로 난자했다
7802:10.1080/07075332.2017.1409791
7784:Jin, Sangpil (4 March 2019).
7717:10.1080/13467581.2021.1928504
6408:
5974:French campaign against Korea
5573:cause actively experienced
5184:
5068:Landscape of Mt. Geumgang by
4844:Seonbis also participated in
4804:) played a major role within
4592:Society in the Joseon Dynasty
3994:Office of Inspector General (
3532:
3297:French Campaign against Korea
3291:took the throne. His father,
3222:Government by in-law families
2925:guns, invaded Korea with his
2417:, third king of the dynasty.
1230:History of the Joseon dynasty
1137:in what is today the city of
1121:), was a dynastic kingdom of
144:
10397:Korea's Response to the West
10048:. Metropolitan Museum of Art
9295:. J. Econ. Hist. 68: 244–82.
9182:The Emperors of Modern Japan
8357:Gambe, Annabelle R. (2000).
7916:Memory of the World Register
7321:(leader of the expedition);
6260:Princess Masako of Nashimoto
6120:Yi Un, Prince Imperial Yeong
6057:Knowledge's inclusion policy
5840:(low-status) people such as
5808:first made by the scientist
5307:
5251:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
5234:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
4018:Office of Special Advisors (
3817:
3728:Seal used from 1392 to 1401.
3512:Korean independence activist
2579:traditional Chinese medicine
2421:Consolidation of royal power
1682:Northern and Southern period
7:
12090:1392 establishments in Asia
10867:Manchu invasions of Korea (
10698:Korean royal family website
10312:Kennedy, George A. (1943).
8435:Leonard, Jane Kate (1984).
6911:Robinson, David M. (2017).
6750:(in Korean). Archived from
6710:Em, Henry (25 March 2013).
6298:
6112:Yi Kang, Prince Imperial Ui
5951:Traditional Korean medicine
5622:is of the 'Twelve Songs of
4952:
4467:
4461:, and the Chinese diplomat
4168:
3907:Japanese invasions of Korea
3114:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
2917:, plotting the conquest of
2504:, a partial translation of
2246:
1745:Later Three Kingdoms period
1495:Proto–Three Kingdoms period
1087:
992:
978:
927:
913:
846:
832:
767:affairs of Joseon from the
10:
12141:
11341:
10899:Donghak Peasant Revolution
10829:
10453:10.2753/CSH0009-4633240469
10441:Chinese Studies in History
10262:
10095:Breve Ex debito pastoralis
9677:. Routledge. p. 163.
9405:. In Gwyn Campbell (ed.).
9218:Shillony, Ben-Ami (2012).
9179:Shillony, Ben-Ami (2008).
8831:Alagappa, Muthiah (2003).
8056:Record of Joseon Diplomacy
7763:. 1993. pp. 142–143.
6808:(세상사는 이야기) 왜색에 물든 우리말-(10)
6681:International Organization
6624:– via Google Books.
6514:Metropolitan Museum of Art
6017:
6011:
5735:
5477:Traditional music of Korea
5474:
5311:
5288:
5271:national treasure of Korea
5238:
5045:
4867:
4772:
4768:
4589:
4585:
4545:
4505:
4480:China–Korea Treaty of 1882
4455:Paul Georg von Möllendorff
4438:China–Korea Treaty of 1882
4302:
4271:
4243:
4221:
4195:
4172:
4146:
3612:
3536:
3391:Donghak Peasant Revolution
3032:led by military commander
2974:
2868:
2791:
2687:
2522:to remove the nuisance of
2322:). In 1392, Yi eliminated
1227:
1223:
1118:[tɛ.dʑo.sʰʌn.ɡuk̚]
1010:[tɛ.dʑo.sʰʌn.ɡuk̚]
548:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
29:
11972:
11949:
11925:
11896:
11883:
11866:
11839:
11810:
11787:
11778:
11768:Korea under Japanese rule
11762:
11743:
11714:
11623:
11598:
11425:
11352:
11321:
11278:
11191:
11120:
11054:
11012:
10954:
10931:
10920:
10848:
10837:
10764:
10569:, Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym,
10530:22 September 2018 at the
10518:22 September 2018 at the
10505:22 September 2018 at the
10492:22 September 2018 at the
9954:– via Project MUSE.
9777:Seth, Michael J. (2020).
9641:. 사계절. pp. 132–133.
9535:24 September 2015 at the
9430:Palais, James B. (1998).
9280:Columbia University Press
8803:. Routledge. p. 23.
8514:. Routledge. p. 23.
7573:조선당쟁사 2 탕평과 세도정치: 숙종조~고종조
6861:. D.K. 2019. p. 82.
6693:10.1017/S0020818319000274
6269:Prince Yi Jin (1921–1922)
6116:Yi Cheok, Emperor Sunjong
6114:, the 6th son of Gojong;
6091:Japanese illustration of
5968:, was invented in Joseon
5521:tall and full pine tree
5300:is a collection of royal
4860:led armies in battle. As
4501:
4089:the meetings for history.
3933:Office of Police Bureau (
3635:of the king of Joseon in
3508:Resident-General of Korea
3349:in high court positions.
3192:to place upon the throne.
2776:(1536–1593), head of the
2296:swept back to the capital
999:
985:
971:
955:
939:
934:
920:
906:
890:
874:
867:
853:
839:
825:
809:
793:
786:
762:
748:
672:
650:
646:
636:
626:
616:
606:
596:
592:
587:
583:
570:
557:
544:
527:
514:
501:
491:
478:
474:
466:
437:
433:
423:
413:
409:
399:
395:
382:
369:
365:
355:
345:
333:
289:
260:
225:
184:
172:
157:
99:
94:
85:
71:
57:
41:
11887:Royal Family Association
11313:Royal Family Association
11209:Joseon missions to Japan
11204:Joseon missions to China
10972:Six Ministries of Joseon
10841:Korean state (1392–1897)
10663:報告書(第1期). Archived from
10565:Nahm, Andrew C. (1988),
10375:Larsen, Kirk W. (2008),
10069:"Four Preaching Buddhas"
10018:National Museum of Korea
9862:Birmingham Museum of Art
9556:Ch'oe et al. (2000: 73).
9312:The Dawn of Modern Korea
9130:Toby, Ronald P. (1991).
8995:Kang, Etsuko H. (1997).
8937:Mansourov, Alexandre Y.
8857:Kang, Etsuko H. (1997).
8402:. Springer. p. 24.
8190:
8158:
7858:
7828:28 February 2021 at the
7598:A Brief History of Korea
7461:10.1163/157006511X604013
6807:
6561:Harvard University Press
6335:
5716:shifted somewhat toward
5470:
5284:
5138:Blue and white porcelain
4981:. A portrait painted by
4548:Joseon missions to Japan
4541:
4419:At the time of the 1882
4298:
4149:Eight Provinces of Korea
4143:Administrative divisions
3619:Joseon kings family tree
3498:in 1905, Korea became a
3412:seizing the Royal Palace
3325:General Sherman incident
3244:persecution of Catholics
3127:, the chief minister of
2951:The Turtle Ship interior
2719:Grand Queen Dowager Insu
2543:was signed in which the
2520:Gihae Eastern Expedition
1585:Four Commanderies of Han
27:1392–1897 Korean dynasty
11637:Grand Prince Yangnyeong
10977:Three offices of Joseon
10967:State Council of Joseon
10962:List of kings of Joseon
10627:『学際』第1号. Archived from
10610:
9785:Oxford University Press
9671:Campbell, Gwyn (2004).
9637:아틀라스 한국사 편찬위원회 (2004).
9351:. Korean Stud. 30: 3–22
9309:; Kim EunHaeng (2007).
9165:, p. 269 n. 89, citing
8577:Kang, David C. (2012).
7896:Encyclopædia Britannica
7759:(9th ed.). Seoul:
6831:Encyclopedia Britannica
6811:(in Korean). Newstown.
6596:Choi, Sang-hun (2017).
6325:Joseon Dynasty politics
6315:List of Joseon monarchs
6126:, the Retired Emperor;
5319:Religion and philosophy
5038:which reach the knees.
4735:Classic of Filial Piety
4457:, a close confidant of
4217:
4191:
3615:List of Joseon monarchs
3608:
3539:Joseon Dynasty politics
2737:on the throne in 1506.
2554:, who later became the
2533:In September 1419, the
2439:State Council of Joseon
2377:, Taejo's fifth son by
2298:Gaegyeong (present-day
765:
535:second Manchu invasions
261:Official languages
32:Joseon (disambiguation)
11087:Joseon white porcelain
10987:Secret royal inspector
10946:Korean literati purges
10756:Five Grand Palaces of
10617:グローバル化への対応-中・日・韓三国の分岐-
10020:: Quarterly Magazine.
9259:Diplomacy and Ideology
8949:Harvard Asia Quarterly
8895:Seung, B. Kye (1979).
8645:Kim, Chun-gil (2005).
7947:Korean History in Maps
7698:Seo, Myengsoo (2022).
7399:Kim, Youngmin (2018).
7362:Lee & de Bary 1997
6950:Kang, Jae-eun (2006).
6557:Wagner, Edward Willett
6553:A New History of Korea
6155:Crown Prince Hyomyeong
6143:
6103:
5824:
5816:
5732:Science and technology
5098:
5087:
5073:
5061:
5048:Joseon white porcelain
5041:
5026:
4986:
4970:
4856:, Ko Kyung-myung, and
4839:Korean literati purges
4698:
4613:
4608:A portrait of a civil
4601:
4413:
4165:
4120:secret royal inspector
4036:Six martyred ministers
3974:
3909:
3866:
3860:Chief State Councillor
3656:
3644:
3378:
3338:
3284:
3240:Queen Dowager Jeongsun
3193:
3116:
3098:
2990:
2952:
2883:
2780:
2703:
2690:Korean literati purges
2597:Six martyred ministers
2511:
2502:Hunmin Jeongeum Eonhae
2493:
2486:Chief State Councillor
2383:Chief State Councillor
2370:
2273:Ssangseong Prefectures
2243:
2160:World Heritage Sites (
2151:Science and technology
1929:Provisional Government
914:Joseon Bonggeon Wangjo
659:(1423–1425, 1625–1892)
419:Bae Geuk-ryeom (first)
401:Chief State Councillor
11032:Caste system in Korea
10356:Kim, Jinwung (2012).
10320:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
10253:Korea Joong-Ang Daily
9979:10.1353/seo.2015.0011
9924:10.1353/seo.2015.0015
9661:Ch'oe et al., 2000:7.
9572:. Tuttle Publishing.
9169:(1996) by Na Chongpu.
9161:Lewis, James Bryant.
9096:The History of Korea,
8227:. Brill. p. 21.
7634:Beirne, Paul (2016).
6638:Sung-Ho Kang (2014).
6559:; Schultz, Edward J.
6379:Naegak chongri daesin
6109:
6090:
5822:
5803:
5093:
5079:
5067:
5059:
5024:
4976:
4960:
4693:
4607:
4599:
4404:
4163:
3968:
3904:
3857:
3650:
3630:
3484:Battle of Port Arthur
3474:assumed the title of
3448:Treaty of Shimonoseki
3374:
3333:
3280:
3184:
3104:
3096:
3070:Little China ideology
3019:Gwanghaegun of Joseon
2988:
2950:
2878:
2772:
2697:
2499:
2479:
2365:
2310:in favor of his son,
2277:the invasion of Korea
2238:
1652:(Tributary of Baekje)
1598:Three Kingdoms period
1006:Korean pronunciation:
928:Chosŏn Ponggŏn Wangjo
773:Treaty of Shimonoseki
561:Treaty of Shimonoseki
480:• Coronation of
278:(literary Chinese or
255:(1392–1394/1399–1405)
243:(1394–1399/1405–1897)
118:Top: Flag (1883–1897)
10670:on 10 September 2015
10653:東アジアの国際関係とその近代化-朝鮮と-
10270:Duus, Peter (1998).
10216:. 웅진출판사. p. 56.
9965:Kyuhee, Cho (2015).
9610:Haboush JHK (2003),
9476:. ABC-CLIO. p.
9401:Bok Rae Kim (2004).
9376:Working Paper Series
9266:5 April 2023 at the
9140:5 April 2023 at the
9103:5 April 2023 at the
9033:5 April 2023 at the
9005:7 April 2023 at the
8867:7 April 2023 at the
8711:Villiers p. 71.
8649:The History of Korea
7108:10 June 2011 at the
7080:10 June 2011 at the
6996:. Routledge/Curzon.
6929:10.1353/ks.2017.0019
6675:Kang, david (2019),
6240:1st daughter (2001–)
5812:during the reign of
5766:improve this article
5618:. The first copy of
5338:factual accuracy is
5261:compiled during the
5215:Newspapers like the
4896:improve this article
4612:in the Joseon period
4034:in the aftermath of
3567:improve this article
3492:Treaty of Portsmouth
3336:George Clayton Foulk
3254:, the father of the
2759:third literati purge
1964:North-South division
1954:Military governments
1727:(Tributary of Silla)
1258:improve this article
973:Revised Romanization
908:Revised Romanization
827:Revised Romanization
429:Kim Byeong-si (last)
328:(recognized in 1886)
30:For other uses, see
12057: /
11092:Korean tea ceremony
11062:Education in Joseon
10858:Tsushima expedition
10687:East Rock Institute
10634:on 25 December 2016
8196:Doosan Encyclopedia
8164:Doosan Encyclopedia
8039:2 June 2021 at the
7757:A Handbook of Korea
6198:Yi Jong (1940–1966)
6188:Heungseon Daewongun
6130:, wife of Sunjong;
5978:Heungseon Daewongun
5515:insect-ceaselessly
5503:
5457:Apostolic Vicariate
5279:Memory of the World
5249:(also known as the
5227:Korean mixed script
5072:(1745–1806) in 1788
5000:Heungseon Daewongun
4932:Korean tea ceremony
4560:Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
4490:and implemented by
4436:policy, signed the
4001:Office of Censors (
3496:Protectorate Treaty
3422:Empress Myeongseong
3343:Empress Myeongseong
3293:Heungseon Daewongun
3282:Heungseon Daewongun
3159:(r. 1724–1776) and
3001:, was unifying the
2845:One example is the
2615:Grand Prince Suyang
2366:The throne room at
1919:Japanese occupation
270:Early Modern Korean
189:Tributary relations
11178:Seungjeongwon ilgi
11121:Cultural heritages
11067:Five Grand Palaces
10548:A History of Korea
10093:Pope Gregory XVI,
10071:. Smarthistory.org
9831:on 3 February 2020
9787:. pp. 32–33.
9601:Haboush (1988: 78)
9547:Jun et al. (2008).
9329:on 1 November 2020
8944:2008-01-08 at the
7856:(1 January 2002).
7834:The New York Times
6475:8 May 2024 at the
6144:
6104:
6002:Smithsonian Museum
5825:
5817:
5676:called "narrative
5561:deserted mountain
5502:
5210:Seungjeongwon ilgi
5191:Confucian classics
5099:
5088:
5074:
5062:
5027:
4987:
4971:
4852:. Seonbis such as
4699:
4696:petite bourgeoisie
4614:
4602:
4576:Sinocentric system
4339:Ashikaga shogunate
4261:Wanggung Sumunjang
4250:Wanggung Sumunjang
4166:
3975:
3910:
3867:
3850:Central government
3657:
3645:
3488:Russo-Japanese War
3434:Lieutenant-General
3379:
3339:
3285:
3273:End of the dynasty
3194:
3117:
3099:
2991:
2953:
2915:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
2884:
2865:Japanese invasions
2788:Factional struggle
2781:
2704:
2611:Princess Gyeonghye
2512:
2494:
2437:, in favor of the
2371:
2358:Strifes of princes
2354:(modern Kaesong).
2320:Gongyang of Goryeo
2302:) and initiated a
2285:Liaodong Peninsula
2265:Liaodong peninsula
2244:
1862:(Vassal of Goryeo)
1472:4th–2nd century BC
1346:700,000 BC-8000 BC
1333:Prehistoric period
1199:Western literature
1175:Japanese invasions
1101:Great Joseon State
1096:[tɕo.sʰʌn]
861:[tɕo.sʰʌn]
771:of 1882 until the
518:Japanese invasions
120:Bottom: Royal flag
12040:
12039:
11945:
11944:
11862:
11861:
11327:Kingdom of Joseon
11282:List of Monarchs
11224:
11223:
11192:Foreign relations
11022:Styles and titles
10997:late 19th century
10884:Treaty of Ganghwa
10797:
10796:
10595:978-0-7546-3653-3
10576:978-0-930878-56-6
10557:978-0-87436-064-6
10431:978-0-231-10567-5
10386:978-0-674-02807-4
10367:978-0-253-00024-8
10348:978-0-8248-2827-1
10304:978-0-618-13384-0
10281:978-0-520-92090-3
10126:. pp. No.15.
9877:978-1-904832-77-5
9794:978-0-19-883077-1
9648:978-89-5828-032-3
9579:978-0-8048-5102-2
9519:Haboush, 1988: 89
9416:978-1-135-75917-9
9322:978-89-5660-214-1
9152:Titsingh, p. 320.
8137:Gyeongguk daejeon
8053:김지남 (1888). "9".
7770:978-1-56591-022-5
7287:"붕당정치-한국민족대백과 사전"
7139:978-89-01-07754-3
7046:978-0-521-22354-6
7003:978-0-7007-0464-4
6858:Women Our History
6436:, pp. 69–71.
6320:Kings family tree
6286:Count Sō Takeyuki
6085:
6084:
6077:
5955:Oriental medicine
5934:16th–19th century
5928:Taejong of Joseon
5798:
5797:
5790:
5584:
5583:
5465:Bishop of Beijing
5446:
5445:
5379:
5378:
5371:
5218:Hwangsŏng Shinmun
5202:Classical Chinese
5144:by using natural
4928:
4927:
4920:
4355:Ayutthaya Kingdom
4331:Mandate of Heaven
4309:In 1392, General
4268:Foreign relations
3955:Gwanghwamun Plaza
3661:Gyeongguk daejeon
3603:Gyeongguk daejeon
3599:
3598:
3591:
3466:, along with the
3358:Treaty of Ganghwa
3354:Meiji Restoration
3352:Japan, after the
3216:Hwaseong Fortress
3106:Hwaseong Fortress
3055:Hyojong of Joseon
2999:Jianzhou Jurchens
2715:deposed Queen Yun
2431:Dopyeong Assembly
2233:
2232:
1994:
1993:
1937:
1936:
1902:
1901:
1832:
1831:
1735:
1734:
1672:
1671:
1485:
1484:
1402:
1401:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1179:Later Jin dynasty
1016:
1015:
987:McCune–Reischauer
922:McCune–Reischauer
869:North Korean name
841:McCune–Reischauer
782:
781:
744:
743:
740:
739:
720:
719:
425:• 1894–1898
384:• 1864–1897
371:• 1392–1398
350:Absolute monarchy
285:
275:Classical Chinese
16:(Redirected from
12132:
12072:
12071:
12069:
12068:
12067:
12062:
12061:37.58°N 126.98°E
12058:
12055:
12054:
12053:
12050:
12031:
12028:Emperor of Japan
12018:
12012:
12009:
12003:
11999:
11993:
11990:
11894:
11893:
11785:
11784:
11599:Emperor of Korea
11347:
11291:Emperor of Korea
11273:
11267:
11263:
11262:
11251:
11244:
11237:
11228:
11227:
11214:Joseon Tongsinsa
11027:Neo-Confucianism
10926:
10824:
10817:
10810:
10801:
10800:
10750:
10743:
10736:
10727:
10726:
10679:
10677:
10675:
10669:
10658:
10643:
10641:
10639:
10633:
10622:
10614:(January 2016).
10598:
10579:
10560:
10455:
10434:
10412:
10411:
10409:
10389:
10371:
10351:
10333:
10317:
10307:
10296:
10285:
10256:
10250:
10244:
10243:
10241:
10239:
10224:
10218:
10217:
10209:
10203:
10202:
10200:
10198:
10179:
10173:
10172:
10164:
10158:
10157:
10149:
10143:
10142:
10134:
10128:
10127:
10119:
10113:
10112:
10104:
10098:
10091:
10085:
10084:
10078:
10076:
10067:Kyunghee, Ryun.
10064:
10058:
10057:
10055:
10053:
10041:
10035:
10033:
10031:
10029:
10009:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9998:
9962:
9956:
9955:
9953:
9951:
9903:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9858:
9841:
9840:
9838:
9836:
9827:. Archived from
9817:
9811:
9810:
9808:
9806:
9774:
9768:
9767:
9759:
9753:
9752:
9750:
9748:
9732:
9726:
9725:
9723:
9721:
9705:
9696:
9695:
9693:
9691:
9668:
9662:
9659:
9653:
9652:
9634:
9628:
9625:
9619:
9608:
9602:
9599:
9593:
9590:
9584:
9583:
9563:
9557:
9554:
9548:
9545:
9539:
9526:
9520:
9517:
9511:
9508:
9502:
9501:
9496:
9494:
9475:
9465:
9459:
9458:
9452:
9450:
9427:
9421:
9420:
9398:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9387:
9367:
9361:
9358:
9352:
9345:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9334:
9325:. Archived from
9302:
9296:
9289:
9283:
9276:
9270:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9243:
9215:
9209:
9208:
9206:
9204:
9176:
9170:
9159:
9153:
9150:
9144:
9128:
9122:
9121:
9114:
9108:
9091:
9085:
9079:
9070:
9060:
9054:
9048:
9037:
9022:
9009:
8993:
8987:
8970:
8964:
8958:
8952:
8935:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8892:
8871:
8855:
8849:
8848:
8828:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8783:
8760:
8754:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8718:
8712:
8709:
8703:
8700:
8694:
8691:
8685:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8652:
8642:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8631:
8608:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8597:
8574:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8562:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8528:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8460:
8432:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8421:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8354:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8154:
8148:
8145:
8139:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8108:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8050:
8044:
8031:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7994:
7975:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7941:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7930:
7924:
7913:
7905:
7899:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7849:
7838:
7837:10 November 1895
7820:
7814:
7813:
7781:
7775:
7774:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7733:세도정권기 조선사회와 대전회통
7728:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7695:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7631:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7498:
7489:
7486:Kim Haboush 2005
7483:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7438:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7396:
7381:
7371:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7347:
7341:
7335:
7326:
7316:
7310:
7304:
7291:
7290:
7283:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7176:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7125:
7119:
7101:
7097:
7091:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7015:
6987:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6782:. Archived from
6770:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6707:
6696:
6695:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6657:
6644:
6643:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6621:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6574:
6565:
6564:
6555:. Translated by
6545:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6508:(October 2004).
6502:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6462:
6456:
6450:
6437:
6431:
6402:
6398:
6386:
6371:
6359:
6346:
6305:History of Korea
6282:Princess Deokhye
6140:Princess Deokhye
6080:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6060:
6032:
6031:
6024:
5925:
5914:
5903:
5834:Sejong the Great
5793:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5773:
5750:
5742:
5638:was compiled by
5504:
5501:
5453:Pope Gregory XVI
5412:
5411:
5374:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5354:
5351:reliably sourced
5331:
5330:
5323:
5160:Neo-Confucianism
5151:Jingdezhen kilns
4977:Male dress of a
4923:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4903:
4880:
4872:
4846:righteous armies
4803:
4802:
4791:
4790:
4713:Neo-Confucianism
4672:Slavery in Korea
4654:), "low borns" (
4580:emperor of China
4470:
4335:tributary states
4274:Joseon diplomacy
4114:Local government
4106:Korean Confucian
4028:Hall of Worthies
3809:
3797:
3785:
3773:
3761:
3749:
3737:
3725:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3637:Gyeongbok Palace
3594:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3551:
3543:
3441:Gyeongbok Palace
3387:rioting soldiers
3301:Gyeongbok Palace
3015:Seven Grievances
2971:Manchu invasions
2657:scholars called
2645:Sejo's weak son
2541:Treaty of Gyehae
2516:Sejong the Great
2500:A page from the
2484:, who served as
2472:Sejong the Great
2456:'s brothers and
2368:Gyeongbok Palace
2308:King U of Goryeo
2225:
2218:
2211:
2199:Korea portal
2197:
2196:
2171:
2165:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2057:
1950:
1949:
1915:
1914:
1845:
1844:
1766:(Later Goguryeo)
1750:
1749:
1687:
1686:
1638:Gaya confederacy
1603:
1602:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1528:
1521:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1338:
1337:
1325:
1315:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1242:
1234:
1166:Neo-Confucianism
1120:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1025:
1012:
1007:
995:
981:
966:
965:
950:
949:
930:
916:
901:
900:
885:
884:
863:
849:
835:
820:
819:
804:
803:
784:
783:
736:
735:
724:
723:
711:
710:
697:
696:
690:
689:
674:
673:
668:
660:
553:26 February 1876
462:
459:
448:
329:
305:
304:
277:
256:
244:
221:
212:
202:
177:
168:
149:
148: 1884–1897
146:
139:
130:
114:
107:
89:
88:
87:
82:
75:
74:
73:
68:
61:
60:
59:
54:
39:
38:
21:
12140:
12139:
12135:
12134:
12133:
12131:
12130:
12129:
12075:
12074:
12065:
12063:
12059:
12056:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12044:
12043:
12041:
12036:
12035:
12034:
12019:
12015:
12010:
12006:
12002:simplification.
12000:
11996:
11991:
11987:
11968:
11941:
11927:
11921:
11889:
11885:
11884:Director of the
11879:
11858:
11835:
11812:
11806:
11789:
11780:
11774:
11758:
11739:
11710:
11619:
11600:
11594:
11427:
11421:
11348:
11339:
11317:
11286:Kings of Joseon
11274:
11265:
11257:
11255:
11225:
11220:
11187:
11116:
11050:
11008:
10950:
10927:
10918:
10844:
10833:
10828:
10798:
10793:
10774:Changgyeonggung
10760:
10754:
10673:
10671:
10667:
10656:
10637:
10635:
10631:
10620:
10607:
10602:
10596:
10577:
10558:
10532:Wayback Machine
10520:Wayback Machine
10507:Wayback Machine
10494:Wayback Machine
10464:
10462:Further reading
10459:
10432:
10407:
10405:
10387:
10368:
10349:
10332:. pp. 8–9.
10305:
10282:
10265:
10260:
10259:
10251:
10247:
10237:
10235:
10226:
10225:
10221:
10210:
10206:
10196:
10194:
10181:
10180:
10176:
10167:Kim, Hyŭnggyu.
10165:
10161:
10152:Rutt, Richard.
10150:
10146:
10137:Rutt, Richard.
10135:
10131:
10122:Rutt, Richard.
10120:
10116:
10107:Kim, Hyŭnggyu.
10105:
10101:
10092:
10088:
10074:
10072:
10065:
10061:
10051:
10049:
10042:
10038:
10027:
10025:
10010:
10006:
9996:
9994:
9963:
9959:
9949:
9947:
9904:
9897:
9887:
9885:
9878:
9859:
9844:
9834:
9832:
9819:
9818:
9814:
9804:
9802:
9795:
9775:
9771:
9760:
9756:
9746:
9744:
9734:
9733:
9729:
9719:
9717:
9707:
9706:
9699:
9689:
9687:
9685:
9669:
9665:
9660:
9656:
9649:
9635:
9631:
9626:
9622:
9609:
9605:
9600:
9596:
9591:
9587:
9580:
9564:
9560:
9555:
9551:
9546:
9542:
9537:Wayback Machine
9527:
9523:
9518:
9514:
9509:
9505:
9492:
9490:
9488:
9466:
9462:
9448:
9446:
9444:
9428:
9424:
9417:
9399:
9395:
9385:
9383:
9368:
9364:
9359:
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9092:
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9065:, p. 293;
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9023:
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9007:Wayback Machine
8994:
8990:
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8963:, pp. 3–4.
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7250:
7246:
7239:"동인-한국민족대백과 사전"
7237:
7236:
7232:
7222:
7220:
7213:"서인-한국민족대백과 사전"
7211:
7210:
7206:
7196:
7194:
7186:The Korea Times
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6301:
6264:Empire of Japan
6221:2nd son (1999–)
6218:1st son (1998–)
6160:Emperor Sunjong
6122:, the 7th son;
6081:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6047:Please help by
6046:
6033:
6029:
6022:
6016:
6010:
5960:The first soft
5936:
5919:
5908:
5897:
5830:
5806:celestial globe
5794:
5783:
5777:
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5702:Jeolla Province
5589:
5479:
5473:
5455:established an
5375:
5364:
5358:
5355:
5344:
5336:This section's
5332:
5328:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5293:
5287:
5243:
5237:
5223:Korean language
5187:
5054:
5044:
4955:
4924:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4893:
4881:
4870:
4777:
4771:
4594:
4588:
4550:
4544:
4510:
4504:
4446:
4411:Citation 1636).
4315:successful coup
4307:
4301:
4276:
4270:
4252:
4244:Main articles:
4242:
4226:
4220:
4204:
4196:Main articles:
4194:
4189:
4171:
4155:eight provinces
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3611:
3595:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3564:
3552:
3541:
3535:
3523:Japanese Empire
3460:
3275:
3248:Andong Kim clan
3224:
3199:
3165:Tangpyeongchaek
3091:
3086:
2983:
2973:
2880:The Turtle ship
2873:
2867:
2796:
2790:
2778:Western faction
2767:
2711:literati purges
2692:
2686:
2684:Literati purges
2643:
2599:
2567:natural science
2528:Tsushima Island
2474:
2423:
2360:
2312:Chang of Goryeo
2306:, overthrowing
2249:
2229:
2191:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2053:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1912:
1911:Colonial period
1904:
1903:
1842:
1841:Dynastic period
1834:
1833:
1799:Dongdan Kingdom
1747:
1737:
1736:
1713:Little Goguryeo
1693:(Unified Silla)
1684:
1674:
1673:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1524:
1517:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1394:Liaoning dagger
1356:8000 BC–1500 BC
1335:
1313:
1306:
1295:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1255:
1243:
1232:
1226:
1214:Korean language
1127:Taejo of Joseon
1055:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1005:
967:
951:
902:
886:
821:
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778:
755:
733:
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694:
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661:
658:
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639:
629:
619:
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579:13 October 1897
576:
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540:1627, 1636–1637
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12138:
12128:
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12117:
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12110:Korean royalty
12107:
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12087:
12038:
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12013:
12004:
11994:
11984:
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11960:
11959:(2005–present)
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11900:
11898:
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11878:
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11876:(1945–present)
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11426:King of Joseon
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11337:
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11310:
11308:Jeonju Yi clan
11305:
11300:
11299:
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11288:
11279:
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11195:
11193:
11189:
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11186:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11163:Hunminjeongeum
11160:
11155:
11145:
11140:
11138:Namhansanseong
11135:
11130:
11124:
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11118:
11117:
11115:
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10753:
10752:
10745:
10738:
10730:
10724:
10723:
10718:
10712:
10706:
10704:Choson dynasty
10701:
10695:
10690:
10680:
10644:
10606:
10605:External links
10603:
10601:
10600:
10594:
10581:
10575:
10562:
10556:
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10534:
10522:
10509:
10496:
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10309:
10303:
10286:
10280:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10258:
10257:
10245:
10219:
10214:웅진위인전기 #11 장영실
10204:
10174:
10159:
10156:. p. 158.
10144:
10141:. p. 157.
10129:
10114:
10099:
10086:
10059:
10036:
10004:
9957:
9895:
9876:
9842:
9825:www.minbaek.kr
9812:
9793:
9769:
9754:
9727:
9697:
9684:978-1135759179
9683:
9663:
9654:
9647:
9629:
9620:
9618:, pp. 279–304.
9603:
9594:
9585:
9578:
9558:
9549:
9540:
9521:
9512:
9503:
9487:978-0874368857
9486:
9460:
9443:978-8971414415
9442:
9422:
9415:
9393:
9362:
9353:
9347:Oh SC (2006),
9340:
9321:
9307:Lankov, Andrei
9297:
9284:
9271:
9249:
9231:978-1462903962
9230:
9210:
9192:978-9004168220
9191:
9171:
9154:
9145:
9123:
9109:
9086:
9071:
9069:, p. 237.
9055:
9053:, p. 237.
9038:
9010:
8988:
8965:
8953:
8951:(Spring 2009).
8930:
8872:
8850:
8844:978-0804746298
8843:
8823:
8810:978-1317282945
8809:
8789:
8776:978-0791426876
8775:
8755:
8753:, p. 144.
8743:
8737:978-0231522403
8736:
8713:
8704:
8695:
8686:
8677:
8664:978-0313332968
8663:
8637:
8624:978-9814311779
8623:
8603:
8590:978-0231153195
8589:
8569:
8555:978-1135795986
8554:
8534:
8521:978-1317282945
8520:
8500:
8487:978-0791426876
8486:
8466:
8448:978-0674948556
8447:
8427:
8409:978-1349124305
8408:
8388:
8370:978-3825843861
8369:
8349:
8323:978-0742567177
8322:
8302:
8281:978-0231522403
8280:
8260:
8234:978-9004315754
8233:
8213:
8181:
8149:
8140:
8129:
8100:
8074:
8045:
8026:
8000:
7970:
7957:978-1107098466
7956:
7936:
7900:
7883:
7839:
7815:
7796:(2): 280–303.
7776:
7769:
7748:
7742:978-8984943131
7741:
7731:오, 영교 (2007).
7723:
7710:(3): 849–864.
7669:
7651:978-1317047490
7650:
7626:
7608:978-8973006199
7607:
7588:
7582:978-8989354833
7581:
7571:이, 성무 (2007).
7563:
7546:
7520:
7490:
7488:, p. 132.
7478:
7455:(6): 477–505.
7430:
7412:978-1509523160
7411:
7382:
7380:, p. 350.
7376:, p. 36;
7366:
7364:, p. 269.
7354:
7352:, p. 350.
7342:
7327:
7311:
7309:, p. 349.
7292:
7278:
7265:978-1133606499
7264:
7244:
7230:
7204:
7171:
7145:
7138:
7130:한권으로 읽는 세종대왕실록
7120:
7092:
7064:
7045:
7037:Medieval Japan
7021:
7002:
6982:
6963:978-1931907309
6962:
6942:
6917:Korean Studies
6903:
6886:
6868:978-0241395332
6867:
6848:
6818:
6797:
6786:on 1 July 2019
6765:
6754:on 1 July 2019
6733:
6723:978-0822353720
6722:
6697:
6667:
6645:
6630:
6609:978-8973007202
6608:
6588:
6566:
6531:
6492:
6480:
6457:
6455:, p. 293.
6438:
6418:
6417:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6270:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6186:, grandson of
6176:
6163:
6151:Emperor Gojong
6083:
6082:
6036:
6034:
6027:
6012:Main article:
6009:
6006:
5998:Ganghwa Island
5962:ballistic vest
5935:
5932:
5854:Goryeo Dynasty
5842:Jang Yeong-sil
5829:
5826:
5810:Jang Yeong-sil
5796:
5795:
5754:
5752:
5745:
5733:
5730:
5646:were written.
5588:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5556:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5530:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5475:Main article:
5472:
5469:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5377:
5376:
5335:
5333:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5312:Main article:
5309:
5306:
5289:Main article:
5286:
5283:
5273:and listed in
5269:are the 151st
5239:Main article:
5236:
5231:
5186:
5183:
5043:
5040:
4954:
4951:
4936:Korean gardens
4926:
4925:
4884:
4882:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4773:Main article:
4770:
4767:
4590:Main article:
4587:
4584:
4546:Main article:
4543:
4540:
4528:Ryukyu Kingdom
4506:Main article:
4503:
4500:
4445:
4442:
4409:Injo of Joseon
4343:Ryukyu Kingdom
4303:Main article:
4300:
4297:
4272:Main article:
4269:
4266:
4241:
4238:
4222:Main article:
4219:
4216:
4193:
4190:
4170:
4167:
4147:Main article:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4071:
4064:Han Myeong-hoe
4062:'s reign) and
4056:Hong Guk-yeong
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3962:
3959:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3913:Six Ministries
3898:
3897:Six Ministries
3895:
3891:Six Ministries
3871:
3868:
3851:
3848:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3653:Jongmyo Shrine
3633:Phoenix Throne
3610:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3555:
3553:
3546:
3534:
3531:
3521:. In 1910 the
3506:was the first
3468:Gwangmu Reform
3459:
3456:
3437:Viscount Miura
3426:Russian Empire
3376:Emperor Gojong
3274:
3271:
3223:
3220:
3198:
3195:
3178:and language.
3129:King Hyeonjong
3112:. Also one of
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3026:Injo of Joseon
2972:
2969:
2869:Main article:
2866:
2863:
2792:Main article:
2789:
2786:
2766:
2763:
2688:Main article:
2685:
2682:
2642:
2639:
2598:
2595:
2507:Hunminjeongeum
2473:
2470:
2422:
2419:
2406:King Jeongjong
2359:
2356:
2248:
2245:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2120:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2047:
2042:
2040:Historiography
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1411:Ancient period
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1377:
1376:1500 BC–300 BC
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1228:Main article:
1225:
1222:
1210:Korean culture
1195:hermit kingdom
1099:), officially
1014:
1013:
1003:
997:
996:
989:
983:
982:
975:
969:
968:
961:
959:
953:
952:
945:
943:
937:
936:
932:
931:
924:
918:
917:
910:
904:
903:
896:
894:
888:
887:
880:
878:
872:
871:
865:
864:
857:
851:
850:
843:
837:
836:
829:
823:
822:
815:
813:
807:
806:
799:
797:
791:
790:
780:
779:
777:
776:
763:
760:
759:
750:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
730:
721:
718:
717:
712:
704:
703:
698:
686:
685:
680:
670:
669:
652:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
637:
634:
633:
630:
627:
624:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
610:
607:
604:
603:
600:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
585:
584:
581:
580:
577:
571:
568:
567:
564:
558:
555:
554:
551:
545:
542:
541:
538:
528:
525:
524:
521:
515:
512:
511:
510:9 October 1446
508:
502:
499:
498:
495:
492:
489:
488:
485:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
464:
463:
443:rule by decree
439:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
424:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
397:
396:
393:
392:
386:
383:
380:
379:
373:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
353:
352:
347:
343:
342:
337:
331:
330:
301:state ideology
291:
287:
286:
262:
258:
257:
227:
223:
222:
186:
182:
181:
178:
170:
169:
155:
154:
134:
132:
125:
124:
116:
109:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
92:
91:
47:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12137:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12082:
12080:
12073:
12070:
12066:37.58; 126.98
12029:
12025:
12024:
12017:
12008:
11998:
11989:
11985:
11979:
11975:
11974:
11971:
11964:
11961:
11958:
11955:
11954:
11952:
11948:
11938:
11937:
11933:
11932:
11930:
11924:
11917:
11914:
11911:
11908:
11905:
11902:
11901:
11899:
11895:
11892:
11888:
11882:
11875:
11874:
11869:
11868:
11865:
11854:
11851:
11848:
11845:
11844:
11842:
11838:
11831:
11828:
11825:
11822:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11815:Changdeokgung
11809:
11802:
11799:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11788:King Emeritus
11786:
11783:
11777:
11770:
11769:
11765:
11764:
11761:
11754:
11753:
11749:
11748:
11746:
11742:
11735:
11732:
11729:
11726:
11723:
11720:
11719:
11717:
11713:
11706:
11705:
11701:
11698:
11695:
11692:
11689:
11686:
11683:
11680:
11677:
11674:
11671:
11668:
11665:
11662:
11659:
11656:
11653:
11650:
11647:
11644:
11641:
11638:
11635:
11632:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11622:
11615:
11612:
11609:
11606:
11605:
11603:
11597:
11590:
11587:
11584:
11581:
11578:
11575:
11572:
11569:
11566:
11563:
11560:
11557:
11554:
11551:
11548:
11545:
11542:
11539:
11536:
11533:
11530:
11527:
11524:
11523:
11519:
11516:
11513:
11510:
11507:
11504:
11501:
11498:
11495:
11492:
11491:
11487:
11484:
11481:
11478:
11475:
11472:
11469:
11466:
11463:
11460:
11457:
11454:
11451:
11448:
11445:
11442:
11439:
11436:
11433:
11432:
11430:
11424:
11417:
11414:
11411:
11408:
11405:
11402:
11399:
11396:
11393:
11390:
11387:
11386:
11382:
11379:
11378:
11374:
11371:
11370:
11366:
11363:
11362:
11358:
11357:
11355:
11351:
11346:
11335:
11334:
11333:Korean Empire
11329:
11328:
11324:
11323:
11320:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11283:
11281:
11280:
11277:
11272:
11268:
11261:
11252:
11247:
11245:
11240:
11238:
11233:
11232:
11229:
11215:
11212:
11211:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11196:
11194:
11190:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11150:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11128:Changdeokgung
11126:
11125:
11123:
11119:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11097:Korean garden
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11059:
11057:
11053:
11047:
11046:
11042:
11040:
11039:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11019:
11017:
11015:
11011:
11005:
11002:
10998:
10995:
10994:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10959:
10957:
10953:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10938:
10936:
10934:
10930:
10925:
10915:
10914:Korean Empire
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10874:
10870:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10855:
10853:
10851:
10847:
10840:
10839:
10836:
10832:
10825:
10820:
10818:
10813:
10811:
10806:
10805:
10802:
10790:
10789:Gyeonghuigung
10787:
10785:
10784:Gyeongbokgung
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10769:Changdeokgung
10767:
10766:
10763:
10759:
10751:
10746:
10744:
10739:
10737:
10732:
10731:
10728:
10722:
10719:
10716:
10713:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10688:
10684:
10681:
10666:
10662:
10655:
10654:
10650:(June 2005).
10649:
10645:
10630:
10626:
10619:
10618:
10613:
10609:
10608:
10597:
10591:
10587:
10582:
10578:
10572:
10568:
10563:
10559:
10553:
10549:
10544:
10541:
10540:
10535:
10533:
10529:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10517:
10514:
10510:
10508:
10504:
10501:
10497:
10495:
10491:
10488:
10485:
10482:
10479:
10476:
10473:
10470:
10467:
10466:
10454:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10437:
10433:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10414:
10403:
10399:
10398:
10392:
10388:
10382:
10378:
10373:
10369:
10363:
10359:
10354:
10350:
10344:
10340:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10310:
10306:
10300:
10295:
10294:
10287:
10283:
10277:
10273:
10268:
10267:
10254:
10249:
10233:
10229:
10223:
10215:
10208:
10192:
10188:
10187:www.naver.com
10184:
10178:
10171:. p. 71.
10170:
10163:
10155:
10148:
10140:
10133:
10125:
10118:
10111:. p. 66.
10110:
10103:
10096:
10090:
10083:
10070:
10063:
10047:
10040:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10008:
9992:
9988:
9984:
9980:
9976:
9972:
9968:
9961:
9945:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9902:
9900:
9883:
9879:
9873:
9869:
9868:
9863:
9857:
9855:
9853:
9851:
9849:
9847:
9830:
9826:
9822:
9816:
9800:
9796:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9781:
9773:
9765:
9758:
9743:
9742:
9737:
9731:
9716:
9715:
9710:
9704:
9702:
9686:
9680:
9676:
9675:
9667:
9658:
9650:
9644:
9640:
9633:
9624:
9617:
9613:
9607:
9598:
9589:
9581:
9575:
9571:
9570:
9562:
9553:
9544:
9538:
9534:
9531:
9525:
9516:
9507:
9500:
9489:
9483:
9479:
9474:
9473:
9464:
9457:
9445:
9439:
9435:
9434:
9426:
9418:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9397:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9366:
9357:
9350:
9344:
9328:
9324:
9318:
9314:
9313:
9308:
9301:
9294:
9288:
9281:
9275:
9269:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9253:
9237:
9233:
9227:
9223:
9222:
9214:
9198:
9194:
9188:
9184:
9183:
9175:
9168:
9164:
9158:
9149:
9143:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9127:
9119:
9113:
9106:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9093:Chun-gil Kim
9090:
9084:, p. 54.
9083:
9078:
9076:
9068:
9064:
9059:
9052:
9047:
9045:
9043:
9036:
9032:
9029:
9028:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9015:
9008:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8992:
8986:
8982:
8981:
8976:
8975:
8969:
8962:
8957:
8950:
8947:
8943:
8940:
8934:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8891:
8889:
8887:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8870:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8854:
8846:
8840:
8836:
8835:
8827:
8812:
8806:
8802:
8801:
8793:
8778:
8772:
8768:
8767:
8759:
8752:
8747:
8739:
8733:
8729:
8728:
8723:
8717:
8708:
8699:
8690:
8681:
8666:
8660:
8656:
8651:
8650:
8641:
8626:
8620:
8616:
8615:
8607:
8592:
8586:
8582:
8581:
8573:
8557:
8551:
8548:. Routledge.
8547:
8546:
8538:
8523:
8517:
8513:
8512:
8504:
8489:
8483:
8479:
8478:
8470:
8454:
8450:
8444:
8440:
8439:
8431:
8415:
8411:
8405:
8401:
8400:
8392:
8376:
8372:
8366:
8362:
8361:
8353:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8319:
8315:
8314:
8306:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8264:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8230:
8226:
8225:
8217:
8201:
8197:
8194:(in Korean).
8193:
8185:
8169:
8165:
8162:(in Korean).
8161:
8153:
8144:
8138:
8133:
8117:
8113:
8107:
8105:
8088:
8084:
8078:
8062:
8058:
8057:
8049:
8042:
8038:
8035:
8030:
8014:
8010:
8004:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7974:
7959:
7953:
7949:
7948:
7940:
7921:
7917:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7871:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7855:
7848:
7846:
7844:
7836:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7824:
7819:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7780:
7772:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7752:
7744:
7738:
7734:
7727:
7718:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7674:
7657:
7653:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7638:
7630:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7600:
7599:
7592:
7584:
7578:
7574:
7567:
7559:
7558:
7550:
7534:
7530:
7524:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7497:
7495:
7487:
7482:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7437:
7435:
7418:
7414:
7408:
7404:
7403:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7379:
7375:
7370:
7363:
7358:
7351:
7346:
7340:, p. 36.
7339:
7334:
7332:
7324:
7320:
7315:
7308:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7288:
7282:
7267:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7248:
7240:
7234:
7218:
7214:
7208:
7192:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7175:
7159:
7155:
7149:
7141:
7135:
7132:. 웅진, 지식하우스.
7131:
7124:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7096:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7079:
7076:
7068:
7052:
7048:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7033:
7025:
7009:
7005:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6986:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6955:
6954:
6946:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6907:
6899:
6898:
6890:
6874:
6870:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6852:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6815:
6810:
6801:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6769:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6743:
6737:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6715:
6714:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6671:
6663:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6641:
6634:
6627:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6601:
6600:
6592:
6584:
6580:
6573:
6571:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6490:
6484:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6454:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6435:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6397:
6393:
6384:
6380:
6377:(1401–1894);
6376:
6370:
6366:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6349:Middle Korean
6345:
6341:
6331:
6330:Korean Empire
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6247:
6244:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6089:
6079:
6076:
6068:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6044:
6040:
6037:This section
6035:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6015:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5966:myeonjebaegab
5963:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5939:
5931:
5929:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5896:
5895:Kim Sa-hyeong
5892:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:Honcheonsigye
5878:
5874:
5869:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5821:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5802:
5792:
5789:
5781:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5755:This section
5753:
5749:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5650:Kim Cheontaek
5647:
5645:
5641:
5640:Kim Cheontaek
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5478:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5373:
5370:
5362:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5334:
5325:
5324:
5315:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5292:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5235:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5196:
5195:Neo-Confucian
5192:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5066:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5039:
5037:
5032:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4922:
4919:
4911:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4885:This section
4883:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4785:
4781:
4776:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4730:Sumptuary law
4727:
4726:Yi Chung-hwan
4721:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4623:Korean Empire
4620:
4611:
4606:
4598:
4593:
4583:
4581:
4578:in which the
4577:
4572:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4434:laissez-faire
4430:
4429:laissez-faire
4426:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4179:Korean cannon
4176:
4175:Korean armour
4162:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:Other offices
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:Three Offices
3972:
3967:
3961:Three Offices
3958:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3903:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3875:State Council
3870:State Council
3864:
3861:
3856:
3847:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3808:
3803:
3796:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3767:
3760:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3685:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3654:
3651:Jeongjeon of
3649:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3593:
3590:
3582:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3556:This section
3554:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3464:Korean Empire
3455:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:Jeon Bong-jun
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3204:Bukhak theory
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3095:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:reign periods
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2936:(present-day
2935:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:neo-Confucian
2652:
2648:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:Sinmun Office
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:Queen Sindeok
2391:
2387:
2386:Jeong Do-jeon
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:Chŏng Mong-ju
2321:
2317:
2316:Jeong Do-jeon
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2241:
2237:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1946:Modern period
1943:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1894:Korean Empire
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:(Later Silla)
1776:
1775:Unified Silla
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1284:
1281:
1273:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1247:This section
1245:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:Korean Empire
1128:
1124:
1119:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1020:
1011:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
974:
970:
960:
958:
954:
944:
942:
938:
935:Official name
933:
929:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
909:
905:
895:
893:
889:
879:
877:
873:
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866:
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852:
848:
844:
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834:
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824:
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808:
798:
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792:
789:
785:
774:
770:
764:
761:
758:
754:
751:
749:Today part of
747:
731:
729:
728:Korean Empire
726:
725:
722:
716:
713:
706:
705:
702:
699:
692:
691:
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631:
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582:
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569:
566:17 April 1895
565:
562:
556:
552:
549:
543:
539:
536:
532:
526:
522:
519:
513:
509:
506:
500:
497:28 March 1393
496:
490:
487:5 August 1392
486:
483:
477:
473:
469:
465:
457:
452:
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436:
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336:
332:
325:
320:
315:
310:
302:
296:
292:
288:
283:
282:
276:
271:
266:
265:Middle Korean
263:
259:
252:
248:
240:
235:
231:
228:
224:
217:intervention
216:
207:
198:
194:
190:
187:
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176:
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161:
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138:
129:
121:
113:
106:
98:
93:
40:
37:
33:
19:
12042:
12021:
12016:
12007:
11997:
11988:
11934:
11873:World War II
11870:
11840:Crown Prince
11766:
11750:
11702:
11631:Yi Bang-seok
11624:Crown Prince
11520:
11488:
11383:
11375:
11367:
11359:
11331:
11326:
11325:
11173:Nanjung ilgi
11147:Villages of
11102:Sungkyunkwan
11044:
11037:
10889:Imo Incident
10830:
10672:. Retrieved
10665:the original
10652:
10636:. Retrieved
10629:the original
10616:
10585:
10566:
10547:
10537:
10480:
10474:
10468:
10447:(4): 69–96,
10444:
10440:
10421:
10417:
10406:, retrieved
10396:
10376:
10357:
10338:
10323:
10315:"Amin"
10292:
10271:
10248:
10236:. Retrieved
10222:
10213:
10212:백석기 (1987).
10207:
10195:. Retrieved
10186:
10177:
10168:
10162:
10153:
10147:
10138:
10132:
10123:
10117:
10108:
10102:
10089:
10080:
10073:. Retrieved
10062:
10050:. Retrieved
10039:
10026:. Retrieved
10012:Suran, Yoo.
10007:
9995:. Retrieved
9970:
9960:
9950:15 September
9948:. Retrieved
9932:10371/164813
9918:(1): 59–82.
9915:
9911:
9886:. Retrieved
9866:
9833:. Retrieved
9829:the original
9824:
9821:"조선예술(朝鮮藝術)"
9815:
9803:. Retrieved
9779:
9772:
9757:
9745:. Retrieved
9739:
9730:
9718:. Retrieved
9712:
9688:. Retrieved
9673:
9666:
9657:
9638:
9632:
9623:
9611:
9606:
9597:
9588:
9568:
9561:
9552:
9543:
9524:
9515:
9506:
9498:
9491:. Retrieved
9471:
9463:
9454:
9447:. Retrieved
9432:
9425:
9406:
9396:
9384:. Retrieved
9375:
9365:
9356:
9348:
9343:
9331:. Retrieved
9327:the original
9311:
9300:
9292:
9287:
9274:
9258:
9252:
9240:. Retrieved
9220:
9213:
9201:. Retrieved
9181:
9174:
9166:
9162:
9157:
9148:
9132:
9126:
9112:
9095:
9089:
9058:
9026:
9024:History net
8997:
8991:
8985:Google Books
8983:, p. 57, at
8979:
8973:
8968:
8956:
8948:
8933:
8921:. Retrieved
8907:(1): 41–42.
8904:
8900:
8859:
8853:
8833:
8826:
8814:. Retrieved
8799:
8792:
8780:. Retrieved
8765:
8758:
8746:
8726:
8716:
8707:
8698:
8689:
8680:
8668:. Retrieved
8648:
8640:
8628:. Retrieved
8613:
8606:
8594:. Retrieved
8579:
8572:
8559:. Retrieved
8544:
8537:
8525:. Retrieved
8510:
8503:
8491:. Retrieved
8476:
8469:
8457:. Retrieved
8437:
8430:
8418:. Retrieved
8398:
8391:
8379:. Retrieved
8359:
8352:
8340:. Retrieved
8312:
8305:
8293:. Retrieved
8270:
8263:
8251:. Retrieved
8223:
8216:
8204:. Retrieved
8184:
8172:. Retrieved
8152:
8143:
8132:
8120:. Retrieved
8091:. Retrieved
8077:
8065:. Retrieved
8055:
8048:
8029:
8017:. Retrieved
8003:
7991:. Retrieved
7982:
7973:
7961:. Retrieved
7946:
7939:
7927:. Retrieved
7915:
7903:
7894:
7886:
7874:. Retrieved
7863:
7832:
7818:
7793:
7789:
7779:
7756:
7751:
7732:
7726:
7707:
7703:
7660:. Retrieved
7636:
7629:
7617:. Retrieved
7597:
7591:
7572:
7566:
7555:
7549:
7537:. Retrieved
7523:
7511:. Retrieved
7505:
7481:
7469:. Retrieved
7452:
7446:
7421:. Retrieved
7401:
7369:
7357:
7345:
7319:Kennedy 1943
7314:
7281:
7269:. Retrieved
7254:
7247:
7233:
7221:. Retrieved
7207:
7195:. Retrieved
7184:
7174:
7162:. Retrieved
7148:
7129:
7128:박영규 (2008).
7123:
7095:
7067:
7055:. Retrieved
7036:
7031:
7024:
7012:. Retrieved
6992:
6985:
6972:. Retrieved
6952:
6945:
6923:(1): 75–98.
6920:
6916:
6906:
6895:
6889:
6877:. Retrieved
6857:
6851:
6839:. Retrieved
6830:
6821:
6812:
6800:
6788:. Retrieved
6784:the original
6777:
6768:
6756:. Retrieved
6752:the original
6745:
6742:"조선력사 시대구분표"
6736:
6712:
6684:
6680:
6670:
6661:
6639:
6633:
6625:
6618:. Retrieved
6598:
6591:
6578:
6552:
6549:Lee, Ki-baik
6522:. Retrieved
6506:Lee, Soyoung
6483:
6460:
6413:
6412:
6396:
6382:
6378:
6375:Yeonguijeong
6374:
6369:
6356:
6352:
6344:
6145:
6071:
6062:
6049:spinning off
6042:
6038:
5959:
5947:Dongui Bogam
5940:
5937:
5889:
5885:Song I-yeong
5877:Chiljeongsan
5870:
5866:
5847:
5831:
5828:15th century
5784:
5778:January 2021
5775:
5764:Please help
5759:verification
5756:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5657:
5656:. At first,
5653:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5552:
5547:which place
5546:
5540:
5534:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5513:벌리완대
5508:
5495:
5492:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5451:
5447:
5391:
5383:Confucianism
5380:
5365:
5356:
5337:
5295:
5294:
5266:
5263:colonial era
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5233:
5216:
5214:
5199:
5197:literature.
5188:
5180:
5164:
5136:
5132:Confucianism
5117:
5107:
5100:
5035:
5028:
5015:
5012:
4995:
4988:
4985:(1783–1837).
4967:Shin Yun-bok
4943:15th century
4940:
4929:
4914:
4905:
4894:Please help
4889:verification
4886:
4861:
4849:
4843:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4810:Confucianism
4778:
4759:
4752:
4744:
4733:
4722:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4700:
4665:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4627:
4615:
4570:
4568:
4554:
4551:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4488:Li Hongzhang
4477:
4468:Chingunyeong
4463:Ma Jianzhong
4459:Li Hongzhang
4450:Imo Incident
4447:
4433:
4428:
4425:Qing dynasty
4421:Imo Incident
4418:
4414:
4405:
4396:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4365:Ming dynasty
4358:
4308:
4288:Qing dynasty
4284:Ming dynasty
4277:
4259:
4253:
4227:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4187:Korean sword
4152:
4117:
4093:Sungkyunkwan
4078:
4074:
4048:
4023:
4010:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3952:
3911:
3879:Yeonguijeong
3873:
3863:Chae Je-gong
3858:Portrait of
3841:
3825:
3821:
3704:
3699:
3683:
3667:
3665:
3658:
3641:Irworobongdo
3600:
3585:
3579:January 2021
3576:
3565:Please help
3560:verification
3557:
3515:An Jung-geun
3500:protectorate
3481:
3461:
3445:
3420:
3407:Qing dynasty
3380:
3351:
3340:
3334:Seoul(1884)-
3313:
3286:
3267:isolationist
3264:
3260:
3256:Queen Sunwon
3229:
3225:
3200:
3197:Architecture
3169:
3164:
3144:
3133:
3118:
3059:
3039:
3023:
2992:
2965:turtle ships
2962:
2954:
2926:
2908:
2902:deployed by
2885:
2844:
2797:
2782:
2755:
2739:
2730:Sungkyunkwan
2727:
2705:
2667:
2644:
2634:Jiphyeonjeon
2631:
2623:
2600:
2564:
2560:Kim Jong-seo
2549:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2480:Portrait of
2466:
2443:
2428:
2424:
2415:King Taejong
2402:
2398:
2372:
2332:
2289:
2261:Ming dynasty
2257:Yuan dynasty
2250:
2182:
2136:Christianity
2010:Architecture
1990:1948–present
1979:1948–present
1968:1945–present
1883:
1871:
1858:
1821:
1811:Later Balhae
1809:
1797:
1787:Later Sabeol
1785:
1754:Later Baekje
1723:
1711:
1691:United Silla
1661:
1648:
1636:
1631:57 BC–935 AD
1621:18 BC–660 AD
1611:37 BC–668 AD
1392:
1342:Palaeolithic
1276:
1267:
1256:Please help
1251:verification
1248:
1218:its dialects
1207:
1183:Qing dynasty
1159:
1100:
1088:
1018:
1017:
993:Taejosŏn'guk
979:Daejoseonguk
787:
769:Imo Incident
683:Succeeded by
682:
677:
638:• 1807
628:• 1777
618:• 1717
608:• 1648
598:• 1519
447:(until 1894)
415:• 1392
324:Christianity
295:Confucianism
279:
246:
229:
208:intervention
158:
133:Royal emblem
36:
18:Joseon Korea
12105:House of Yi
12064: /
11978:temple name
11965:(2006–2020)
11928:recognition
11832:(1926–1947)
11826:(1910–1926)
11803:(1910–1919)
11781:(1910–1947)
11771:(1910–1945)
11707:(1907–1910)
11699:(1812–1830)
11693:(1784–1786)
11687:(1751–1752)
11681:(1736–1762)
11675:(1725–1728)
11669:(1625–1645)
11663:(1608–1623)
11657:(1557–1563)
11651:(1502–1506)
11645:(1455–1457)
11639:(1404–1418)
11633:(1392–1398)
11616:(1907–1910)
11610:(1897–1907)
11601:(1897–1910)
11591:(1864–1897)
11585:(1849–1864)
11579:(1834–1849)
11573:(1800–1834)
11567:(1776–1800)
11561:(1724–1776)
11555:(1720–1724)
11549:(1674–1720)
11543:(1659–1674)
11537:(1649–1659)
11531:(1623–1649)
11525:(1608–1623)
11517:(1569–1608)
11511:(1545–1569)
11505:(1544–1545)
11499:(1506–1544)
11493:(1494–1506)
11485:(1469–1494)
11479:(1468–1469)
11473:(1455–1468)
11467:(1452–1455)
11461:(1450–1452)
11455:(1418–1450)
11449:(1400–1418)
11443:(1398–1400)
11437:(1392–1398)
11428:(1392–1897)
11336:(1392–1910)
11266:House of Yi
11004:Joseon Navy
10992:Joseon Army
10904:Gabo Reform
10894:Gapsin Coup
10238:14 February
10075:18 November
10052:18 November
10028:18 November
9690:14 February
9493:14 February
9449:15 February
9386:13 February
9333:16 February
8978:The Koreas,
8961:Walker 1971
7865:Dong-a Ilbo
7662:23 December
7619:23 December
7471:24 November
7374:Larsen 2008
7338:Larsen 2008
7197:22 February
7164:27 November
7100:(in Korean)
7072:(in Korean)
6841:10 February
6385:(1896–1905)
6381:(1894–96);
6184:Yi Jun-yong
6128:Empress Yun
6101:Inoue Kaoru
6093:King Gojong
6014:House of Yi
6008:House of Yi
5988:found that
5920: [
5909: [
5898: [
5873:King Sejong
5858:sight glass
5850:water clock
5814:King Sejong
5587:Translation
5541:woodpecker
5519:낙락장송(落落長松)
5094:Mogyeon by
5070:Kim Hong-do
5002:introduced
4983:Yi Jae-gwan
4796::
4786::
4763:Gabo Reform
4664:outcastes (
4662:untouchable
4630:bureaucrats
4496:Yuan Shikai
4492:Yuan Shikai
4484:King Gojong
4473:Yuan Shikai
4311:Yi Sŏng-gye
4240:Royal Guard
4234:turtle ship
4224:Joseon Navy
4198:Joseon Army
4020:Hongmungwan
3973:(1681–1767)
3865:(1720–1799)
3715:Royal seals
3472:King Gojong
3316:Pungyang Jo
3289:King Gojong
2957:Yi Sun-shin
2909:During the
2898:in form of
2896:fire arrows
2859:Jeong Cheol
2832:Northerners
2828:Southerners
2808:King Seonjo
2774:Jeong Cheol
2742:Jo Gwang-jo
2702:(1482–1519)
2700:Jo Gwang-jo
2680:, in 1494.
2663:Hongmungwan
2583:engineering
2571:agriculture
2490:King Sejong
2450:aristocrats
2379:Queen Sinui
2375:Yi Bang-won
2304:coup d'état
2292:Yi Sŏng-gye
2242:'s portrait
2101:Politics (
2073:Family tree
1312:History of
1085::
1075::
1065::
788:Korean name
757:South Korea
753:North Korea
678:Preceded by
667:(1892–1897)
461:(from 1894)
454: [
438:Legislature
220:(1894–1896)
211:(1882–1894)
201:(1401–1895)
81:(1894–1897)
67:(1393–1894)
53:(1392–1393)
12079:Categories
11963:Yi Hae-won
11950:Pretenders
11926:Posthumous
11792:Deoksugung
11744:Rival king
11553:Gyeongjong
11509:Myeongjong
11353:Posthumous
11168:Ilseongnok
11107:Chaekgeori
10955:Government
10779:Deoksugung
10408:7 February
9888:29 January
9835:3 February
9720:2 November
9242:1 November
9224:. Tuttle.
9203:1 November
9098:pp. 76–77.
8923:3 December
8243:1006718121
7993:6 December
7963:6 December
7929:6 December
7918:. UNESCO.
7876:16 January
7513:2 November
7089:Britannica
7057:1 November
7014:1 November
6879:1 November
6620:1 November
6409:References
6357:Dyǒw syěon
6353:Dyǒw syéon
6204:Yi Hae-won
6099:receiving
6053:relocating
6018:See also:
5860:, and the
5736:See also:
5616:Idu script
5579:not exist
5535:beak long
5398:Ouyang Xiu
5359:April 2021
5281:registry.
5225:using the
5185:Literature
5167:underglaze
5142:underglaze
5113:underglaze
5083:a type of
5081:Chaekgeori
5046:See also:
4854:Gwak jae-u
4610:bureaucrat
4564:Edo period
4448:After the
4353:, and the
4323:General Yi
4173:See also:
4024:gyeongyeon
3971:Yun Bonggu
3935:Podocheong
3883:Jwauijeong
3709:Ilseongnok
3705:gyeokjaeng
3700:gyeokjaeng
3684:gyeokjaeng
3613:See also:
3537:See also:
3533:Government
3504:Prince Itō
3502:of Japan.
3454:in Korea.
3383:Byeolgigun
3366:Royal Navy
3347:her family
3252:Kim Jo-sun
3230:The young
3172:Kyujanggak
3141:Gyeongjong
3011:Hong Taiji
3005:tribes of
2975:See also:
2944:captured.
2923:Portuguese
2919:Ming China
2824:Westerners
2820:Easterners
2816:Westerners
2812:Easterners
2804:Myeongjong
2757:resulting
2707:Yeonsangun
2678:Yeonsangun
2674:Yalu River
2575:literature
2281:Ch'oe Yŏng
2240:King Taejo
2097:Newspapers
1372:Bronze Age
622:10,056,000
588:Population
451:Jungchuwon
346:Government
335:Demonym(s)
284:in Korean)
247:Temporary:
160:Royal Seal
11897:In office
11734:Heungseon
11722:Deokheung
11715:Daewongun
11697:Hyomyeong
11583:Cheoljong
11541:Hyeonjong
11483:Seongjong
11441:Jeongjong
11303:Genealogy
11082:Buncheong
10420:Volume I:
10034:issuu.com
9987:142352051
9940:145807329
9261:, p. 206.
9185:. BRILL.
9082:Duus 1998
9067:Seth 2010
9051:Seth 2010
8980:p. 57-58.
8751:Seth 2010
8332:644646716
8290:774509438
7810:0707-5332
7642:Routledge
7575:. 아름다운날.
7529:"sukjong"
7103:계해조약 癸亥約條
7075:계해약조 癸亥約條
6937:1529-1529
6414:Citations
6355:or 됴ᇢ〯션〯
6193:Yi Cheong
6097:Queen Min
6065:June 2024
5982:Kim Gi-du
5553:go exist
5461:Catholics
5347:talk page
5308:Education
5302:protocols
5016:heorimari
4969:(1758–?).
4765:of 1894.
4667:baekjeong
4526:, Japan,
4381:Sadaejuui
4256:Naegeumwi
4246:Naegeumwi
4230:panokseon
4208:pengbaesu
4102:Confucian
4032:King Sejo
3836:Censorate
3818:Officials
3490:with the
3470:in 1897.
3368:in 1885.
3327:of 1866.
3309:Choe Je-u
3287:In 1863,
3212:Bak Jiwon
3176:epigraphy
3078:Chongzhen
3030:rebellion
3007:Manchuria
2942:Pyongyang
2900:singijeon
2882:(replica)
2651:Seongjong
2352:Gaegyeong
2336:Wang clan
2085:Era names
2035:Geography
2030:Education
1958:1945–1948
1933:1919–1948
1923:1910–1945
1898:1897–1910
1888:1392–1897
1878:1029–1030
1352:Neolithic
1203:Manchuria
1191:1636–1637
1162:Confucian
1024:English:
642:9,377,000
632:9,074,000
612:2,576,000
602:3,300,000
523:1592–1598
314:Shamanism
290:Religion
251:Gaegyeong
191:with the
95:1392–1897
12052:126°59′E
11824:Yi Cheok
11649:Yi Hwang
11643:Uigyeong
11577:Heonjong
11522:Gwanghae
11497:Jungjong
11392:Deokjong
11153:Yangdong
10933:Politics
10528:Archived
10516:Archived
10503:Archived
10490:Archived
10402:archived
10232:Archived
10191:Archived
10022:Archived
9997:30 April
9991:Archived
9944:Archived
9882:Archived
9864:(2010).
9799:Archived
9747:3 August
9533:Archived
9456:allowed.
9380:Archived
9264:Archived
9236:Archived
9197:Archived
9138:Archived
9101:Archived
9063:Kim 2012
9031:Archived
9003:Archived
8942:Archived
8917:Archived
8913:41490257
8865:Archived
8724:(2010).
8453:Archived
8414:Archived
8375:Archived
8336:Archived
8247:Archived
8200:Archived
8168:Archived
8116:Archived
8087:Archived
8061:Archived
8037:Archived
8013:Archived
7987:Archived
7920:Archived
7870:Archived
7826:Archived
7656:Archived
7613:Archived
7533:Archived
7502:"yesong"
7465:Archived
7423:23 April
7417:Archived
7217:Archived
7191:Archived
7158:Archived
7106:Archived
7078:Archived
7051:Archived
7008:Archived
6974:7 August
6968:Archived
6873:Archived
6835:Archived
6728:Archived
6614:Archived
6583:Springer
6551:(1984).
6518:Archived
6473:Archived
6453:Kim 2012
6434:Lin 2014
6351:: 됴ᇢ〯션〮
6299:See also
5986:Gang Yun
5891:Gangnido
5875:was the
5862:udometer
5838:Cheonmin
5726:p'ansori
5722:P'ansori
5714:p'ansori
5706:p'ansori
5628:Yi Hwang
5565:落木聲 들릴제
5527:all eat
5491:(시조, 時調)
5439:沃州寥落舊精廬
5431:明日又浮滄海去
5423:只愛游方不戀居
5415:久離塵俗萬緣虛
5403:Yang Zhu
5387:Buddhism
5340:disputed
5109:Ceramics
5036:durumagi
4996:heoritti
4953:Clothing
4908:May 2024
4742:period.
4740:Tokugawa
4657:cheonmin
4524:Jurchens
4391:suzerain
4351:Đại Việt
4347:Lan Xang
4319:the King
4232:and the
4169:Military
4075:Hanseong
4066:(during
4058:(during
4003:Saganwon
3996:Saheonbu
3887:Uuijeong
3844:yeonggam
3525:finally
3452:hegemony
3186:Sinjeong
3066:refugees
2934:Hanseong
2838:and the
2830:and the
2814:and the
2746:hyangyak
2735:Jungjong
2670:Heo Jong
2552:Jurchens
2492:'s reign
2454:his wife
2346:(modern
2344:Hanseong
2340:Gojoseon
2290:General
2247:Founding
2184:Timeline
2129:Buddhism
2123:Religion
2068:Monarchs
2061:Goguryeo
2050:Military
2045:Language
2025:Currency
2003:By topic
1866:938–1105
1853:918–1392
1607:Goguryeo
1567:Goguryeo
1419:Gojoseon
1303:a series
1301:Part of
1270:May 2024
1181:and the
1170:Buddhism
1155:Jurchens
775:of 1895.
651:Currency
309:Buddhism
234:Hanseong
215:Japanese
12049:37°35′N
12023:de jure
11957:Yi Seok
11936:Yi Kang
11890:(1957–)
11779:King Yi
11752:Heungan
11728:Jeongye
11673:Hyojang
11667:Sohyeon
11614:Sunjong
11565:Jeongjo
11559:Yeongjo
11547:Sukjong
11535:Hyojong
11490:Yeonsan
11465:Danjong
11459:Munjong
11447:Taejong
11404:Jinjong
11398:Wonjong
11296:King Yi
11133:Jongmyo
11055:Culture
11045:kisaeng
11014:Society
10850:History
10674:28 July
10638:28 July
10513:97–127.
10322:(ed.).
10263:Sources
10197:29 July
9639:아틀라스한국사
8816:20 July
8782:20 July
8670:28 July
8630:20 July
8596:20 July
8561:20 July
8527:20 July
8493:20 July
8459:19 July
8420:19 July
8381:19 July
8342:28 July
8295:20 July
8253:28 July
8206:1 March
8174:1 March
7983:문화콘텐츠닷컴
7893:at the
7554:"탕평책".
7539:31 July
7271:15 July
7223:31 July
6814:others.
6779:Naenara
6747:Naenara
6524:15 June
6401:state".
6383:Uijeong
6373:Style:
6272:Prince
6235:Yi Hong
6229:Yi Seok
6195:(1936–)
6178:Prince
6173:Yi Geon
6171:Prince
6166:Yi Kang
6136:Yi Geon
5957:today.
5943:Heo Jun
5804:Korean
5718:yangban
5710:yangban
5697:Pansori
5662:Kisaeng
5571:내 안 들데
5176:Gwangju
5124:celadon
5103:realism
4868:Culture
4862:seonbis
4858:Jo Heon
4850:seonbis
4834:Seonbis
4828:seonbis
4824:seonbis
4820:Seonbis
4814:seonbis
4780:Seonbis
4769:Seonbis
4684:sangmin
4676:yangban
4634:yangban
4621:by the
4586:Society
4571:shōguns
4398:to the
4183:Gakgung
4079:Panyoon
4060:Jeongjo
3828:yangban
3668:sangeon
3529:Korea.
3527:annexed
3476:Emperor
3364:by the
3305:Donghak
3161:Jeongjo
3157:Yeongjo
3153:Sukjong
3149:Sukjong
3137:Sukjong
3125:Kim Yuk
3046:yangban
3034:Yi Gwal
3003:Jurchen
2995:Nurhaci
2928:daimyōs
2607:Danjong
2603:Munjong
2556:Manchus
2488:during
2482:Ha Yeon
2458:Shim On
2390:Nam Eun
2350:) from
2300:Kaesong
2020:Cuisine
1873:Heungyo
1828:938–986
1823:Jeongan
1816:927–935
1804:926–936
1792:919–927
1780:892–935
1769:901–918
1764:Taebong
1758:892–936
1731:662–925
1718:699–820
1706:698–926
1696:668–892
1668:512–930
1656:498–660
1577:Nakrang
1519:Eastern
1426:–108 BC
1424:2333 BC
1363:Jeulmun
1224:History
1173:failed
1139:Kaesong
572:•
559:•
546:•
529:•
516:•
503:•
467:History
378:(first)
226:Capital
12085:Joseon
11918:(2007)
11916:Yi Won
11912:(1973)
11906:(1966)
11855:(1931)
11849:(1910)
11801:Yi Hui
11755:(1624)
11736:(1864)
11730:(1849)
11724:(1569)
11691:Munhyo
11655:Sunhoe
11608:Gojong
11589:Gojong
11515:Seonjo
11503:Injong
11477:Yejong
11453:Sejong
11418:(1834)
11412:(1899)
11410:Jangjo
11406:(1776)
11400:(1634)
11394:(1475)
11388:(1392)
11385:Hwanjo
11380:(1392)
11372:(1392)
11364:(1392)
11112:Minhwa
11077:Hangul
11072:Hanbok
11038:seonbi
10873:Second
10831:Joseon
10592:
10573:
10554:
10500:41–66.
10428:
10383:
10364:
10345:
10301:
10278:
9985:
9938:
9874:
9791:
9681:
9645:
9576:
9484:
9440:
9413:
9319:
9282:, p. 6
9256:Kang,
9228:
9189:
9135:p. 87.
9000:p. 49.
8911:
8862:p. 49.
8841:
8807:
8773:
8734:
8661:
8621:
8587:
8552:
8518:
8484:
8445:
8406:
8367:
8330:
8320:
8288:
8278:
8241:
8231:
8122:29 May
8093:29 May
8067:29 May
8019:29 May
7979:"상언격쟁"
7954:
7891:Joseon
7808:
7767:
7739:
7735:. 혜안.
7648:
7605:
7579:
7409:
7262:
7136:
7043:
7000:
6960:
6935:
6894:"조선".
6865:
6790:1 July
6758:1 July
6720:
6606:
6213:Yi Won
6124:Gojong
5990:cotton
5917:Yi Hoe
5915:, and
5666:jungin
5632:Hangul
5551:가 있는고
5545:어느 곳에
5525:다 먹는고
5483:Joseon
5394:Han Yu
5275:UNESCO
5267:Annals
5265:, the
5259:sillok
5255:sillok
5146:cobalt
5128:baekje
5085:Minhwa
5008:Manchu
5004:Magoja
4991:hanbok
4979:Seonbi
4963:Hanbok
4792:;
4784:Korean
4775:Seonbi
4748:Goryeo
4705:Jungin
4638:gwageo
4556:shōgun
4520:kyorin
4515:gyorin
4508:Gyorin
4502:Gyorin
4427:had a
4423:, the
4313:led a
4293:Ryukyu
4185:, and
4097:gwageo
3832:gwageo
3692:;
3676:;
3621:, and
3519:Harbin
3403:Jeonju
3190:Gojong
3121:Silhak
2940:) and
2904:hwacha
2888:piracy
2647:Yejong
2587:Hangul
2581:, and
2545:daimyō
2536:daimyō
2462:Sejong
2435:Goryeo
2269:theirs
2253:Goryeo
2104:Joseon
1884:Joseon
1849:Goryeo
1702:Balhae
1643:42–562
1617:Baekje
1539:Samhan
1508:Dongye
1478:Yemaek
1434:Dangun
1305:on the
1135:Goryeo
1109:;
1089:Chosŏn
1081:;
1071:;
1063:Korean
1019:Joseon
941:Hangul
899:朝鮮封建王朝
883:조선봉건왕조
876:Hangul
847:Chosŏn
833:Joseon
795:Hangul
701:Goryeo
470:
441:None (
405:
391:(last)
389:Gojong
361:
340:Korean
319:Taoism
281:Hanmun
185:Status
141:Emblem
43:Joseon
11910:Yi Ku
11904:Yi Un
11871:Post-
11853:Yi Ku
11847:Yi Un
11830:Yi Un
11704:Uimin
11661:Yi Ji
11571:Sunjo
11435:Taejo
11416:Munjo
11361:Mokjo
11183:Uigwe
11149:Hahoe
10869:First
10758:Korea
10668:(PDF)
10657:(PDF)
10632:(PDF)
10625:統計研究会
10621:(PDF)
10318:. In
10183:"네이버"
9983:S2CID
9936:S2CID
9805:1 May
8909:JSTOR
7923:(PDF)
7912:(PDF)
7035:[
6993:Korea
6336:Notes
6274:Yi Ku
6256:Yi Un
5970:Korea
5924:]
5913:]
5906:Yi Mu
5902:]
5626:' by
5624:Dosan
5539:져고리는
5533:부리 긴
5471:Music
5449:art.
5297:Uigwe
5291:Uigwe
5285:Uigwe
5172:Korea
5156:Korea
5120:Korea
5096:Yi Am
5031:ramie
4794:Hanja
4755:Daegu
4718:paedo
4680:serfs
4660:) or
4646:serfs
4542:Japan
4376:Sadae
4370:Sadae
4360:sadae
4299:China
4280:China
4212:gabsa
3982:Samsa
3980:, or
3416:a war
3236:Noron
3232:Sunjo
3208:ondol
3110:Suwon
2938:Seoul
2921:with
2892:Waegu
2855:Honam
2851:Waegu
2840:Soron
2836:Noron
2800:Sarim
2723:sarim
2659:sarim
2591:Hanja
2524:waegu
2410:Dosan
2348:Seoul
2328:Wonju
2169:South
2163:North
2156:Women
2143:Islam
2116:South
2110:North
2092:Naval
2080:Names
1986:South
1975:North
1860:Tamna
1725:Tamna
1650:Tamna
1627:Silla
1572:Tamna
1552:Byeon
1534:Okjeo
1526:Galsa
1513:Buyeo
1503:Takri
1458:Wiman
1383:Mumun
1314:Korea
1197:" in
1151:Tuman
1147:Amnok
1143:Seoul
1123:Korea
1073:Hanja
957:Hanja
892:Hanja
811:Hanja
715:Tamna
531:First
482:Taejo
458:]
376:Taejo
239:Seoul
237:(now
230:Main:
12020:The
11811:King
11685:Uiso
11679:Sado
11529:Injo
11471:Sejo
11377:Dojo
11369:Ikjo
11330:and
11151:and
10676:2021
10640:2021
10590:ISBN
10571:ISBN
10552:ISBN
10426:ISBN
10410:2024
10381:ISBN
10362:ISBN
10343:ISBN
10299:ISBN
10276:ISBN
10240:2006
10199:2021
10077:2023
10054:2023
10030:2023
9999:2016
9952:2016
9890:2012
9872:ISBN
9837:2020
9807:2023
9789:ISBN
9749:2024
9736:"의병"
9722:2023
9709:"선비"
9692:2017
9679:ISBN
9643:ISBN
9574:ISBN
9495:2017
9482:ISBN
9451:2017
9438:ISBN
9411:ISBN
9388:2016
9335:2010
9317:ISBN
9244:2020
9226:ISBN
9205:2020
9187:ISBN
8925:2017
8839:ISBN
8818:2016
8805:ISBN
8784:2016
8771:ISBN
8732:ISBN
8672:2016
8659:ISBN
8632:2016
8619:ISBN
8598:2016
8585:ISBN
8563:2016
8550:ISBN
8529:2016
8516:ISBN
8495:2016
8482:ISBN
8461:2016
8443:ISBN
8422:2016
8404:ISBN
8383:2016
8365:ISBN
8344:2016
8328:OCLC
8318:ISBN
8297:2016
8286:OCLC
8276:ISBN
8255:2016
8239:OCLC
8229:ISBN
8208:2014
8176:2014
8124:2021
8095:2021
8069:2021
8021:2021
7995:2017
7965:2017
7952:ISBN
7931:2017
7878:2009
7806:ISSN
7765:ISBN
7737:ISBN
7664:2016
7646:ISBN
7621:2016
7603:ISBN
7577:ISBN
7541:2023
7515:2023
7473:2022
7425:2022
7407:ISBN
7273:2015
7260:ISBN
7225:2023
7199:2018
7166:2009
7134:ISBN
7113:Nate
7085:Nate
7059:2020
7041:ISBN
7016:2020
6998:ISBN
6976:2015
6958:ISBN
6933:ISSN
6881:2020
6863:ISBN
6843:2019
6792:2019
6760:2019
6718:ISBN
6622:2020
6604:ISBN
6526:2020
6180:Yi U
6095:and
5984:and
5690:sijo
5686:sijo
5682:sijo
5678:sijo
5674:sijo
5670:sijo
5658:sijo
5654:sijo
5644:sijo
5636:sijo
5620:sijo
5612:sijo
5608:sijo
5577:업세라
5559:空山에
5509:Why
5496:Sijo
5488:sijo
5481:The
5407:Mozi
5405:and
5396:and
5245:The
5208:and
5193:and
5050:and
5006:, a
4947:Asia
4651:nobi
4536:Java
4534:and
4532:Siam
4286:and
4254:The
4248:and
4218:Navy
4210:and
4200:and
4192:Army
4104:and
4068:Sejo
3631:The
3609:King
3399:Gobu
3139:and
3050:Qing
3042:Amin
2979:and
2798:The
2388:and
2055:List
1663:Usan
1446:Gija
1216:and
1189:and
1187:1627
1149:and
1112:大朝鮮國
1106:대조선국
1058:-sun
1056:CHOH
964:大朝鮮國
948:대조선국
663:Yang
533:and
357:King
206:Qing
197:Qing
195:and
193:Ming
86:大朝鮮國
77:대조선국
10648:原田環
10612:三谷博
10449:doi
9975:doi
9928:hdl
9920:doi
9478:392
8191:춘추관
8159:한성부
7798:doi
7712:doi
7457:doi
6925:doi
6689:doi
6051:or
5768:by
5507:어인
5277:'s
5042:Art
4898:by
4670:).
4367:.
3569:by
3250:of
3108:in
3080:".
2015:Art
1559:Jin
1468:Jin
1260:by
1185:in
1001:IPA
855:IPA
655:Mun
72:朝鮮國
63:조선국
58:高麗國
49:고려국
12081::
10871:,
10659:.
10623:.
10445:24
10443:,
10328:.
10230:.
10189:.
10185:.
10079:.
10016:.
9989:.
9981:.
9973:.
9969:.
9942:.
9934:.
9926:.
9916:28
9914:.
9910:.
9898:^
9880:.
9845:^
9823:.
9797:.
9738:.
9711:.
9700:^
9497:.
9480:.
9453:.
9374:.
9234:.
9195:.
9074:^
9041:^
9013:^
8915:.
8905:15
8903:.
8899:.
8875:^
8657:.
8655:77
8451:.
8412:.
8373:.
8334:.
8326:.
8284:.
8245:.
8237:.
8198:.
8166:.
8114:.
8103:^
8085:.
8011:.
7981:.
7914:.
7862:.
7842:^
7804:.
7794:41
7792:.
7788:.
7708:21
7706:.
7702:.
7672:^
7654:.
7644:.
7640:.
7611:.
7531:.
7504:.
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7463:.
7453:15
7451:.
7445:.
7433:^
7415:.
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7330:^
7295:^
7215:.
7189:.
7183:.
7115:/
7087:/
7049:.
7006:.
6966:.
6931:.
6921:41
6919:.
6915:.
6871:.
6829:.
6776:.
6744:.
6726:.
6700:^
6685:74
6683:,
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6534:^
6516:.
6512:.
6495:^
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6441:^
6422:^
6266:.
6041:.
5976:.
5964:,
5922:ko
5911:ko
5904:,
5900:ko
5864:.
5712:,
5467:.
5229:.
5162:.
4949:.
4934:,
4841:.
4812:,
4789:선비
4566:.
4530:,
4475:.
4349:,
4345:,
4341:,
4321:.
4181:,
4177:,
3711:.
3695:擊錚
3689:격쟁
3679:上言
3673:상언
3617:,
2913:,
2906:.
2577:,
2573:,
2569:,
2530:.
2464:.
2287:.
2166:·
2113:·
2107:·
2058:·
1984:*
1973:*
1545:Ma
1455:*
1443:*
1431:*
1391:*
1381:*
1361:*
1157:.
1115:;
1093:;
1083:MR
1078:朝鮮
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