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John Didcott

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amount of interference with the liberty of the individual that is compatible with the language used. The tradition has been observed for so long and has permeated so many fields of law, that it is unnecessary to cite authority for its acceptance. It is familiar to all lawyers. Its justification is the judicial assumption, deeply rooted in our legal heritage, that Parliament contemplated no greater infringement of personal freedom than is clearly and unmistakably apparent from the language in which it has expressed itself.
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in every situation. But if ever South Africa had a Judge Hercules on the Bench during the past 20 years, including the worst of the apartheid era, it was John Didcott. His commitment to principle, intellect, integrity and courage over a sustained period of judicial office represented a beacon of hope when many questioned the role of law in the country.
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Our courts are constitutionally powerless to legislate or to veto legislation. They can only interpret it and then implement it in accordance with their interpretation of it. When there is a real doubt about the meaning of a statute, their tradition is to construe it so that it provides for the least
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illustrated the implications of legal theory by the use of a model judge, Hercules J Hercules, who is able to take legal precedent seriously, while developing the law in harmony with its proclaimed values and commitments, no matter how complex the case. In real life such a task is almost unattainable
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South Africa has experienced too such savagery. The wanton killing must stop before it makes a mockery of the civilised, humane and compassionate society to which the nation aspires, and has constitutionally pledged itself. And the state must set the example by demonstrating the priceless value it
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It may have been in accordance with the legislation and, because what appears in legislation is the law, in accordance with that too. But it can hardly be said to have been 'In accordance with justice'. Parliament has the power to pass the statutes it likes, and there is nothing the Courts can do
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It might be a fine protest, but it would soon dissipate, and the vacancies would be filled by people who had no qualms about injustice. If we argue that moral judges should resign, we can no longer pray when we go into court that we find a moral judge on the
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In July 1956, Didcott returned to his hometown to establish chambers at the Durban Bar. He practised there for the next two decades, with the exception of several months in 1960, when, during the state of emergency that followed the
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On 16 June 1975, at the comparatively young age of 43, Didcott joined the Natal bench permanently as a judge of the Supreme Court. Unlike some other opponents of apartheid, he was not averse to serving in its
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on subversive speech and ruled that persons arrested under the state of emergency must be given access to a lawyer. The following year, Didcott overturned a government ban on foreign donations to the
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During his 19 years in the Supreme Court, Didcott was reputed as "temperamental and irascible", or, by his admirers, as "intolerant of mediocrity". Among the counsel who appeared before him in Natal,
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in October 1994. Thereafter, on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission, he was one of six additional judges appointed by Mandela, and he left the Supreme Court on 12 October 1994.
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later recalled that, "When I asked him how he could maintain that record, he said he always found a reason. I said, 'What if you weren't able to find a reason?' and he said, 'Then I'd resign.'''
1865: 619:, Didcott was regarded as maintaining "the minority position of ameliorist sensitivity to liberty wherever possible", despite the apartheid context. One of his most notable judgments was 2343: 2571: 480:
recalled that, "some loved him intensely. Others feared him. They did not want to appear before him because he was capable of ripping them apart; such was his sharpness."
2793: 744:, he also held that legislative intent, in the context of statute, "is simply legal shorthand for a more sophisticated concept... what the law calls the rules of our 766:
about that. The result is law. But that is not always the same as justice. The only way that Parliament can ever make legislation just is by making just legislation.
917:, Didcott was absent from court for most of 1998, and he died on 20 October 1998 at his home in Durban. His seat in the Constitutional Court was filled by Judge 1092: 367:, who was a student during the same period, described him as a charismatic politician, and he was known as a skilled public speaker; his debates against 1701: 281:, he handed down various judgments in favour of individual rights and the political freedoms of the anti-apartheid movement. He was a vocal opponent of 2336: 829:
During his brief tenure in the apex court, he wrote a large number of minority judgments, concurring with very few opinions written by other justices.
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reported complaints of the court that, "They can never get it right. You either get a two-page fiat from Judge Didcott or a 100-page treatise from
627:; he held that, if a trial without representation would be grossly unfair, a presiding judge should go so far as to order that the accused receive 646:; he was an overt supporter of the Society for the Abolition of the Death Penalty. Although prevailing legislation imposed the death penalty as a 677:. In subsequent years, he advocated publicly for a bill of rights to be devised, though he also warned that a bill of rights should not "protect 2823: 2329: 791: 681:
with such zeal that it entrenches privilege", nor "make the urgent task of social or economic reform impossible or difficult to undertake".
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in a broad range of circumstances, he – unusually among apartheid judges – never sentenced to a defendant to death, always ascertaining
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on 19 July 1967. From 1973 to 1975, he was the chairperson of the Natal Bar, and he was twice as an acting judge of the Supreme Court's
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On 14 February 1995, Didcott was sworn in as a judge of the Constitutional Court, alongside the rest of the court's inaugural bench.
1242: 726: 360: 340:, where he completed a Bachelor of Arts in 1951 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1953. During his last year as a student, he received the 243: 2813: 1398: 581: 2808: 2286: 2265: 2244: 2223: 2202: 2181: 2160: 2139: 2005: 1806: 1746: 1017: 982: 2391: 2352: 1128: 803: 301: 212: 36: 396:. He left that position in 1955 to join a delegation of the International Student Conference on a tour of universities in 807: 799: 289: 958: 643: 573: 282: 2099: 2316: 2048: 883:
restored the accused's right to legal representation, effectively redeeming Didcott's 1988 Supreme Court judgment in
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from 1988 to 1993 and an honorary professor of procedural and clinical law at the University of Natal from 1989.
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encouraged all "moral judges" to resign in protest, Didcott articulated his view on this subject in the
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on 26 February 1954, but did not enter practice; instead, he spent a year as a legal reporter for the
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from February 1995 until his death in October 1998. He joined the bench in 1975 as a judge of the
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declined to appoint him directly to the new court, but he was shortlisted and interviewed by the
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on 26 April 1994. Later the same year, he was a popular candidate for appointment to the new
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Between June 1975 and October 1994, Didcott served as a judge of the Natal Division of the
896:, Didcott affirmed his lifelong opposition to the death penalty, which that case outlawed. 740:
In 1994, Didcott explained that, although he accepted the judicial obligation to consider
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frequently packed the university's Jameson Hall. In 1953, he was a founding member of the
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and in 1986 he handed down judgment in the earliest legal challenge to the nationwide
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The Politics of Principle: The First South African Constitutional Court, 1995–2005
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Didcott wrote seven majority judgments on behalf of the Constitutional Court:
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characterized this as Didcott's admirable resistance to "sterile legalism" in
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Making the Road by Walking: The Evolution of the South African Constitution
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Politics by Other Means: Law in the Struggle Against Apartheid, 1980–1994
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Constitutional Rights in Two Worlds: South Africa and the United States
1931:"The Constitutional Court of South Africa Delivers its First Judgments" 1826: 1774: 1731:
Didcott, John (1988). "The Practical Workings of a Bill of Rights". In
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in April 1991, by the University of Cape Town in June 1991, and by the
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From August to December 1984, Didcott was a visiting scholar at the
914: 305: 247: 576:, he upheld various emergency regulations but struck down several 2257:
Carrots and Sticks: The TRC and the South African Amnesty Process
1634:"Judicial Independence, Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law" 304:. He served there for less than four years before his death from 587:
Didcott was also openly critical of the government of President
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Precedent & Possibility: The (ab)use of Law in South Africa
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Broster SC, L. B.; Coutsoudis, A.; Boulle, A. J. (April 2010).
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Bohler-MĂĽller, Narnia; Cosser, Michael; Pienaar, Gary (2018).
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The University of Cape Town Law Faculty: a history 1859–2004
584:, then the country's foremost anti-apartheid organisation. 436:: first in February 1971 and then from April to June 1975. 1993: 1662:"John Didcott, South African Lawyer and Judge, Dies at 67" 1458:"S. Africa Ban on 'Subversive' Statements Voided as Vague" 1365:"A Durban Justice Calls Rules in Crackdown Unintelligible" 1126: 591:
and his predecessors, especially on the grounds that they
2155:. Siber Ink for University of Cape Town. Faculty of Law. 1047:(2nd ed.). National Union of South African Students. 904:
places on the lives of all its subjects – even the worst.
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viewed him as a leading exponent of a rights-based, non-
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Installation address delivered on Friday, 12 May 1989
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instituted by the government in the aftermath of the
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that handled disputes arising during South Africa's
344:'s Travel Bursary for travel to the United Kingdom. 2169: 2100:"Sandile Ngcobo: 'Emperor' true to his green robes" 1341:(Interview) – via Constitutional Court Trust. 1243:"Should Judges Resign – A Reply to Professor Wacks" 832:He was also known for writing brief judgments: the 2794:Judges of the Constitutional Court of South Africa 2148: 1352:Roffey v Catterall, Edwards & GoudrĂ© (Pty) Ltd 1041:O'Dowd, Michael C. (1954). John M. Didcott (ed.). 821: 611:Alongside a small number of other judges, such as 285:and famously never handed down a death sentence. 2215:Capitalism and Apartheid: South Africa, 1910–1986 1399:"Court Rejects Challenge to Pretoria's Crackdown" 439: 2765: 1970:"11 Activists Sworn In for New S. African Court" 1548:Denver Journal of International Law & Policy 625:right of accused persons to legal representation 537:However, he was best known for his judgments in 300:appointed Didcott to the inaugural bench of the 867:JT Publishing v Minister of Safety and Security 518:Didcott wrote several significant judgments in 1178:"Obituaries: John Mowbray Didcott (1931–1998)" 1129:"One hundred years of the KwaZulu-Natal Bench" 709:Because of his "innovative" interpretation of 2337: 2253: 1702:"Interview with Justice John Mowbray Didcott" 654:that justified a lighter penalty. His friend 2317:Special Collections, University of Cape Town 785: 635:was overturned by the Appellate Division in 2149:Cowen, Denis Victor; Visser, D. P. (2004). 1831:International Journal of Constitutional Law 810:. Controversially, newly elected President 684: 311: 49:14 February 1995 â€“ 20 October 1998 2344: 2330: 1821: 1485:"Foreign Gifts Allowed for Apartheid Foes" 1330: 1208: 1040: 908: 642:Didcott was also a well-known opponent of 351:period, Didcott was active in progressive 246:. He entered legal practice in 1956 as an 2170:Davis, Dennis; Le Roux, Michelle (2009). 1799:South African Institute of Race Relations 1787: 1628: 277:. Eschewing textualist interpretation of 1928: 964: 957:in April 1992. He was chancellor of the 361:National Union of South African Students 328:, died in 1942 during his childhood. He 258:in 1967. He was also chairperson of the 244:National Union of South African Students 2819:Alumni of Hilton College (South Africa) 2804:South African people of British descent 2274: 2049:"Abroad at Home; 'A Culture of Rights'" 1889: 1730: 1175: 1005: 970: 890:Similarly, in a concurring judgment in 859:Ynuico v Minister of Trade and Industry 806:, which would be established under the 104:16 June 1975 â€“ 12 October 1994 2766: 2211: 1967: 1396: 1272:"Forgotten Didcott May Get His Chance" 1237: 1032:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 997:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 855:Case v Minister of Safety and Security 553:. Among other things, he overturned a 316:Didcott was born on 14 August 1931 in 2325: 2190: 2097: 2046: 1863: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1624: 1622: 1541: 1482: 1301: 1171: 1169: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 938: 929: 774:judgment was admired both by Justice 2824:Deaths from leukemia in South Africa 2353:Constitutional Court of South Africa 2232: 2127: 1738:'n Menseregtehandves vir Suid Afrika 1706:Constitutional Court of South Africa 1659: 1432:"S. Africa Court Eases Restrictions" 1297: 1295: 1293: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1097:Constitutional Court of South Africa 1079: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1061: 804:Constitutional Court of South Africa 606: 572:. In the later case, brought by the 302:Constitutional Court of South Africa 213:Constitutional Court of South Africa 1961: 1864:Ancer, Jonathan (2 December 2018). 1601:"What the judges say about hanging" 1585:S v Rudman and Another; S v Mthwana 1476: 1214:"The Late Justice John Didcott, SC" 219:, where he was known for defending 13: 2784:20th-century South African lawyers 2120: 2022:"Success of 'super debating club'" 1687: 1648: 1619: 1535: 1191:. Natal Society Foundation: 64–66. 977:. University of Durban-Westville. 292:of 1994, and on the advice of the 290:the first post-apartheid elections 14: 2835: 2789:20th-century South African judges 2297: 2000:. Pretoria University Law Press. 1290: 1257: 1195: 1146: 1115: 1058: 943:Didcott was made a Doctor of Law 737:form of statutory interpretation. 403: 363:from 1953 to 1954. Chief Justice 2445: 1968:Drogin, Bob (15 February 1995). 1708:. 3 October 1994. Archived from 483: 242:, where he was president of the 2091: 2074: 2040: 2014: 1987: 1922: 1883: 1857: 1815: 1781: 1767: 1755: 1724: 1593: 1578: 1566: 1502: 1450: 1424: 1390: 1357: 1044:The African in the Universities 955:University of the Witwatersrand 928:He was married to Pam Didcott ( 822:Constitutional Court: 1995–1998 701:, on the interpretation of the 574:Metal and Allied Workers' Union 545:, particularly those involving 16:South African judge (1931–1998) 2814:University of Cape Town alumni 2254:Sarkin-Hughes, Jeremy (2004). 2239:. Cambridge University Press. 2197:. Cambridge University Press. 2098:Tolsi, Niren (5 August 2011). 2047:Lewis, Anthony (9 June 1995). 1660:Pace, Eric (27 October 1998). 1483:Parks, Micahael (9 May 1987). 1345: 1324: 1231: 959:University of Durban–Westville 851:Luitingh v Minister of Defence 800:first post-apartheid elections 794:, Didcott was a member of the 449:. In 1983, when legal scholar 440:Natal Supreme Court: 1975–1994 417:to avoid the attention of the 382:He was admitted to the Bar in 347:As a student during the early 1: 1762:Nxasana v Minister of Justice 1542:Pitts, Joe (1 January 1986). 1397:Cowell, Alan (17 July 1986). 1052: 923:Chief Justice of South Africa 863:Mohlomi v Minister of Defence 792:negotiations to end apartheid 699:Nxasana v Minister of Justice 394:Supreme Court of South Africa 377:Liberal Party of South Africa 267:Supreme Court of South Africa 2809:South African Senior Counsel 2743:Constitution of South Africa 2308:South African History Online 2304:Justice John Mowbray Didcott 1741:. Butterworths. p. 60. 1336:"Court Oral History Project" 748:particularly with regard to 513: 7: 2313:Justice John Didcott Papers 1890:Johnson, Rachel E. (2014). 1778:1979 (3) SA 820 (N) at 821. 816:Judicial Service Commission 428:practice in Durban, and he 294:Judicial Service Commission 234:, Didcott became active in 10: 2840: 2082:S v Makwanyane and Another 508:on Didcott's jurisprudence 296:, newly elected President 2753:Judiciary of South Africa 2733: 2570: 2557:Johann van der Westhuizen 2454: 2443: 2372: 2359: 2128:Abel, Richard L. (1995). 1947:10.1017/S0021855300006422 1908:10.1017/S1743923X14000439 1735:; Viljoen, H. P. (eds.). 1733:van der Westhuizen, J. V. 1247:South African Law Journal 1006:Didcott, John M. (1988). 971:Didcott, John M. (1989). 935:) and had two daughters. 786:Post-apartheid transition 719:parliamentary sovereignty 652:extenuating circumstances 494:on the judicial process, 472:described him as "like a 434:Natal Provincial Division 336:in 1948 and attended the 217:Natal Provincial Division 202: 190: 180: 172: 158: 127: 122: 118: 113:Natal Provincial Division 108: 97: 89: 77: 65: 53: 42: 34: 30: 23: 2281:. Juta and Company Ltd. 2176:. Juta and Company Ltd. 2134:. Taylor & Francis. 1588:[1991] ZASCA 129 1573:S v Khanyile and Another 1176:Rickard, Carmel (1998). 921:, who went on to become 727:statutory interpretation 685:Statutory interpretation 551:anti-apartheid activists 312:Early life and education 2275:Tredoux, Colin (2005). 2191:Kende, Mark S. (2009). 2104:The Mail & Guardian 2026:The Mail & Guardian 1929:Hatchard, John (1995). 1605:The Mail & Guardian 1311:The Mail & Guardian 1307:"Loss of a model judge" 1276:The Mail & Guardian 909:Death and personal life 796:Special Electoral Court 637:S v Rudman; S v Mthwana 593:usurped judicial powers 582:United Democratic Front 338:University of Cape Town 262:Bar from 1973 to 1975. 254:practice in Durban and 250:, leading a successful 240:University of Cape Town 236:anti-apartheid politics 197:University of Cape Town 2748:Courts of South Africa 2233:Roux, Theunis (2013). 2212:Lipton, Merle (1986). 1935:Journal of African Law 1093:"Justice John Didcott" 906: 768: 755:In the 1979 matter of 694: 501: 466: 2086:[1995] ZACC 3 1896:Politics & Gender 1789:Goldstone, Richard J. 965:Selected publications 901: 778:and by Chief Justice 763: 711:apartheid legislation 689: 549:and the treatment of 547:apartheid legislation 488: 461: 413:, he fled briefly to 320:in what was then the 279:apartheid legislation 153:Union of South Africa 2392:Deputy Chief Justice 1843:10.1093/icon/1.4.590 1794:Do judges speak out? 1764:1976 (3) SA 745 (N). 1575:1988 (3) SA 795 (N). 1354:1977 (4) SA 494 (N). 808:Interim Constitution 424:He had a successful 411:Sharpeville massacre 209:John Mowbray Didcott 168:Durban, South Africa 132:John Mowbray Didcott 37:Constitutional Court 2738:Law of South Africa 1305:(22 October 1998). 951:University of Natal 913:Seriously ill with 835:Mail & Guardian 663:Columbia Law School 595:and undermined the 492:his celebrated work 2799:People from Durban 2572:Lists of judgments 2402:Mbuyiseli Madlanga 2278:Psychology and Law 2260:. Intersentia nv. 2218:. Wildwood House. 2053:The New York Times 1825:(1 October 2003). 1823:Chaskalson, Arthur 1666:The New York Times 1607:. 17 February 1995 1516:. 6 October 1988. 1514:The New York Times 1403:The New York Times 1369:The New York Times 1210:Chaskalson, Arthur 1103:on 15 October 2008 939:Awards and honours 742:legislative intent 648:mandatory sentence 644:capital punishment 601:Appellate Division 566:state of emergency 532:restraint of trade 524:Roffey v Catterall 474:chess Grand Master 283:capital punishment 275:administrative law 2761: 2760: 2552:Thembile Skweyiya 2487:Richard Goldstone 2472:Arthur Chaskalson 2362:Constitution Hill 2288:978-0-7021-6662-4 2267:978-90-5095-400-6 2246:978-1-107-01364-3 2225:978-0-7045-0517-9 2204:978-0-521-87904-0 2183:978-1-77013-022-7 2162:978-1-920025-04-5 2141:978-0-415-90816-0 2007:978-1-920538-75-0 1974:Los Angeles Times 1808:978-0-86982-431-3 1748:978-0-409-06108-6 1489:Los Angeles Times 1462:Los Angeles Times 1019:978-1-86814-095-4 1009:Salvaging the Law 984:978-0-947445-03-4 780:Arthur Chaskalson 776:Richard Goldstone 729:; both Bizos and 607:Individual rights 557:against activist 522:cases, including 415:Southern Rhodesia 206: 205: 72:Court established 2831: 2527:Dikgang Moseneke 2462:Laurie Ackermann 2449: 2407:Nonkosi Mhlantla 2373:Current justices 2346: 2339: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2292: 2271: 2250: 2229: 2208: 2187: 2166: 2145: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2095: 2089: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1785: 1779: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1698: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1657: 1646: 1645: 1638:Otago Law Review 1630:Dyzenhaus, David 1626: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1597: 1591: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1371:. 16 July 1986. 1361: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1299: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1278:. 19 August 1994 1268: 1255: 1254: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1218: 1206: 1193: 1192: 1182: 1173: 1144: 1143: 1133: 1124: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1099:. Archived from 1089: 1048: 1037: 1031: 1023: 1002: 996: 988: 934: 731:Etienne Mureinik 705: 679:private property 675:the American one 543:human rights law 509: 459:, writing that: 353:student politics 342:Abe Bailey Trust 165: 141: 139: 123:Personal details 102: 80: 68: 56: 47: 21: 20: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2729: 2566: 2502:Johann Kriegler 2455:Former justices 2450: 2441: 2432:Rammaka Mathopo 2368: 2355: 2350: 2300: 2295: 2289: 2268: 2247: 2226: 2205: 2184: 2163: 2142: 2123: 2121:Further reading 2118: 2108: 2106: 2096: 2092: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2028:. 20 March 1997 2020: 2019: 2015: 2008: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1966: 1962: 1927: 1923: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1872: 1862: 1858: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1786: 1782: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1749: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1700: 1699: 1688: 1678: 1676: 1658: 1649: 1627: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1493: 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Botha 578:limitations 559:Fatima Meer 256:taking silk 223:during the 176:Pam Didcott 67:Preceded by 2768:Categories 2562:Zak Yacoob 2507:Pius Langa 1775:In re Dube 1053:References 772:In re Dube 758:In re Dube 746:Common Law 735:textualist 613:John Milne 539:public law 478:Pius Langa 389:Cape Argus 308:in 1998. 192:Alma mater 138:1931-08-14 2386:Ray Zondo 2061:0362-4331 1955:1464-3731 1916:1743-923X 1851:1474-2640 1674:0362-4331 1560:0196-2035 1554:(1): 84. 1522:0362-4331 1411:0362-4331 1377:0362-4331 1221:Consultus 1028:cite book 993:cite book 915:leukaemia 899:He wrote: 847:S v Ntuli 629:legal aid 534:disputes. 526:, on the 514:Apartheid 447:judiciary 430:took silk 384:Cape Town 357:Cape Town 349:apartheid 306:leukaemia 225:apartheid 181:Education 100:In office 45:In office 1791:(1993). 1632:(2003). 1241:(1984). 1227:(1): 37. 1136:Advocate 885:Khanyile 673:akin to 667:New York 633:Khanyile 504:– Judge 248:advocate 230:Born in 109:Division 1185:Natalia 949:by the 623:on the 238:at the 2285:  2264:  2243:  2222:  2201:  2180:  2159:  2138:  2059:  2004:  1953:  1914:  1849:  1805:  1745:  1672:  1558:  1520:  1409:  1375:  1253:: 286. 1016:  981:  869:, and 464:bench. 318:Durban 288:After 271:public 232:Durban 173:Spouse 145:Durban 1339:(PDF) 1217:(PDF) 1181:(PDF) 1132:(PDF) 520:civil 260:Natal 227:era. 149:Natal 2725:2024 2720:2023 2715:2022 2710:2021 2705:2020 2700:2019 2695:2018 2690:2017 2685:2016 2680:2015 2675:2014 2670:2013 2665:2012 2660:2011 2655:2010 2650:2009 2645:2008 2640:2007 2635:2006 2630:2005 2625:2004 2620:2003 2615:2002 2610:2001 2605:2000 2600:1999 2595:1998 2590:1997 2585:1996 2580:1995 2283:ISBN 2262:ISBN 2241:ISBN 2220:ISBN 2199:ISBN 2178:ISBN 2157:ISBN 2136:ISBN 2111:2024 2068:2024 2057:ISSN 2034:2024 2002:ISBN 1981:2024 1951:ISSN 1912:ISSN 1877:2024 1847:ISSN 1803:ISBN 1743:ISBN 1718:2024 1681:2024 1670:ISSN 1613:2024 1556:ISSN 1529:2024 1518:ISSN 1496:2016 1470:2024 1444:2024 1418:2024 1407:ISSN 1384:2024 1373:ISSN 1318:2024 1284:2024 1109:2024 1034:link 1014:ISBN 999:link 979:ISBN 770:The 615:and 541:and 371:and 273:and 159:Died 128:Born 2315:at 2306:at 1943:doi 1904:doi 1839:doi 1251:101 931:nĂ©e 842:". 752:". 665:in 530:in 490:In 421:. 379:. 332:at 2770:: 2395:: 2384:: 2364:, 2102:. 2055:. 2051:. 2024:. 1972:. 1949:. 1939:39 1937:. 1933:. 1910:. 1900:10 1898:. 1894:. 1868:. 1845:. 1833:. 1829:. 1801:. 1704:. 1689:^ 1668:. 1664:. 1650:^ 1642:10 1640:. 1636:. 1621:^ 1603:. 1550:. 1546:. 1512:. 1487:. 1460:. 1434:. 1405:. 1401:. 1367:. 1309:. 1292:^ 1274:. 1259:^ 1249:. 1245:. 1225:12 1223:. 1219:. 1197:^ 1189:28 1187:. 1183:. 1148:^ 1140:23 1138:. 1134:. 1117:^ 1095:. 1060:^ 1030:}} 1026:{{ 995:}} 991:{{ 925:. 874:; 865:, 861:, 857:, 853:, 849:, 639:. 631:. 603:. 400:. 147:, 2345:e 2338:t 2331:v 2291:. 2270:. 2249:. 2228:. 2207:. 2186:. 2165:. 2144:. 2113:. 2070:. 2036:. 2010:. 1983:. 1957:. 1945:: 1918:. 1906:: 1879:. 1853:. 1841:: 1835:1 1811:. 1751:. 1720:. 1683:. 1615:. 1590:. 1562:. 1552:5 1531:. 1498:. 1472:. 1446:. 1420:. 1386:. 1320:. 1286:. 1111:. 1036:) 1022:. 1001:) 987:. 887:. 561:, 140:) 136:(

Index

Constitutional Court
Nelson Mandela
Sandile Ngcobo
Supreme Court
Natal Provincial Division
Durban
Natal
Union of South Africa
Hilton College
Alma mater
University of Cape Town
Constitutional Court of South Africa
Natal Provincial Division
human rights
apartheid
Durban
anti-apartheid politics
University of Cape Town
National Union of South African Students
advocate
commercial law
taking silk
Natal
Supreme Court of South Africa
public
administrative law
apartheid legislation
capital punishment
the first post-apartheid elections
Judicial Service Commission

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