Administrative law

1083:, abbreviated VwVfG); before the enactment of this law in 1977, these rules had only been general principles developed in the scholarly literature and the courts. The VwVfG is not a full codification of the generally applicable ground rules of German administrative law, since it mostly only determines the procedure to be followed by public authorities in the fulfillment of their tasks, rather than mandating the substance of public administration. The VwVfG is a federal law that only applies to administration carried out by the German federal authorities. All 16 German 1032:

equates their functioning with public administration. There is some danger of circular reasoning, since the formal categorization of the organizational unit may in turn derive from some material conception of its function. Some functions that might, in the material view, be seen as not of the executive type, and thus not as belonging to the field of administration (such as the creation of rules with the force of law, which are usually thought of as legislative), would then be held to the standards of administrative law, and not another field of law.

639: 1039:. For this purpose, a traditional approach tries negatively to define administration by subtracting those operations of the state which cannot be called administration, namely law-making and adjudication. Using this negative definition, though, requires law-making and adjudication to be defined first, and leaves some activities that are a poor fit for the term "administration", such as the cabinet government's political leadership decisions, within the bounds of the definition. 1632: 182: 1192: 878: 4300: 4314: 1392: 80: 1745: 1552:(Canada). Judicial review of administrative decisions is different from an administrative appeal. When sitting in review of a decision, the Court will only look at the method in which the decision was arrived at, whereas in an administrative appeal the correctness of the decision itself will be examined, usually by a higher body in the agency. This difference is vital in appreciating administrative law in common law countries. 39: 718: 2537:[The French courts are divided into two orders: a judicial order and an administrative order. The courts of the judicial order are responsible for settling disputes between private individuals and for punishing the perpetrators of criminal offenses. ... The administrative courts have jurisdiction as soon as a public entity is involved (a municipality or a government department for example).] 1028:

administration (and therefore executive) even when they are performed by component parts of the state (that is to say, the government) that the law formally classifies as a legislative or a judicial body: For instance, the parliament may impose a fine on one of its members for misbehavior, or a presiding judge may direct a disruptive member of the public to be removed from the viewing gallery.

1491:, the lawsuits against the acts and actions of the national or local governments and public bodies are handled by administrative courts which are the main administrative courts. The decisions of the administrative courts are checked by the Regional Administrative Courts and Council of State. Council of State as a court of last resort is exactly similar to 1858:

support essential features, therefore it is a "model", and not a "uniform", act. A model act is needed because state administrative law in the states is not uniform, and there are a variety of approaches used in the various states. Later it was modified in 1961 and 1981. The present version is the 2010 Model State Administrative Procedure Act (

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yearly appraisals, and introducing a rotation system. The three regulations have been amended and upgraded into laws. In 1994, the State Compensation Law (国家赔偿法) was passed, followed by the Administrative Penalties Law (行政处罚法) in 1996. Administrative Compulsory Law was enforced in 2012. The General Administrative Procedure Law is underway.

1098:(administrative ordinance). Pursuant to VwVfG § 35, an administrative ordinance exists where: a public authority (1) issues any decree, decision, or other official measure (2), in a matter of public law (3), with immediate legal effects outside the administration (4), to put in place a rule for an individual case (5). 1043:(exerting influence on the non-state, societal domain) (1), oriented towards some conception of the (ever-changing) public interest (2), that consists of taking action in the present, with a view to engineering the future (3), and that comprises concrete measures to regulate individual cases and to realize particular plans (4). 1857:

At state level the first version of the Model State Administrative Procedure Act was promulgated and published in 1946 by the Uniform Law Commission (ULC), in which year the Federal Administrative Procedure Act was drafted. It is incorporated basic principles with only enough elaboration of detail to

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since the late 19th century in Germany; the precise delimitations of "administration" as a concept, however, are in contention. Administrative law defines all aspects of public administration in the modern German state, whose legal culture emphasizes private persons' subjective rights (also, pursuant

1027:

In one sense, administration – more precisely, everything that is subject to administrative law – is conceptualized as being all state activity of a certain type (material definition of public administration). This approach leads to disputes about whether to treat acts of public authority as acts of

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Unlike France or Germany, there are no special administrative courts of first instance in the Netherlands, but regular courts have an administrative "chamber" which specializes in administrative appeals. The courts of appeal in administrative cases however are specialized depending on the case, but

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and the activities of the pursuit of the public interest of the public administration and the relationship between this and the citizens. Its genesis is related to the principle of division of powers of the State. The administrative power, originally called "executive", is to organize resources and

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In 1990, the Administrative Supervision Regulations (行政检查条例) and the Administrative Reconsideration Regulations (行政复议条例) were passed. The 1993 State Civil Servant Provisional Regulations (国家公务员暂行条例) changed the way government officials were selected and promoted, requiring that they pass exams and

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introduced regulatory agencies as a part of the executive branch. Since 1988, Brazilian administrative law has been strongly influenced by the judicial interpretations of the constitutional principles of public administration (Art. 37 of Federal Constitution): legality, impersonality, publicity of

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Les juridictions françaises se répartissent en deux ordres : un ordre judiciaire et un ordre administratif. Les juridictions de l'ordre judiciaire sont compétentes pour régler les litiges opposant les personnes privées et pour sanctionner les auteurs d'infractions aux lois pénales. ... Les

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The opposite approach – the formalist definition of public administration – begins its examination by considering all those public authorities intended (judging by their lawful charter, organizational context, internal structure, and performed tasks) to do the work of public administration, and

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In the last fifty years, administrative law, in many countries of the civil law tradition, has opened itself to the influence of rules posed by supranational legal orders, in which judicial principles have a strong importance: it has led, for one, to changes in some traditional concepts of the

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wherever the VwGO lacks special rules, proceedings before the courts of general administrative jurisdiction are mostly distinct from civil proceedings before the courts of general jurisdiction. The VwGO also does not apply to the courts of special administrative jurisdiction over tax disputes

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Positive definitions abound, but none has won out over the others, or been entirely convincing to scholars of German administrative law. Nevertheless, certain features may be seen as being characteristic of administration: According to Maurer and Waldhoff, administration is social engineering

1854:. Agency procedures are drawn from four sources of authority: the APA, organic statutes, agency rules, and informal agency practice. It is important to note, though, that agencies can only act within their congressionally delegated authority, and must comply with the requirements of the APA. 2461:

Sabino Cassese, "Administrative Law without the State? The Challenge of Global Regulation", 37 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 2005, p. 663 and ff., Vincenzo Ferraro, L'organizzazione della pubblica amministrazione scolastica. La peculiare integrazione tra gli

921:) includes all law that specifically governs the legal relationships between public authorities and private persons, and that is not more precisely described as constitutional law. It sets out the tasks, aims and powers, as well as the organization and procedure, for all public authorities ( 590:

administrative law model, as has happened with the public procurements or with judicial control of administrative activity and, for another, has built a supranational or international public administration, as in the environmental sector or with reference to education, for which, within the

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In Brazil, administrative cases are typically heard either by the Federal Courts (in matters concerning the Federal Union) or by the Public Treasury divisions of State Courts (in matters concerning the States). In 1998 a constitutional reform led by the government of President

1862:) which maintains the continuity with earlier ones. The reason of the revision is that, in the past two decades state legislatures, dissatisfied with agency rule-making and adjudication, have enacted statutes that modify administrative adjudication and rule-making procedure. 1930:

The agricultural sector is one of the most heavily regulated sectors in the U.S. economy, as it is regulated in various ways at the international, federal, state, and local levels. Consequently, administrative law is a significant component of the discipline of

2190:. In Velicogna, Marco (ed.). Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in European Judicial Systems (CEPEJ Studies No. 7) (Report). European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) – Council of Europe (COE). p. 50. Archived from 574:

Administrative law deals with the decision-making of such administrative units of government that are part of the executive branch in such areas as international trade, manufacturing, the environment, taxation, broadcasting, immigration, and transport.

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jurisdictions have specialized courts or sections to deal with administrative cases that as a rule apply procedural rules that are specifically designed for such cases and distinct from those applied in private law proceedings, such as contract or

791: 1016:), which are responsible for the execution both of federal laws and their own laws (execution of the laws directly by authorities of the Federal Republic being the exceptional case, as established by artt. 83 et seqq. of the Constitution). 1307:

or Awb), which is a rather good sample of procedural laws in Europe. It applies both to the making of administrative decisions and the judicial review of these decisions in courts. Another act about judicial procedures in general is the

1243:, abbreviated VwGO), which was enacted in 1960. Though the VwGO was not conceived as a full codification of court process for the courts of general administrative jurisdiction, and VwGO § 173 directs these courts to apply Germany's 733:, and the administrative branch having jurisdiction when a government institution is involved. Most claims against the national or local governments as well as claims against private bodies providing public services are handled by 566:

of government. Administrative law includes executive branch rule making (executive branch rules are generally referred to as "regulations"), adjudication, and the enforcement of laws. Administrative law is considered a branch of

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In Sweden, there is a system of administrative courts that considers only administrative law cases, and is completely separate from the system of general courts. This system has three tiers, with 12 county administrative courts

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The actions of executive agencies and independent agencies are the main focus of American administrative law. In response to the rapid creation of new independent agencies in the early twentieth century (see discussion below),

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In 1989, China established its Administrative Litigation Law, which provides and avenue for people to challenge government action. In 2014, it was amended to lower the burdens on those challenging administrative actions.

2110: 1329:) within the administration and apply for judicial review in courts if unsuccessful. Before going to court, citizens must usually first object to the decision with the administrative body who made it. This is called 1110:

the law governing preventative measures against hazards to common goods (or, if civil process cannot be timely availed to remedy the hazard, against individual goods), especially public safety and order

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Administrative law expanded greatly during the 20th century, as legislative bodies worldwide created more government agencies to regulate the social, economic and political spheres of human interaction.

968:) that pervade administration ‒ mostly developed before the adoption of the modern 1949 Constitution, but strengthened and expanded after its advent by their the new conceptual foundation ‒ include: 1529:

that limit the reviewability of decisions made by administrative law bodies. Often these procedures are coupled with legislation or other common law doctrines that establish standards for proper

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French administrative law, the basis of continental administrative law, has had a strong influence on administrative laws in several other countries such as Belgium, Greece, Turkey and Tunisia.

684: 691:. Since the 1980s China has constructed a new legal framework for administrative law, establishing control mechanisms for overseeing the bureaucracy, and disciplinary committees for the 796: 778: 1106:

German legal scholarship traditionally organizes the body of German administration-related law into the following fields, each with its particular legal doctrines and written rules:

20: 986:

of the Constitution). Where its actions may burden or comparatively disadvantage a person, they must rest on a grant of authority by the legislature: this concept is called the

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administrative law provisions are usually contained in the various laws about public services and regulations. There is however also a single General Administrative Law Act (

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Germany's principal piece of legislation concerning the legal forms and principles common to most fields of its public administration is the Law on Administrative Procedure (

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Migration cases are handled in a two-tier system, effectively within the system general administrative courts. Three of the administrative courts serve as migration courts (

1619:, the power to pass such writs is a Constitutionally guaranteed power. This power is seen as fundamental to the power of judicial review and an aspect of the independent 1335:. This procedure allows for the administrative body to correct possible mistakes themselves and is used to filter cases before going to court. Sometimes, instead of 1939:

and its myriad agencies such as the Agricultural Marketing Service are the primary sources of regulatory activity, although other administrative bodies such as the

370: 1822:) in 1946. Many of the independent agencies operate as miniature versions of the tripartite federal government, with the authority to "legislate" (through 1788: 978:): administrative authorities are bound to act where a law (of parliament, or of delegated legislation) prescribes it, and to not violate any laws (artt. 1 2535:

juridictions de l'ordre administratif sont compétentes dès qu'une personne publique est en cause (une municipalité ou un service de l'État par exemple).

594:' system, it has been possible to assist to a further increase of administrative structure devoted to coordinate the States' activity in that sector. 2184: 1046:

Scholarly treatises of German administrative law are almost always split into two parts: doctrines and rules that can be found across-the-board (

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While administrative decision-making bodies are often controlled by larger governmental units, their decisions could be reviewed by a court of

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is a homogeneous legal substance isolated in a system of jurisprudence characterized as: (1) a branch of law; (2) a science; (3) a discipline.

192: 2628: 2547: 1940: 939: 1912: 1847: 1815: 1581: 546: 2432:, abbreviated SGB X), and other general rules for administration in this area may be found in parts of Volume I and IV; the Revenue Code ( 1359:

is filed with a different administrative body, usually a higher ranking one, than the administrative body that made the primary decision.

942:, such rights must be fully justiciable). Final say on the interpretation of the law lies with the courts of administrative jurisdiction ( 2959:(loose-leaf collection) (Munich: C.H. Beck), VwVfG-Kommentar (last updated by supplement no. 4, Nov 2023), § 35, at margin note 40. 1780: 3030: 2191: 3013: 1365:

is available only if the law on which the primary decision is based specifically provides for it. An example involves objecting to a

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have, however, enacted a Law on Administrative Procedure of their own that is nearly word-for-word identical with the federal VwVfG.

3070:"Administrative law of Ukraine nowadays (the beginning of the 21st century): monograph. Edited by Valentyn Galunko. – Kherson, 2010" 4281: 3076: 1936: 1776: 1537:, disciplinary boards, and other decision-making bodies that affect the legal rights of members of a particular group or entity. 144: 2671: 2643: 1227:

The law governing the adjudication of questions of administrative law before the courts of general administrative jurisdiction (

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This discussion is of seen as being of particular importance when considering the role of administrative law in maintaining the

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The powers to review administrative decisions are usually established by statute, but were originally developed from the royal

1417: 1396: 116: 2152: 2467: 2229: 2131: 2086: 2036: 2000: 1838:(through administrative hearings), and to "execute" administrative goals (through agency enforcement personnel). Because the 669:

to deal with actions against the administrative entities, but there are several specialized courts and procedures of review.

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Please note that the year of publication given is inferred from the metadata; the report does not give its publication date.

665:. Each ministry has one or more under-secretaries that act through public service to meet public needs. There is no single 2204:

Mannori, Luca; Sordi, Bernardo (2009). "Chapter 6: Science of Administration and Administrative Law". In Canale, Damiano;

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from 1994 to 2022, divides the history of administrative law in the United States into six discrete periods, in his book,

1588:, has also recognized two more grounds of judicial review which were recognized but not applied by English Courts, namely 1565:. In terms of ultra vires actions in the broad sense, a reviewing court may set aside an administrative decision if it is 743:(Council of State) as a court of last resort for both ordinary and special courts. The main administrative courts are the 123: 1803: 783: 97: 52: 1004:

The principle of proportionality, which means that an act of an authority has to be suitable, necessary and appropriate.

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American administrative law often involves the regulatory activities of so-called "independent agencies", such as the

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The principle of legal security, which includes a principle of legal certainty and the principle of non-retroactivity.

3707: 3265: 3164: 2495: 2297: 2261: 1728: 1676: 1593: 464: 244: 226: 163: 66: 130: 3821: 3690: 2256:. Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht, vol. 149 (2nd ed.). Berlin et al.: Springer. 1739: 726: 539: 476: 459: 4276: 3623: 3524: 2728: 2714: 2657: 2575: 2568: 2554: 2338: 2216:. A Treatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence, vol. 9. Dordrecht et al.: Springer Science+Business. 1717: 1244: 998:, meaning that limiting interference with (fundamental) rights is a sphere of action that is reserved to statute. 454: 755:

as well as military, medical and judicial disciplinary bodies. The French body of administrative law is called "

3783: 3417: 499: 112: 101: 2357: 3136: 1695: 1569:(under Canadian law, following the rejection of the "Patently Unreasonable" standard by the Supreme Court in 444: 2520: 1492: 802:), often before similar concepts were enshrined in constitutional and legal texts. These principes include: 3943: 3422: 1504: 712: 504: 762:

Over the course of their history, France's administrative courts have developed an extensive and coherent

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exercises the administrative function, in collaboration with several ministries or other authorities with

4354: 3938: 1831: 1706: 1574: 1203: 889: 678: 532: 494: 449: 418: 2060: 3913: 3412: 2511: 1891: 1839: 1273: 1067:'special administrative law') – e.g. police law, urban planning law, or local government law. 1008:

The vast majority of public administration in Germany is performed by its component federal entities (

950:), and the law usually permits close judicial scrutiny of public authorities' exercise of discretion. 3996: 2106: 1876: 1871: 739: 631: 1533:. Administrative law may also apply to review of decisions of so-called semi-public bodies, such as 3791: 3773: 1866: 1749: 1658: 1570: 1289:

people whose function is devolved to achieve the public interest objectives as defined by the law.

613: 469: 208: 4125: 2440:, abbreviated AO) also supersedes the VwVfG with respect to the procedures of the tax authorities. 1850:

to establish fair administrative law procedures to comply with the constitutional requirements of

4166: 3953: 3442: 3427: 2952: 2487: 1654: 1534: 1476: 1435:) with the Administrative Court of Appeal in Stockholm serving as the Migration Court of Appeal ( 768: 763: 692: 204: 90: 58: 1450: 929:). As a field of legal study, administrative law has been differentiated from other branches of 137: 4221: 4206: 2515: 1799:

exist outside of the federal executive departments but are still part of the executive branch.

1796: 1761: 1589: 1585: 841: 380: 375: 284: 27: 652: 4325: 3918: 3596: 3407: 3034: 2803: 2281: 1984: 1784: 1285: 424: 407: 279: 2062:

Codification of Administrative Law: A Comparative Study on the Sources of Administrative Law

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German legal scholarship does not have an agreed-upon definition for public administration.

200: 4046: 3392: 3010: 2774: 2205: 1541: 1314:(General time provisions act), with general provisions about time schedules in procedures. 1036: 734: 666: 603: 583: 274: 2782: 8: 4201: 3341: 3258: 2948: 2352: 1549: 1062: 806: 730: 400: 330: 3069: 4016: 3675: 3529: 3514: 3492: 3236: 3216: 3169: 3059:

Administrative Sanctioning System in Turkey, www.idare.gen.tr/ogurlu-administrative.htm

2944: 2611: 2591: 2249: 2020: 658: 520: 385: 2756: 2380: 4001: 3923: 3761: 3504: 3499: 3452: 3377: 3371: 3211: 3129: 3086: 2491: 2463: 2303: 2293: 2267: 2257: 2235: 2225: 2137: 2127: 2092: 2082: 2042: 2032: 2006: 1996: 1980: 1952: 1905:

1875 – 1930: the rise of regulation & the traditional model of administrative law

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most administrative appeals end up in the judicial section of the Council of State (

4006: 3973: 3472: 3336: 3331: 3296: 2890: 2603: 2217: 2163: 2119: 2074: 2066: 2056: 1932: 1827: 1600: 1052:); and doctrines and rules that exist only in certain parts of administrative law ( 638: 412: 304: 19:"Administrative procedure law" redirects here. For the specific law in China, see 4255: 4228: 4216: 4196: 4130: 4108: 4088: 4083: 4063: 3928: 3908: 3903: 3806: 3766: 3477: 3402: 3326: 3311: 3231: 3017: 2742: 2433: 2425: 2417: 1526: 1257: 1249: 1236: 1228: 1176: 1143: 1135: 1127: 1076: 1053: 1009: 943: 922: 914: 859: 390: 361: 294: 2825: 2221: 4332: 4140: 4058: 3647: 3613: 3564: 3549: 3321: 3226: 3206: 3196: 2926: 2914: 2878: 2866: 2813: 2778: 2746: 1887: 1380: 1366: 1153: 824: 816:

Right to challenge any administrative decision before an administrative court (

773: 591: 289: 2141: 2096: 2078: 2046: 2010: 4348: 4186: 4145: 4031: 4011: 3983: 3933: 3898: 3872: 3867: 3860: 3811: 3751: 3591: 3581: 3539: 3462: 3457: 3387: 3346: 3270: 2307: 2239: 2209: 1811: 1472: 688: 317: 299: 2271: 4318: 4068: 4036: 3991: 3729: 3724: 3695: 3608: 3586: 3554: 3487: 3467: 3361: 3301: 3291: 3243: 3201: 3179: 3122: 1835: 1566: 1556: 336: 2967: 2965: 2123: 2070: 4240: 4181: 4171: 3968: 3963: 3801: 3702: 3618: 3577: 3544: 3509: 3432: 3356: 3306: 3221: 3092: 2321: 1962: 1957: 1851: 1769: 1604: 1561: 1545: 1298: 965: 960: 395: 350: 2753:, 10th ed. (Heidelberg: C.F. Müller, 2022), at margin notes 501 and 502. 1875:, a quarterly publication that is managed and edited by students at the 1191: 877: 4304: 4233: 4113: 4051: 3796: 3717: 3712: 3670: 3652: 3640: 3601: 3447: 3437: 3397: 3382: 3366: 3316: 3253: 3248: 2962: 1823: 1612: 1530: 1522: 930: 609: 568: 344: 310: 2977: 2615: 1918:

1965 – 1985: critique and transformation of the administrative process

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ordinamenti globali, internazionali e sovranazionali, Torino, 2023,

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A History of the Philosophy of Law in the Civil Law World, 1600–1900

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The scope of judicial review may be limited to certain questions of

1284:, a branch of public law whose rules govern the organization of the 79: 4260: 4245: 3948: 3833: 3630: 3174: 2607: 1915:& the maturation of the traditional model of administrative law 1744: 1616: 1608: 324: 2810:, 21st ed. (Munich: C.H. Beck, 2023), at margin notes 226 et seqq. 683:

Administrative law in China was virtually non-existent before the

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and New York State law). Administrative law, as laid down by the

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Generally speaking, most countries that follow the principles of

1510: 2863:, 1928, p. 6) as early and influential proponents of this model. 1802:

Congress has also created some special judicial bodies known as

717: 4250: 4103: 3848: 3739: 3734: 3680: 3351: 2484:

High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy

2424:), the VwVfG is supplanted by Volume X of the Social Law Code ( 1488: 1456: 21:

Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China

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Page, Edward C.; Robson, William Alexander (24 August 2022),

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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

1580:(under British law), or arbitrary and capricious (under U.S. 792:

principes fondamentaux reconnus par les lois de la République

4073: 4021: 3877: 3275: 3191: 1779:, the executive branch, led by the president, controls the 1410:) as the first tier, four administrative courts of appeal ( 618: 3041: 2510: 2416:

With regard to the law of social safety nets and welfare (

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The French Enlightenment political philosopher Montesquieu

3145: 2153:"The Model State Administrative Procedure Act in the USA" 1902:

English antecedents & the American experience to 1875

1869:'s official journal concerning administrative law is the 1479:. As of 2019, this council has made 757 interpretations. 1317:

On the basis of the Awb, citizens can oppose a decision (

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Galli, Rocco (2011). "Corso di diritto amministrativo".

1615:. In certain common law jurisdictions, such as India or 729:

with the judiciary branch responsible for civil law and

3114: 1783:, which are led by secretaries who are members of the 1375:), after which the decision can be appealed in court. 2185:"Appendix I: Focus on ICT in Turkish Judicial System" 3031:"Interpretations of the Constitutional Court of ROC" 2065:. London; Oxford et al.: Bloomsbury (Hart imprint). 1789:

independent agencies of the United States government

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German Administrative Law in Common Law Perspective

2029:

Law of Judicial Procedure in Administrative Matters

1544:under some principle of judicial review based upon 104:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2789:, 16th ed. (Heidelberg: C.F. Müller, 2022), § 22, 1092:The standard form of administrative action is the 972:The principle of the lawfulness of the executive ( 2843:Oberrath, Öffentliches Wirtschaftsrecht pp. 12–14 2751:Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht mit Verwaltungslehre 1465:Constitutional Interpretation Procedure Act, 1993 1395:The Stenbockska Palace is the former seat of the 1101: 562:is a division of law governing the activities of 4346: 2324:New York v. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 1842:sets no limits on this tripartite authority of 16:Branch of law governing administrative agencies 3047: 2932: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2859:, 1895/96, vol. I, p. 7) and Walter Jellinek ( 2852: 2831: 2819: 2762: 2504: 2182: 1979: 1764:of government, although a few are part of the 1019: 635:administrative acts, morality and efficiency. 3130: 2518:[Organization of justice in France]. 1639:The examples and perspective in this article 1436: 1430: 1421: 1411: 1405: 1347:(administrative appeal). The difference with 1279: 1070: 813:), including for internal disciplinary bodies 540: 189:The examples and perspective in this article 2203: 1943:play a significant regulatory role as well. 1806:to handle some areas of administrative law. 1167: 1161: 1118: 1112: 1093: 1084: 1047: 993: 987: 973: 751:. Special administrative courts include the 2550:Société des Granits Porphyroïdes des Vosges 2105: 1370: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1309: 1302: 642:President Fernando Henrique Cardoso in 1999 582:Civil law countries often have specialized 67:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3137: 3123: 2378: 2031:] (13th ed.). Munich: C.H. Beck. 1995:] (21st ed.). Munich: C.H. Beck. 1896:Administrative Law & Regulatory Policy 1559:, or whether the administrative action is 1516: 1134:, including protection against emissions ( 547: 533: 3093:New York v. Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm'n 2855:, § 1, at margin note 6 name Otto Mayer ( 2777:, "Maßstäbe des Verwaltungshandelns" in 2646:Ministre de l'agriculture c/ Dame Lamotte 1882: 1677:Learn how and when to remove this message 953: 597: 245:Learn how and when to remove this message 227:Learn how and when to remove this message 164:Learn how and when to remove this message 4282:History of the American legal profession 2516:"L'organisation de la justice en France" 2477: 2475: 2327:, 535 U.S. 1, 18 (2002). 1743: 1390: 1278:In Italy administrative law is known as 1235:) is the Code on Administrative Courts ( 1175:the law regulating commerce and trades ( 989:(grundrechtliche) Vorbehalt des Gesetzes 855:, lit. freedom of commerce and industry) 716: 637: 3104: 2183:Ogurlu, Yucel; Kucukali, Canan (2009). 2150: 2055: 1993:Generally Applicable Administrative Law 1937:United States Department of Agriculture 1921:1985 – ?: retreat or consolidation 1451:Law of Taiwan § Administrative Law 1222: 838:) without regard for political opinions 834:Equal access to government employment ( 4347: 2589: 2112:Contemporary French Administrative Law 1418:Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden 1397:Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden 836:égalité d'accès à la fonction publique 653:Law of Chile § Administrative law 3118: 2995: 2983: 2971: 2481: 2472: 2447: 2367: 2280: 2248: 2019: 853:Liberté du Commerce et de l'industrie 2403: 2290:General Theory of Administrative Law 1752:, whose headquarters is shown above. 1625: 1469:Justices of the Constitutional Court 1341:, a different system is used called 1323:) made by an administrative agency ( 1256:) or over social benefits disputes ( 1186: 872: 175: 102:adding citations to reliable sources 73: 32: 2634:and CE, Ass, 26 octobre 1945, Aramu 13: 2332: 2292:]. Vienna: Verlag Österreich. 14: 4366: 3266:Restitution and unjust enrichment 2370:Administrative Law and Government 2160:De Iurisprudentia et Iure Publico 1729:United Kingdom administrative law 1722: 48:This article has multiple issues. 4313: 4312: 4298: 3082:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2372:. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing. 1740:United States administrative law 1733: 1630: 1190: 958:Central legal principles of the 913:In Germany, administrative law ( 876: 829:égalité devant le service public 180: 78: 37: 4277:History of the legal profession 3062: 3053: 3023: 3020:, accessed on February 20, 2009 3004: 2989: 2938: 2902: 2846: 2837: 2796: 2768: 2765:, § 2, at margin notes 8 and 9. 2736: 2722: 2708: 2679: 2665: 2590:Garner, James W. (April 1924). 2410: 1941:Environmental Protection Agency 1718:Administrative law in Singapore 1444: 89:needs additional citations for 56:or discuss these issues on the 2689:Amicale des Annamites de Paris 2651: 2637: 2622: 2583: 2562: 2541: 2455: 2118:. Cambridge University Press. 1925: 1525:have developed procedures for 1416:) as the second tier, and the 1292: 1126:environmental protection law ( 1102:Specialized administrative law 975:Gesetzmäßigkeit der Verwaltung 753:National Court of Asylum Right 1: 2687:"C.E, Ass., 11 juillet 1945, 2555:C.E, Sect., 19 octobre 1956, 2430:Zehntes Buch Sozialgesetzbuch 1973: 1968: 1781:federal executive departments 1696:Australian administrative law 1037:division of government powers 864:Droit à la sécurité juridique 749:cours administratives d'appel 586:that review these decisions. 2899:, § 1, at margin notes 9–12. 2808:Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht 2787:Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht 2644:C.E, Ass., 17 février 1950, 2576:C.E, Ass., 12 juillet 1969, 2482:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). 2368:Davis, Kenneth Culp (1975). 2358:Resources in other libraries 2286:Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht 2109:; Lachère, François (2022). 1989:Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht 1913:Administrative Procedure Act 1816:Administrative Procedure Act 1711: 1689: 1582:Administrative Procedure Act 1505:Ukrainian administrative law 1461:Constitutional Procedure Act 1423:Högsta Förvaltningsdomstolen 1369:with the district attorney ( 1049:allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht 713:Administrative law in France 7: 2660:Société du Journal l'Aurore 2631:Dame Veuve Trompier-Gravier 2592:"French Administrative Law" 2569:C.E, Ass., 7 février 1947, 2222:10.1007/978-90-481-2964-5_6 1946: 1832:Code of Federal Regulations 1756:In the United States, many 1707:Canadian administrative law 1653:, discuss the issue on the 1142:) and wildlife protection ( 1081:Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz 1058:besonderes Verwaltungsrecht 1020:Scope of administrative law 940:German Constitution of 1949 851:Right to entrepreneurship ( 779:principes généraux du droit 679:Administrative law in China 203:, discuss the issue on the 10: 4371: 3944:International legal theory 3423:International slavery laws 3418:International human rights 3413:International criminal law 3048:Ogurlu & Kucukali 2009 2933:Maurer & Waldhoff 2024 2921:Maurer & Waldhoff 2024 2909:Maurer & Waldhoff 2024 2897:Maurer & Waldhoff 2024 2885:Maurer & Waldhoff 2024 2873:Maurer & Waldhoff 2024 2857:Deutsches Verwaltungsrecht 2853:Maurer & Waldhoff 2024 2832:Maurer & Waldhoff 2024 2820:Maurer & Waldhoff 2024 2763:Maurer & Waldhoff 2024 2658:C.E, Sect., 28 juin 1948, 2512:French Ministry of Justice 1892:U.S. Supreme Court Justice 1840:United States Constitution 1737: 1726: 1715: 1704: 1693: 1502: 1498: 1475:of Taiwan is in charge of 1448: 1304:Algemene wet bestuursrecht 1274:Italian administrative law 1271: 1241:Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung 1071:General administrative law 908: 747:and appeal courts are the 727:dual jurisdictional system 710: 676: 650: 601: 25: 18: 4292: 4269: 4159: 3997:Administration of justice 3982: 3891: 3782: 3661: 3563: 3284: 3152: 2974:, § 2, at margin note 22. 2834:, § 6, at margin note 16. 2729:C.E, Ass., 24 mars 2006, 2715:C.E, Ass., 22 juin 1951, 2385:, Encyclopedia Britannica 2353:Resources in your library 1908:1930 – 1945: the New Deal 1877:Washington College of Law 1872:Administrative Law Review 1700: 1482: 1386: 706: 659:President of the Republic 632:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 624: 564:executive branch agencies 3774:Basic structure doctrine 3624:Natural and legal rights 3505:Public international law 2986:, § 1, at margin note 2. 2935:, § 5, at margin note 1. 2923:, § 3, at margin note 2. 2911:, § 3, at margin note 2. 2887:, § 1, at margin note 8. 2875:, § 1, at margin note 6. 2822:, § 6, at margin note 2. 2672:C.E, Ass., 28 mai 1954, 2629:C.E, Sect., 6 mai 1944, 2398: 2315: 2151:Vértesy, László (2013). 1867:American Bar Association 1760:are organized under the 1750:Federal Trade Commission 1571:Dunsmuir v New Brunswick 1463:(憲法訴訟法) in 2019 (former 1267: 745:tribunaux administratifs 672: 646: 437:common law jurisdictions 26:Not to be confused with 3954:Principle of typicality 3428:International trade law 3144: 2521:Ministère de la 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275:Administrative court 209:create a new article 201:improve this article 191:may not represent a 113:"Administrative law" 98:improve this article 4202:Election commission 3914:Expressive function 3443:Landlord–tenant law 3342:Consumer protection 2282:Merkl, Adolf Julius 2250:Singh, Mahendra Pal 1985:Waldhoff, Christian 1804:Article I tribunals 1758:government agencies 1550:fundamental justice 1548:(United States) or 1233:Verwaltungsgerichte 1120:Gefahrenabwehrrecht 948:Verwaltungsgerichte 823:Equal treatment of 807:Right to fair trial 757:droit administratif 685:economic reform era 401:Fundamental justice 4355:Administrative law 4160:Legal institutions 4027:Lawsuit/Litigation 4017:Dispute resolution 3822:Catholic canon law 3530:State of emergency 3493:Will and testament 3217:Law of obligations 3170:Constitutional law 3160:Administrative law 3016:2009-02-27 at the 3011:The Swedish courts 2731:Sté KPMG et autres 2448:Citation footnotes 2382:Administrative law 2344:Administrative law 2194:on 1 October 2012. 2079:20.500.12657/74778 1777:federal government 1754: 1401: 1202:. 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You can help by 811:droit à la défense 723: 644: 560:Administrative law 521:Constitutional law 386:Procedural justice 267:General principles 261:Administrative law 4342: 4341: 4002:Constitutionalism 3924:Law and economics 3762:Act of parliament 3500:Product liability 3453:Legal archaeology 3378:Environmental law 3372:Entertainment law 3212:International law 2468:979-8-3973-2552-3 2404:Explanatory notes 2339:Library resources 2231:978-90-481-2963-8 2198: 2133:978-1-316-51116-9 2088:978-1-50995-492-6 2038:978-3-406-80591-2 2002:978-3-406-80559-2 1953:Constitutionalism 1911:1945 – 1965: the 1687: 1686: 1679: 1661:, as appropriate. 1601:prerogative writs 1432:migrationsdomstol 1220: 1219: 1169:Raumordnungsrecht 1158:land use planning 1132:Umweltschutzrecht 1066: 906: 905: 667:specialized court 557: 556: 255: 254: 247: 237: 236: 229: 211:, as appropriate. 174: 173: 166: 148: 71: 4362: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4303: 4302: 4126:Question of fact 4007:Criminal justice 3337:Construction law 3332:Conflict of laws 3297:Agricultural law 3139: 3132: 3125: 3116: 3115: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3033:. 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Detterbeck 2799: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2711: 2697:on 2016-09-19 2696: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2536: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2499: 2497:9780197682258 2493: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2476: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2454: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2409: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2299:9783704614131 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2263:9783540423652 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206:Grossi, Paolo 2202: 2201: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2169:on 2019-07-30 2165: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1734:United States 1730: 1719: 1708: 1697: 1681: 1678: 1670: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1473:Judicial Yuan 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1442: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1408: 1398: 1393: 1384: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1357: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1305: 1300: 1290: 1287: 1282: 1275: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1214: 1205: 1201: 1198:This section 1196: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1099: 1096: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1003: 1000: 996: 990: 976: 971: 970: 969: 967: 963: 962: 951: 949: 945: 941: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 900: 891: 887: 884:This section 882: 879: 875: 874: 871: 865: 861: 857: 854: 850: 847: 843: 840: 837: 833: 830: 826: 822: 819: 815: 812: 808: 805: 804: 803: 801: 798: 793: 788: 785: 780: 775: 771: 770: 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 741: 736: 732: 728: 719: 714: 704: 700: 696: 694: 690: 689:Deng Xiaoping 687:initiated by 686: 680: 670: 668: 664: 660: 657:In Chile the 654: 640: 636: 633: 622: 620: 615: 611: 605: 595: 593: 587: 585: 580: 576: 572: 570: 565: 561: 550: 545: 543: 538: 536: 531: 530: 528: 527: 522: 519: 518: 517: 516: 512: 511: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 490: 484: 483: 478: 477:United States 475: 471: 468: 467: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 434: 433: 426: 423: 421: 420: 416: 415: 414: 411: 409: 406: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 368: 367: 366: 363: 359: 358: 353: 352: 348: 346: 343: 339: 338: 334: 332: 329: 327: 326: 322: 320: 319: 318:Habeas corpus 315: 313: 312: 308: 307: 306: 303: 301: 300:Ouster clause 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 271: 270: 266: 265: 262: 259: 258: 249: 246: 231: 228: 220: 210: 206: 202: 196: 194: 187: 178: 177: 168: 165: 157: 154:December 2012 146: 143: 139: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: – 114: 110: 109:Find sources: 103: 99: 93: 92: 87:This article 85: 81: 76: 75: 70: 68: 61: 60: 55: 54: 49: 44: 35: 34: 29: 22: 4331: 4324: 4310: 4296: 4069:Jurisdiction 4037:Legal remedy 3992:Adjudication 3892:Legal theory 3730:Ratification 3725:Promulgation 3696:Proclamation 3676:Codification 3609:Human rights 3597:Divine right 3587:Constitution 3555:Women in law 3473:Military law 3468:Marriage law 3463:Maritime law 3362:Election law 3302:Aviation law 3292:Abortion law 3244:Property law 3180:Criminal law 3159: 3105:Vértesy 2013 3100: 3088: 3064: 3055: 3043: 3035:the original 3025: 3006: 2997: 2991: 2979: 2956: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2807: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2770: 2758: 2750: 2738: 2730: 2724: 2716: 2710: 2699:. 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Jestaedt 2524:(in French) 2422:Sozialrecht 1963:Rechtsstaat 1958:Rule of law 1926:Agriculture 1852:due process 1795:enacted by 1791:created by 1787:. The many 1605:English law 1562:ultra vires 1546:due process 1495:in France. 1299:Netherlands 1293:Netherlands 1148:Naturschutz 966:rule of law 961:Rechtsstaat 795: [ 782: [ 396:Due process 351:Ultra vires 331:Prohibition 217:August 2023 4234:Law school 4114:Prosecutor 4052:Magistrate 3839:Jewish law 3797:Common law 3718:Rulemaking 3713:Regulation 3663:Law making 3602:Divine law 3578:Legal code 3525:Sports law 3448:Law of war 3398:Health law 3383:Family law 3367:Energy law 3317:Bankruptcy 3254:Punishment 3249:Public law 2984:Hufen 2024 2972:Hufen 2024 2743:H. P. Bull 2701:2016-07-10 2389:21 January 2173:2019-07-31 2142:1274200490 2107:Bell, John 2097:1336890409 2047:1416406060 2011:1415299836 1974:Literature 1969:References 1824:rulemaking 1667:April 2015 1613:certiorari 1576:Wednesbury 1531:rulemaking 1523:common law 1413:kammarrätt 931:public law 610:common law 602:See also: 569:public law 419:Wednesbury 345:Rulemaking 311:Certiorari 124:newspapers 53:improve it 4212:Judiciary 4207:Executive 4182:The bench 4119:Solicitor 4094:Barrister 3974:Sociology 3959:Pseudolaw 3899:Anarchist 3856:Roman law 3844:Parsi law 3829:Hindu law 3817:Canon law 3792:Civil law 3745:Concordat 3636:Precedent 3545:Trust law 3520:Space law 3357:Drugs law 3227:Procedure 3165:Civil law 2949:F. Schoch 2945:M. Knauff 2783:H. Pünder 2779:D. Ehlers 2717:Daudignac 2571:Aillières 2308:260010534 2284:(1999) . 2240:695695442 1712:Singapore 1690:Australia 1655:talk page 1621:judiciary 1211:June 2008 897:June 2008 858:Right to 614:civil law 455:Singapore 445:Australia 205:talk page 59:talk page 4349:Category 4319:Category 4261:Tribunal 4246:Military 4089:Attorney 4059:Judgment 3919:Feminist 3834:Jain law 3631:Case law 3352:Cyberlaw 3259:Corporal 3237:Criminal 3207:Evidence 3197:Doctrine 3175:Contract 3077:Archived 3014:Archived 2955:(eds.), 2785:(eds.), 2747:V. 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The 1826:; see 1701:Canada 1489:Turkey 1483:Turkey 1457:Taiwan 1387:Sweden 1258:German 1250:German 1237:German 1229:German 1177:German 1144:German 1136:German 1128:German 1086:Länder 1077:German 1054:German 1010:German 982:and 20 944:German 923:German 915:German 772:) and 707:France 625:Brazil 450:Canada 140: 133: 126: 119: 111: 4326:Index 4192:Court 4136:Trial 4042:Judge 3883:Yassa 3686:Edict 3232:Civil 3185:Crime 3080:(PDF) 3073:(PDF) 2998:CEDAM 2612:JSTOR 2399:Notes 2316:Cases 2288:[ 2188:(PDF) 2167:(PDF) 2156:(PDF) 2116:(PDF) 2027:[ 1991:[ 1860:MSAPA 1657:, or 1268:Italy 1160:law ( 1154:Urban 799:] 786:] 673:China 647:Chile 495:China 207:, or 145:JSTOR 131:books 4074:Jury 4022:Fiqh 3878:Xeer 3276:Tort 3192:Deed 2951:and 2802:Cf. 2745:and 2574:and 2553:and 2530:2023 2492:ISBN 2464:ISBN 2391:2023 2304:OCLC 2294:ISBN 2268:OCLC 2258:ISBN 2236:OCLC 2226:ISBN 2138:OCLC 2128:ISBN 2093:OCLC 2083:ISBN 2043:OCLC 2033:ISBN 2007:OCLC 1997:ISBN 1890:, a 1865:The 1830:and 1592:and 1166:and 1156:and 1063:lit. 789:and 619:tort 117:news 3146:Law 2947:in 2604:doi 2218:doi 2120:doi 2075:hdl 2067:doi 1848:APA 1834:), 1820:APA 1768:or 1603:of 1573:), 1487:In 1471:of 1455:In 1441:). 1383:). 1264:). 1206:. 1150:)); 1117:or 992:or 984:III 980:III 892:. 759:". 100:by 4351:: 3580:/ 3075:. 2964:^ 2806:, 2781:; 2749:, 2610:. 2600:33 2598:. 2594:. 2532:. 2490:. 2486:. 2474:^ 2436:: 2428:: 2420:: 2302:. 2266:. 2234:. 2224:. 2208:; 2158:. 2136:. 2126:. 2091:. 2081:. 2073:. 2041:. 2005:. 1983:; 1879:. 1772:. 1623:. 1596:. 1260:: 1252:: 1239:: 1231:: 1183:). 1179:: 1172:); 1146:: 1138:: 1130:: 1123:); 1079:: 1060:, 1056:: 1012:: 946:: 936:IV 925:: 917:: 797:fr 784:fr 695:. 571:. 62:. 3138:e 3131:t 3124:v 3107:. 3095:. 3050:. 3000:. 2793:. 2704:. 2691:" 2618:. 2606:: 2500:. 2394:. 2310:. 2274:. 2242:. 2220:: 2176:. 2144:. 2122:: 2099:. 2077:: 2069:: 2049:. 2013:. 1818:( 1680:) 1674:( 1669:) 1665:( 1647:. 1420:( 1404:( 1399:. 1248:( 1213:) 1209:( 1111:( 964:( 899:) 895:( 866:) 862:( 848:) 844:( 831:) 820:) 809:( 776:( 766:( 548:e 541:t 534:v 248:) 242:( 230:) 224:( 219:) 215:( 197:. 167:) 161:( 156:) 152:( 142:· 135:· 128:· 121:· 94:. 69:) 65:( 30:. 23:.

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