149:). Since 1959, the South African government officially performed 2,949 hangings (14 of women), including 1,123 in the 1980s. Of over one hundred South Africans executed in 1988, only three were white, all sentenced for the murder of whites. Despite the obviously skewed verdicts, most capital cases ended not with execution; out of 83 black South Africans convicted of killing whites between June 1982 and June 1983, a minority of 38 were hanged, as well as one white convicted of killing a white (out of 52). One rare occurrence of whites sentenced to death for the murder of a black person was Ginny Goitsione, who was sexually assaulted and burned alive by two white offenders in 1985. These numbers show, as a whole, the vast use of the "extenuating circumstances" rule in a country deeply steeped in racial strife, with widespread incidents of violence and presumed threat making such a defence justifiable. One landmark case, concerning both race and
116: for those convicted, rather than an expected sentence of hanging. The jury system, having been set aside for serious cases by special statutes (e.g. the Rivonia Trial). Already in 1947, 75% of criminal trials had been by judge (usually assisted by two assessors), not jury, largely as result of the selection by the accused. In capital trials, the three-judge panel was mandatory if selected. Certain discretion was also granted to the
120:
to decide on trial by judge regarding interracial crimes, further eroding the likelihood of trial by jury. The layman participation was finally scrapped by the
Abolition of Juries Act of 1969, with half a percent (0,48 %) of trials in 1968 being decided by juries. Liberal writer and opposition
58:, which is largely still in force. At the same time, criminal justice saw an increased racialisation in disfavour of the non-white majority, who represented the vast majority of accused and convicted in capital cases. In part this was because of the jury system,
938:
There are other pursuits that I want to be part of, such as fighting for the death penalty and I cannot do that under the EFF because the founding manifesto says that the death penalty cannot be returned to SA and I don't agree with that", she
125:
later stated that the abolition of juries, although part of criminal reforms to bring the procedure under the control of the government, likely did increase legal security for black defendants, due to the widespread prejudice of white juries.
47:. Before this reform, vast numbers of delinquents were sentenced to death without having their sentences carried out, with only 24% of capital verdicts being carried out in the period 1925 to 1935 (including 7% of verdicts against women).
1663:
54:, who decried the draconian rates of nominal sentences, favouring greater discretion for judges which were ultimately brought into the penal code with a rule of extenuating circumstances, which largely were maintained into the
85:. At the same time, South Africa saw mounting international criticism against purposely political executions of anti-apartheid activists convicted of violent crimes; mainly blacks, but occasionally whites, the case of
165:
minor, to kill her lover's wife. Both were sentenced to death, but the sentences were vacated on appeal and
Lehnberg and Choegoe were re-sentenced to 20 and 15 years, respectively. The crux of the precedent,
352:
Devenish, G (1992). "The historical and jurisprudential evolution and background to the application of the death penalty in South Africa and its relationship with constitutional and political reform".
1689:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1668:
1719:
212:
Although the death penalty was abolished in 1995, opinion polls suggest significant public support for its reinstatement. A 2014 poll in South Africa found that 76 percent of the
193:
on June 2 the same year along with her boyfriend
Yassiem Harris, in all cases following an aggravated murder conviction. In February 1990, a moratorium was declared by President
1715:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1433:
1312:
774:
209:
in 1990 and 1991 respectively, almost universally considered parts of South Africa at the time, but with little to no intervention from South
African authorities.
804:
726:
700:
898:
73:), although retaining the right to vote until 1960, were removed by statute in 1954. In the case of women defendants, an all-women jury could be selected.
89:
in 1965 being exemplary. Most verdicts were for homicide, the vastly most common reason for being on death row, others under anti-terrorism legislation.
1578:
674:
1418:
872:
1767:
1438:
1245:
925:
1046:
986:
858:
1782:
969:
404:
Novak, Andrew (1 January 2013). "Abuse of state power: the mandatory death penalty for political crimes in
Southern Rhodesia, 1963-1970".
170:, refined was that an abundantly strong presumption for extenuating circumstances would be the case in cases involving a minor (Choegoe).
1762:
245:
844:
334:
283:
1453:
1317:
819:
433:"Robert Turrell, White Mercy. A Study of the Death Penalty in South Africa: Westport, Praeger, 2004, 281 pp., ISBN 0 325 07132 2"
82:
791:
1355:
596:
43:, sometimes of several convicts at the same time. Mandatory death penalty for murder was abolished in 1935, comparable to the
1772:
1292:
632:
388:
81:
Hanging was maintained as the preferred method, as in most post-independence cases of criminal law, following South Africa's
523:
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22:
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66:
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There are a number of parties in South Africa that support the return of the death penalty. They are the
571:
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and lessening of some apartheid provisions, nevertheless saw a decline in even fundamental standards of
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1533:
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1004:
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31:, following a five-year and four-month moratorium that had been in effect since February 1990.
622:
1341:
1137:
1125:
999:
805:"2019 ELECTIONS: The crib-sheet to the political parties contesting the 2019 polls, Part One"
597:"One of the most infamous murders in South Africa takes place | South African History Online"
252:
86:
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announced that she supported the reinstatement of the death penalty in South Africa.
113:
44:
293:
1095:
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1080:
1011:
775:"From the death penalty to scrapping low pass marks: Manyi's ambitions for the ATM"
444:
413:
361:
237:
154:
197:. Two further executions were, however, carried out in the nominally independent "
185:
The last execution carried out by the South
African government was the hanging of
1277:
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649:
544:
271:
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104:- explicitly iterated that the prosecution's selection of indicting the accused,
1333:
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59:
27:
499:
365:
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1120:
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177:; condemned prisoners were held in a section of the prison called "The Pot".
162:
101:
70:
500:"Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr.: What's Happening in South Africa?"
1031:
752:
417:
109:
859:"Let's talk about bringing back the death penalty, says IFP – the Citizen"
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1100:
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1026:
216:
generation South
Africans support re-introduction of the death penalty.
194:
134:
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1188:
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1177:
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260:
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Other parties support a referendum on the death penalty, including the
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122:
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and rapid increase in the number of executions; 164 in 1987 alone (an
1282:
1255:
1157:
947:
845:"Should SA bring back the death penalty? IFP believes it may be time"
198:
158:
51:
873:"NFP echoes IFP calls for death penalty after rape victim's suicide"
449:
432:
1287:
1199:
469:"Lay participation in South Africa from apartheid to majority rule"
161:
woman sentenced to death for conspiring with
Marthinus Choegoe, a
1209:
1204:
1152:
1147:
1036:
994:
926:"Former EFF Gauteng chairperson wants to fight for death penalty"
504:
40:
306:
Lloyd, Vogelman (1989). "The Living Dead: Living on Death Row".
820:"ACC launches election manifesto with focus on social justice"
1250:
206:
545:"Sandra Smith – the last woman to be hanged in South Africa"
93:, under aggravated circumstances, was also a capital crime.
792:
New political party officially launched in the
Eastern Cape
146:
141:
tally higher than that of any other country, including the
90:
1313:
Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United
Nations
539:
537:
381:
White Mercy: A Study of the Death Penalty in South Africa
67:
effort to suppress the franchise for non-white citizens
534:
335:"South Africa's Supreme Court Abolishes Death Penalty"
69:. Non-white jurors (in effect only occurring in the
39:
The standard method for carrying out executions was
21:was abolished on 6 June 1995 by the ruling of the
1754:
1363:
677:. Angus Reid Global. 14 May 2006. Archived from
112:, supported his decision to issue a sentence of
45:similar act passed in the United Kingdom in 1957
270:In April 2020, former EFF Gauteng chairperson
189:in November 1989. The last woman executed was
1349:
963:
524:"Hangings Now the Routine at Pretoria Prison"
899:"MK Party wants referendum on death penalty"
572:"2 South African Whites Get Death Sentences"
246:National Conservative Party of South Africa
180:
50:The reform was supported by Prime Minister
1356:
1342:
970:
956:
729:. News24. 22 February 2013. Archived from
521:
448:
354:South African Journal of Criminal Justice
703:. SAPA. 22 February 2013. Archived from
650:"Capital punishment in the Commonwealth"
466:
351:
284:Category:People executed by South Africa
1318:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
923:
727:"Youth 'want death penalty reinstated'"
701:"Youth 'want death penalty reinstated'"
378:
1768:1995 disestablishments in South Africa
1755:
977:
675:"South Africans Support Death Penalty"
522:Battersby, John D. (1 December 1988).
430:
332:
1337:
951:
620:
569:
406:Fundamina: A Journal of Legal History
403:
308:South African Journal on Human Rights
305:
1323:Capital punishment for homosexuality
641:
570:Parks, Michael (20 September 1985).
517:
515:
462:
460:
219:
1783:Human rights abuses in South Africa
627:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 178.
473:Revue Internationale de Droit Penal
173:All executions were carried out in
13:
1763:Capital punishment in South Africa
817:
299:
226:African Christian Democratic Party
83:independence as a republic in 1961
19:Capital punishment in South Africa
14:
1794:
1246:Most recent executions by country
647:
512:
457:
333:French, Howard W. (7 June 1995).
289:Life imprisonment in South Africa
131:incremental constitutional change
1664:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1434:Democratic Republic of the Congo
924:Feketha, Siviwe (2 April 2020).
431:Konaté, Dior (1 December 2005).
1298:Religion and capital punishment
917:
891:
865:
851:
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797:
794:. Retrieved on 21 January 2019.
785:
767:
745:
719:
693:
667:
614:
589:
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312:University of the Witwatersrand
242:Alliance of Citizens for Change
230:African Transformation Movement
483:
437:Crime, Histoire & Sociétés
424:
397:
379:Turrell, Robert Vicat (2004).
372:
345:
326:
1:
1365:Capital punishment in Africa
1241:Enforcement or use by country
319:
108:et al., for sabotage and not
1773:Penal system in South Africa
56:Criminal Procedure Act, 1977
7:
1168:Hanged, drawn and quartered
277:
10:
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294:Necklacing in South Africa
143:People's Republic of China
34:
1677:
1652:
1371:
1233:
1045:
985:
467:Seligson, Milton (2001).
76:
1419:Central African Republic
987:Current judicial methods
624:The Abuses of Punishment
383:. Praeger. p. 237.
181:Moratorium and abolition
549:Capitalpunishmentuk.org
259:, and former president
175:Pretoria Central Prison
129:The 1980s, a period of
60:completely dominated by
621:Adams, Robert (1998).
257:National Freedom Party
1778:Death in South Africa
1579:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1439:Republic of the Congo
654:Capital Punishment UK
253:Inkatha Freedom Party
87:Frederick John Harris
601:www.sahistory.org.za
63:White South Africans
23:Constitutional Court
1654:States with limited
1131:Republican marriage
1060:Damnatio ad bestias
928:. Johannesburg. IOL
779:www.timeslive.co.za
151:juvenile executions
118:Minister of Justice
65:because an ongoing
1303:Wrongful execution
1215:Suffocation in ash
1071:Blowing from a gun
979:Capital punishment
551:. 14 November 1989
528:The New York Times
366:20.500.12144/34298
339:The New York Times
234:Patriotic Alliance
1750:
1749:
1681:other territories
1454:Equatorial Guinea
1331:
1330:
1308:Botched execution
818:Poonah, Vanessa.
634:978-0-312-17617-4
576:Los Angeles Times
390:978-0-325-07126-8
220:Current situation
114:life imprisonment
1790:
1742:
1741:(United Kingdom)
1737:Tristan da Cunha
1733:Ascension Island
1725:
1712:
1703:
1679:Dependencies and
1372:Sovereign states
1358:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1017:Nitrogen hypoxia
1012:Lethal injection
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807:. 21 March 2019.
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681:on 22 April 2014
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1293:List of methods
1278:Final statement
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905:. 31 March 2024
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879:. 7 August 2018
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861:. 20 July 2018.
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847:. 23 July 2018.
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1234:Related topics
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1220:Upright jerker
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1086:Breaking wheel
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443:(2): 134–135.
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1604:South Africa
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1594:Sierra Leone
1399:Burkina Faso
1205:Slow slicing
1187:
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1005:firing squad
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110:high treason
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1656:recognition
1609:South Sudan
1499:Ivory Coast
1261:Executioner
1101:Crucifixion
1076:Brazen bull
1066:Blood eagle
1047:Ancient and
1027:Gas chamber
255:(IFP), the
135:rule of law
121:politician
1757:Categories
1711:(Portugal)
1669:Somaliland
1589:Seychelles
1554:Mozambique
1539:Mauritania
1524:Madagascar
1479:The Gambia
1414:Cape Verde
1225:Waist chop
1189:Mazzatello
1183:Ishikozume
1178:Impalement
1173:Immurement
1163:Guillotine
1111:Decimation
759:19 January
659:18 January
606:24 January
581:24 January
555:19 January
320:References
263:'s party,
261:Jacob Zuma
214:Millennial
123:Alan Paton
1544:Mauritius
1283:Last meal
1256:Death row
1158:Gibbeting
1032:Beheading
753:"Justice"
199:homelands
159:Afrikaner
100:- of the
52:Jan Smuts
1735: /
1731: /
1724:(France)
1718: /
1696: /
1692: /
1644:Zimbabwe
1619:Tanzania
1469:Ethiopia
1464:Eswatini
1444:Djibouti
1409:Cameroon
1394:Botswana
1288:Penology
1200:Scaphism
1138:Elephant
1126:Drowning
1106:Crushing
1000:Shooting
711:22 April
685:22 April
493:and the
360:: 1–31.
278:See also
244:and the
195:De Klerk
163:Coloured
139:official
1720:RĂ©union
1716:Mayotte
1707:Madeira
1702:(Spain)
1698:Melilla
1629:Tunisia
1599:Somalia
1584:Senegal
1569:Nigeria
1559:Namibia
1549:Morocco
1514:Liberia
1509:Lesotho
1459:Eritrea
1429:Comoros
1404:Burundi
1379:Algeria
1210:Stoning
1153:Garrote
1148:Flaying
1143:Falling
1096:Burning
1081:Boiling
1051:methods
1037:Stoning
995:Hanging
932:3 April
505:YouTube
232:(ATM),
41:hanging
35:History
1739:
1722:
1709:
1639:Zambia
1634:Uganda
1574:Rwanda
1529:Malawi
1489:Guinea
1384:Angola
1195:Sawing
1091:Burial
909:10 May
883:8 July
829:10 May
824:News24
755:. ACDP
737:9 July
631:
387:
228:, the
96:Judge
77:Reform
1694:Ceuta
1614:Sudan
1564:Niger
1519:Libya
1504:Kenya
1484:Ghana
1474:Gabon
1449:Egypt
1389:Benin
1251:Crime
939:said.
207:Venda
201:" of
1624:Togo
1534:Mali
1424:Chad
1266:list
934:2020
911:2024
885:2019
831:2024
761:2016
739:2014
713:2014
687:2014
661:2011
629:ISBN
608:2024
583:2024
557:2016
385:ISBN
205:and
147:Iran
145:and
91:Rape
903:IOL
445:doi
414:hdl
362:hdl
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