John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute

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communities for land development. Initially, he attempted to negotiate 63-year long leases, which would have given his successors additional, early flexibility in how they managed the land, but these proved unpopular so he reverted to offering the more typical 99-year leases. None of the contracts offered by Bute allowed the lessee to buy the freehold or automatically renew the lease at the end of this term, which ultimately resulted in substantial political difficulties for the third and fourth marquesses when there was a storm of complaints in the late 19th and early 20th century. Bute left the style of the early developments up to the lessees, but was concerned by the poor results. Bute then began to approve the designs for new buildings personally, laying out some grand streets in the centre of Cardiff and retaining open areas for eventual use as parks. Very little money was invested in the sewage and drainage systems for his new developments, however, and a damning 1850 inquiry showed that this had resulted in cholera outbreaks across the town.

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The rising prices of land and the costs of the docks brought an end to this expansion. Estimating the profitability of the Glamorgan estates is challenging because of the way that the accounts were drawn up during the period, but estimates suggest that once land purchases and the dock building cost were factored in, the estates cost the marquess much more than they delivered in income. Bute borrowed heavily; he had inherited debts of £62,500, but by the time of his death owed £493,887. Financing and supporting this debt was difficult, particularly during the early 1840s, when credit was hard to come by, and John was forced to juggle lenders and different lines of credit. He believed that ultimately his investments would provide a rich return, and in 1844 noted that he thought "well of the prospects of my income in the distance".

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canal companies of iron masters. The project proved more complex than originally planned, driving Bute to become irritable and angry with almost all of his associates, but the dock opened successfully in 1839. The costs of building the docks had been far more than anticipated, however. Instead of the original estimate, construction costs had soared to £350,000, reaching £10,000 a month in 1837. Bute had to mortgage his local estates to raise the sums required to finish the project. To make matters worse, when they first opened the docks did not receive the traffic he had expected, particularly from the larger ships; Bute put this down to a coalition of ironmasters and others intent on ruining him.

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letters to his managers each day. He had a detailed understanding of his various estates and businesses; he attempted to keep up with affairs in Glamorgan, for example, by reading the local Welsh newspapers from his house in Scotland and through exchanging letters with influential local figures. Bute recognised that his land holdings were too extended and disparate to be easily managed and attempted to rationalise them. He attempted to sell his Luton estates in the early 1820s but failed to obtain an adequate price; he successfully sold them in the early 1840s. Luton and Luton Hoo was finally sold in 1845, by then comprising around 3,600 acres (1,500 ha).

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of local political wrangling. The Wood family turned on Bute, arguing that he should abandon his claims to control local Welsh affairs from Scotland. Bute replied by trying to crush the Wood family's bank and stacking the town council with his appointees in early 1818. The Woods successfully took legal action, challenging Bute's authority to take these actions, and anti-Bute violence flared that summer, resulting in arrests by Special Constables appointed by Bute. The pro-Bute faction in Cardiff rallied and the Woods were defeated at the Parliamentary elections that year, the results reaffirming Bute's authority over the town council.

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the fast-growing industrial communities were appalling, child mortality rates were extremely high. 1831 saw a severe economic depression, with wages falling quickly and food prices rising, and complaints against the local debt courts and their bailiffs were numerous. Nationally, the electoral reform movement was making considerable protests and protests against the Corn Laws—which kept the prices of food high—were growing. In South Wales, several of the major ironmasters were associated with these movements, promoting reform under the Whig administration voted into power between April and June 1831.

48: 547:, rather than having his rights diluted through arrangements with trustees. When he married in 1818, Bute placed his English and Wales estates into a trustee arrangement for any future children, but this agreement expired with Lady Maria's death in 1842; when he remarried in 1845 a similar trustee agreement was set up, although in this version the Glamorgan estates were administered separately from his other holdings in England and Wales. Bute continued to run his network of estates and estate managers personally, helped by Onesipherus Bruce, a barrister-agent and close friend. 468:

personality and poor eyesight, he did not enjoy hunting, shooting, or large social gatherings, nor did he like racehorses or gambling. His first wife's illnesses added to this sense of exclusion from wider aristocratic society. Compared to other landowners of the period, Bute was relatively philanthropic, giving away around seven to eight percent of his rental income from South Wales in charitable donations, for example. He was keen to fund local schools and to construct new churches, partially because in doing so he was able to discourage any moves towards

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across the region. Despite this, Bute retained the final authority over even quite minor issues on the estates, including making decisions on the buttons to be used on local school uniforms or the reuse of a broken flag pole, for example, which could result in considerable delays as letters were sent between South Wales and Scotland. As the complexity of the Glamorgan estates grew, more officials were appointed to help manage the docks, farms and mineral interests, but these all reported separately to Bute, putting increasing pressure on the marquess.

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factions in Glamorganshire and how the potential new parliamentary seats should be shared out, especially between Bute and his conservative allies, Crawshay and Guest. Radical demonstrations occurred in Merthyr Tydfil, one of the largest industrial communities, in May, and the crowd set light to effigies of conservative politicians. Violence broke out and arrests were made on 10 May; the prisoners were released by the angry crowd and the local authorities effectively lost any control of the town. A general insurrection ensued on 30 May.

610:, commissioned further surveys in 1817 and 1823–24 which showed that there were potentially huge profits to be made from the reserves, both from the coal sitting beneath Bute's own lands, but also from the coal under common lands in the region that Bute could claim through his feudal titles. Bute set about consolidating his rights and existing investments during the late 1820s and 1830s, acquiring extensive rights to the coalfields in the process. Bute established and managed a few colleries – such as that at 529: 671: 441: 838:, but they were heavily outnumbered by the radical crowds. Bruce wrote an urgent letter to Bute in Cardiff Castle, asking for urgent advice on whether to call in the armed forces, and querying whether the Marquess had readied the Militia for action. Huge crowds marched on the local iron works, stopping production. The messages from Merthyr Tydfil reached Bute that afternoon, who began to assemble the Eastern and Central 614:– directly, but given the investment costs and attention they took up, generally preferred to lease out his coal fields and claim a royalty on the coal mined instead. The lessees might be iron-masters, who used the coal in their own operations, or colliery owners who sold the coal on to industrial or domestic customers. The profits increased from £872 in the second half of 1826, to £10,756 in 1848–49. 765:

late 18th century, and the management of their political interests had been left for many years in the hands of John Wood, a local solicitor, whose family was embroiled in local politics, with their own set of interests. Glamorgan was also politically split between factions in the west and the east of the county, with most of Bute's estates in the eastern half. Bute's residence in the area,

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returned a Member of Parliament in alternate elections, and his estates in Luton were too limited to allow him to influence the electoral process there. The best remaining option for Bute was to control the voting in Cardiff, but even here he had to choose his candidate carefully and apply careful financial pressure through his control of leases and rents to ensure their election.

780:. Bute was a financial competitor or landlord with many of these men, and keen to drive as good a deal as possible in his negotiations with them. He also had political differences, seeing himself as a benevolent feudal lord in South Wales, and perceiving the local iron-masters as arrogant, power-hungry individuals, abusing their economic power towards communities and workers. 476:

would ultimately pass to Maria's sister, Lady Susan, on his own death. In November 1843, a fire swept through Luton Hoo House, destroying the interior; the house's historic library survived, however, and most of its famous collection of paintings were rescued from the blaze; it was subsequently sold off by Bute. From 1843, the London house was let out: first to the

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workers back to business. Government inquiries into the incident began and Bute, among others, provided analysis and reports to Whitehall. In the aftermath, Richard Lewis, one of the radical crowd, was hanged in Cardiff. The execution proved controversial and it is unknown whether Bute, who had by then left to attend Parliament in London, approved of the decision.

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reaching 827,000 tons by 1849. Between 1841 and 1848 the docks brought in a gross income of just under £68,000, a relatively disappointing figure compared to the size of the investment. Successive marquesses would find themselves under huge pressure to continue investing and expanding in the docks and subsequent phases of construction over the coming decades.

866:, who were joined by the initial reinforcements from the Yeomanry, bringing the establishment's numbers to around 300, not all of them were armed and able to fight. They faced increasingly well-armed insurgents and Bute became increasingly concerned about the quality of the opposition facing his men. Bute sent spies into the insurgency, and nearby 751:. Bute took a firm line on the matter: when his head-gardener at Mount Stuart House joined the Free Church, he was immediately sacked, and when the minister at one of Bute's churches in the north of the island attempted to hold a Free Church ceremony there, Bute demanded the keys to the church be returned and had the property closed up. 723:. He passionately opposed electoral reform, however, and any attempts to disestablish the Church of England or Scotland. Bute had strong views on the necessity of encouraging the poor to work, and was in favour of removing the Irish poor from the mainland back to Ireland. He was a notoriously poor public speaker. 456:, and a wealthy heiress. £40,000 was settled on her at the time of her marriage and she was due to inherit a third of her father's extensive estates. Contemporaries considered Maria a kind and pleasant woman, but she was often unwell and the marriage proved childless. In 1820 his portrait was painted by 920:

noted Bute's unusual achievement in building up the industrial base of his South Wales estates, and particularly praised his role in constructing the Cardiff Docks. The Cardiff Docks, whose opening in 1837 had led the press to praise Bute as "the creator of modern Cardiff", continued to transform the

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in South Wales in 1831. Political tensions amongst the working classes in Glamorgan had grown during the 1820s: although wages were impressive by contemporary standards during good years, they deteriorated quickly during depressions, plunging many into destitution; sanitation and health standards in

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Bute was determined to control the local government around Cardiff, considering it part of his rights and duties as a major landowner and aristocrat. On inheriting his estates, however, he found himself facing a difficult political situation. The Butes' grip on Glamorganshire had been weakened in the

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and the elected House of Commons, but voting systems varied widely across England and in many cases only very small numbers of local people were enfranchised to vote. Some members of the House of Lords, termed "patrons", often controlled these "closed" or "nominated" seats in the Commons, effectively

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As early as 1815, Bute had his Glamorgan estates fully surveyed, which highlighted that the estates had been neglected for many years and were now in a poor condition. Edward Richards became the senior official in charge of the estates by 1824 and represented Bute on both estate and political affairs

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was passed by Parliament, widening the electorate across the country. The Isle of Bute's electorate rose to 300 and acquired a permanent Member of Parliament, still controlled by Bute. Cardiff saw a short-term drop in its electorate as a result of the act, and Bute benefited from the granting of the

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Bute's land holdings in Glamorgan were spread out across the county and he took steps to consolidate them, selling around 1,800 acres (730 ha) of some of the outlying properties in the west and investing heavily in buying 4,600 acres (1,900 ha) of land around Cardiff between 1814 and 1826.

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Bute was closely involved in the developments across Glamorganshire during the first half of the 19th century. The region saw tremendous economic and social changes in a short period. The population almost trebled in the first forty years of the century and industrial outputs soared, with the output

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Measuring comparative 19th and 21st-century incomes, wealth and project costs is not straightforward. Calculations based around the Retail Price Index are not suitable for assessing these categories. This article uses the income index of per-capita GDP to assess comparative income and wealth, and a

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On the morning of 3 May, the 93rd Foot reached the Castle Inn, where the magistrates had been joined by the established figures of the town, deputised as constables, including the High Sheriff and most of the ironmasters. Outside, the radical crowds had grown to an estimated number of between 7,000

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In 1817, John Wood died in the midst of a financial scandal, and Bute decided to appoint two of his rivals to the posts of Constable and Cardiff's Town Clerk. This would have reaffirmed Bute's power to change the appointments and broken the Wood's family hold on local power, but it provoked a storm

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Nonetheless, Bute was able to personally appoint the Constable of Cardiff Castle, and the constable by law acted as the effective mayor of Cardiff, ran the town's council and had wide powers when appointing local officials. He inherited the title of Lord-Lieutenant of the county in 1815, giving him

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Bute was a member of the House of Lords, able to vote on national affairs, but he had a reputation for not attending unless to vote on acts relating to his estates or business interests. When he did vote, it was usually as a moderate conservative, and Bute himself described himself as a follower of

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Bute responded by putting commercial pressure on shipping companies to abandon the Glamorganshire Canal and using his feudal rights to force shippers to move their wharfs to his docks. His efforts paid off and although trade through the docks only came to 8,000 tons in 1839, they then rose quickly,

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Between 1822 and 1848 Bute played a central role in the creation of the Cardiff Docks. The idea was first put forward to Bute by one of his staff in 1822, who suggested that, with the right investment, Cardiff could be transformed into a major port for exporting coal and iron. The existing seaport,

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The economic growth across South Wales drove up the demand for new housing for the growing workforce. Bute was not prepared to sell any of his lands for housing, and did not see much profit in building and renting housing himself, but was prepared to lease land in the growing urban areas and mining

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In addition to his personal role in Parliament, Bute sought to control the votes of members of the House of Commons, primarily to ensure the passage of legislation affecting his business interests. Initially, the Isle of Bute had only 21 voters who were dominated by his private estate, but it only

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Bute's relationship with his brother Patrick was often difficult. Their political views did not coincide, as Patrick was much more liberal than Bute and favoured political reform. Although Bute arranged for Patrick to become a Member of Parliament in 1818, in 1831 their differing views resulted in

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In 1841 Lady Maria died, and Bute blamed his excessive focus on the dock programme for exacerbating his wife's illness. As a result of the original marriage agreement, Bute continued to draw the incomes from his late wife's property for the remainder of his life, even though officially the estates

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became prominent in the region in the late 1830s, again causing Bute considerable worries in 1839 and leading to him encouraging the mobilisation of military forces to deal with the threat. Bute began to advocate the creation of a police force to suppress the problems in the northern valleys, for

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On 16 May, Morgan was in a position to advance in force into Merthyr, pushing forward and taking advantage of the poor communications between the various elements of the insurgency. The uprising collapsed, and over the next few days the authorities regained control, making arrests and forcing the

437:. Bute preferred to live in Mount Stuart House; he disliked London and only spent a few weeks in Cardiff Castle each year. Twice each year he would travel from Mount Stuart House through Ayrshire to Edinburgh, down through northern England to London, and on to Cardiff and his South Wales estates. 297:, with extensive landholdings in Scotland and in South Wales, and his mother was the sole heir to the Crichton estates, with over 63,980 acres (25,890 ha) of land in Scotland. Bute's father died in a riding accident in February 1794, leaving Elizabeth to give birth to Bute's younger brother, 870:

was pressed into service as an observation post. Bute mobilised military pensioners, and used them to start to bring Penydarren House additional weaponry from Cardiff; he was advised to be careful, however, in case the shipments fell into the hands of the insurgency. Morgan's forces were able to

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The first phase was to build a new dock and connecting canal in Cardiff, making the Glamorganshire Canal redundant in the process, at an estimated cost of £66,600, considered to opponents to be a "wild speculation". Parliamentary permission was acquired in 1830, despite opposition from the local

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By late 1830, and certainly by the spring of 1831, trouble in South Wales looked likely and, probably in response, Bute broke from his normal annual plans and in May travelled south from Scotland to Cardiff Castle. With a reform bill looking likely, tensions grew between the different political

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Bute was determined to develop his different estates and receive the best possible return from them. He was an active, ambitious manager, quick to generate new ideas for the properties, and spent the majority of his time managing his properties . Despite his poor eyesight, he wrote at least six

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In 1835 an act of Parliament reformed the local government structure, introducing a new town corporation structure with an elected mayor for the first time. Bute had to work harder to maintain his influence over the new corporation, using the various levers of influence at his disposal. He was

645:, was small and inefficient. The new port would then deliver a direct return to Bute from shipping rates, improve the value of his lands in Cardiff itself and increase the value of the royalties he could charge on his coal fields. Initially Bute opposed plans for docks put forward by the local 467:

The historian John Davies describes Bute as "dour, remote and overbearing on first acquaintance" but with a "sense of responsibility, considerable imagination and an enormous capacity for hard work". By the aristocratic standards of the day, Bute lived a reclusive lifestyle. As a result of his

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was read in English and Welsh. Violence flared, the crowds attempted to seize the soldiers' weapons and the soldiers responded with volleys of musket fire. The town's working classes exploded in anger and set about searching the region for weapons. A messenger escaped the inn to reach Bute in

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Bute died in Cardiff on 18 March 1848, and was buried in Kirtling, alongside Maria, his first wife. His funeral had 31 carriages in attendance and drew large crowds, although his funeral was snubbed by the local ironmasters. The national press gave his death little coverage, but the local

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Militia, and used this authority to instruct the militia to vote for his candidates. Those who publicly voted against Bute faced charitable donations and support being cut off. His later control of the Cardiff Docks also helped to provide patronage and influence voting behaviour.

346:, died in 1803, followed by his paternal grandfather in 1814, with Bute inheriting both sets of estates and adding Crichton to his surname after Lord Dumfries. As a consequence he held many hereditary titles and posts: in addition to being the Marquess of Bute, he was also the 921:

city over the rest of the century. They would also form a financial liability to Bute successors, the costs of the continual investment needed to maintain and grow the facilities partially off-setting the huge profits that Bute's son enjoyed from the South Wales coalfields.

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Concerned about his growing blindness, and not enjoying the social life in London, Bute retired to his estates on the Isle of Bute for the next six years. While recovering, Bute married his first wife, Lady Maria North, in 1818. Maria was one of the three daughters of the

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increasing from 34,000 to 277,000 tons between 1796 and 1830. Industry and mining replaced agriculture as the main sources of work. In driving forward and responding to these changes, Bute transformed his South Wales estate into a major industrial enterprise.

231:. He focused his daily routine around extensive correspondence with his estate managers, making biennial tours of his lands around the country. The couple did not conceive any children, and Maria died in 1841. Bute remarried four years later, to 515:

Bute removing him from Parliament. For many years, Patrick had good reason to expect that Bute would die childless, leaving him to inherit the family estates; after Bute's death, he disputed the occupancy of Cardiff Castle with Lady Sophia.

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From 1842 to 1846 he acted as Her Majesty's High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. He was known for his generosity as a host in this role. He was in office during the schism in the Church of Scotland known as

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Cardiff, who set about mobilising all the remaining armed forces he had available. Bute also despatched Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Morgan of the Militia into Merthyr to replace the commander of the 93rd Foot who had been badly injured.

842:, Militia and transport ready for deployment. Bute paused until the morning, hoping to hear better news, but messengers bought more desperate news from Bruce and Hill, and the Yeomanry were dispatched. Meanwhile, an 80-man unit of the 254:, but rarely took part in national debates unless his own commercial interests were involved. Early on, Bute realised the vast wealth that lay in the South Wales coalfields and set about commercially exploiting them through local 499:. In 1845 Bute fell from his horse and injured his eyes further in the accident, making it still harder for him to read and write. Bute remarried the same year, this time to Lady Sophia Rawdon-Hastings, the daughter of the 3211: 888:

once allying himself with the local ironmasters to overcome rural opposition to the scheme. In 1841 the scheme was passed by the Glamorgan magistrates, with a chief constable and headquarters established that year.

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the right to recommend the appointments of new magistrates and various other civic posts; potential candidates for these posts were advised to vote for Bute's representatives at elections. In 1825 he became the

769:, was understaffed and regarded as unsuitable as a residence; consequently, he lacked the easy local patronage that would have come with a major, properly functioning establishment. 204:, died a few months after he was born and as a young child he was brought up first by his mother, the former Lady Elizabeth McDouall-Crichton, and later by his paternal grandfather, 265:

He constructed the Cardiff Docks, a major project which, despite running heavily over budget, enabled further exports of iron and coal and magnified the value of his lands in

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At the start of the 19th century, scientific investigation began to indicate that the Glamorgan valleys were rich with coal deposits. Bute, who already owned coal mines in

928:, which was erected in Cardiff's High Street in 1853, outside the town hall. In 2000 the statue, Cardiff's oldest, was moved to Bute Square, but the location was renamed 339:

during this period and became partially blind, leaving him unable to travel without assistance or to tolerate bright lights, and finding it difficult to read or write.

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Having inherited large estates across Britain, he married his first wife, Lady Maria North, in 1818, and together they lived a relatively secluded life in

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vote to many of his richer agricultural tenants. In the aftermath of the reforms, Bute secretly sponsored the creation of the conservative newspaper the

503:. Sophia was obsessive, hard to please and did not get on well with John's family, especially his brother. She soon became pregnant, but gave birth to a 150: 68: 281:

informed throughout. The contemporary press praised the marquess as "the creator of modern Cardiff", and on his death he left vast wealth to his son.

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in 2002, leading to proposals from local officials that Bute's statue might be better relocated once again, potentially to outside Cardiff Castle.

293:, and the former Lady Elizabeth McDouall-Crichton. His parents were both from wealthy, aristocratic backgrounds; his father was due to become the 343: 843: 2842: 232: 140: 3226: 3156: 3122: 3105: 3052: 900: 508: 236: 972:£62,500 in 1814 was the equivalent of around £58 million in 2011; £493,887 in 1848 was the equivalent of around £534 million in 2011. 834:

Two local magistrates, J. Bruce and Anthony Hill, were stranded in the Castle Inn in Merthyr Tydfil. They swore in around 70 men as

700: 748: 3201: 3196: 3139: 981:£872 in 1826 was the equivalent of around £1 million in 2011; £10,756 in 1848 was the equivalent of around £12 million in 2011. 247: 3186: 925: 904: 3221: 871:

prevent the radical crowds from entering either Penydarren or Cyfartha, and Bute arrested potential insurgents in Cardiff.

785: 481: 3206: 453: 2987: 2891: 320: 205: 683: 323:, and travelled with him across England and Europe. His family considered him to be clever and he went to study at 3191: 331:

in 1809. Over the next few years he visited the Mediterranean, Scandinavia and Russia, taking a keen interest in

3088: 3032: 805: 789: 692: 324: 290: 201: 58: 990:£66,000 and £350,000 in 1839 were the equivalent of around £171 million and £907 million in 2011 respectively. 892:

successful, and in practice the elected officials and councillors were controlled by Bute and his interests.

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There were tensions between Bute and the new industrialists around the region, including ironmasters such as

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Bute played a role in the event of the Merthyr Rising, a large, armed industrial protest that occurred in

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by his mother and grandmother, but following their deaths he passed into the care of his grandfather, the

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share of GDP index for project costs. £40,000 in 1818 was the equivalent of around £39 million in 2011.

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Unusually for an aristocrat of the period, Bute owned almost all of his lands fully, as an owner in

3096: 590: 461: 399: 1315: 375: 747:", when many many ministers of the Church broke away from the established Church to form the 708: 492: 170: 47: 35: 3181: 3176: 642: 485: 328: 209: 8: 3130: 2864: 744: 675: 566: 410: 355: 251: 220: 128: 25: 649:, but then changed his mind and pushed forward with his own scheme shortly afterward. 622: 3028: 3002: 2983: 2955: 2925: 2919: 2906: 2887: 2870: 835: 777: 773: 570: 477: 351: 3146: 3112: 929: 908: 867: 863: 809: 739:, to increase support across the county, and underwrote its losses for many years. 363: 294: 1023: 731: 367: 347: 228: 850:. Bute continued to keep Whitehall informed of the events by letter throughout. 528: 464:. In 1827 his father-in-law died and Maria inherited lands worth over £110,000. 1188:"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present" 823: 817: 766: 687: 670: 496: 426: 332: 316: 308: 274: 270: 266: 243: 554:

On the Isle of Bute, the marquess expanded his properties, purchasing land in

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between 1794 and 1814, was a wealthy Scottish aristocrat and industrialist in

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Sir Henry Raeburn, R.A.: His Life and Works, With a Catalogue of his Pictures

2910: 635: 627: 607: 457: 359: 194: 186: 79: 1185: 3006: 1187: 445: 430: 422: 182: 2874: 3212:

Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland

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Bute was born into the pre-Reform system of government in Britain. The

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appointing their own candidates. Criticism of the system, led by the

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Hargest, Leighton (1977). "Cardiff's "Spasm of Rebellion" in 1818".

963:£110,000 in 1827 was the equivalent of around £125 million in 2011. 884: 883:

Concerns over possible violent outbreaks continued for many years.

855: 839: 579: 414: 250:. He was a political and religious conservative, a follower of the 160:

John Stuart, Lord Mount Stuart and Lady Elizabeth McDouall-Crichton

117: 999:£68,000 in 1848 was the equivalent of around £73 million in 2011. 395: 391: 2843:"Bute-y spot call for statue; AM wants to see move for monument" 2999:

History of the County of Bute, and Families Connected Therewith

847: 611: 595: 488:, who renamed it Blundell House: it was demolished 1912–1913. 573:, one of the various enterprises with which Bute was involved 555: 1021: 704: 277:, despatching military forces, deploying spies and keeping 2968:

History of the Welsh Militia and Volunteer Corps 1757–1908

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Glamorgan Monmouth and Brecon Gazette and Merthyr Guardian

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in South Wales, with his London townhouse, Bute House, on

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and remained partially sighted for the rest of his life.

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Britain. He developed the coal and iron industries across

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Urban, Sylvanus (January 1845). "Domestic Occurrences".

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A subscription was raised across Glamorgan to pay for

2974:, Caernarfon: Palace Books, 1990, ISBN 1-871904-01-3. 1308: 1186:

Lawrence H. Officer and Samuel H. Williamson (2012).

719:. Like Wellington, he was in favour of repealing the 374:, and Lord Mount Stuart Cumra and Inchmarnock, and a 208:. He travelled widely across Europe before attending 2599: 2597: 2560: 2558: 1965: 1963: 1207: 1205: 2381: 2379: 2009: 2007: 1084: 1082: 535:, Bute's residence in Bedfordshire, before the fire 460:, and published two years later as an engraving by 246:and controlled the votes of several members of the 507:child; the couple's second child, whom they named 227:. Bute was dour but industrious, with a flair for 151:John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute 69:John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute 2800: 2798: 2796: 2594: 2555: 1960: 1578: 1576: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1202: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 674:Bute was Her Majesty's High Commissioner during " 472:and the disestablishment of the official Church. 3168: 2376: 2004: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1472: 1470: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1316:"The Phillimore estate - British History Online" 1250: 1248: 1246: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1079: 1547: 1545: 1099: 1097: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1050: 1048: 1035: 1033: 1024:"BUTE, marquesses of Bute, Cardiff Castle, etc" 284: 273:of 1831, Bute led the government response from 2793: 1573: 1374: 1168: 518: 2019: 1987: 1467: 1345: 1243: 1149: 854:and 10,000. Tensions rose alarmingly and the 812:, scene of part of the Merthyr Rising in 1831 695:, grew during the first half of Bute's life. 484:until 1888. Bute House was later acquired by 1542: 1229:"John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute" 1094: 1060: 1045: 1030: 759: 3232:British businesspeople in the coal industry 3018:. London, UK: John Bowyer Nichols and Sons. 378:. He was the Keeper of Rothsay Castle, the 235:, and she gave birth to Bute's only child, 3027:. Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press. 2886:. Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press. 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 167:John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute 2980:Reform: the Fight for the 1832 Reform Act 2840: 177:(10 August 1793 – 18 March 1848), styled 3022: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2603: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2401: 2385: 2370: 2358: 1567: 899: 804: 669: 621: 589: 565: 527: 439: 303: 2936: 2869:. Edinburgh, UK: Macniven and Wallace. 2527: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2286: 2145: 2133: 862:The men in the Castle Inn retreated to 413:on the Isle of Bute, Dumfries House in 3169: 2977: 2881: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2549: 2397: 2274: 2262: 2250: 2229: 2217: 2205: 2193: 2181: 2169: 2157: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2073: 2061: 2049: 2037: 2025: 2013: 1998: 1981: 1969: 1954: 1942: 1930: 1918: 1906: 1894: 1882: 1870: 1858: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1786: 1774: 1762: 1750: 1738: 1726: 1714: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1666: 1654: 1642: 1630: 1618: 1606: 1594: 1582: 1563: 1536: 1524: 1512: 1500: 1488: 1476: 1445: 1433: 1421: 1409: 1397: 1385: 1368: 1356: 1339: 1290: 1278: 1266: 1254: 1211: 1162: 1143: 1131: 1088: 1073: 1054: 1039: 3013: 2949: 2917: 2900: 2862: 2121: 1461: 1457: 1302: 1223: 1119: 1115: 1103: 1017: 1015: 372:Lord Crichton of Sanquhar and Cumnock 2996: 2841:Hazlewood, Richard (8 August 2002). 1551: 1022:Sir William Llewelyn Davies (1959). 523: 2972:The Glamorgan Regiments of Militia 846:had arrived in the Castle Inn from 13: 3001:. Glasgow, UK: T. Murray and Son. 2954:. London, UK: Saunders and Otley. 2884:Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute 1012: 707:politician. John was in favour of 14: 3243: 3227:19th-century Welsh businesspeople 2952:The Peerage of the British Empire 1231:. National Portrait Gallery. 2012 800: 561: 558:, Kilmahalmag and Etterick Mill. 511:, was successfully born in 1847. 315:Initially Bute was brought up at 269:. When violence broke out in the 206:John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute 2834: 2822: 2810: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2582: 2570: 2543: 2515: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2419: 2407: 2391: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 686:was divided into the hereditary 617: 223:in Scotland, one of Bute's four 46: 2924:. London, UK: The Connoisseur. 2856: 2244: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2139: 2127: 2115: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2067: 2055: 2043: 2031: 1975: 1948: 1936: 1924: 1912: 1900: 1888: 1876: 1864: 1852: 1840: 1828: 1816: 1804: 1792: 1780: 1768: 1756: 1744: 1732: 1720: 1708: 1696: 1684: 1672: 1660: 1648: 1636: 1624: 1612: 1600: 1588: 1557: 1530: 1518: 1506: 1494: 1482: 1451: 1439: 1427: 1415: 1403: 1391: 1362: 1333: 1296: 1284: 1272: 1260: 1217: 1006: 993: 984: 975: 966: 957: 947: 3089:Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot 1137: 1125: 1109: 878: 790:Royal Glamorgan Light Infantry 754: 59:John Stuart, Lord Mount Stuart 1: 3202:Lord-lieutenants of Glamorgan 3197:Lord-lieutenants of Buteshire 935: 3187:Fellows of the Royal Society 3079:Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan 3070:Lord Patrick Crichton-Stuart 3060:Lord Lieutenant of Buteshire 598:colliery, once owned by Bute 368:Viscount of Ayr and Kingarth 285:Background and personal life 7: 3222:Businesspeople from Cardiff 665: 660: 519:Landowner and industrialist 233:Lady Sophia Rawdon-Hastings 141:Lady Sophia Rawdon-Hastings 10: 3248: 3207:Glamorgan Militia officers 3023:Williams, Gwyn A. (1988). 926:a statue to be made of him 815: 711:, opposed to slavery, the 633: 342:His maternal grandfather, 3153: 3144: 3136: 3129: 3119: 3110: 3102: 3095: 3085: 3076: 3066: 3057: 3049: 3044: 2997:Reid, John Eaton (1864). 2905:. Luton, UK: J. Wiseman. 2901:Davis, Frederick (1855). 1320:www.british-history.ac.uk 760:Re-establishing authority 364:Earl of Dumfries and Bute 242:Bute was a member of the 156: 146: 134: 124: 112: 100: 85: 74: 64: 54: 45: 23: 16:British noble (1793–1848) 3097:Peerage of Great Britain 3016:The Gentleman's Magazine 2866:Annals of the Disruption 940: 895: 480:until 1856, then to the 2982:. London, UK: Pimlico. 2978:Pearce, Edward (2004). 2831:, pp. 247, 256–257 2232:, pp. 102–103, 111 1849:, pp. 249–250, 259 1717:, pp. 194, 210–211 1503:, pp. 42–43, 48–49 1371:, pp. 118, 122–123 400:High Steward of Banbury 291:John, Lord Mount Stuart 202:John, Lord Mount Stuart 3192:Knights of the Thistle 2950:Lodge, Edmund (1834). 2863:Brown, Thomas (1893). 912: 813: 679: 631: 599: 574: 536: 448: 398:of Buteshire, and the 376:Baronet of Nova Scotia 312: 2918:Greig, James (1911). 2882:Davies, John (1981). 903: 808: 709:Catholic Emancipation 673: 625: 593: 569: 531: 493:Knight of the Thistle 486:Charles Weld-Blundell 443: 307: 3157:John Crichton-Stuart 3123:John Crichton-Stuart 3053:The Marquess of Bute 2903:The History of Luton 2726:, pp. 174–178; 2400:, pp. 104–105; 1134:, pp. 15, 90–91 776:, the master of the 703:, by then a leading 643:Glamorganshire Canal 501:Marquess of Hastings 454:3rd Earl of Guilford 405:Bute had four major 321:1st Marquess of Bute 289:Bute was the son of 210:Cambridge University 31:The Marquess of Bute 3131:Peerage of Scotland 2778:, pp. 110, 127 2654:, pp. 141, 151 2630:, pp. 141, 149 2253:, pp. 104, 111 2124:, pp. 362, 605 1777:, pp. 215, 217 1741:, pp. 200, 202 491:Bute was created a 311:, Bute's first home 301:, later that year. 212:. He contracted an 3217:Marquesses of Bute 3025:The Mertyhr Rising 2819:, pp. 19, 246 2790:, pp. 128–129 2754:, pp. 105–106 2730:, pp. 104–105 2702:, pp. 158–159 2678:, pp. 155–156 2579:, pp. 130–133 2552:, pp. 104–105 2512:, pp. 124–125 2488:, pp. 123–124 2196:, pp. 222–225 2076:, pp. 107–109 2064:, pp. 107–108 2052:, pp. 106–107 1957:, pp. 253–255 1921:, pp. 260–262 1873:, pp. 250–252 1825:, pp. 238–239 1801:, pp. 217–218 1789:, pp. 215–217 1765:, pp. 214–215 1729:, pp. 201–202 1693:, pp. 191–192 1681:, pp. 190–191 913: 836:special constables 814: 701:Duke of Wellington 684:British Parliament 680: 632: 600: 575: 537: 449: 411:Mount Stuart House 386:of Glamorgan, the 370:, Baron Crichton, 356:Baron Mount Stuart 335:. He developed an 313: 252:Duke of Wellington 221:Mount Stuart House 129:Mount Stuart House 26:The Most Honorable 3163: 3162: 3154:Succeeded by 3120:Succeeded by 3086:Succeeded by 3067:Succeeded by 2241:Owen, Appendix 4. 1609:, pp. 61, 63 1527:, pp. 53, 54 1436:, pp. 17, 53 1412:, pp. 17, 43 1400:, pp. 43, 46 1190:. Measuring Worth 1146:, pp. 17, 45 778:Dowlais Ironworks 571:Dowlais Ironworks 524:Estate management 390:, the hereditary 352:Viscount Mountjoy 179:Lord Mount Stuart 164: 163: 3239: 3147:Earl of Dumfries 3140:Patrick McDouall 3137:Preceded by 3113:Marquess of Bute 3103:Preceded by 3050:Preceded by 3045:Honorary titles 3042: 3041: 3038: 3019: 3010: 2993: 2963: 2946: 2933: 2914: 2897: 2878: 2851: 2850: 2847:South Wales Echo 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2440:, pp. 98–99 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2374: 2373:, pp. 88–89 2368: 2362: 2361:, pp. 48–49 2356: 2350: 2349:, pp. 81–84 2344: 2338: 2337:, pp. 79–80 2332: 2326: 2325:, pp. 77–78 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2301:, pp. 75–76 2296: 2290: 2289:, pp. 74–75 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2208:, pp. 93–94 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2172:, pp. 90–91 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2148:, pp. 69–72 2143: 2137: 2136:, pp. 70–72 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2040:, pp. 20–21 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2016:, pp. 18–19 2011: 2002: 1996: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1972:, pp. 26–34 1967: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1657:, pp. 65–67 1652: 1646: 1645:, pp. 63–64 1640: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1571: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1540: 1539:, pp. 55–56 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1515:, pp. 50–51 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1465: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1281:, pp. 97–98 1276: 1270: 1269:, pp. 91–92 1264: 1258: 1252: 1241: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1221: 1215: 1214:, pp. 15–16 1209: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1183: 1166: 1160: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1113: 1107: 1101: 1092: 1091:, pp. 14–15 1086: 1077: 1071: 1058: 1052: 1043: 1037: 1028: 1027: 1019: 1000: 997: 991: 988: 982: 979: 973: 970: 964: 961: 955: 951: 930:Callaghan Square 909:Callaghan Square 868:Cyfarthfa Castle 864:Penydarren House 810:Cyfarthfa Castle 478:Lascelles family 384:Custos Rotulorum 325:Christ's College 295:Marquess of Bute 248:House of Commons 138:Lady Maria North 120: 107: 95: 93: 78:Construction of 50: 21: 20: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3150: 3142: 3125: 3116: 3108: 3091: 3082: 3072: 3063: 3055: 3035: 2990: 2894: 2859: 2854: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2540:Owen, pp. 72–3. 2539: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2005: 1997: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1574: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1523: 1519: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1468: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1375: 1367: 1363: 1355: 1346: 1338: 1334: 1324: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1297: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1261: 1253: 1244: 1234: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1210: 1203: 1193: 1191: 1184: 1169: 1161: 1150: 1142: 1138: 1130: 1126: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1095: 1087: 1080: 1072: 1061: 1053: 1046: 1038: 1031: 1020: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1003: 998: 994: 989: 985: 980: 976: 971: 967: 962: 958: 952: 948: 943: 938: 918:Daily Chronicle 898: 881: 820: 803: 762: 757: 668: 663: 638: 620: 594:Remains of the 564: 526: 521: 482:Duke of Rutland 388:Lord Lieutenant 380:Lord Lieutenant 348:Earl of Windsor 287: 229:land management 200:Bute's father, 139: 116: 105: 91: 89: 41: 33: 32: 29: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3245: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3152: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3084: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3033: 3020: 3011: 2994: 2988: 2975: 2964: 2947: 2934: 2915: 2898: 2892: 2879: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2554: 2542: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2418: 2406: 2390: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2234: 2222: 2210: 2198: 2186: 2174: 2162: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2054: 2042: 2030: 2018: 2003: 1986: 1974: 1959: 1947: 1935: 1923: 1911: 1899: 1887: 1875: 1863: 1851: 1839: 1827: 1815: 1813:, pp. 241 1803: 1791: 1779: 1767: 1755: 1743: 1731: 1719: 1707: 1695: 1683: 1671: 1659: 1647: 1635: 1623: 1611: 1599: 1587: 1572: 1566:, p. 90; 1556: 1541: 1529: 1517: 1505: 1493: 1481: 1466: 1460:, p. 12; 1450: 1438: 1426: 1414: 1402: 1390: 1373: 1361: 1344: 1332: 1307: 1295: 1283: 1271: 1259: 1242: 1226:, p. 40; 1216: 1201: 1167: 1148: 1136: 1124: 1118:, p. 79; 1108: 1093: 1078: 1059: 1044: 1029: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1001: 992: 983: 974: 965: 956: 945: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 897: 894: 880: 877: 824:Merthyr Tydfil 818:Merthyr Rising 816:Main article: 802: 801:Merthyr Rising 799: 767:Cardiff Castle 761: 758: 756: 753: 745:the Disruption 688:House of Lords 676:the Disruption 667: 664: 662: 659: 634:Main article: 619: 616: 563: 562:Glamorganshire 560: 525: 522: 520: 517: 497:Queen Victoria 427:Cardiff Castle 333:land economics 317:Dumfries House 309:Dumfries House 299:Patrick Stuart 286: 283: 275:Cardiff Castle 271:Merthyr Rising 267:Glamorganshire 244:House of Lords 193:and built the 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 114: 110: 109: 108:(aged 54) 102: 98: 97: 96:10 August 1793 87: 83: 82: 76: 75:Known for 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 56: 52: 51: 43: 42: 34: 30: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3244: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3054: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2989:9780712668446 2985: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2893:9780708324639 2889: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2766:, p. 106 2765: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2742:, p. 105 2741: 2736: 2729: 2725: 2724:Williams 1988 2720: 2714:, p. 167 2713: 2712:Williams 1988 2708: 2701: 2700:Williams 1988 2696: 2690:, p. 157 2689: 2688:Williams 1988 2684: 2677: 2676:Williams 1988 2672: 2666:, p. 155 2665: 2664:Williams 1988 2660: 2653: 2652:Williams 1988 2648: 2642:, p. 149 2641: 2640:Williams 1988 2636: 2629: 2628:Williams 1988 2624: 2618:, p. 141 2617: 2616:Williams 1988 2612: 2606:, p. 140 2605: 2604:Williams 1988 2600: 2598: 2591:, p. 137 2590: 2589:Williams 1988 2585: 2578: 2577:Williams 1988 2573: 2567:, p. 129 2566: 2565:Williams 1988 2561: 2559: 2551: 2546: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2524:, p. 125 2523: 2522:Williams 1988 2518: 2511: 2510:Williams 1988 2506: 2500:, p. 124 2499: 2498:Williams 1988 2494: 2487: 2486:Williams 1988 2482: 2476:, p. 122 2475: 2474:Williams 1988 2470: 2464:, p. 121 2463: 2462:Williams 1988 2458: 2452:, p. 117 2451: 2450:Williams 1988 2446: 2439: 2438:Williams 1988 2434: 2427: 2426:Williams 1988 2422: 2415: 2414:Williams 1988 2410: 2403: 2402:Williams 1988 2399: 2394: 2387: 2386:Williams 1988 2382: 2380: 2372: 2371:Williams 1988 2367: 2360: 2359:Williams 1988 2355: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2277:, p. 113 2276: 2271: 2265:, p. 112 2264: 2259: 2252: 2247: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2220:, p. 110 2219: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2183: 2178: 2171: 2166: 2160:, p. 103 2159: 2154: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2130: 2123: 2118: 2112:, p. 115 2111: 2106: 2100:, p. 109 2099: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2046: 2039: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1983: 1978: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1956: 1951: 1945:, p. 272 1944: 1939: 1933:, p. 253 1932: 1927: 1920: 1915: 1909:, p. 259 1908: 1903: 1897:, p. 271 1896: 1891: 1885:, p. 270 1884: 1879: 1872: 1867: 1861:, p. 250 1860: 1855: 1848: 1843: 1837:, p. 249 1836: 1831: 1824: 1819: 1812: 1807: 1800: 1795: 1788: 1783: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1753:, p. 198 1752: 1747: 1740: 1735: 1728: 1723: 1716: 1711: 1705:, p. 194 1704: 1699: 1692: 1687: 1680: 1675: 1668: 1663: 1656: 1651: 1644: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1620: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1597:, p. 244 1596: 1591: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1569: 1568:Williams 1988 1565: 1560: 1554:, p. 214 1553: 1548: 1546: 1538: 1533: 1526: 1521: 1514: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1485: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1388:, p. 247 1387: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1370: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1341: 1336: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1304: 1299: 1293:, p. 252 1292: 1287: 1280: 1275: 1268: 1263: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1189: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1145: 1140: 1133: 1128: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1025: 1018: 1016: 1011: 996: 987: 978: 969: 960: 950: 946: 933: 931: 927: 922: 919: 910: 906: 905:Bute's statue 902: 893: 889: 886: 876: 872: 869: 865: 860: 857: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 828: 825: 819: 811: 807: 798: 794: 791: 787: 781: 779: 775: 770: 768: 752: 750: 746: 740: 738: 733: 728: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 696: 694: 689: 685: 677: 672: 658: 654: 650: 648: 644: 637: 636:Cardiff Docks 629: 628:Cardiff Docks 624: 618:Cardiff Docks 615: 613: 609: 608:County Durham 604: 597: 592: 588: 584: 581: 572: 568: 559: 557: 552: 548: 546: 541: 534: 530: 516: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 487: 483: 479: 473: 471: 470:Nonconformism 465: 463: 459: 458:Henry Raeburn 455: 447: 442: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 360:Baron Cardiff 357: 353: 349: 345: 344:Lord Dumfries 340: 338: 337:eye condition 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 310: 306: 302: 300: 296: 292: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 217: 215: 214:eye condition 211: 207: 203: 198: 196: 195:Cardiff Docks 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 159: 155: 152: 149: 145: 142: 137: 133: 130: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 104:18 March 1848 103: 99: 88: 84: 81: 80:Cardiff Docks 77: 73: 70: 67: 63: 60: 57: 53: 49: 44: 40: 37: 27: 22: 19: 3164: 3145: 3111: 3077: 3058: 3024: 3015: 2998: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2920: 2902: 2883: 2865: 2857:Bibliography 2846: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2807:, p. 21 2783: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2584: 2572: 2545: 2517: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2428:, p. 98 2421: 2416:, p. 97 2409: 2404:, p. 95 2393: 2388:, p. 95 2366: 2354: 2347:Hargest 1977 2342: 2335:Hargest 1977 2330: 2323:Hargest 1977 2318: 2313:, p. 77 2311:Hargest 1977 2306: 2299:Hargest 1977 2294: 2287:Hargest 1977 2282: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2237: 2225: 2213: 2201: 2189: 2184:, p. 93 2177: 2165: 2153: 2146:Hargest 1977 2141: 2134:Hargest 1977 2129: 2117: 2105: 2093: 2081: 2069: 2057: 2045: 2033: 2028:, p. 95 2021: 2001:, p. 18 1984:, p. 27 1977: 1950: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1902: 1890: 1878: 1866: 1854: 1842: 1830: 1818: 1806: 1794: 1782: 1770: 1758: 1746: 1734: 1722: 1710: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1669:, p. 67 1662: 1650: 1638: 1633:, p. 61 1626: 1621:, p. 63 1614: 1602: 1590: 1585:, p. 90 1570:, p. 25 1559: 1532: 1520: 1508: 1496: 1491:, p. 45 1484: 1479:, p. 44 1464:, p. 92 1453: 1448:, p. 47 1441: 1429: 1424:, p. 17 1417: 1405: 1393: 1364: 1359:, p. 16 1335: 1323:. Retrieved 1319: 1310: 1305:, p. 22 1298: 1286: 1274: 1262: 1257:, p. 20 1233:. Retrieved 1219: 1192:. Retrieved 1165:, p. 15 1139: 1127: 1122:, p. 14 1111: 1106:, p. 79 1076:, p. 14 1057:, p. 13 1042:, p. 12 995: 986: 977: 968: 959: 949: 923: 917: 914: 890: 882: 873: 861: 852: 833: 829: 821: 795: 782: 771: 763: 741: 736: 730:In 1832 the 729: 725: 713:New Poor Law 697: 681: 655: 651: 641:used by the 639: 626:Part of the 605: 601: 585: 576: 553: 549: 542: 538: 513: 490: 474: 466: 462:William Ward 450: 446:coat of arms 431:Campden Hill 423:Bedfordshire 404: 341: 314: 288: 264: 241: 218: 199: 178: 166: 165: 106:(1848-03-18) 18: 3182:1848 deaths 3177:1793 births 3106:John Stuart 2966:Bryn Owen, 2829:Davies 1981 2817:Davies 1981 2805:Davies 1981 2788:Davies 1981 2776:Davies 1981 2764:Davies 1981 2752:Davies 1981 2740:Davies 1981 2728:Davies 1981 2550:Davies 1981 2398:Davies 1981 2275:Davies 1981 2263:Davies 1981 2251:Davies 1981 2230:Davies 1981 2218:Davies 1981 2206:Davies 1981 2194:Davies 1981 2182:Davies 1981 2170:Davies 1981 2158:Davies 1981 2110:Davies 1981 2098:Davies 1981 2088:, p. 7 2086:Davies 1981 2074:Davies 1981 2062:Davies 1981 2050:Davies 1981 2038:Davies 1981 2026:Davies 1981 2014:Davies 1981 1999:Davies 1981 1982:Pearce 2004 1970:Pearce 2004 1955:Davies 1981 1943:Davies 1981 1931:Davies 1981 1919:Davies 1981 1907:Davies 1981 1895:Davies 1981 1883:Davies 1981 1871:Davies 1981 1859:Davies 1981 1847:Davies 1981 1835:Davies 1981 1823:Davies 1981 1811:Davies 1981 1799:Davies 1981 1787:Davies 1981 1775:Davies 1981 1763:Davies 1981 1751:Davies 1981 1739:Davies 1981 1727:Davies 1981 1715:Davies 1981 1703:Davies 1981 1691:Davies 1981 1679:Davies 1981 1667:Davies 1981 1655:Davies 1981 1643:Davies 1981 1631:Davies 1981 1619:Davies 1981 1607:Davies 1981 1595:Davies 1981 1583:Davies 1981 1564:Davies 1981 1537:Davies 1981 1525:Davies 1981 1513:Davies 1981 1501:Davies 1981 1489:Davies 1981 1477:Davies 1981 1446:Davies 1981 1434:Davies 1981 1422:Davies 1981 1410:Davies 1981 1398:Davies 1981 1386:Davies 1981 1369:Davies 1981 1357:Davies 1981 1342:, p. 4 1340:Davies 1981 1291:Davies 1981 1279:Davies 1981 1267:Davies 1981 1255:Davies 1981 1235:15 December 1212:Davies 1981 1194:15 December 1163:Davies 1981 1144:Davies 1981 1132:Davies 1981 1089:Davies 1981 1074:Davies 1981 1055:Davies 1981 1040:Davies 1981 879:Later years 755:South Wales 749:Free Church 647:ironmasters 495:in 1843 by 256:ironmasters 239:, in 1847. 191:South Wales 55:Predecessor 3171:Categories 3151:1803–1848 3117:1814–1848 3083:1815–1848 3064:1815–1848 3034:0708310141 2122:Brown 1893 1462:Urban 1845 1458:Davis 1855 1303:Davis 1855 1224:Greig 1911 1120:Davis 1855 1116:Lodge 1834 1104:Lodge 1834 1007:References 936:References 774:John Guest 732:Reform Act 545:fee simple 435:Kensington 185:and early 92:1793-08-10 2970:, Vol 2: 2960:656673626 2939:Morgannwg 2930:421852799 2911:657158111 1552:Reid 1864 911:, Cardiff 844:93rd Foot 721:Corn Laws 717:Game Laws 533:Luton Hoo 505:stillborn 419:Luton Hoo 329:Cambridge 279:Whitehall 187:Victorian 135:Spouse(s) 125:Residence 65:Successor 2945:: 69–88. 885:Chartism 856:Riot Act 840:Yeomanry 715:and the 666:National 661:Politics 580:pig iron 415:Ayrshire 260:colliers 183:Georgian 118:Kirtling 3007:5622916 1325:7 March 788:of the 786:Colonel 630:in 1859 444:Bute's 396:Coroner 392:Sheriff 157:Parents 3031: 3005: 2986: 2958: 2928: 2909: 2890: 2875:479323 2873: 848:Brecon 612:Rhigos 596:Rhigos 425:, and 366:, the 362:, the 113:Buried 941:Notes 896:Death 693:Whigs 556:Ascog 407:seats 225:seats 147:Issue 3029:ISBN 3003:OCLC 2984:ISBN 2956:OCLC 2926:OCLC 2907:OCLC 2888:ISBN 2871:OCLC 1327:2019 1237:2012 1196:2012 705:Tory 699:the 509:John 394:and 382:and 258:and 237:John 101:Died 86:Born 907:in 578:of 433:in 421:in 327:in 262:. 175:FRS 39:FRS 3173:: 2943:21 2941:. 2845:. 2795:^ 2596:^ 2557:^ 2529:^ 2378:^ 2006:^ 1989:^ 1962:^ 1575:^ 1544:^ 1469:^ 1376:^ 1347:^ 1318:. 1245:^ 1204:^ 1170:^ 1151:^ 1096:^ 1081:^ 1062:^ 1047:^ 1032:^ 1014:^ 417:, 409:, 402:. 358:, 354:, 350:, 197:. 173:, 171:KT 169:, 36:KT 3037:. 3009:. 2992:. 2962:. 2932:. 2913:. 2896:. 2877:. 2849:. 1329:. 1239:. 1198:. 1026:. 743:" 678:" 94:) 90:(

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