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Johan
Gadolin married first, at age 35, Hedvig Tihleman, with whom he had nine children. After his wife's death he married, at age 59, Ebba Palander. Gadolin retired as professor emeritus in 1822 at age 62, a mandatory age of retirement. He moved to a country estate where he lived for another 30
383:). This thermochemical work required extremely precise measurements. Gadolin published important papers on specific heat by 1784, and on the latent heat of steam in 1791. He demonstrated that the heat of ice was equal to the heat of snow, and published a standard set of heat tables.
339:
in 1797, after the death of Pehr Adrian Gadd. He retained the position until his retirement in 1822. He was one of the first chemists who gave laboratory exercises to students. He even allowed the students to use his private laboratory.
308:
was selected instead. Gadolin became an extraordinary professor at Åbo in 1785 (an unpaid position). Beginning in 1786, he made a chemical "grand tour" of Europe, visiting universities and mines in various countries. He worked with
520:
In an earlier paper in 1788 Gadolin showed that the same element can show several oxidation states, in his case Sn(II) and Sn(IV) 'by combining itself with larger or smaller amounts of the calcinating substance'. He described the
785:
Dissertatio chemica de analysi ferri, quam, venia ampliss. facult. philos., praeside Torb. Bergman publice ventilandam sistit
Johannes Gadolin, aboa-fenno. In auditorio gustaviano majori d. 9 jun. anno
1514:
864:
Pantologia A new cabinet cyclopaedia, comprehending a complete series of essays, treatises, and systems, alphabetically arranged; with a general dictionary of arts, sciences, and words
546:
Having established the composition of
Prussian blue, Gadolin suggested a method for precipitating ferrous iron as ferro ferricyanide, preceding the work of Gay-Lussac by forty years.
304:
Gadolin was fluent in Latin, Finnish, Russian, German, English and French in addition to his native
Swedish. He was a candidate for the chair of chemistry at Uppsala in 1784, but
557:, a system of mineral classification based upon chemical principles. The introduction outlines Gadolin's theories, and the text presents mineral species in a systematic ordering.
387:
The best series of experiments on the distribution of heat among different bodies was performed before the year 1784 by
Professor Gadolin of Åbo, who, rejecting the notion of
577:
by using the "counter-current principle". By requiring water coolant to flow uphill, the effectiveness of the condenser was increased. This principle was later used by
1539:
630:
of 1827 started in a bakery and damaged or destroyed much of the town of Åbo. Gadolin's laboratory and collection of minerals near the cathedral were destroyed.
217:
1315:
Pyykkö, Pekka; Orama, Olli (1988). "Johan
Gadolin's 1788 paper mentioning the several oxidation states of tin and their disproportionation reaction".
395:. One of the most beautiful consequences derived from this theory, was the determination of the absolute zero or lowest point in the scale of Heat.
1420:
1186:
490:. By careful experiments, Gadolin determined that approximately 38% of the sample was a previously unknown "earth", an oxide which was later named
573:
Gadolin is also famous for publishing one of the earliest examples of counter-current condensers. In 1791 he improved a condenser design of his
1564:
1519:
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Gadolin studied the relationship of heat to chemical changes, in particular, the ability of different substances to absorb heat (
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or German silver, it was a less expensive silver substitute often containing copper, zinc, nickel, and tin.
1529:
594:
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Systema fossilium analysibus chemicis examinatorum secundum partium constitutivarum rationes ordinatorium
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60:
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Chemische
Annalen für die Freunde der Naturlehre, Arzneygelahrheit, Haushaltungskeit und Manufacturen
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235:. Bergman founded an important research school, and many of his students, including Gadolin,
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498:, was the first known rare-earth metal compound—at that time, it was not yet regarded as an
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The
Encyclopædia Britannica, Or, Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature
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Argent, on a bend Azure with two mullets Or between a rose Gules and crystals Proper.
352:
147:
1237:(1794). "Undersökning af en svart tung Stenart ifrån Ytterby Stenbrott i Roslagen".
985:
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582:
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Reports of many of
Gadolin's chemical investigations appeared in German in Crell's
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360:
158:
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1017:
Encyclopedia of the elements: technical data, history, processing, applications
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One of
Gadolin's latest studies was the chemical analysis of the Chinese alloy
322:
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216:) when he was fifteen. Later he changed his major to chemistry, studying with
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Gadolin became the ordinary professor of chemistry at the Royal Academy of
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997:
231:("Chemical dissertation on the analysis of iron"), under the direction of
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699:(1932). "The discovery of the elements: XVI. The rare earth elements".
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Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
755:(Gadolin, Johan ed.). Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner's Sons.
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471:
467:
204:, professor of physics and theology at Åbo. Johan began to study
154:
135:
102:
1390:"Observationes de Cupro Albo Chinensium, Pe-tong, vel Pack-tong"
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and discussed the role of oxygen in combustion in a modern way.
165:
research, as the second holder of the Chair of Chemistry at the
593:
Gadolin was knighted and is registered under number 245 in the
491:
475:
197:
858:
Good, John Mason; Gregory, Olinthus; Bosworth, Newton (1819).
446:
1163:
336:
190:
173:). Gadolin was ennobled for his achievements and awarded the
56:
134:(5 June 1760 – 15 August 1852) was a Finnish
1020:(1st reprint. ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 437.
971:"Sir Johan Gadolin of Turku: the grandfather of gadolinium"
542:
A private first day cover, Finland, honoring Johan Gadolin.
351:
Although he never visited France, he became a proponent of
685:(6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education.
1314:
1109:
Daintith, John; Tootill, E.; Gjertsen, D., eds. (1994).
1081:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 79.
812:"Rediscovery of the Elements: Yttrium and Johan Gadolin"
399:
1108:
462:
Gadolin became famous for his description of the first
502:
in the modern sense. His work was published in 1794.
1173:
Episodes from the History of the Rare Earth Elements
470:. In 1792 Gadolin received a sample of black, heavy
1421:"What are Nickel Silver, German Silver and Alpaca?"
1394:
Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis
857:
379:) and the absorption of heat during state changes (
810:Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (2008).
748:
695:
348:Gadolin made contributions in a variety of areas.
1540:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1476:
1142:. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black. p. 645
900:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 309.
809:
359:(1798) was the first chemistry textbook in the
161:. He is also considered the founder of Finnish
1448:
1446:
782:
1255:
1047:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 122–123.
1044:Science in the Enlightenment: An Encyclopedia
834:
517:were named after Gadolin by its discoverers.
391:, introduced the unexceptionable expression,
1185:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
934:. Finnish Academy of Science & Letters.
581:, in what is today usually referred to as a
505:The mineral that Gadolin examined was named
189:Johan Gadolin was born in Åbo (Finnish name
1443:
1239:Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar
1227:
776:
751:Complete dictionary of scientific biography
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1078:AbeBooks Elements of Early Modern Physics
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783:Gadolin, Johan; Bergman, Torbern (1781).
227:. In 1781, he published his dissertation
1115:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 324.
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1112:Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists
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220:, the first chair of chemistry at Åbo.
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1256:Forsyth, Maria; Hinton, Bruce (2014).
1164:Pyykkö, Pekka and Orama, Olli (1996).
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658:Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland
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1259:Rare Earth-Based Corrosion Inhibitors
1166:"What did Johan Gadolin actually do?"
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1040:
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400:Yttrium, the first rare-earth element
157:, which was later determined to be a
1283:
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1136:Black, Adam; Black, Charles (1842).
969:Dean, P B; Dean, K I (August 1996).
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672:
355:'s theory of combustion. Gadolin's
328:Gadolin was elected a member of the
229:Dissertatio chemica de analysi ferri
1418:
1175:. Dordrecht: Kluwer. pp. 1–12.
897:Early Days of X-ray Crystallography
727:
13:
1565:Physicists from the Russian Empire
1262:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 4.
689:
370:
14:
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330:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1520:Discoverers of chemical elements
1295:Periodic Table of Elements: LANL
1203:The Chemistry of the Lanthanides
931:Finland: A Cultural Encyclopedia
566:in 1810 and 1827. Also known as
445:
429:
413:
31:
1500:18th-century Finnish physicists
1338:"Finland's most famous chemist"
653:Biografiskt lexikon för Finland
37:Postage stamp depicting Gadolin
640:
363:that questioned the theory of
1:
1368:The Mineralogical Record, Inc
990:10.1016/S1076-6332(96)80523-X
701:Journal of Chemical Education
682:The discovery of the elements
666:NBN:fi:sls-4560-1416928957166
633:
613:
1206:. Pergamon. pp. 39–44.
747:Kopperl, Sheldon J. (2008).
296:Resources in other libraries
272:Resources in other libraries
7:
1510:19th-century Finnish people
1454:"Johan Gadolin (1760–1852)"
860:"Scheele (Charles William)"
679:Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956).
656:(in Swedish). Helsingfors:
605:. His heraldic device was:
16:Finnish chemist (1760–1852)
10:
1581:
1342:The Pharmaceutical Journal
1041:Burns, William E. (2003).
597:. He was also awarded the
529:2 Sn(II) ⇌ Sn(0) + Sn(IV).
1560:Uppsala University alumni
1388:Gadolin, Johanne (1827).
1200:Moeller, Therald (2013).
1171:. In Evans, C. H. (ed.).
595:Finnish House of Nobility
588:
291:Resources in your library
267:Resources in your library
246:
223:In 1779 Gadolin moved to
200:). Johan was the son of
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30:
23:
553:. In 1825 he published
313:, editor of the journal
243:, became close friends.
185:Early life and education
146:. Gadolin discovered a "
1075:Heilbron, J.L. (1982).
894:Authier, Andre (2013).
599:Order of Saint Vladimir
175:Order of Saint Vladimir
150:" containing the first
1555:Swedish-speaking Finns
1458:Escutcheons of Science
835:Sella, Andrea (2009).
611:
543:
397:
357:Inledning till Chemien
210:Royal Academy of Turku
167:Royal Academy of Turku
83:Grand Duchy of Finland
1550:Rare earth scientists
1545:Scientists from Turku
1535:Finnish mineralogists
1505:19th-century chemists
1495:18th-century chemists
866:. London: J. Walker.
837:"Gadolin's Condenser"
607:
541:
509:in 1800. The element
478:in a Swedish village
385:
344:Chemical achievements
317:in Germany, and with
85:, Russian Empire
1014:Enghag, Per (2004).
534:Analytical chemistry
241:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
214:Åbo Kungliga Akademi
171:Åbo Kungliga Akademi
984:(Suppl 2): S165–9.
928:Alho, Olli (1997).
713:1932JChEd...9.1751W
628:Great Fire of Turku
623:on 15 August 1852.
619:years. He died in
603:Order of Saint Anna
488:Carl Axel Arrhenius
237:Johan Gottlieb Gahn
193:), Finland (then a
179:Order of Saint Anna
152:rare-earth compound
1530:Finnish geologists
978:Academic Radiology
721:10.1021/ed009p1751
697:Weeks, Mary Elvira
544:
523:disproportionation
464:rare-earth element
225:Uppsala University
1419:Wiggins, Pamela.
788:. Uppsala: Edman.
707:(10): 1751–1773.
621:Mynämäki, Finland
353:Antoine Lavoisier
315:Chemische Annalen
253:Library resources
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110:Scientific career
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