910:
280:
stay with her grandmother. Remedios was the first female law graduate of the
University of Barcelona and among the first three female PhD graduates from the University of Madrid, to gain another PhD from the University of Berlin. She married Yen Huai Liu, a fellow PhD student from China. In the 1930s the couple settled in China and later, together with seven children, in Taiwan. In 1921, already in Chile, Bardina remarried with a local girl Raquel Venegas (born 1902); none of the sources consulted offers any information on her family. The couple had 4 children, Joan, Raquel, Rebeca and Marta, born between 1922 and 1927. Joan Bardina Venegas married Yolanda Carvajal from Peumo, Chile, in 1946 and had four children: Yoli (1948), Joan (1949), Jorge (1950) and Veronica Remei (1954). All of Joan Bardina Castara's grandchildren married and had a total of 25 great-grandchildren;
532:, the plan got heavily subsidized by municipal and provincial authorities and materialized as Escola de Mestres in 1906. Allocated prestigious premises, well-staffed and perfectly equipped, it was a fusion of Krausism and Catalanism, with Lliguista political designs in the background. With some 40 teenagers pursuing the curriculum every year, it became “Institució única en la história de l’educació catalana”. In 1908 Bardina opened another school, Collegio del Remei, where first alumni of Escola de Mestres assumed teaching. The period was marked by his hectic activities; Bardina took part in linguistic and pedagogic congresses, published textbooks, launched periodicals, gave lectures and set up new institutions. He remained engaged in numerous self-governmental activities. The most important of them was
820:. Since he had neither juridical education nor juridical practice, circumstances of his nomination are not clear. The academic post gradually became his principal activity. He retained jefatura of Cátedra del Derecho de Trabajo throughout the 1930s and most of the 1940s, putting into practice his concepts of education. Bardina remained very distinct from other professors; he is remembered by his former disciples as attentive, encouraging, partner-like and sort of an “iconoclast”. Instead of lecturing the audience, he preferred – much in line with his educational outlook, though also perhaps not unrelated to his lack of juridical background – to engage in discussion. Periodically he was entrusted also with other academic assignments, e.g. temporarily holding Cátedra de Sociología y Economía Social.
969:
effort instead of result, on searching instead of absorbing, on satisfaction instead of awards/penalties and on co-operation instead of competition. The role of teachers was an apostolic one; to inspire and lead by example rather than to enforce and execute. School was to be a natural setting – hence the stress on
Catalan as native tongue, excursions, hygiene, physical exercises, experiments and interfacing with the non-scholarly realm in general; mixed-sex education and a social mix were considered components of this natural realm. Catholic moral formation was an indispensable part of the curriculum; it was formatted in functional rather than transcendent terms with stress on freedom of choice rather than obedience.
698:
802:
1029:
attempting also a summary of his pedagogical thought. In 1966 a new schooling establishment in Sant Boi was named Grup
Escolar Joan Bardina; renamed to Col·legi Joan Bardina, it keeps operating until today. Bardina was elevated to the status of a revolutionary Catalan educational thinker in 1980, entered into the public discourse and earned a number of later publications, the key of them a PhD thesis published in 1996. In Chile he attracted scholarly attention in the 1990s, focused on as a great figure of "educación chilena" and noted also in other Latin American countries. In 2008 Fundació Privada Joan Bardina was set up.
268:
190:
877:
579:
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though they note also that he was merely one of many contributors to the ongoing change in education. The most visible sign of
Bardina's presence in Spain in the 1920s and 1930s were countless editions of his anonymous manuals. In the local Valparaíso realm he gained recognition as a press pundit; his academic role earned Bardina appreciation among the disciples, though he is not noted as an influential figure among Chilean scholars of law. It is rather his commentaries on international politics, especially on the American continent, which were acknowledged in Chile and some other
442:; discussing differences of programs and contradictory positions of Carlism and nationalist Catalanism, he abandoned earlier venom. Declaring himself a Catalanist and a Carlist at the same time, he criticized the latter for scarce use of Catalan, provincial organization, cuñerismo, and giving precedence to Rey over Patria. Bardina's treaties published started to stress an autonomous concept of Catalonia. Though explicitly rejecting full political independence in favor of a self-government, his vision was mounted in a general, federal or confederal view of an
748:
1009:
1053:, chose him as their icon. Within a decisively hagiographic ambience, Bardina's pro-Francoist and pro-Nazi views are generally ignored. In social history he is considered a typical case of transitional identity in-between Carlism and a peripheral nationalism. Numerous self-devised manuals he published are barely noted and await evaluation. So far it remains unclear whether Bardina's textbooks on topics ranging from infantry tactics to grammar, self-defense, hygiene, savoir-vire and home-made confectionery are
3108:“claro está que esta Libertad y Democracia, aunque lleven Mayúscula, han de caer irremisiblemente bajo el desprecio de los pueblos, antes que nadie de los pueblos francés y británico”. According to Bardina, Hitler was an icon of democracy as “en ese movimiento liberador del pueblo alemán, a nombre de la democracia y autodeterminación de los pueblos, Adolfo Hitler ha tenido papel tan descollante, que nadie estaría en razón si no colocase a ese hombre en la cumbre de los que actúan en estos instantes”,
721:. In the 1920s he published numerous pieces, centered on education though at times dealing also with social and political issues; set in the Catholic framework, they nevertheless kept advancing innovative views on schooling. He also dedicated himself to family life, enjoying birth and education of his four children. At unspecified time in the 1920s he commenced teaching at a customs officer training center, which proved to be a safe source of income and provided him with esteem of the civil servant.
409:
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confronted the emerging
Catalan nationalism as a chaotic medley; lacking tradition and social base, according to Bardina it was advocated by a handful of intellectuals and students, indulging in sectarian exaltation and producing discord. Tending to separatism, they were “descendants of the federalists and republicans in political terms, atheists in religious terms, and Jacobins in social terms”. The only viable offer for Catalonia – Bardina argued - was this of
1033:
289:
645:, accepted in early 1917, was anyhow related to the recruitment process; one month later he signed a contract with the Bolivian government. In May 1917 Bardina already assumed his duties in La Paz, having found Instituto as a miserable institution adhering to medieval educational standards. He immediately attempted to implant his unorthodox methods, which instantly produced acute conflict with local staff. After 45 days in charge, Bardina resigned.
466:
354:
744:. For the first time he enjoyed affluence, travelling extensively, staying in the best hotels and basking in the growing prestige. As he maintained contacts with his former Barcelona editors, he kept re-issuing manuals written back in Spain; posing as an expert and hailed by friendly periodicals as “celebre Dr. Saimbraum”, one of the pen-names he assumed, Bardina used to recommend booklets of “Dra. Fanny”, another nom de plume of him.
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973:
2572:(Barcelona 1918; prologued by Dr. Saimbraum, who wrote: “Si algún libro merece el calificativo de indispensable, lector amigo, es sin duda alguna este que me complazco en presentarte. Conservar la salud y recuperarla cuando la hemos perdido ¿no es la primera y la más legitima de las aspiraciones?... Libros como éste hacen mucha falta en España y deben estar en todas las manos”,
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the time La Lliga attempted to re-format education system along
Catalanist lines; one of the instruments envisioned was Patronato de Escuelas, intended to supervise a network of Catalan schools for the working class. Starting 1904 Bardina worked closely with Prat de la Riba to finalize the project; eventually La Lliga failed to push it through the Catalan self-governing bodies.
570:, was sentenced and executed; also Bardina got ostracized and stigmatized, and police developed interest in his activities. 1909 marks the breakup date between him and Prat de la Riba. Subsidies for Bardina's projects dried out. Unable to cope financially on their own, both Escola de Mestres and Collegio del Remei closed in 1910; Bardina became sort of an outcast.
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less attention. How
Bardina put his ideas into practice remains rather obscure; the 1906-1910 period at Escola de Mestres is analyzed in detail, but there is no study of his term in the Santiago seminary in the late 1910, in the Valparaíso college in the 1920s, in Escuela de Derecho in the 1930s and 1940s or in fiscal and customs training schools in Chile.
536:, a long term educational project developed by the Barcelona city council and launched in 1908. Asked by Prat de la Riba to work on the document a few years earlier, Bardina heavily contributed to its pedagogical section, mostly within the Krausist-Catalanist framework and occasionally assuming a somewhat anti-conservative flavor.
396:. In a symbolic gesture, he shortened his pen-name from “Valcarlos” to “Val”. Bardina's anti-regime stand cost him another detention; he was spared sanctions thanks to private links. In 1903 he openly lambasted Carlist executive for ineptitude. Ridiculed by the party press as ex-Carlista, Bardina declared having been a
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the children were: John, b. 1933 (pilot in USA; three daughters), Henry- 1936-2009 (PhD Professor & inventor in USA- three sons), George - 1939-2012 (USA- one daughter one son), Mary- 1942 (PhD in USA; one daughter and one son), Annie- 1946 (IT in
Australia; two sons), Helen- 1948 (IT in USA; one
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e.g. in 1945 he considered monarchic claims of Don Juan merely a vehicle of pursuing imperialist
British interests, “los reyes son los brazos desnacionalizantes de Gran Bretaña, tanto en Grecia y Yugoslavia como en España. Son rebrotes afrancesados cuya nacionalización no se ha realizado todavía. Un
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Estudios
Universitarios Catalanes, Los Estudios Normales de la Mancomunitat, Patronato Escolar de Barcelona, los Grupos Escolares, El Instituto Escuela, la Escuela Normal de la Generalitat, Escuela Vallparadís, Colegio Mont Cor, Escuela Blanquerna, Escuela Sant Jordi and other, Martorell, Cassasses,
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Currently Bardina is recognized in Catalonia and in Chile as an innovative theorist of education; though his direct influence was limited to own disciples, be it those of Escola de Mestres or Escuela de Derecho, he is credited for contributing to a new school of pedagogy. A few streets in Catalonia,
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Upon the news of Bardina's demise, in 1951 his former disciples and alumni organized a homage in his native Sant Boi. Soon afterwards three of them started to collect data for his brief biography, which was published in 1959; in 1961 one of them issued a 20-page booklet, apart from biographical info
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Bardina's views on education are reconstructed predominantly on basis of his theoretical works. His opus consists mostly of articles, scattered across numerous periodicals issued in Spain or in Chile. His manuals, published anonymously and few of them covering education-related topics, attracted far
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Though Carlism adopted an ambiguous position on the question of autonomy and though federative concepts were vaguely advanced by some key Carlist pundits, definitive and adamant stand of Bardina was barely acceptable for the party executives. Aware of this skepticism, in 1900 Bardina declared he was
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seminary. He kept collecting awards until the mid-1890s, as a teenager developing interest in photography, folk customs and tourism. However, path towards an ecclesiastical career was abruptly abandoned. Trying his hand in local journals, Bardina published a pamphlet deemed disrespectful towards the
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piece juxtaposed hunger and misery of the people and luxury gifts given out by the king. A mother of the children he was teaching was friend to wife of the military governor, and intervened successfully. The governor called Bardina, interviewed him, released him, and made him the teacher of his own
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in Spain. His interest in Catalanism and education led to taking part in the 1903 Congreso Universitario Catalán, one of mushrooming Catalanist education-related initiatives. He offered own views on a future Catalan academic system, declaring also that all primary education should be in Catalan. At
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activist; her father was involved in housekeeping, printing and distribution of a periodical Bardina worked with. In 1907 their only child, Remedios (Reimei) Bardina Soronellas, was born. The girl initially lived with her parents and then with her widowed father in Barcelona, after his departure to
1708:
Canal 2005, p. 78; in 1900 Bardina accused Guardia Civil of torturing the Carlists; the issue was banned and Bardina was fined, Canal 1996, pp. 63-4, Canal 2005, p. 77. Another fine followed once he attacked the Cortes deputies and was mentioned in Cortes himself, Canal 1996, p. 64, Canal 2005, p.
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according to some scholars periodically Bardina provided most of the contents, Canal 1996, p. 55; it is quite possible, given the weekly usually did not exceed 4 pages, in one fourth filled with cartoons. Bardina contributed under various pen-names; the ones identified so far – not only in case of
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Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 13; since the early 1890s he was used to earning money by winning various literary contests, the first one in 1889, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 18, p. 152. With premature death of his father, his widowed mother and his sisters moved to Barcelona, Martorell,
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Bardina rejected what he perceived as antiquated education system and strove to build a new one. Its objective was not to pass on knowledge, but to prepare for life within a system. The means was to reinvigorate and channel natural potential of students; this in turn was to be achieved by focus on
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Bardina did not demonstrate political sympathies until the mid-1890s; influenced by the spirit of fellow seminarians, he neared Carlism. In 1895 he published first poems in the Carlist press, signed with a histrionic pen-name "Valcarlos", and kept contributing to various Traditionalist titles; his
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During the period of 1904-1909 Bardina seemed a rising star of the Catalan education system; afterwards he remained sidetracked, to disappear entirely in 1917. Some scholars claim that schooling initiatives of Mancomunitat, launched in the 1910s and 1920s, were influenced by the Bardinian vision,
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found himself under particularly heavy fire for archaic concept, a clash perhaps related to Bardina's episode in Bolivia. Currently Bardina is counted among scholars forming l’Escola Nova, a common term applied retroactively to a number of Catalan educators who commenced activity in the late 19th
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Educated in a kindergarten, at the age of 5 Joan was able to read and write. In 1884 he moved to elementary school, excelling as an extraordinary student. It was the headmaster who suggested that the boy pursues a more ambitious career. In line with the advice, in 1887 Joan entered the Barcelona
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a dilettante in many fields he wrote about, throughout all his life Bardina wrote as an expert; under a pen-name he wrote recommendations for another of his pen-names, and under this one to write prologues to works written also by himself, but under one more pen-name. At least some of his works
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Bardina viewed the Spanish Civil War as a social conflict, though his view was from orthodox. According to him, the Republicans offered unworkable recipes of false democracy, while the Nationalists sought a holistic solution; "El general Franco, en dos de sus discursos, ha esbozado un excelente
416:
Support for historical territorial identities and for loose organization of state has been major component of the Carlist vision; initially it seemed that Bardina's view on the Catalan question was firmly anchored within this outlook. Feeling profoundly Catalan, in line with orthodox Carlism he
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the sacrifice was useless; Baldiri died shortly afterwards, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 68-69. The military service was not very challenging anyway; during few months Bardina had to show up at a Barcelona military office to perform bureaucratic duties, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp.
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authorities, which caused problems in print and in distribution; the weekly went into decline. His manuals, reprinted for years in Spain, were already 20 years old and dried out as a source of royalties. Though in 1945 Bardina was still noted as an energetic, elderly gentleman, his health soon
589:
Cut off from public money, Bardina ensured private support. In 1911 the Dural couple, owners of a well-to-do trading company, agreed to finance a new school. It materialized as Institución Spencer; Bardina, apart from having been a headmaster, taught math, geography, languages and history. The
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governments, discussing political stand of the Church, and promoting Catalanism; he wrote poetry and essays. His advances against pro-Alfonsist course of the Church cost Bardina a conflict with seminarian superiors and led to leaving the seminary. His zealous, Carlism-formatted Catalanism cost
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it seems that editor-in-chief of the daily was unaware of identity of his correspondent. The column was quite popular and at one point it drew attention of the military; the army requested to see the “captain”; Bardina did not show up and from that moment onewards he used to sign as "C.E.M.",
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It is not completely clear how Bardina developed his interest in education and what his inspiration was. His ideas on the long term relationship between forming teachers and its socio-economic consequences are only reflected on his work. Some scholars assume that his first observations were a
728:, a business magazine focused on commerce. The project proved hugely successful, with the review distributed in many American countries; it also consumed much of his time, as gathering information and establishing new links Bardina started to travel across the continent; his trips took him to
892:; young people were turning to him when seeking jobs. He was offered newspaper management posts back in Spain, awarded prestigious medals and other international honors. The period of prospect lasted until the mid-1940s, when fortune abandoned Bardina again. Due to its pro-Nazi sympathies,
484:
and in 1904 entered its Comisión de Escuelas, though Bardina is not known to have held any posts in the party. In the mid-1900s he was already within the “intellectuales orgánicos” circle of Prat de la Riba, individuals staying clear of politics but engaged in ground-level work within the
31:
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a village on the Spanish-French frontier; it is there where defeated during the Third Carlist War and heading for exile in France, in 1876 the claimant Carlos VII declared “I will come back!” The statement became a Carlist war cry and kept raising the Carlist spirits for decades to
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Bardina found himself in financial dire straits, especially that creditors of Escola de Mestres threatened him with legal action. With life in Barcelona becoming unbearable, he pondered upon starting an entirely new life elsewhere. In 1912 with some of his former alumni he moved to
829:. The periodical, very much a one-man show, kept appearing for some 15 years and was distributed in America and in Europe. It turned into his personal tribune; apart from review of international politics, it covered a vast array of other topics, earning him position also abroad.
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daughter), Vincent-1952 (inventor & engineer in USA; two sons). Yen Huai Liu died in Taiwan in 1982 and Remedios passed away in San Diego, USA in 1999. Remedios' life in China was captured in her self-published memoir: "My Fifteen Years In China" by R. Bardina Liu, 1996.
1537:
in somewhat archaic Catalan "lo mestre titas" (according to another orthographic version also “lo mestre tites”) means "master of the hens". It was a proverbial reference to a helpful but poor teacher, whose educational premises were used also for breeding chicken, see
558:. With army restoring order and massive casualties, political establishment took a decisively conservative turn; also Prat de la Riba and La Lliga re-considered the question of alliances and enemies. Liberal educational initiatives became the focus of suspicion. The
780:, a weekly Monday column discussing international politics which kept appearing until the early 1930s. His pieces fell chiefly into three fields: education, international politics and internal social and political issues, the last one covered mostly from the
2978:" la juventud falangista de Badajoz publicaba un programa que verá la luz en estas columnas. En él se atacaba fuertemente al capitalismo individualista y se decía que era necesario acercar la propiedad privada a todos., dando al campesino su propia tierra",
345:, first volume of an intended series on history of Carlism and two treaties discussing his vision of Carlist Catalonia; they raised many eyebrows, and in 1900 Llauder explicitly prohibited Bardina propagating his Catalanist-Carlist outlook. Militant tone of
363:
It is not clear whether Bardina took part in Carlist military gear-up to overthrow the regime in 1899-1900; his publications, including a self-devised infantry tactical rulebook, were clearly pointing in this direction. The conspiracy boiled down to
2317:
Primer Congreso Internacional de la Llengua Catalana of 1906; Bardina took part especially its philology and philosophy section, though also in the social and juridical ones, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 163, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p.
239:; especially the latter was recognized in the town. The newly married couple had one child, a daughter, before Dolores died. A widower, Joan married her younger sister, Josepa Castarà Ciuró. They had 4 children, Josepa, Joan, Baldiri and Magdalena.
2527:
in 1914 Prat launched L’Institut d’Estudis Catalans, la Biblioteca de Catalunya, Les Biblioteques Populars, La Universitat Industrial, La Instrucció Pedagògica, but there is no mention of Bardina engaged in any of them, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p.
590:
enterprise was largely a private Durall tuition affair, as the only alumni known were their numerous children and Bardina's own oldest daughter. For financial reasons or reasons which are not clear, the school closed after just one year, in 1912.
485:
conservative, bourgeoisie Catalanism. Starting mid-1900 Bardina was to engage in a variety of Catalanist educational initiatives, be it congresses, lectures, newspapers, schools, self-governmental or private institutions and various associations.
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in 1900. Himself exempted from military service, in 1901 he volunteered to spare conscription of his sickly brother Baldiri. At that time he was already trying to make a living by contributing to Barcelona periodicals and publishing own booklets.
1950:
Canal 1996, p. 60, Canal 2005, p. 75; according to some scholars, his vision “podría condensarse en independencia de Catalunya, dentro de una unidad federal ibérica” - Buenaventura Delgado, Ramon Cortada, Josep Gonzalez-Agapito, Claudio Lozano,
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for Colombia compare papers of 1. Congreso Iberoamericano de Docentes e Investigadores en Historia de la Educación Latinoamericana (Bogota 1992), for Argentina see those of Jornadas Docentes Universitarias de Historia de la Educación (San Juan
1413:"la gran mayoria de los seminaristas es carlista" – read an internal ecclesiastical document, Canal 1996, p. 52; Carlism was not an unusual preference among lower clergy, in some seminaries and in some religious orders - John N. Schumacher,
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his heritage is influencing the Catalan educational thought of the era but also spirit of the institutions ran by Mancomsunitat: Patronat d'Escoles, Consell de Pedagogia, Quaderns d’Estudi, and on his alumni, Jiménez Serradilla, p.
1560:– are "Said", "Pepet de les Pomes", "Abel", "Fusta", "Tofolet", "Dra. Fanny", "Dr. Saimbraun", "Lautaro", "Un Capitán de Estado Mayor" and "C.E.M.", Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 156, 193, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 59
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Apart from work as a private tutor in well-to-do Barcelona families Bardina had no experience as to education, though he grew enthusiastic about the subject and befriended individuals from the scholarly realm; among them were the
349:
brought administrative fines, which in April 1900 led to disappearance of the title. Bardina was trialed for instigating to rebellion and fined; indeed by scholars he is considered representative of a “catastrophist” approach.
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founded in 1984 by Agustí Chalaux i de Subirà and Lluís Maria Xirinacs; its declared objectives are fighting “bribery, corruption, poverty, budget shortages and abuse of power”, see the official Institute website, available
1730:, Barcelona 1899 (another edition followed in 1900). The booklet triggered juridical investigation, which was terminated with no action undertaken, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 158, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 60
2650:; it is not clear at which university it was accepted. Bardina himself admitted that his work was of limited originality (“tiene un cierto aire de originalidad”), Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 18, 212-215, Canal 1996, p. 50
1348:
Yen Huai Liu was a famous Chinese explorer of the Great Gobi Desert, a college Professor, author of many college textbooks, and a decorated war hero. He served in the Nationalist Kuomintang Air force fighting the Japanese
1000:
century and consolidated in the 1920s. According to some, he was its “activista e impulsor”, and l’Escola de Mestres “provided an extraordinary momentum which from the onset directed all pedagogical renewal in Catalonia”.
172:
during his youth, he is considered a typical case of a transitional political identity, moving from Carlism to peripheral nationalism. Increasingly concerned with social issues, by the end of his life he sympathized with
887:
The 1930s are perhaps the period of Bardina's professional and social climax. Holding a prestigious academic post, he enjoyed friendship with some highly positioned Chilean dignitaries, including the president of Chile,
181:; he also focused more on his extended family and became increasingly religious. His manuals, published anonymously and related mostly to health, hygiene and cuisine, were fairly popular in Spain in the 1920s and 1930s.
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the stress was on common good, support and love for the neighbours, with Franciscan-flavor of enjoying beautiful world made by God, embodied in Jesus - a friend of children and fishermen, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p.
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negative one, namely own 9-year period in the seminary. Having learnt the basics during university studies, he kept reading; personally he neared the Gines de los Rios brothers. Later on he admitted influence of
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which over time earned Bardina the status of a pundit and high position in the Valparaíso societé. However, co-operation with the daily ended abruptly. In 1932 Bardina sided with the striking staff against the
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he claimed having undergone scrupulous scrutiny before landing the job, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 197-8, perhaps also his already recognized standing in the Valparaíso realm was not unrelated
494:
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he has long abandoned earlier monarchism, turning not only a republican, but also supporter of universal suffrage, including the feminine vote, compare his comments on the Spanish republican constitution,
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and not necessarily representative of his concept of education. Escola de Mestres was not designed as a model school; it was envisaged as a specific institution, supposed to provide cadres for the future
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it is not clear whether there were any political antecedents among Bardina’s ancestors; as to their general outlook it is only known that his parents, and especially his mother, were profoundly religious
853:’s social legislation, considered “más acentuadamente social que la legislación obrera de la República”, yet he criticized Francoism for crackdown on Catalan and Basque culture. Bardina's sympathy for
231:. He married a local girl, Dolores Castarà Sigró. She also came from a humble, though somewhat better positioned family; her parents, Josep Castarà Marigó and María Ciuró (originally Sigró) Puig, were
991:
was charged with excessive “institucionalismo”, apart from issues related to mixing ages and inward-leaning perspective. Padre Manjón was suspected of excessive stress on rules and the followers of
3188:. Bardina neither accepted nor rejected; he commenced discussion on terms and conditions. Outbreak of the Civil War in 1936 ruined the plans, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 198-9
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e.g. he was appointed member of a jury reviewing application for grants, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 15; in 1908 he was to become secretario of a planned Institución de Cultura Popular,
641:. As initial recruitment process, staged by Ministry of Education, proved fruitless, advised by a Bolivian consul in Barcelona Bardina applied for the job. It is not clear whether his
303:, an activity which triggered correspondence between the minister of justice and ecclesiastic authorities. The same year Bardina joined a newly launched Carlist satirical weekly in
204:
1636:
Bardina hailed Aparisi as “el primero que presentó el carlismo a los españoles como el partido más firmemente liberal y cristianamente democrático”, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 61
3528:
apart from l’Escola Sant Jordi of Flos i Calcat, L’escola Horaciana of Pau Vila, Integral of Alban Rossell and a number of Mancomunitat initiatives, Jiménez Serradilla, pp. 12-14
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Congreso Pedagógico de Primera ensañanza of 1909-1910; Bardina presided over one of its sections, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 182, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 89
3299:
some scholars claim that was aware of trends in education all over the world, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 113, which is probably correct when applied to his Chilean period
1757:
he was present at the funeral of general Soliva in 1901 and later supported his cause as "Dr. Leal", lambasting general Moore and Carlos VII as traitors, Canal 1996, p. 68
1775:
a periodical of father Corbato, who remained anti-Carlist Traditionalist in a somewhat millenarian format, messianic and supporting Milicias de la Cruz, Canal 2005, p. 82
474:
prepared to abandon the Carlists if they adopt a centralist position. His relations with Prat de la Riba changed into rapprochement, acknowledged by his contributions to
2251:; its purpose was “per a la recuperació i regeneració de la personalitat catalana, el camp de l'educació era molt més operatiu que el politic”, Jiménez Serradilla, p. 17
958:
1543:
372:, whose official condemnation of those involved alienated Bardina further on. His Carlism started to assume increasingly offshoot tone. In 1901-1902 he was engaged in
1224:
exact date is not clear, some sources mention 1896. However, later on Bardina explicitly referred to “nine years spent in the seminar”, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 13
825:
610:. He viewed it already as a way to leave Spain forever, but at this stage things did not work out that way. He had to return to Barcelona; in 1914 the newly formed
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805:
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1583:
212:
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managers offered Bardina a job in Valparaíso, the proposal he accepted. In 1921 he moved to the coastal city, where he would remain until the end of his life.
861:
a champion of genuine democracy, the voice of the people, against façade democracy and capital-driven imperialism of Britain, France and their sidekicks like
3197:
in 1936 the president of Bolivia conferred upon him Golden Cross of Orden Nacional del Condor de Los Andes, a recognition of his Americanist contributions
2806:
Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 241; he was perceived as “infatigable difusor de la doctrina Social Católica”, see comments on him in a Chilean periodical
1699:
fell under the penalties applied; inability to pay was the reason why the weekly was definitely suspended, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 157
2349:, Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 16, 137. Only one issue went to print before Bardina lost control over the review and it re-formatted into Spanish as
622:. In the 1910s he published also a few self-devised and hugely successful manuals on hygiene, medicine, self-defense, savoir-vivre and home cuisine.
3763:
contain entirely erroneous claims, compare his discussion on history of the Spanish national flag, written in 1936 for the Latin American audience,
325:; its heterodoxy consisted of unusually militant tone, regionalism exceeding the standard party levels, and antipathy towards the regional leader
2677:
the school was initially organized by the Belgian legacy, and there were still some Belgians among its directors, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 221
833:
demonstrated Bardina's increasingly democratic penchant combined with concern about social issues and poverty. Initially sympathetic towards the
3131:
Poland was presented as imperialist country, with its raison d’etre oppressing other nations, which in 1939 fell victim to its own imperialism,
1395:
d; Bardina lived just to see some of his Chilean grandchildren being born. in Chile and Argentina, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 194
996:
776:, the assignment which originally brought him to Valparaíso; in fact, his contributions assumed massive scale. Bardina's flagship product was
2637:
out of 30 candidates applying, the one selected by Madrid was rejected by the Bolivians on political grounds, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 216
1198:
in 1897 he was close to signing up to ecclesiastical service in Mexico, with other seminarians, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 156
446:
as a conglomerate of kingdoms, principates, señorios and other entities. Such Catalonia would be a confessional Catholic entity with an own
365:
357:
199:
Joan Bardina Castarà descended from a working class Catalan family. His paternal grandparents, Josep Bardina and Maria Savarich, lived in a
2362:
he spoke, among others, in Ateneo Obrero, Centro Excursionista and Juventud Nacionalista, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 181-182
3038:“Quien esto escribe no es hitlerista. Y siente por Hitler una profunda simpatía y por su régimen –que es de transición- un gran respeto”,
2371:
he entered Sociedad barcelonesa de Amigos de la Instrucción, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 182, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 89
2260:
it was triggered by Romanones banning teaching religion in Catalan, though also hostile to lerreouxismo, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 130
3699:
some name him “revolutionary of education” and list among Plato, Rousseau, Ferrer i Guardia and Unamuno Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 271
1661:, Barcelona 1900. It was intended as first out of three, but the second one went to print in 1916, Canal 1996, p. 65, Canal 2005, p. 78
909:
880:
866:
3113:
3066:
3043:
3020:
2936:
1215:, as “Valcarlos”, it was well known who the author was, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 13, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 155
618:; under a pen-name "Capitán de Estado Mayor", in 1914-1917 he contributed fairly popular chronicles of military developments of the
614:
launched a number of new educational establishments, but Bardina was not invited to take part in any. He resumed collaboration with
2815:
300:
842:
762:
Apart from contributing to periodicals issued by Seminario San Rafael, Bardina kept supplying other newspapers and reviews, like
4045:
3452:
Escola Normal Superior in La Paz, where Bardina commenced teaching, was organized along the lines advised by the Belgian legacy
1209:
El Cardenal Sancha y otros excesos = media vuelta a la derecha es igual que media vuelta a la izquierda, pero todo lo contrario
1254:
34 (1996), p. 50; this seems to be a mistake. Bardina’s biographer claims that 1904 was the year when his thesis was published
901:
deteriorated rapidly and he had to abandon the academic post. As a result, his last years were plagued by financial problems.
713:
and aimed at modelling not only future priests, but also as a stepping stone towards a lay career. He started contributing to
4075:
1578:
compare e.g. the graphics featuring hanged Restoration dignitaries, accompanied by “this is how 1900 should commence” title,
772:
of Santiago de Chile; some, however, refused to publish his pieces due to “exceso de originalidad”. His key partner remained
338:; it also cost Bardina a conflict with Llauder, who considered his Catalanist-Carlist propaganda beyond the party orthodoxy.
3836:¿En busca del precedente perdido? Tríptico sobre las complejas relaciones entre carlismo y catalanismo a fines del siglo XIX
1479:¿En busca del precedente perdido? Tríptico sobre las complejas relaciones entre carlismo y catalanismo a fines del siglo XIX
521:
520:, a series intended to provide comprehensive textbooks. His most notable initiative was a college for future teachers. As
421:, who already in the 1870s hailed Catalan identity and pledged to restore traditional regional establishments. Writing to
4010:
984:
962:
368:, and most of those detained afterwards were Bardina's friends. He was profoundly disappointed by ambiguous stand of the
2158:
Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 168; it was also intended to fence off the influence of the Left-wing groupings
4030:
3937:
2612:(Barcelona 1935). It seems that he has even written anonymous articles, referring to “methods of doctor Saimbraum, see
2269:
in total there were around 160 people educated in the school, 100 males and 60 females, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 124
1457:, was styled as a letter from a girl to his fiancé; she explained why she would never marry a Liberal; in another one,
1076:
1042:
709:
In Valparaíso Bardina commenced teaching at Seminario San Rafael, a very prestigious establishment set up by the local
675:
and settled in the city. He took up assignment at a local religious school and commenced collaboration with a Catholic
244:
4040:
3206:
like the 1938 Premio de Exposición Internacional de Publicaciones in Cuba Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 200
837:, he later started to view it as incapable of solving structural issues; following a period of hesitation, during the
438:
By the turn of the centuries militant and zealous Bardina's tone gave way to somewhat moderated polemics, mostly with
4015:
3865:
3726:
3506:
2851:
1960:
4055:
2919:
2401:
El Presupuesto Extraordinario de Cultura y la Institución de Cultura Popular (1908) del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona
2382:
El Presupuesto Extraordinario de Cultura y la Institución de Cultura Popular (1908) del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona
2241:
El Presupuesto Extraordinario de Cultura y la Institución de Cultura Popular (1908) del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona
2186:
5 volumes were issued prior to 1908, covering math and grammar, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 165-166
2168:
El Presupuesto Extraordinario de Cultura y la Institución de Cultura Popular (1908) del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona
2140:
El Presupuesto Extraordinario de Cultura y la Institución de Cultura Popular (1908) del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona
2058:
El Presupuesto Extraordinario de Cultura y la Institución de Cultura Popular (1908) del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona
1307:
El Presupuesto Extraordinario de Cultura y la Institución de Cultura Popular (1908) del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona
942:
164:
he is known also as a scholar in law; in Spain, and especially in Catalonia, he is recognized as a member of the
846:
602:, the stay financed initially with private money; having obtained public grant, he then extended the mission to
4035:
3163:
1081:
870:
309:
505:
480:
and other similarly formatted periodicals. In late 1902 he was entrusted with drafting educational program of
701:
681:
3567:
Joan Gibert Camins, Alexandre Galí, Josep Agell, Ramon Sastre, Joan Llongueras, Miguel Fornaguera and others
889:
4060:
4050:
4025:
341:
The climax of Bardina's Carlist engagement fell on 1899-1900, when he published an unorthodox biography of
255:
Seminary contest, was declared arrogant in his home seminary, in 1898 Bardina left the school. He obtained
1718:
a theory that a crash of the Restoration system – perhaps a violent one – is inevitable, Canal 2005, p. 77
1647:
Aparisi y Guijarro. Apuntes biogràficos del que fue honra de Epaña y Gloria de la comunión tradicionalista
801:
149:
2955:
programa de gobierno, cuya mitad ya quisiéramos ver realizado. Con ello bastaría para salvar a España",
1528:
was already third incarnation of the title previous ones were 1868-1872 and 1888-1890, Canal 1996, p. 54
4020:
1847:
326:
2602:
Metodo de defenderse en la calle sin armas. Lecciones populares de boxeo, lucha grecoromana, jiu-jitsu
2287:
697:
2774:
2577:
926:
611:
599:
299:
pieces featured belligerent tone and scarce maturity. In 1897 he co-founded the Barcelona section of
2617:
1153:
and somewhat against the standard practice, since the oldest son was supposed to succeed his father
954:
781:
342:
267:
189:
3965:
3271:
their number is not clear. Those referred in works dealing with Bardina do not exceed one hundred
3156:
Humanismo cristiano chileno (1931-2001): sus inspiradores, sus seguidores, sus polémicas y luchas
1896:(1892) was, according to Bardina, copying 20-year-old manifestos of Carlos VII, Canal 2005, p. 76
1246:, Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 14, 68. Some authors claim he graduated in 1904, see Jordi Canal,
834:
660:
563:
555:
544:
260:
3397:
some scholars claim that his vision was based on religious neutrality, Jiménez Serradilla, p. 16
876:
321:
862:
768:
525:
476:
418:
397:
389:
369:
292:
946:
497:
439:
393:
216:
193:
44:
1477:, publication of a Carlist circle in Vilafranca de Penedès, Canal 1996, p. 49, Jordi Canal,
578:
4070:
4065:
988:
817:
668:
664:
2212:
it was opened “under protection” of Diputación Provincial, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 122
319:
remained on the margins of the Catalan Carlism, ignored by the regional party mouthpiece,
8:
3825:
El carlismo catalanista a la fi del segle XIX: Joan Bardina i Lo Mestre Titas (1897-1900)
1892:
1248:
El carlismo catalanista a la fi del segle XIX: Joan Bardina i Lo Mestre Titas (1897-1900)
455:
330:
3879:
Joan Bardina I Castará. Dades Biográfiques recollides per alumnes de l’Escola de Mestres
3587:
Joan Bardina I Castará. Dades Biográfiques recollides per alumnes de l’Escola de Mestres
3233:
1594:
considered an obstacle to activism of the youth Canal 1996, p. 55, Canal 2005, pp. 71-72
1106:
Joan Bardina I Castará. Dades Biográfiques recollides per alumnes de l’Escola de Mestres
335:
2610:
Tratado popular de medicina. Redactado por un cuerpo de reputados medicos e higienistas
2473:
Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 183-185, Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 135-137
551:
493:
481:
459:
129:
934:
400:
but never a Carlist, and in his later booklet openly challenged the “Carlo-traitors”.
4005:
3904:
La aportación bibliográfica de Joan Bardina a la Educación Física moderna (1911-1939)
3861:
3502:
3364:
La aportación bibliográfica de Joan Bardina a la Educación Física moderna (1911-1939)
3159:
2847:
1956:
1045:, a 1984-founded Catalan think tank promoting “a third way” within democracy between
987:, his vision differed by stress on Christian values and role of the family. Also the
838:
672:
443:
3085:
Bobón es un impermeable”, and criticised Franco for his complacency versus Britain,
2113:
Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 163, Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 14, 83-84
637:
to fill the post of philosophy and letters director at Instituto Normal Superior in
462:, crowned with own Catalan parliament; the only official language would be Catalan.
3753:
except those dealing with physical education, see Torrebadella Flix 2013, pp. 10-18
2598:
Los hijos bien educados. Guía practica para la educación de los niños en la familia
930:
850:
642:
516:
In the mid-1900s Bardina was contemplating educative plans of his own; he launched
427:
304:
141:
2336:
Gramàtica pedagògica de la llèngua catalana (1907), Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 15
2230:
Bardina knew Giner de los Ríos brothers personally, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 77
950:
747:
3960:
3775:
3733:
3143:
3120:
3097:
3073:
3050:
3027:
3012:
2990:
2967:
2943:
2822:
1008:
995:
were criticized for chaotic “robinsonismo” in education; a libertarian pedagogue
992:
938:
567:
2408:
2389:
2248:
2199:, Buenaventura Delgado, Ramón Cortada, Josep Gonzalez-Agápito, Claudio Lozano,
2175:
2147:
2126:, Buenaventura Delgado, Ramón Cortada, Josep Gonzalez-Agápito, Claudio Lozano,
2065:
1941:
it was selling well and the second edition soon went to print, Canal 2005, p. 74
1314:
1018:
425:, Bardina engaged in hostile exchange of arguments with Catalanist periodicals
83:
79:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3955:
3886:
Joan Bardina Castarà: Educator Catalán y sus proyecciones pedagógicas en Chile
3688:
3641:
Joan Bardina Castarà: Educator Catalán y sus proyecciones pedagógicas en Chile
3615:
2752:
referred as “escuela de Aduanas”, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 196
1102:
Joan Bardina Castarà: Educator Catalán y sus proyecciones pedagógicas en Chile
629:, where some of his alumni settled. However, in 1916 it was the government of
458:. It would be based on democratic principles, including political parties and
3999:
3856:
Buenaventura Delgado, Ramon Cortada, Josep Gonzalez-Agapito, Claudio Lozano,
3626:
Buenaventura Delgado, Ramón Cortada, Josep Gonzalez-Agápito, Claudio Lozano,
1144:
Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 53, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 5-6
897:
724:
In the early 1920s Bardina and his local collaborator Joaquín Blaya launched
607:
1671:
Catalunya autònoma. Programa carlí català en forma de Constitució Codificada
1104:, Barcelona 1996, p. 52, Artur Martorell, Enric Cassasses, Josep Parunella,
751:
676:
408:
259:
in 1899 in Instituto de Girona and graduated in philosophy and letters from
67:
529:
256:
2035:
starting 1904 Bardina started to contribute Catalanism-flavored pieces to
1305:, fathered probably (at least partially) by Prat de la Riba, issued 1906,
1117:
Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 13, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 9
1890:
Canal 1996, p. 63, Canal 2005, p. 70; The Catalanist manifiesto known as
1377:
she was personal assistant to Bardina, Anna Forés Miravelles 1996, p. 223
1054:
451:
236:
215:(died 1891), left the family home early and in search of work settled in
3926:
Joan Bardina Castará destacado pedagogo catalán: su vida y obra en Chile
1505:
A ls estudiantes tradicionalista del distrito universitario de Barcelona
1032:
671:. Acting on his advice, Bardina accompanied Salas on his return trip to
288:
2732:
2537:
it was terminated in 1910, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 162
1071:
1050:
710:
232:
228:
208:
165:
3470:
himself he spoke of “Educación Nueva”, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 105
1415:
Integrism. A Study in XIXth Century Spanish politico-religious Thought
353:
2482:
the school closed with 30,000 ptas in debt, Jiménez Serradilla, p. 16
1421:, 48/3 (1962) pp. 347, 356-7, for Catalan realm see Canal 1996, p. 51
1046:
914:
737:
733:
619:
447:
224:
220:
174:
157:
3015:; Bardina claimed that Franco confused “unidad” with “uniformidad”,
2239:
the school was referred to as “seminario de maestros nacionalistas,
539:
465:
247:; he considered a heavy reprimand received unfair. When his work on
2039:, a daily from Manresa Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 162
626:
509:
276:
252:
200:
153:
2889:
1025:, to be dropped in subsequent editions published after his death.
3983:
Agustí Chalaux de Subirà talking about Bardina (in Catalan, long)
3978:
Anna Forés i Miravelles talking about Bardina (in Spanish, short)
1066:
741:
648:
630:
603:
169:
125:
3932:
685:; it is also in Santiago where he remarried. Shortly afterwards
2026:
Canal 2005, p. 79, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 161
1739:
Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 161, Canal 2005, p. 81
1612:
Canal 1996, p. 56, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 155
858:
854:
652:
638:
634:
275:
In 1906 Bardina married Josepa Soronellas Brosé (1880-1910), a
178:
30:
2743:
see the list published in Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 229-230
977:
595:
582:
550:
In the summer of 1909 Barcelona and Catalonia were rocked by
161:
1263:
as the oldest son of a widow, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 68
972:
957:, which adds up to an amalgamate of innovators encompassing
717:, a periodical issued by the college and in 1925 renamed to
625:
In the mid-1910s Bardina's idea of leaving Spain focused on
1461:, Bardina was offering his life to the claimant, Carlos VII
729:
248:
3872:
Recuerdos de don Juan Bardina et Castara. Su vida, su obra
3814:
El aporte didáctico de Joan Bardina a la educación chilena
1041:
including the one where he was born, are named after him.
3723:
Precisiones sobre el ideario político, social y económico
3540:
was issued by the publishing house Hymsa at least 7 times
3479:
for their 30 principles see Jiménez Serradilla, pp. 13-14
1386:
Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 18, Martorell 1961, pp. 75-76
329:. Bardina's contributions fell into 3 fields: lambasting
3858:
Joan Bardina. Un revolucionario de la pedagogia catalana
3628:
Joan Bardina. Un revolucionario de la pedagogía catalana
2201:
Joan Bardina. Un revolucionario de la pedagogía catalana
2128:
Joan Bardina. Un revolucionario de la pedagogía catalana
1953:
Joan Bardina. Un revolucionario de la pedagogia catalana
812:
In 1928 Bardina was appointed professor of labor law at
2584:(Barcelona 1940). As "Dr. Saimbraum" Bardina published
793:
management; as a result he had to leave the newspaper.
388:. He might have been involved in conspiracy to replace
3961:
Bardina's biography according to Col·legi Joan Bardina
3950:
3792:
Algunas ideas de Joan Bardina acerca de la Universidad
3710:
3654:
Algunas ideas de Joan Bardina acerca de la Universidad
2731:
see the official web page of the Seminario, available
2590:
Salud, fuerza y belleza por medio de la Gimnasia Sueca
1807:
children, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 160
313:, and quickly emerged as one of its key contributors.
3061:
see e.g. his opinion on Hitler, written in May 1945,
1546:. The director was Juan Maria Roma, Canal 2005, p. 69
1057:
or rather useful contributions to popular education.
223:. It is there where he commenced working, first as a
2882:
Recuerdos de un almuno de Don Juan Bardina y Castara
2648:
Educación mediante el entrenamiento libre y graduado
1473:, publication of Joventut Carlista de Barcelona, or
3877:Artur Martorell, Enric Cassasses, Josep Parunella,
3585:Artur Martorell, Enric Cassasses, Josep Parunella,
983:Though Bardina remained highly sympathetic towards
1021:countries. In 1944 he first earned a biography in
823:In 1932 Bardina set up another weekly on his own,
3362:detailed discussion in Xavier Torrebadella Flix,
3262:Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 201-202
3215:Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 200-201
2547:Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 189-190
2500:Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 186-188
2455:Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 166-181
1766:Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 157-158
1335:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 15, Artur Martorell,
1326:Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 18, 164
403:
3997:
3803:El aporte de Joan Bardina a la Educación Chilena
2797:the list in Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 235-240
1603:bombastic and satirical alike, Canal 1996, p. 55
1211:. Though Bardina signed the piece, published in
3558:Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 2, 12
2197:Joan Bardina y la Insitucion Libre de Ensañanza
1036:Joan Bardina Foundation headquarters, Barcelona
845:. Posing as an impartial observer, he welcomed
2788:, Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 193
1244:Orígenes de la Tradición y del Régimen Liberal
857:developed along the same lines; he considered
554:-dominated and anti-religious riots, known as
207:located in the region of Urgel SW of Andorra,
152:, acknowledged for his innovative approach to
3549:the last one identified was published in 1940
2596:(Barcelona 1912, with numerous re-editions),
2594:Teoría y práctica de la gymnasia respiratoria
562:project was cancelled by the civil governor.
334:Bardina a conflict with periodicals close to
211:, and had 12 children. The youngest of them,
3725:, an analysis by Estudis Bardina, available
3687:see the official college website, available
3614:see the official college website, available
3253:Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 201
2900:Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 200
2862:Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 197
2844:Escuela de Derecho. Breve historia ilustrada
2761:Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 196
2085:Martorell, Cassasses, Parunella 1959, p. 160
1923:the practice of endorsing cuckoo candidates
961:, technocrats, Liberals and heterodox from
816:, a newly established Valparaíso outlet of
156:and for his contribution to renewal of the
29:
2842:compare Agustín Squella, Ricardo Loyola,
109:publisher, scholar, writer, Law Professor
3931:
3744:compare extensive passages in Canal 2005
1905:Canal 1996, pp. 57-58, Canal 2005, p. 72
1031:
1007:
971:
908:
875:
800:
746:
696:
647:
577:
538:
492:
464:
407:
352:
287:
266:
188:
3915:Joan Bardina Castará en Bolivia y Chile
3662:Joan Bardina Castara en Bolívia y Chile
1516:Canal 1996, p. 51-52, Canal 2005, p. 71
1003:
867:Movimiento Nacional-Socialista de Chile
3998:
1317:; Bardina wrote a prologue to the book
1283:Cassasses, Parunella 1959, pp. 18, 155
488:
376:, an even more heterodox successor of
3951:Centre d'Estudis Joan Bardina website
3870:María Esperanza Franichevic Pedrals,
2722:Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 228, 231
2280:L’Escola Nova Catalana i Joan Bardina
534:Presupuesto Extraordinario de Cultura
366:few isolated attempts in October 1900
16:Spanish-Chilean theorist of education
2695:Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 222-223
2668:Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 217-220
2308:Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 134-135
2278:María Natividad Jiménez Serradilla,
2017:Canal 1996, p. 65, Canal 2005, p. 79
1981:Canal 1996, p. 60, Canal 2005, p. 75
1932:Canal 1996, p. 59, Canal 2005, p. 74
1837:Canal 1996, p. 66, Canal 2005, p. 79
1828:Canal 2005, p. 79, Canal 1996, p. 66
1793:Canal 1996, p. 68, Canal 2005, p. 81
1686:Canal 1996, p. 69, Canal 2005, p. 83
1673:, Barcelona 1899 (two editions) and
1569:Canal 1996, p. 54, Canal 2005, p. 72
1494:Canal 1996, p. 48, Canal 2005, p. 70
1459:A Carlos VII, en lo dia del seu sant
573:
148:) (1877-1950) was a Spanish-Chilean
2428:Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 99-100
1453:initially poems; e.g. one of them,
184:
13:
3893:Joan Bardina i l’Escola de Mestres
3784:
3600:Joan Bardina i l’Escola de Mestres
2909:Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 246-7
2556:as "Dra. Fanny" Bardina published
2076:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 79, 81
1503:and co-signed a manifiesto titled
1337:Joan Bardina i l’Escola de Mestres
1189:Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 55-56
1180:Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 56-58
1135:Forés i Miravelles 1996, pp. 52-53
14:
4087:
3991:; contemporary Carlist propaganda
3944:
2918:one of his readers in Europe was
2558:Cómo dabo compromarme en Sociedad
2353:, Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 138
435:, lambasting their anti-Carlism.
380:, and niche Catholic periodicals
3756:
3747:
3738:
3715:
3702:
3693:
3681:
3671:
3646:
3633:
3620:
3608:
3592:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3531:
3522:
3512:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3373:
3356:
3347:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3184:at the Carlist Barcelona daily,
3178:
3169:
3148:
3125:
3102:
3078:
3055:
3032:
2995:
2972:
2948:
2924:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2836:
2827:
2800:
2791:
2779:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2550:
2540:
2531:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2394:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2124:La pedagogia política de Bardina
1659:Orígenes históricos del carlismo
726:Annuario Internacional Americano
301:Joventut Escolar Tradicionalista
3576:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 276
3488:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 105
3443:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 112
3434:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 108
3416:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 251
3388:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 180
3344:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 106
3335:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 106
3326:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 106
3317:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 111
2833:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 242
2713:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 227
2704:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 223
2686:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 221
2659:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 217
2628:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 216
2562:Repostería y confitería caseras
2518:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 137
2221:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 123
2206:
2189:
2180:
2161:
2152:
2133:
2116:
2107:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2051:
2042:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1810:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1721:
1712:
1702:
1689:
1680:
1664:
1652:
1639:
1630:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1572:
1563:
1549:
1531:
1519:
1510:
1497:
1488:
1464:
1447:
1437:
1424:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1368:death date unknown (after 1950)
1362:
1352:
1342:
1329:
1320:
1295:
1286:
1276:
1266:
1257:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1077:Centro de Estudios Joan Bardina
1023:Diccionario Biográfico de Chile
251:, winning the first prize at a
3668:18 (1991), and his later works
3425:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 78
3308:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 77
3290:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 13
2509:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 17
2419:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 99
2347:Revista Catalana de l’Educació
2299:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 16
2094:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 77
1301:she was the nominal author of
1292:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 15
1233:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 59
1174:
1171:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 55
1165:
1162:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 54
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1126:Forés i Miravelles 1996, p. 52
1120:
1111:
1094:
784:. It was his contributions to
522:Hermenegildo Giner de los Rios
404:Between Carlism and Catalanism
1:
4046:Spanish educational theorists
3956:Col·legi Joan Bardina website
3938:Centre d’Estudis Joan Bardina
3721:though not entirely, compare
3461:Jiménez Serradilla, pp. 12-14
1087:
1043:Centre d’Estudis Joan Bardina
659:In La Paz Bardina befriended
508:brothers, chief promoters of
219:, a town at the outskirts of
4076:20th-century Chilean lawyers
3660:18 (1991), Jorge Villagrán,
1850:), Dr. Leal (Juan Bardina),
138:Joan Doménec Bardina Castarà
7:
3853:43 (1979), pp. 325–337
3224:the last one identified is
2586:Gimnasia de las profesiones
2464:named after Herbert Spencer
1082:Lo Mestre Titas (1897-1900)
1060:
841:he tended to side with the
782:Catholic social perspective
633:which sought assistance in
10:
4092:
4011:Journalists from Catalonia
3902:Xavier Torrebadella Flix,
3228:(Barcelona 1941), compare
3158:, Santiago de Chile 2002,
1419:Catholic Historical Review
1303:Historia Sagrada Educativa
904:
796:
518:Biblioteca Escolar Moderna
283:
4031:Chilean newspaper editors
3884:Anna Forés i Miravelles,
3842:14 (2005), pp. 45–84
3831:34 (1996), pp. 47–71
3639:Anna Forés i Miravelles,
3379:Jiménez Serradilla, p. 12
3353:Jiménez Serradilla, p. 16
2491:Jiménez Serradilla, p. 16
2437:Jiménez Serradilla, p. 17
1100:Anna Forés i Miravelles,
871:Jorge González von Marées
692:
600:French educational system
121:
113:
105:
97:
89:
75:
52:
37:
28:
21:
4016:Catalan-language writers
3851:Perspectivas Pedagógicas
3154:William Thayer Arteaga,
1108:, Barcelona 1959 , p. 18
865:. Politically he neared
764:Diario Hispano-Americano
245:cardinal Sancha y Hervás
205:"Llogaret de Santa Creu"
203:"village of Santa Creu"
4056:Spanish Roman Catholics
3919:Perspectiva Educacional
3910:9 (2013), pp. 1–22
3796:Perspectiva Educacional
3765:La Semana Internacional
3666:Perspectiva Educacional
3658:Perspectiva Educacional
3499:Artur Martorell, l’home
3133:La Semana Internacional
3110:La Semana Internacional
3087:La Semana Internacional
3063:La Semana Internacional
3040:La Semana Internacional
3017:La Semana Internacional
3002:La Semana Internacional
2980:La Semana Internacional
2957:La Semana Internacional
2933:La Semana Internacional
2880:Mario Alegría Alegría,
2203:, Barcelona 1980, p. 63
2130:, Barcelona 1980, p. 27
1675:Catalunya y els carlins
1507:, Canal 1996, pp. 50-51
1339:, Barcelona 1961, p. 16
896:was blacklisted by the
890:Carlos Ibañez del Campo
826:La Semana Internacional
778:La Semana Internacional
564:Francesc Ferrer Guardia
261:University of Barcelona
4041:People from Valparaíso
3941:
3899:1961, pp. 258–276
3847:Juan Bardina i Castará
3845:Buenaventura Delgado,
3812:Juan Carlos Campbell,
3801:Juan Carlos Campbell,
3790:Juan Carlos Campbell,
3652:Juan Carlos Campbell,
2888:, 12.04.05, available
2886:Crónicas de Valparaíso
2195:Buenaventura Delgado,
2104:Parunella 1959, p. 162
1430:in a satirical weekly
1037:
1013:
980:
959:Escuelas del Ave María
917:
884:
809:
759:
706:
656:
586:
547:
500:
470:
413:
360:
295:
272:
196:
145:
4036:People from Barcelona
3989:Por Dios y por España
3935:
3807:Revista Universitaria
2810:in 1938, referred at
2062:filosofia.org service
1748:Canal 1996, pp. 67-68
1728:Táctica de Infantería
1035:
1011:
975:
912:
879:
804:
750:
700:
651:
581:
542:
498:Enric Prat de la Riba
496:
468:
440:Enric Prat de la Riba
411:
356:
291:
270:
217:Sant Boi de Llobregat
213:Joan Bardina Savarich
194:Sant Boi de Llobregat
192:
160:schooling system. In
150:theorist of education
117:theorist of education
45:Sant Boi de Llobregat
3897:Miscellania Fonstere
3818:Sociedad y Educación
3767:24.10.36, available
3604:Miscellania Fonstere
3244:Alegría Alegría 2005
3175:Alegría Alegría 2005
3135:02.09.39, available
3112:20.04.40, available
3089:28.07.45, available
3065:12.05.45, available
3042:06.02.37, available
3019:24.06.39, available
3004:27.05.39, available
2982:24.10.36, available
2959:24.10.36, available
2935:16.04.34, available
2773:22.07.26, available
2616:18.07.18, available
2576:09.11.24, available
2351:Revista de Educación
2345:in 1909 he launched
1848:José Domingo Corbató
1582:30.12.89, available
1004:Reception and legacy
976:academic education,
818:Universidad de Chile
669:Chilean armed forces
665:military ordinariate
146:Juan Bardina Castará
23:Joan Bardina Castarà
4061:Spanish monarchists
4051:Spanish journalists
4026:Chilean journalists
3840:Historia y Politica
3232:service, available
2846:, Valparaíso 2011,
2814:website, available
2407:service, available
2388:service, available
2286:service, available
2247:service, available
2174:service, available
2146:service, available
1852:Los Carlo-traidores
1818:La Veu de Catalunya
1542:service, available
1483:Historia y Politica
1434:, Canal 1996, p. 48
1313:service, available
913:primary education,
661:Rafael Edward Salas
616:La Veu de Catalunya
526:teniente de alcalde
489:Catalanist educator
477:La Veu de Catalunya
456:freedom of religion
166:Catalanist movement
3942:
3860:, Barcelona 1980,
3774:2017-03-12 at the
3732:2017-03-13 at the
3501:, Barcelona 1995,
3370:9 (2013), pp. 1-22
3142:2017-03-12 at the
3119:2017-03-12 at the
3096:2017-03-12 at the
3072:2017-03-12 at the
3049:2017-03-12 at the
3026:2017-03-12 at the
3011:2017-03-12 at the
2989:2017-03-12 at the
2966:2017-03-12 at the
2942:2017-03-12 at the
2821:2017-03-12 at the
2608:(Barcelona 1921),
2604:(Barcelona 1921),
2600:(Barcelona 1918),
2592:(Barcelona 1912),
2588:(Barcelona 1911),
2574:La Unión Ilustrada
2568:(Barcelona 1917),
2564:(Barcelona 1917),
2560:(Barcelona 1917),
2446:Lozano 1980, p. 29
1955:, Barcelona 1980,
1038:
1014:
981:
918:
885:
814:Escuela de Derecho
810:
806:Escuela de Derecho
760:
707:
657:
655:(present-day view)
587:
548:
501:
482:Lliga Regionalista
471:
460:universal suffrage
414:
361:
296:
273:
271:Barcelona seminary
197:
130:Lliga Regionalista
47:, Barcelona, Spain
4021:Chilean educators
3928:, Valparaíso 1994
3924:Jorge Villagran,
3913:Jorge Villagran,
3891:Artur Martorell,
3874:, Valparaíso 1995
3598:Artur Martorell,
3186:El Correo Catalan
2771:La Hormiga de Oro
2570:El medico en casa
2048:Canal 2005, p. 79
2008:Canal 1996, p. 59
1999:Canal 1996, p. 63
1990:Canal 2005, p. 75
1972:Canal 1996, p. 61
1914:Canal 2005, p. 73
1881:Canal 1996, p. 62
1872:Canal 2005, p. 71
1863:Canal 2005, p. 70
1846:C. P. M. Apsmav (
1784:Canal 2005, p. 81
1626:La Nació Catalana
989:Montessori school
963:Institución Libre
766:of Valparaíso or
673:Santiago de Chile
574:At the crossroads
528:in the Barcelona
506:Giner de los Rios
444:Iberian peninsula
433:La Nació Catalana
322:El Correo Catalan
209:Alto Urgel county
135:
134:
4083:
3888:, Barcelona 1996
3881:, Barcelona 1959
3778:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3736:
3719:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3650:
3644:
3643:, Barcelona 1996
3637:
3631:
3630:, Barcelona 1980
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3602:, separate from
3596:
3590:
3589:, Barcelona 1959
3583:
3577:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3541:
3538:La cocina casera
3535:
3529:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3226:La cocina casera
3222:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3152:
3146:
3129:
3123:
3106:
3100:
3082:
3076:
3059:
3053:
3036:
3030:
2999:
2993:
2976:
2970:
2952:
2946:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2786:El mundo español
2783:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2566:La cocina casera
2554:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2398:
2392:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2137:
2131:
2122:Claudio Lozano,
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1893:Bases de Manresa
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1854:, Barcelona 1904
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1677:, Barcelona 1900
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1649:, Barcelona 1900
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1485:14 (2005), p. 71
1471:El Nuevo Cruzado
1468:
1462:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1098:
1012:Catalonia, 1920s
881:Chilean fascists
835:Spanish Republic
769:Diario Ilustrado
643:PhD dissertation
469:Catalan standard
412:Carlist standard
343:Aparisi Guijarro
336:Unió Catalanista
235:specializing in
185:Family and youth
63:
61:
33:
19:
18:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4080:
3996:
3995:
3971:prensahistorica
3967:Lo Mestre Titas
3947:
3787:
3785:Further reading
3782:
3781:
3776:Wayback Machine
3761:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3734:Wayback Machine
3720:
3716:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3651:
3647:
3638:
3634:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3597:
3593:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3153:
3149:
3144:Wayback Machine
3130:
3126:
3121:Wayback Machine
3107:
3103:
3098:Wayback Machine
3083:
3079:
3074:Wayback Machine
3060:
3056:
3051:Wayback Machine
3037:
3033:
3028:Wayback Machine
3013:Wayback Machine
3000:
2996:
2991:Wayback Machine
2977:
2973:
2968:Wayback Machine
2953:
2949:
2944:Wayback Machine
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2823:Wayback Machine
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2730:
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2217:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2182:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2109:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2064:, available
2061:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2037:Pla de Bages
2036:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1952:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1891:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1804:La Barretina
1803:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1579:
1574:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1322:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1039:
1027:
1022:
1015:
997:Alexis Sluys
982:
967:
923:
919:
893:
886:
843:Nationalists
830:
824:
822:
811:
790:
785:
777:
773:
767:
763:
761:
755:
732:, Colombia,
725:
723:
718:
714:
708:
702:
686:
680:
679:periodical,
658:
624:
615:
612:Mancomunitat
592:
588:
559:
549:
533:
530:ayuntamiento
517:
515:
502:
475:
472:
437:
432:
426:
422:
415:
386:Luz Católica
385:
382:La Barretina
381:
377:
373:
362:
358:La Octubrada
346:
340:
320:
316:
315:
308:
297:
274:
257:bachillerato
241:
198:
168:. Active in
137:
136:
93:Spain, Chile
4071:1950 deaths
4066:1877 births
1055:charlatanry
560:Presupuesto
543:Barcelona,
452:freemasonry
237:lace-making
90:Citizenship
76:Nationality
41:27 May 1877
4000:Categories
3164:9561215101
2284:epedagogia
1455:A mi novio
1088:References
1072:Catalanism
1051:capitalism
752:Valparaíso
711:archbishop
677:Valparaíso
663:, head of
419:Carlos VII
390:Don Carlos
293:Carlos VII
229:blacksmith
68:Valparaíso
60:1950-10-08
3936:books of
3921:18 (1991)
3829:Recerques
3809:10 (1992)
3798:18 (1991)
3281:education
1802:the 1902
1252:Recerques
1047:socialism
943:Bartolomé
915:Catalonia
894:La Semana
839:Civil War
831:Le Semana
754:, former
738:Argentina
734:Venezuela
620:Great War
552:Anarchist
448:concordat
394:Don Jaime
225:locksmith
221:Barcelona
175:Francoism
98:Education
4006:Carlists
3772:Archived
3730:Archived
3509:, p. 85.
3166:, p. 135
3140:Archived
3117:Archived
3094:Archived
3070:Archived
3047:Archived
3024:Archived
3009:Archived
2987:Archived
2964:Archived
2940:Archived
2819:Archived
1349:invasion
1061:See also
955:Altamira
791:La Unión
786:La Unión
774:La Unión
756:La Unión
703:La Unión
687:La Unión
682:La Unión
627:Colombia
510:Krausism
374:El Cañón
370:claimant
277:feminist
253:Valencia
201:Pyrenean
154:pedagogy
3973:website
3940:, 2010s
3407:155-156
2646:titled
2290:, p. 16
1963:, p. 29
1273:159-160
1207:titled
1067:Carlism
993:Spencer
935:Bolívar
905:Thought
883:, 1940s
847:Falange
797:Scholar
742:Ecuador
667:of the
631:Bolivia
608:Britain
604:Belgium
450:, with
331:Liberal
327:Llauder
305:Catalan
284:Carlist
170:Carlism
158:Catalan
142:Spanish
126:Carlism
84:Chilean
80:Spanish
70:, Chile
58: (
3864:
3505:
3162:
2850:
1959:
951:Ribera
939:Ortega
927:Torres
863:Poland
859:Hitler
855:Nazism
851:Franco
758:office
693:Pundit
653:La Paz
639:La Paz
635:Madrid
585:, 1912
179:Nazism
3908:Cabás
3678:1992)
3368:Cabás
978:Chile
596:Paris
583:Paris
162:Chile
3862:ISBN
3769:here
3727:here
3711:here
3689:here
3616:here
3503:ISBN
3234:here
3160:ISBN
3137:here
3114:here
3091:here
3067:here
3044:here
3021:here
3006:here
2984:here
2961:here
2937:here
2890:here
2848:ISBN
2816:here
2775:here
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2618:here
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2288:here
2249:here
2176:here
2148:here
2066:here
1957:ISBN
1624:and
1584:here
1544:here
1444:come
1315:here
1049:and
953:and
740:and
730:Peru
606:and
524:was
384:and
249:Kant
177:and
53:Died
38:Born
3969:at
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3895:,
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3827:,
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3805:,
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3664:,
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2808:Lux
2580:),
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2060:,
1816:in
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931:Rey
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715:Boy
431:or
101:PhD
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937:,
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898:US
873:.
736:,
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