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military to foreigners. As expected, the demands were viewed as humiliating and unacceptable by the
Chinese. In response, Chiang, who had left the area, sent a courier to the Japanese garrison, stating that he would meet some, but not all of the stated demands. Fukuda, who deemed that his demands had not been met, launched a full-scale attack on the Chinese in Jinan in the afternoon of 8 May. Fighting was fiercest on the night of 9–10 May, with the Japanese using artillery to bombard the old walled city, where the remaining NRA troops had holed up. The civilian population of the old city were not warned in advance of the Japanese bombardment, which is thought to have resulted in many casualties. The final group of Chinese soldiers escaped under the cover of night on 10–11 May. By morning, the Japanese had gained full control of Jinan, and took up positions in the walled city. The city would remain under Japanese occupation until March 1929, when an agreement to settle the dispute over Jinan was reached. The period of occupation was defined by oppression, with freedom of the press and assembly proscribed, postal correspondence censored, and residents killed for alleged sympathies with the KMT.
658:, eight members of his staff, seven NRA soldiers, and one cook. The exact nature of the killing is contested between the Japanese and Chinese sides, with the Japanese claiming they were attacked from the upper floors, and did not know that the building was a government office or that Cai held the position of negotiator. The Chinese, on the other hand, said that the building was clearly marked, and that Cai's nose, ears, and tongue were cut off, and his eyes gouged out, before he was executed. The other members of his staff were reported by the Chinese to have been stripped naked, whipped, dragged out to the back lawn and killed with machine guns. In response to these reports, Major General Ryū Saitō wrote that the Chinese account was "propaganda", that Cai was simply shot dead during ongoing fighting between the Japanese and Chinese, and that one cannot cut off ears or noses with a bayonet.
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conflict in Jinan, he added that "before one can settle scores, one must be strong". When Chiang lectured a group of
Chinese army cadets on the subject, he urged them to turn their energies to washing away the shame of Jinan, but to conceal their hatred until the last moment. Japanese prime minister Tanaka, who also had hoped to avoid conflict, opened negotiations with Chiang, and close to a year later, in March 1929, an agreement was reached to share responsibility for the Jinan incident, settle the dispute, and withdraw all Japanese troops from Shandong.
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treatment at a local
Christian hospital with the help of a local labourer was blocked from proceeding down the street to the hospital by Japanese soldiers, sparking a verbal argument. The Japanese then shot and killed the soldier and the labourer. Different Chinese sources, however, reported different versions of the events, and this gave the impression that the Chinese were inventing stories to justify their behaviour. The Japanese version, however, is marked by its own association with the later use of disinformation tactics by the Kwantung Army in the
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504:, Chiang replied that this was not possible. The discussion, therefore, ended without a clear conclusion, though Tanaka was said to be hopeful for future meetings. Chiang, for his part, considered the meeting a failure, but maintained his approach of attempting to work with the Japanese to reach a solution that was amenable to both parties. Despite this, Chiang had only a tenuous hold on power in China, and relied in large measure on the promise to end foreign domination and re-unify the country to buttress his legitimacy.
47:
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586:, abandoning Jinan. As they left the city, the warlord forces were reported to have engaged in looting, though Japanese-inhabited areas continued to be protected by Japanese troops. Public dissatisfaction with the presence of the Imperial Japanese Army in Shandong became increasingly evident, their presence viewed as a new attempt by the Japanese to seize control of the region, as they had in 1914
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following morning, however, when a dispute between the
Chinese and Japanese resulted in the deaths of 13–16 Japanese civilians. The resulting conflict resulted in thousands of casualties on the NRA side, which fled the area to continue northwards toward Beijing, and left the city under Japanese occupation until March 1929.
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clash began, they were left in control of the only working line of communication out of Jinan, forcing foreign media reports to rely entirely on the
Japanese version of the events. According to the official Japanese narrative, as reported by General Fukuda, a group of Chinese soldiers under the command of General
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Chiang in China, and not interfere in
Chinese domestic affairs. Chiang responded by saying he "understood" Japanese interest in China. When Tanaka said that Chiang should focus on consolidating his power in the territories under KMT control, rather than advance northward toward the Japanese sphere of influence in
666:, was robbed and nearly beaten to death, and only saved by intervention of one of Chiang's officers. In addition, they claimed that Chiang's promise to remove all Chinese soldiers from the Japanese-inhabited commercial area of the city had not been implemented. Speaking after the Sasaki incident, Major General
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With his forces bolstered, General Fukuda issued a set of demands to the
Chinese, to be met within twelve hours. These were: punishment of responsible Chinese officers, the disarming of responsible Chinese troops before the Japanese army, evacuation of two military barracks near Jinan, prohibition of
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Negotiations to halt the escalating violence quickly began, with Chiang and Fukuda agreeing to a truce. Chiang, who was not interested in conflict with the
Japanese, and wanted to continue the Northern Expedition, agreed to withdraw his troops from the city, leaving only a small number to keep order.
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patrolling in the area rushed to the scene, and attempted to stop the
Chinese soldiers. The Chinese soldiers then opened fire on the Japanese troops, causing the Japanese to return fire. In the Chinese version of events, as recorded by Chiang Kai-shek, a sick Chinese soldier who had attempted to seek
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The area remained quiet, though tense, until a clash erupted between
Japanese and NRA soldiers during the morning of 3 May. The exact details of what instigated the clash are contested between the Japanese and Chinese sides. As the Japanese immediately destroyed the Chinese wireless station after the
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that there would be no disruption in Jinan, and ordered his troops to proceed northward from Jinan with haste, so as to avoid any potential conflict. Following the negotiations, Saitō decided to begin preparations to withdraw the Japanese troops, and said that all security matters in Jinan would then
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Japanese military. The first substantial group of 475 troops, however, arrived in Jinan from Qingdao on 20 April. They were followed by over 4,000 more troops over the coming days. The arrival of the Japanese troops in Jinan, just as the Beiyang-aligned forces had retreated there, prompted suspicions
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As the NRA launched a pincer attack on Jinan, the railways to Qingdao and Beijing were damaged, preventing warlord-aligned troops from receiving reinforcements. This also brought the NRA in conflict with the Japanese, who were guarding the Qingdao–Jinan railway, though no violence broke out at this
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If the incident had been an isolated example of Japanese assertion and Chinese resistance, a broader understanding might have been reached. Chiang's troops, however, continued to expand their control in northern China and the Japanese army's distrust of the forces of Chinese nationalism would only
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Regardless of who started the clash, it quickly resulted in a full-scale conflict between the NRA and the Japanese Army. The Japanese reported that NRA soldiers had "run amok", causing mass destruction and a massacre of Japanese civilians, and the British Acting Consul-General reported that he had
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Chiang sought to avoid repetition of such conflicts and further Japanese interference, and on 5 November 1927, while he was nominally retired from leading the Northern Expedition, he met with Japanese prime minister Tanaka. During the meeting, Tanaka suggested that the Japanese would support only
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said that they would "protect to their fullest ability the lives and property of foreigners in China in accordance with international law and usage". Despite these assurances, foreign powers, including the Japanese, remained concerned about the safety of their economic and political interests in
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Chiang apologised to the Japanese on 10 May and removed He Yaozu from his post. After the incident, Chiang decided he would write one "way to kill the Japanese" each day in his journal, and also wrote that he now thought the Japanese were China's greatest enemy. Justifying his backing down from
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on both sides of the Qingdao–Jinan railway. The Japanese knew that the Chinese would not be able to fulfil their demands within the stated timeframe. Instead, their issuance was designed to raise the morale of Japanese troops, cow the Chinese, and demonstrate the "determination" of the Japanese
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withdrew from the area, allowing for the peaceful capture of the city by the NRA. NRA forces initially managed to coexist with Japanese troops stationed around the Japanese consulate and businesses, and Chiang Kai-shek arrived to negotiate their withdrawal on 2 May. This peace was broken the
529:, and advanced into Shandong. Sun retreated to Jinan by railway on 17–18 April, leaving the path to Jinan open to the NRA. When the Japanese learned of Sun's failure to defend Shandong, Prime Minister Tanaka, on the counsel of his military advisors, decided to deploy the
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said that it was "necessary for Japan to chastise the lawless Chinese soldiers in order to maintain Japan's national and military prestige". Responding to a request from General Fukuda, Prime Minister Tanaka ordered the despatch of reinforcements from
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knew that the deployment of troops could result in a conflict with the Chinese, which, rather than protecting Japanese citizens and economic interests, could further endanger them. As it happened, in an attempt to resolve the split between the
492:, Chiang was forced to resign from his post of commander of the NRA and halt the Northern Expedition in August 1927, avoiding conflict. With the threat of the NRA advance gone, the Japanese withdrew their troops from Jinan in September 1927.
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seen corpses of Japanese males that had been emasculated. In an incident that would provoke Chinese outrage, Japanese soldiers entered a building that the Chinese later said was their negotiation headquarters, and killed Chinese diplomat
590:. NRA troops marched into Jinan over the course of 30 April and 1 May, and took control without trouble. On 2 May, Chiang Kai-shek began negotiations with the Japanese to withdraw their troops, gave assurances to Japanese Major General
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According to cables sent from Kobe to Hong Kong, on May 1928, 11 or 7 Japanese were shot to death by a Chinese man in Kobe, Japan in revenge for the Jinan incident and then he committed suicide.
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By April 1928, Chiang Kai-shek had once again consolidated power, at which time he resumed the Northern Expedition. The NRA was able to quickly push back the forces of Beiyang-aligned warlord
769:, pictures of the corpses of massacred Japanese citizens undergoing autopsy in a Jinan hospital have been mistakenly used by Chinese publishers in textbooks as depicting the Japanese
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denied doing any such thing. Both the Beiyang government and the KMT government in Nanjing protested against the Japanese action, deeming it a violation of Chinese sovereignty.
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province, and in middle school textbooks. The same pictures have also been mistakenly used in Japan, such as in "The Road to the Tokyo Trials" by Kuriya Kentarō, and in a
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wanted to keep his troops away from Jinan, avoiding what he viewed as a useless and potentially costly clash with the Japanese. Similarly, Japanese prime minister Baron
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Japanese soldiers had been deployed to Shandong province to protect Japanese commercial interests in the province, which were threatened by the advance of Chiang's
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about whether the Beiyang warlords had asked for a Japanese intervention. This was used as propaganda by the Kuomintang, though Beiyang government leader
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be entrusted to Chiang. General Fukuda later gave his approval to this decision, and the Japanese troops began withdrawal during the night of 2–3 May.
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Luo, Zhitian (1994). "The Chinese Rediscovery of the Special Relationship: The Jinan Incident as a Turning Point in Sino-American Relations".
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561:, limiting his ability to moderate the Japanese response. Even before Tanaka had given the order, troops under the command of General
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made repeated statements to the effect that he would not tolerate anti-foreign attacks by his soldiers, and the KMT foreign minister
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Wei, Shuge (2013). "Beyond the Front Line: China's rivalry with Japan in the English-language press over the Jinan Incident, 1928".
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Wilbur, C. Martin (1983). "The Nationalist Revolution : from Canton to Nanking, 1923-1928". In Fairbank, John King (ed.).
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newspaper, and assaulted its proprietor at 09:30. A group of Japanese soldiers commanded by Captain
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stage. On 29 April, chaos erupted as the warlord troops began to flee northwards across the
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and consulates in Nanjing in March 1927 and Hankou in April 1927 were attacked by the KMT's
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Abend, Hallett (11 May 1928). "Japan Wins Tsinan; Drives out Chinese in Week's Fighting".
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on 4 June 1928, setting off a chain of events that created the pretext for the 1931
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Hara, Masayoshi (October 1999). "「済南事件」邦人被害者の写真(イラスト)を七三一部隊細菌戦人体実験として宣伝する「中国教科書」".
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programme about the horrors of war. Some of these pictures can be viewed below.
397:(NRA) soldiers and Chinese civilians respectively in what came to be called the
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After Imperialism : the search for a new order in the Far East, 1921–1931
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On 4 May, however, the Japanese reported that their chief negotiator, Colonel
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all anti-Japanese propaganda, and withdrawal of all Chinese troops beyond 20
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A map of troop movements in the lead up to the Jinan incident, April–May 1928
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1647:(in Chinese). Beijing: China University of Political Science and Law Press.
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The generalissimo : Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China
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to Jinan on 19 April, in what was called the "Second Shandong Expedition"
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biological weapons experiments. They have also appeared in a museum in
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China, and resolved that the Nanking incident would not be repeated.
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Shōwa ishin no ashita : Niniroku jiken o ikita shōgun to musume
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Hata, Ikuhiko; Sase, Masamori; Tsuneishi, Keiichi (2002). "済南事件 ".
827:(Japanese assassination of the Chinese head of state Generalissimo
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Japanese soldiers atop a gate in the walled city of Jinan, May 1928
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The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928
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1849:. Vol. 12. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
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Former foreign office building in Jinan, site of the killing of
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1699:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
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Japanese victory; Japanese army occupied Jinan until March 1929
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the leader of the Beiyang government and ruler of Manchuria
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who considered the province within their sphere of influence
21:"Shantung Incident" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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1757:(in Japanese). Vol. 21, no. 5. pp. 146–158.
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1373:蔡公时用日语抗议，日兵竟将其耳鼻割去，继又挖去舌头、眼睛。日军将被缚人员的衣服剥光，恣意鞭打，然后拉至院内用机枪扫射
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Jinan Municipal People's Government (1 September 2005).
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Japanese troops in the commercial district, July 1927.
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incidents. Following these incidents, NRA commander
1893:"How the Japanese 'Reported' the Tsinan Incident".
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in what they called the "First Shandong Expedition"
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1730:. The Military History Society of Japan: 98–117.
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599:3 May dispute between NRA and Japanese soldiers
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350:government. When the NRA approached Jinan, the
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323:(NRA) and Japanese soldiers and civilians in
1672:The Journal of American-East Asian Relations
1875:世界戦争犯罪事典 [Sekai sensō hanzai jiten]
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2390:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
1953:
1939:
697:, which began arriving in Jinan on 7 May.
1902:"Japan Gives League Her Case on Tsinan".
1751:Nakamura, Akira (May 1989). "大東亜戦争への道 ".
445:province in May–June 1927, the Japanese,
1766:(in Japanese). Tōkyō: Asahi Shinbunsha.
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1628:. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.
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315:) began as a 3 May 1928 dispute between
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18:1928 Chinese-Japanese conflict in China
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820:Events preceding World War II in Asia
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1822:(in Japanese). Tōkyō: Chikumashobō.
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565:had begun arriving in Jinan via the
1897:. 12 May 1928 – via ProQuest.
1847:Republican China, 1912-1949. Part I
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1722:Miyata, Masaki (2006). "再考-済南事件 ".
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228:6,123 civilians and soldiers killed
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2074:Constitutional Protection Movement
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679:in the "Third Shandong Expedition"
584:Luokou Yellow River Railway Bridge
14:
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1912:
1590:. Chicago: Imprint Publications.
765:According to Japanese researcher
2362:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
2222:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
1973:
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2293:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
1724:The Journal of Military History
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954:Hata, Sase & Tsuneishi 2002
40:Jinan Incident / 3 May Tragedy
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845:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
752:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
425:can be seen in the background.
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2591:Republic of China (1912–1949)
2040:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
1878:(in Japanese). Bungeishunjū.
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738:grow. According to historian
725:Jinan Tragedy Memorial Hall,
429:When the NRA forced back the
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2642:Japanese war crimes in China
2124:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
1359:(in Chinese). Archived from
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65:(1 week and 1 day)
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2439:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
2174:Washington Naval Conference
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395:National Revolutionary Army
321:National Revolutionary Army
175:National Revolutionary Army
10:
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2501:National Pacification Army
2366:Northeast Flag Replacement
2272:Zhongshan Warship Incident
1969:and warlordism during the
1622:Jordan, Donald A. (1976).
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870:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
835:Northeast Flag Replacement
701:Japanese reprisal on Jinan
649:Initial fighting and truce
588:during the First World War
513:NRA troops arrive in Jinan
435:National Pacification Army
389:(KMT) government, foreign
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1803:10.1017/S0026749X11000886
1547:. 1 June 1928. p. 7.
1529:. 25 May 1928. p. 8.
864:Defense of the Great Wall
683:
537:
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500:-controlled Shandong and
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385:to reunite China under a
346:to reunite China under a
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183:NRA 2nd Collective Army (
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2344:Muslim conflict in Gansu
2314:Shanghai Commune of 1927
2304:Nanking incident of 1927
2184:First Zhili–Fengtian War
761:Dispute over photographs
373:Nanking incident of 1927
28:Not to be confused with
2627:Battles involving Japan
2622:Battles involving China
2262:Canton–Hong Kong strike
2044:National Protection War
1895:The China Weekly Review
1684:10.1163/187656194X00085
1269:The China Weekly Review
1251:The China Weekly Review
423:Jinan's railway station
180:NRA 1st Collective Army
2248:May Thirtieth Movement
2104:Paris Peace Conference
1762:Usui, Katsumi (1974).
1586:Iriye, Akira (1990) .
1523:"Chinese Amok in Kobe"
730:
611:
559:February 1928 election
522:
472:Dai-ichi Santō Shuppei
426:
337:Imperial Japanese Army
233:13–16 civilians killed
203:Imperial Japanese Army
136:Commanders and leaders
2657:China–Japan relations
2144:Guangdong–Guangxi War
2094:Siberian intervention
1818:Kudō, Miyoko (2010).
1617:(in Japanese): 40–45.
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690:Dai-san Santō Shuppei
606:
567:Qingdao–Jinan railway
520:
420:
277:; formerly romanised
223:Casualties and losses
115:Kuomintang government
2399:Sino-Soviet conflict
2054:Death of Yuan Shikai
1927:at Wikimedia Commons
1791:Modern Asian Studies
1691:Taylor, Jay (2009).
1643:Li, Jiazhen (1987).
893:Nikolayevsk incident
841:on 29 December 1928)
544:Dai-ni Santō Shuppei
237:157 soldiers wounded
2667:Northern Expedition
2358:Huanggutun incident
2288:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
2283:Northern Expedition
2113:May Fourth Movement
1764:Shōwashi no shunkan
1500:, pp. 212–213.
1440:, pp. 203–204.
1297:, pp. 201–202.
1207:, pp. 178–180.
1141:, pp. 199–201.
1103:, pp. 193–195.
1091:, pp. 352–353.
1037:, pp. 195–200.
987:, pp. 125–126.
858:January 28 Incident
852:(18 September 1931)
825:Huanggutun incident
668:Tatekawa Yoshitsugu
383:Northern Expedition
344:Northern Expedition
297:traditional Chinese
259:traditional Chinese
2647:Chinese war crimes
2410:Central Plains War
2244:Yunnan–Guangxi War
2195:First United Front
2064:Manchu Restoration
2030:Twenty-One Demands
2010:Bai Lang Rebellion
1904:The New York Times
1686:– via JSTOR.
1579:The New York Times
1425:The New York Times
1357:"The Year of 1928"
1219:, p. 158–159.
1195:, pp. 159–60.
998:The New York Times
731:
634:Yoshiharu Kumekawa
612:
523:
431:Beiyang government
427:
352:Beiyang government
287:simplified Chinese
249:simplified Chinese
235:26 soldiers killed
23:Battle of Shantung
2632:Conflicts in 1928
2597:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2474:
2473:
2425:Qinghai–Tibet War
2324:Shanghai massacre
2258:Anti-Fengtian War
2231:
2230:
2020:Second Revolution
1923:Media related to
1527:The Straits Times
1452:, pp. 82–83.
956:, pp. 62–63.
571:Meiji Restoration
453:to the cities of
354:-aligned army of
327:, the capital of
241:
240:
230:Thousands wounded
97:
96:
2674:
2637:Combat incidents
2575:
2572:Communist Party
2567:
2421:Sino-Tibetan War
2334:July 15 Incident
2237:
2236:
2206:Lincheng Outrage
2108:Shandong Problem
2084:Golok rebellions
2003:
2002:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1965:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1868:
1841:
1814:
1785:
1758:
1747:
1718:
1698:
1687:
1666:
1639:
1618:
1609:
1582:
1564:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1125:
1119:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
957:
951:
934:
928:
898:Tonghua incident
888:Nanjing Massacre
860:(Shanghai, 1932)
808:
799:
790:
696:
695:
692:
686:
685:
625:
550:
549:
546:
540:
539:
478:
477:
474:
468:
467:
369:Shandong Problem
313:
304:
294:
276:
266:
256:
201:
200:
173:
172:
131:
127:
125:
124:
113:
112:
57:
56:
49:
37:
36:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2652:May 1928 events
2602:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2475:
2435:Kumul Rebellion
2397:
2388:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2290:
2286:
2260:
2246:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2134:Zhili–Anhui War
2110:
2106:
2042:
1978:
1959:
1915:
1910:
1886:
1857:
1830:
1774:
1726:(in Japanese).
1707:
1655:
1636:
1598:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1552:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1366:
1364:
1363:on 24 July 2012
1353:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1285:, pp. 199.
1281:
1277:
1266:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1128:
1120:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
995:
991:
983:
979:
971:
960:
952:
937:
929:
925:
921:
916:
908:Shakee Massacre
903:Tongzhou mutiny
850:Mukden Incident
831:on 4 June 1928)
816:
809:
800:
791:
763:
719:
703:
693:
680:
651:
619:
601:
563:Fukuda Hikosuke
554:Rikken Seiyūkai
547:
534:
515:
510:
498:Fengtian clique
481:Chiang Kai-shek
475:
462:
407:Chiang Kai-shek
379:
377:Hankou incident
365:
317:Chiang Kai-shek
236:
234:
229:
205:
195:
167:
153:
151:Fukuda Hikosuke
144:
142:Chiang Kai-shek
122:
120:
107:
85:
64:
50:
33:
30:Battle of Jinan
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2680:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:War in Ningxia
2466:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2394:Beijing Revolt
2386:Chiang-Gui War
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2354:Jinan incident
2351:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1971:Nanjing decade
1958:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1925:Jinan Incident
1914:
1913:External links
1911:
1909:
1908:
1906:. 30 May 1928.
1899:
1890:
1884:
1869:
1855:
1842:
1828:
1815:
1797:(1): 188–224.
1786:
1772:
1759:
1748:
1719:
1705:
1688:
1678:(4): 345–372.
1667:
1653:
1640:
1634:
1619:
1610:
1596:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1550:
1545:Malaya Tribune
1532:
1514:
1512:, p. 214.
1502:
1490:
1488:, p. 204.
1478:
1476:, p. 205.
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1416:
1414:, p. 180.
1401:
1399:, p. 202.
1389:
1387:, p. 173.
1377:
1347:
1332:
1320:
1318:, p. 159.
1299:
1287:
1275:
1273:, p. 313.
1257:
1255:, p. 311.
1242:
1240:, p. 179.
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1170:
1168:, p. 198.
1155:
1153:, p. 197.
1143:
1126:
1124:, p. 156.
1105:
1093:
1078:
1076:, p. 155.
1066:
1064:, p. 195.
1054:
1052:, p. 133.
1039:
1027:
1025:, p. 145.
1015:
1013:, p. 194.
1003:
989:
977:
975:, p. 158.
958:
935:
933:, p. 238.
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
883:Kantō Massacre
880:
878:Gando massacre
875:
874:
873:
867:
861:
855:
854:
853:
842:
839:Zhang Xueliang
832:
815:
812:
811:
810:
803:
801:
794:
792:
785:
767:Masayoshi Hara
762:
759:
718:
715:
702:
699:
650:
647:
600:
597:
514:
511:
509:
506:
364:
361:
245:Jinan incident
239:
238:
231:
225:
224:
220:
219:
218:
217:
212:
192:
191:
190:
181:
163:
162:
161:Units involved
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132:
117:
104:
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87:
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73:
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53:
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42:
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17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2679:
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2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:1928 in Japan
2615:
2613:
2612:1928 in China
2610:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2587:
2576:
2570:
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2238:
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2214:
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2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
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2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
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2065:
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2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1856:9780521243278
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1829:9784480427489
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
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1760:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1706:9780674033382
1702:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1635:9780824803520
1631:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1464:, p. 83.
1463:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:, 11 May 1928
1426:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1343:Nakamura 1989
1339:
1337:
1330:, p. 55.
1329:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1271:, 12 May 1928
1270:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1253:, 12 May 1928
1252:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1001:
1000:, 30 May 1928
999:
993:
986:
981:
974:
969:
967:
965:
963:
955:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
932:
927:
923:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
872:(7 July 1937)
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
840:
836:
833:
830:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
817:
807:
802:
798:
793:
789:
784:
783:
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780:
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768:
758:
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749:
745:
741:
735:
728:
723:
714:
711:
710:
698:
691:
678:
674:
669:
665:
664:Sasaki Tōichi
659:
657:
646:
644:
640:
635:
631:
630:
623:
618:
610:
605:
596:
593:
589:
585:
579:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:
545:
532:
528:
527:Sun Chuanfang
519:
505:
503:
499:
493:
491:
486:
485:Tanaka Giichi
482:
473:
460:
456:
452:
451:Kwantung Army
448:
444:
441:coalition to
440:
436:
432:
424:
419:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
378:
374:
370:
360:
357:
356:Sun Chuanfang
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
284:
283:3 May Tragedy
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
246:
232:
227:
226:
221:
216:
215:Kwantung Army
213:
211:
208:
207:
206:
204:
199:
193:
188:
187:
182:
179:
178:
177:
176:
171:
165:
164:
159:
156:
152:
149:
147:
143:
140:
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134:
130:
118:
116:
111:
106:
105:
100:
92:
89:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
68:
63:3–11 May 1928
62:
59:
58:
54:
48:
43:
38:
35:
31:
24:
16:
2599:
2408:
2353:
2291:
2281:
2226:Beijing Coup
2215:
2193:
2111:
1903:
1894:
1874:
1846:
1819:
1794:
1790:
1763:
1752:
1727:
1723:
1694:
1675:
1671:
1644:
1624:
1614:
1587:
1578:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1424:
1419:
1392:
1380:
1372:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:the original
1350:
1323:
1290:
1278:
1268:
1250:
1245:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1146:
1096:
1069:
1057:
1030:
1018:
1006:
997:
992:
980:
926:
829:Zhang Zuolin
764:
756:
748:Zhang Zuolin
744:assassinated
736:
732:
727:Baotu Spring
707:
704:
660:
652:
629:Manshū Nippō
627:
613:
580:
576:Zhang Zuolin
552:
531:6th Division
524:
494:
428:
380:
341:
331:province in
312:Wǔsān Cǎn'àn
310:
282:
278:
244:
242:
210:6th Division
194:
184:
166:
146:Feng Yuxiang
102:Belligerents
34:
15:
2564:Kuomintang
2549:New Guangxi
2544:Old Guangxi
2459:Two-Liu war
2449:Han–Liu War
1967:Warlord Era
1462:Taylor 2009
1450:Taylor 2009
1412:Wilbur 1983
1316:Jordan 1976
1238:Wilbur 1983
1217:Jordan 1976
1205:Wilbur 1983
1193:Jordan 1976
1181:Miyata 2006
1122:Jordan 1976
1050:Jordan 1976
973:Jordan 1976
740:Akira Iriye
729:Park, Jinan
656:Cai Gongshi
645:incidents.
620: [
609:Cai Gongshi
391:concessions
381:During the
2606:Categories
2507:Zhili Army
1885:4163585605
1773:4022591110
1744:5179115869
1654:7562000018
1597:1879176009
1541:"Untitled"
1510:Iriye 1990
1498:Iriye 1990
1486:Iriye 1990
1474:Iriye 1990
1438:Iriye 1990
1397:Iriye 1990
1283:Iriye 1990
1166:Iriye 1990
1151:Iriye 1990
1139:Iriye 1990
1101:Iriye 1990
1074:Iriye 1990
1062:Iriye 1990
1035:Iriye 1990
1023:Iriye 1990
1011:Iriye 1990
985:Iriye 1990
914:References
639:Huanggutun
433:-aligned "
387:Kuomintang
367:See also:
363:Background
348:Kuomintang
2554:Guangdong
2519:Guominjun
2431:1931–1935
2417:1930–1932
2372:1928–1929
2340:1927–1930
2278:1926–1928
2254:1925–1926
2190:1923–1927
2170:1921–1922
2150:1920–1926
2140:1920–1921
2120:1919–1921
2090:1918–1920
2080:1917–1929
2070:1917–1922
2036:1915–1916
2006:1911–1914
1991:1925–1934
1988:1915–1924
1838:743315061
1811:145325236
1736:0386-8877
1715:252922333
1561:Hara 1999
1385:Kudō 2010
1367:16 August
1328:Usui 1974
919:Citations
717:Aftermath
677:Manchuria
592:Ryū Saitō
502:Manchuria
186:Guominjun
155:Ryū Saitō
2529:Xinjiang
2497:Fengtian
1995:Factions
1782:22797563
1663:21367831
1606:23051432
1295:Wei 2013
1089:Luo 1994
814:See also
779:TV Asahi
771:Unit 731
617:He Yaozu
443:Shandong
411:Huang Fu
329:Shandong
269:Japanese
79:Shandong
70:Location
2559:Guizhou
2539:Sichuan
2482:Beiyang
2392:(incl.
1865:2424772
1754:Shokun!
1570:Sources
931:Li 1987
455:Qingdao
439:warlord
399:Nanking
2534:Yunnan
2514:Shanxi
1882:
1863:
1853:
1836:
1826:
1809:
1780:
1770:
1742:
1734:
1713:
1703:
1661:
1651:
1632:
1604:
1594:
866:(1933)
684:第三山東出兵
643:Mukden
538:第二山東出兵
508:Events
466:第一山東出兵
403:Hankou
375:, and
309::
307:pinyin
299::
289::
279:Tsinan
261::
251::
126:
90:Result
2574:(CCP)
2566:(KMT)
2492:Zhili
2487:Anhui
1807:S2CID
1645:济南惨案
775:Jilin
673:Korea
624:]
459:Jinan
333:China
325:Jinan
281:) or
129:Japan
83:China
75:Jinan
2465:1934
2455:1932
2445:1932
2405:1930
2382:1929
2350:1928
2330:1927
2320:1927
2310:1927
2300:1927
2268:1926
2240:1925
2212:1924
2202:1923
2180:1922
2160:1921
2130:1920
2100:1919
2060:1917
2050:1916
2026:1915
2016:1913
1880:ISBN
1861:OCLC
1851:ISBN
1834:OCLC
1824:ISBN
1778:OCLC
1768:ISBN
1740:OCLC
1732:ISSN
1711:OCLC
1701:ISBN
1659:OCLC
1649:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1615:Dōkō
1602:OCLC
1592:ISBN
1369:2013
837:(by
675:and
641:and
457:and
401:and
302:五三慘案
292:五三惨案
274:済南事件
264:濟南慘案
254:济南惨案
243:The
60:Date
1799:doi
1680:doi
319:'s
2608::
2524:Ma
2503:)
2437:/
2423:/
1859:.
1832:.
1805:.
1795:48
1793:.
1776:.
1738:.
1728:42
1709:.
1674:.
1657:.
1600:.
1553:^
1543:.
1525:.
1404:^
1371:.
1335:^
1302:^
1260:^
1224:^
1173:^
1158:^
1129:^
1108:^
1081:^
1042:^
961:^
938:^
754:.
709:li
687:,
622:zh
541:,
469:,
437:"
371:,
339:.
305:;
295:;
271::
257:;
81:,
77:,
2499:(
2396:)
1954:e
1947:t
1940:v
1888:.
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1840:.
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1801::
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1676:3
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548:)
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476:)
463:(
285:(
267:；
247:(
189:)
32:.
25:.
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