687:(SYL) to remove their flag, as they had declared both the party and its emblem as unlawful. The SYL defied this directive, leading to the flag being machine-gunned by an armored vehicle. This event escalated following the killing of a police officer after a grenade was thrown of the roof of the SYL headquarters. The police responded by firing into a crowd of protesters killing 25. Following this incident, Ethiopian administration resumed in Jijiga for the first time in 13 years. Then, on 23 September 1948, following the withdrawal of British forces and the appointment of Ethiopian district commissioners, areas east of Jijiga were placed under Ethiopian governance for the first time in history.
2860:
302:
176:
1366:
121:
143:
101:
209:
696:
92:
1354:, and the inevitable sacred tree in every compound, trees in this area of the Somali region reach great heights with the help of generous rainfall year-round, the native Somalis in the area would use this area as a dry season grazing land for all the noble tribes of the land. The city is surrounded by rocky tall green mountains on all sides save the north all the way past nearby Harar all the way to Addis, which is open as far as the eye can see."
282:
790:
112:
216:
183:
150:
81:
615:
imperial elite revolted against him. After Lij Lyasu's overthrowal and the subsequent tensions in the town, the Somali population abandoned
Jigjiga, leaving behind only Amhara settlers, who were mostly soldiers. Due to widespread Somali hostility in the Ogaden, the town marked the effective boundary
1835:
It appears that for years past the
Abyssinians have pressed forward from their own country beyond Gildessa and Harar, and have established a fort at Jig-Jiga, which they sometimes garrison and whence they raid the neighbourhood, but which at other times they abandon. They have firearms, whilst the
1349:
describes Jijiga as sitting "on the edge of a vast, unmitigated valley on the bottom of Mount
Kramanda the beginning of the mighty Ethiopian highlands, with vast lush greenery in sight, rolling hills and plains dotted with many farms in all directions the soaring Eastern Ethiopian Highlands slowly
532:
continued his campaign of indiscriminate raiding and attacks against the
Somalis of the Ogaden region between 1890 and 1899, Somali clans residing in the plains of Jigjiga were in particular targeted. The escalating frequency and violence of the raids resulted in Somalis consolidating behind the
548:
until 1900. An imperial garrison was established at Jijiga in 1891, which later became a base for
Ethiopian military campaigns into the Somali-inhabited lowlands. British hunter Colonel Swayne, who passed through Jijiga in February 1893, where he described seeing stockaded fort with a garrison.
1325:
The vegetation is a grassland from the east and south of the city towards wajaale, with
Pockets of juipars and gum forest in higher altitudes in the northern and western part of the city, there is extensive history of animal life in the past. For example, the area was earlier a habitat for the
646:
that followed the attempt on
Graziani's life 19 February 1937. During Italian rule of the city, mosques were built by the new rulers Under the rule of the Ethiopian Empire, the construction of mosques had been stifled. Under Italian rule, Islam was given official recognition by the new ruling
527:
region. During the
Abyssinian invasion of Harar, much of the population and the cities Islamic scholars were massacred. As a consequence of this some scholars moved to the town of Jigjiga, and from a Somali perspective Jigjiga then replaced Harar as a center for Islamic learning. As Emperor
931:
The results of the 1994 census in the Somali Region were not satisfactory, so the census was repeated in 1997. This census reported this town had a total population of 65,795 of whom 33,266 were male and 32,529 female. The predominant religion in this city Jijiga is
980:). extremely wet and lush during rainy season, as with the rest of the Ethiopian highlands, Seasonal differences relate only to rainfall, as temperatures year-round are cool to mild in the mornings and uniformly very warm though not hot during the afternoons.
679:, which had been in control of the Ogaden since WWII, commenced a withdrawal. This transition saw the replacement of British officials with Ethiopian counterparts between May and July of that year in a significant handover process. In the town of
745:
The
Regional government held a conference in this city to promote peace and development between 10 and 13 March 1996, which was attended by 535 from the local woredas, as well as the Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister of Ethiopia,
638:'s headquarters and a supply center for the Ethiopian army. An Italian force under Colonel Navarra occupied the city on the evening of 5 May 1936. Two days later, while inspecting a ruined Ethiopian Orthodox church in the city, Marshal
2287:
1932:
In 1900 his daring attack on the new
Ethiopian fort at Jijiga greatly shook the Ethiopians. Large scale Anglo-Ethiopian operations in 1901 against the dervish followers of the Poor Man of God accomplished
588:
fighters had begun its activities in the region. The Ethiopian control in the Ogaden at the start of the 20th century was tenuous as administrators and military personnel only resided in Jijiga and
805:
in the town and the vicinity. The flooding killed 29 people and displaced 350 households. On 27 September of that year, a bomb exploded outside a hotel in Jijiga killing four and wounding 20.
553:
was appointed governor of Jigjiga in 1896, this would be the emergence of Jigjiga's urban development. In this period Abyssinian settlers began arriving in the town from nearby garrisons.
642:
fell into a concealed hole, which he was afterwards convinced was a mantrap; Anthony Mockler suggests this mishap contributed to his murderously paranoid mindset which led to
549:
During 1895, it was observed that the fort set up in the town was often abandoned by the Abyssinians, who usually occupied it to carry out raids on the Somalis of the Ogaden.
710:, served as governor over Jijiga in 1959. He had been transferred there for his civic responsibility and concern for the underprivileged while administering a district in
556:
During early 1900, Abyssinian troops began a permanent occupation of the town with the construction of a military fort in the outskirts. Subsequently, the anti-colonial
504:, as it was occupied by organized Somali communities. Independent historical accounts are unanimous that previous to the penetration into the region in the late 1880s,
779:
523:
and soon after announced a programme of ambitious expansion and colonialism to the European powers. This marked the start of a tentative yet violent invasion into the
620:, had the town methodically organized in a square grid of streets, built a fort, dug several wells, encouraged agriculture, and set a fixed land tax. Actions which
2837:
767:
719:
2019:
3138:
2315:
3365:
2393:
3413:
778:), Jijiga and Degehabur were the scenes of attacks on civilians and government officials. At least 16 people were killed and 67 injured, including
2212:
2815:
798:
2501:
714:. The obstruction he encountered, not only in Sidamo but in Jijiga, convinced him of the need for radical measures. In the early stage of the
3012:
2969:
880:
of Ethiopia (CSA), Jijiga had a total population of 203,588 of whom 109,138 were men and 94,450 women. Ethnic groups in the city include the
3393:
3302:
2921:
2830:
2529:
676:
3002:
2311:
544:
As the Ethiopian Empire began expanding into Somali territories at the start of the 1890s, the town of Jigjiga came under intermittent
3510:
1610:"Extract Report on the Probable Geographical Position of Harrar; With Some Information Relative to the Various Tribes in the Vicinity"
244:
3486:
3355:
2224:
1614:
447:, the city has an elevation of 1,634 metres above sea level. Jigjiga is traditionally the seat of the Bartire Garad Wiil-Waal of the
3108:
2936:
2911:
175:
2823:
569:
561:
538:
130:
From left: Dusk view of Jijiga; Outskirt of Jijiga; Metropolis of Jijiga; Jigjiga's camel transportation; Sayyid Mohammed Statue
2870:
572:
Dervish attack greatly shook the Ethiopians, and resulted in them coordinating large scale joint military operations with the
3554:
2341:
2136:
2126:
2109:
2099:
2029:
1999:
1989:
1972:
1874:. Corne de l'Afrique contemporaine / Contemporary Horn of Africa. Centre français des études éthiopiennes. pp. 345–354.
1762:
1734:
1709:
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877:
1836:
Somalis are, under our rule, not permitted to import them, so that the conflict is unequal and the Abyssinians are detested.
2538:
660:
576:
against the Somalis fighters. Governor Tahir set up a native security forces to protect the town which consisted mainly of
896:(4,379, 2.15%); all other groups made up 2.48% of the total population. Members of Somali clans in this city include the
2072:
668:
995:, is cooler by morning than the wet seasons due to lower cloud cover, but equally hot by afternoon though less humid.
782:, president of the Somali Region, who was speaking at the ceremony. The Ethiopian government blamed the attack on the
2417:
1879:
1415:
1386:
2522:
2439:
1825:
783:
2200:
1945:
973:
142:
731:
2845:
2365:
956:; all other ethnic groups made up 1.99% of the population. This city is the largest in the whole Somali region.
607:
During the summer of 1916, Lysau travelled to Jigjiga to organize an army of Somali fighters to follow him in a
2477:
624:
claims won the hearts of the Ogaden Somalis. During the 1920s and 1930s, Somalis began returning to the town.
647:
administration and mosques were constructed in Jigjiga. Arabic was also introduced in the schools set up for
621:
617:
1851:
Perishable state-making: Vegetable trade betweenself-governance and ethnic entitlement in Jigjiga,Ethiopia
1807:
Perishable state-making: Vegetable trade betweenself-governance and ethnic entitlement in Jigjiga,Ethiopia
208:
3322:
2515:
2387:
806:
568:
several to free livestock that had been looted from the local population during Abyssinian raids. Sayid
2269:
2246:
735:
628:
466:
One of the earliest references to Jijiga comes from W.C. Barker in 1842 who mentions it as one of the
2846:
604:
585:
557:
534:
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2237:
3093:
565:
1849:
1805:
3103:
2959:
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810:
672:
487:
3481:
3254:
3128:
1783:
2227:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US State Department (accessed 8 July 2009)
8:
3196:
2850:
1871:
Urban Planning and the Contemporary Dynamics of Land Formalization in the City of Jigjiga
739:
707:
684:
648:
545:
490:
in 1854, who reports that it was a centre of wells for pastoralists of the local Somali (
294:
2021:
Somali Nationalism: International Politics and the Drive for Unity in the Horn of Africa
3191:
2347:
1699:
1592:
1543:
1504:
1465:
1457:
885:
771:
1947:
Proceedings of the Fourth Seminar of the Department of History (Awasa, 8-12 July 1987)
1485:"The Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF): The Dilemma of Its Struggle in Ethiopia"
1379:
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2609:
2483:
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2450:
2442:
2413:
2337:
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2188:
2132:
2105:
2025:
1995:
1968:
1923:
1875:
1758:
1730:
1705:
1678:
1596:
1584:
1535:
1496:
1469:
1449:
1339:
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313:
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1962:
1672:
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climbing west, the very common tall grassland tree used as shelter by the wandering
120:
3496:
3279:
3274:
3118:
3007:
2896:
2779:
1574:
1441:
1335:
1327:
727:
675:. This was after the Italian garrison had already abandoned the city. In 1948, the
639:
509:
416:
395:
1869:
1579:
1562:
3549:
3476:
3466:
3433:
3418:
3269:
3186:
3123:
3088:
3017:
2634:
2397:
2283:
1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Somali Region, Vol. 1
2191:
UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, April 1996 (accessed 26 December 2008)
1445:
969:
711:
635:
408:
34:
3471:
3461:
3408:
3375:
3360:
3312:
3264:
3211:
3171:
3133:
2992:
2886:
2669:
2569:
1964:
Conflict and peace in the Horn of Africa : federalism and its alternatives
1674:
Conflict and peace in the Horn of Africa : federalism and its alternatives
1430:"Alliteration and scansion in Somali oral poetry and their cultural correlates"
573:
550:
498:. During the pre-colonial era the Ogaden was neither under Ethiopian rule, nor
455:
43:
599:
had a close relationship with the Muslim Somalis. In Jigjiga he built several
100:
3543:
3525:
3512:
3423:
3385:
3345:
2954:
2891:
2854:
2764:
1927:
1588:
1563:"Geopolitical boundaries and urban borderlands in an Ethiopian frontier city"
1539:
1500:
1453:
1371:
1346:
1192:
1002:
Climate data for Jijiga, elevation 1,644 m (5,394 ft), (1971–2000)
949:
941:
913:
881:
861:
841:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
703:
581:
499:
491:
483:
435:. It became the capital of the Somali Region in 1995 after it was moved from
428:
306:
259:
246:
2487:
3317:
3239:
3201:
3045:
3035:
2987:
2644:
2639:
2614:
2469:
945:
889:
851:
722:
put the local governor under house arrest around 13 April 1974. During the
664:
505:
66:
2463:
2454:
3370:
3226:
3176:
3143:
2759:
2739:
2649:
2604:
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1561:
Thompson, Daniel K.; Mohamoud, Kader; Mahamed, Jemal Yusuf (2021-09-20).
909:
2433:
2262:
Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census
2239:
Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census
2189:
Report on the Peace and Development Conference Jigjiga, 10-13 March 1996
1911:
1547:
1523:
1508:
1484:
1461:
1429:
695:
3448:
3337:
3327:
3289:
3158:
3148:
3113:
3080:
2979:
2946:
2878:
2784:
2574:
1778:
1609:
723:
643:
529:
516:
440:
318:
1416:"Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations Across Africa's International"
91:
3403:
3297:
3259:
3244:
3027:
2926:
2744:
2679:
2659:
2654:
2599:
2507:
953:
925:
921:
917:
632:
596:
386:
789:
508:
were free of residing in the Ogaden were free of the control of the
3307:
3216:
3206:
3060:
3040:
2997:
2964:
2619:
1524:"Maxamad Cabdille Xasan of Somalia: The Search for the Real Mullah"
432:
287:
2333:
Love and Liberation: Humanitarian Work in Ethiopia's Somali Region
3456:
3428:
3181:
3166:
3098:
3055:
2906:
2901:
2799:
2769:
2749:
2724:
2719:
2559:
1830:
965:
937:
897:
831:
616:
of imperial presence in the region. Succeeding governors such as
577:
495:
448:
444:
111:
2446:
3398:
3070:
3065:
2789:
2774:
2754:
2709:
2704:
2689:
2664:
2629:
2624:
2584:
1857:. Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS). p. 5.
905:
901:
893:
802:
600:
595:
After reportedly adopting the Islamic faith, uncrowned Emperor
524:
479:
451:
391:
52:
3350:
2931:
2804:
2734:
2714:
2674:
2589:
2579:
2549:
1351:
933:
612:
608:
589:
520:
475:
471:
331:
2159:
2157:
936:. As of 1997, the ethnic composition of the town was 61.58%
3050:
2794:
2699:
2694:
2594:
2564:
775:
715:
436:
2075:
The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 31 May 2008)
1640:
443:
with 70 km (37 mi) west of the border with
2154:
1387:"Population and Housing Census 2007 – Somali Statistical"
80:
1652:
809:
apprehended a suspect whom they claimed was a member of
2179:, 2nd edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), p. 213
1560:
2060:(Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University, 1968), p. 621
2038:
1897:
The Modern History of Somaliland: From Nation to State
611:
against the Christians. When he left for Jigjiga, the
2368:. Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations
920:, with a minor presence of some other clans like the
768:
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Regions
2410:
Notes from the Hyena's Belly: An Ethiopian Childhood
1813:. Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS).
1697:
1361:
1698:Abdullahi (Baadiyow), Abdurahman M. (2015-04-30).
991:rains in April and June. The dry season, known as
987:rains occur from July to September, and the short
738:division led by Col. Yusuf Dheere, later with the
486:). Jijiga was later mentioned by British traveler
1704:. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. p. 45.
742:, from September 1977 until February/March 1978.
3541:
2504:by John Graham (Addis Tribune, 28 December 2001)
1755:Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa
683:, incoming Ethiopian authorities instructed the
2314:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1960:
1670:
797:On 29 May 2008, following a heavy downpour the
566:attacked the Ethiopian forces occupying Jigjiga
470:or halting-places of the caravan route between
1994:. Frank Cass & Company. pp. 130–131.
2831:
2523:
1724:
2320:Tables 2.4, 2.14 (accessed 10 January 2009).
1950:. Addis Ababa University. 1989. p. 158.
1427:
770:. On 28 May 2007, during the celebration of
2088:(New York: Olive Branch, 2003), p. 144
1757:. Cambridge University Press. p. 183.
1725:Laitin, David D.; Samatar, Said S. (1987).
2838:
2824:
2530:
2516:
2461:
2293:. Archived from the original on 2008-11-19
2215:, UN-OCHA website (accessed 19 March 2009)
2124:
2097:
2068:
2066:
1987:
1967:. Dartmouth: Aldershot. pp. 105–106.
1909:
1867:
1677:. Dartmouth: Aldershot. pp. 105–106.
1658:
1646:
876:Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the
519:invaded and conquered the ancient city of
2131:. Frank Cass & Company. p. 137.
2104:. Frank Cass & Company. p. 137.
1961:Woodward, Peter; Forsyth, Murray (1994).
1671:Woodward, Peter; Forsyth, Murray (1994).
1615:Journal of the Royal Geographical Society
1578:
1482:
706:, one of the leaders of the unsuccessful
2431:
2163:
2044:
2024:. Harvard University Press. p. 74.
1338:at present in the local area, due to an
793:Historic Fooq Dheere building in Jijiga.
788:
694:
2329:
2177:A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855-1991
2063:
1847:
1803:
1748:
1746:
1521:
3542:
2871:List of districts in the Somali Region
2537:
2391:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
2310:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2017:
1752:
1631:
983:There are two rainy seasons: the main
2819:
2511:
2225:"2008 Human Rights Reports: Ethiopia"
2013:
2011:
1894:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1729:. Avalon Publishing. pp. 54–57.
1743:
1727:Somalia: Nation In Search Of A State
801:broke its banks and flooded several
603:and sent military aid to the Somali
515:In 1887, the Ethiopian Empire under
2358:
1954:
1718:
1636:. Tylston and Edwards. p. 192.
1489:Review of African Political Economy
1434:Journal of African Cultural Studies
564:had its first major battle when it
13:
2389:Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus
2213:"Focus On Ethiopia, February 2008"
2008:
1790:
1664:
195:Location within the Horn of Africa
18:Capital of Somali Region, Ethiopia
14:
3566:
2495:
2125:Trimingham, John Spencer (1965).
2098:Trimingham, John Spencer (1965).
1988:Trimingham, John Spencer (1965).
1868:Emmenegger, Rony (22 June 2023).
1787:, 2 (September 1893), p. 251
774:(celebrating the downfall of the
631:, Jijiga served for some time as
2858:
2412:(New York: Picador,2000), p. 5.
1364:
1345:In his memoirs of his homeland,
1334:, although this canid is likely
824:Ethnic groups of Jigjiga (2007)
784:Ogaden National Liberation Front
762:states and representatives from
300:
280:
214:
207:
181:
174:
148:
141:
119:
110:
99:
90:
79:
21:Capital city in Somali, Ethiopia
2425:
2402:
2380:
2323:
2276:
2253:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2201:Many killed in Ethiopia attacks
2194:
2182:
2169:
2145:
2118:
2091:
2078:
2050:
1981:
1938:
1916:Transafrican Journal of History
1903:
1888:
1861:
1841:
1833:. 24 August 1895. p. 247.
1817:
1771:
1701:The Islamic Movement in Somalia
1691:
816:
732:Western Somali Liberation Front
677:British Military Administration
494:) clan on the caravan route to
1910:BeaureGard, Erving E. (1976).
1634:First Footsteps in East Africa
1625:
1603:
1554:
1515:
1476:
1421:
1408:
215:
182:
149:
1:
1580:10.1080/02723638.2021.1979285
974:Köppen climate classification
667:, Jijiga was occupied by the
659:On 17 March 1941, during the
3555:Cities and towns in Ethiopia
2336:. Cornell University Press.
2058:Economic History of Ethiopia
1446:10.1080/13696815.2011.581456
970:subtropical highland climate
618:Tekle Hawariat Tekle Mariyam
478:within the Somali inhabited
344:1,634 m (5,361 ft)
7:
2366:"CLIMWAT climatic database"
1899:. F.A. Praeger. p. 71.
1483:Abdullahi, Abdi M. (2007).
1428:Andrzejewski, B.W. (2011).
1121:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1051:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
690:
373:1,456/km (3,770/sq mi)
362: • Estimate
10:
3571:
3255:Kebri Dahar special woreda
3129:Kebri Beyah special woreda
2502:Cities of Ethiopia: Jijiga
2462:FitzGibbon, Louis (1985).
2270:Central Statistical Agency
2247:Central Statistical Agency
2073:"Local History in Ethiopia
1912:"Menelik II: Another Look"
1394:Ethiopia Statistics Agency
1340:expanding human population
1320:
1312:
1001:
959:
878:Central Statistical Agency
736:Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi
718:individual units from the
654:
629:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
461:
198:Show map of Horn of Africa
3447:
3384:
3336:
3288:
3225:
3157:
3079:
3026:
2978:
2945:
2877:
2868:
2545:
2440:Frederick A. Praeger Inc.
2272:. 2008. pp. 106–108.
2249:. 2008. pp. 106–108.
1528:Northeast African Studies
1522:Samatar, Said S. (1979).
1264:
1190:
1120:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
726:, Jijiga experienced the
537:under the lead of Sayyid
427:) is the capital city of
420:
385:
377:
369:
361:
353:
348:
340:
329:
324:
312:
293:
275:
240:
135:
73:
64:
26:
2386:C. Michael Hogan. 2009.
2330:Carruth, Lauren (2021).
1779:"A Trip to Harar and Imé
1632:Burton, Richard (1894).
1357:
780:Abdulahi Hassan Mohammed
754:, the presidents of the
750:, the Foreign Minister,
730:and was occupied by the
162:Location within Ethiopia
2432:Drysdale, John (1964).
2018:Touval, Saadia (1963).
562:Mohamed Abdullah Hassan
539:Mohamed Abdullah Hassan
2151:Mockler, pp. 365f
1753:Martin, B. G. (2003).
811:Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
794:
700:
488:Richard Francis Burton
412:
336:AbdiHakiim HadiS Dahir
228:Location within Africa
3144:Wajale special woreda
792:
698:
669:23rd Nigerian Brigade
661:East African Campaign
649:Italian East Africa's
456:International airport
2352:10.7591/j.ctv1gbrwvc
2086:Haile Selassie's War
1784:Geographical Journal
892:(8,775, 4.31%), and
740:Somali National Army
716:Ethiopian Revolution
673:1st African Division
458:is named after him.
370: • Density
165:Show map of Ethiopia
3522: /
3424:Gode special woreda
2056:Richard Pankhurst,
1895:Lewis, I.M (1965).
1848:Gebresenbet, Fana.
1804:Gebresenbet, Fana.
1622:(1842), p. 244
884:(168,551, 82.79%),
870: Other (2.48%)
685:Somali Youth League
546:military occupation
256: /
2539:Cities of Ethiopia
2435:The Somali Dispute
2396:2010-12-09 at the
795:
701:
354: • Total
231:Show map of Africa
3505:
3504:
2813:
2812:
2343:978-1-5017-5966-6
2138:978-0-7146-1731-2
2128:Islam in Ethiopia
2111:978-0-7146-1731-2
2101:Islam in Ethiopia
2084:Anthony Mockler,
2031:978-0-674-59435-7
2001:978-0-7146-1731-2
1991:Islam in Ethiopia
1974:978-1-85521-486-6
1777:H. G. C. Swayne,
1764:978-0-521-53451-2
1736:978-0-86531-555-6
1711:978-1-912234-03-5
1684:978-1-85521-486-6
1649:, pp. 33–34.
1418:, (1985), p. 173
1317:
1316:
1267:relative humidity
888:(16,837, 8.27%),
651:Muslim subjects.
622:Richard Pankhurst
605:Dervish movement.
439:. Located in the
402:
401:
3562:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3526:9.350°N 42.800°E
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3366:Hararey/Xaraarey
2863:
2862:
2861:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2532:
2525:
2518:
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2222:
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2198:
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2186:
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2173:
2167:
2166:, p. 70-71.
2161:
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2142:
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2115:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1865:
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1495:(113): 556–562.
1480:
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1391:
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1374:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1328:African wild dog
999:
998:
869:
859:
849:
839:
829:
728:Battle of Jijiga
699:Jijiga at night.
640:Rodolfo Graziani
558:Dervish Movement
535:Dervish movement
510:Ethiopian Empire
422:
305:
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286:
284:
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260:9.350°N 42.800°E
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2465:The Evaded Duty
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2408:Nega Mezlekia,
2407:
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2398:Wayback Machine
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2288:"Archived copy"
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2016:
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1986:
1982:
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1959:
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1944:
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1696:
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1659:FitzGibbon 1985
1657:
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1647:FitzGibbon 1985
1645:
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1567:Urban Geography
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1125:
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1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
968:of Jijiga is a
962:
916:subclan of the
874:
873:
872:
871:
867:
865:
857:
855:
847:
845:
837:
835:
827:
819:
760:Harari Regional
712:Sidamo Province
693:
671:of the British
657:
636:Nasibu Emmanual
464:
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3265:Laas-dhankayre
3262:
3257:
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3247:
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3231:
3229:
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574:British Empire
551:Abdullah Tahir
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3386:Shabelle Zone
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2855:Somali Region
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2175:Bahru Zewde,
2172:
2165:
2164:Drysdale 1964
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2094:
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2081:
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2059:
2053:
2047:, p. 56.
2046:
2045:Drysdale 1964
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482:(present day
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265:9.350; 42.800
241:Coordinates:
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63:
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3318:Goro Bekeksa
3240:Ceel-Ogadeen
3046:Mayaa-muluqo
2729:
2645:Debre Marqos
2640:Debre Berhan
2615:Bale Hawassa
2470:Rex Collings
2464:
2438:. New York:
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2426:Bibliography
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1398:. Retrieved
1393:
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1331:
1324:
1313:Source: FAO
1195:mm (inches)
992:
988:
984:
982:
977:
963:
952:, and 1.48%
930:
875:
823:
817:Demographics
807:Local police
799:Jijiga River
796:
744:
702:
680:
665:World War II
658:
626:
594:
555:
543:
514:
506:Somali clans
500:
467:
465:
424:
404:
403:
67:Capital city
15:
3529: /
3371:Hora-shagax
3227:Korahe Zone
3197:Dhagaxmadow
3177:Bilcil buur
3013:Lehel-Yucub
2970:Qadhaadhumo
2760:Negele Arsi
2740:Kebri Dahar
2650:Debre Tabor
2555:Addis Ababa
914:Sa'ad Musa
910:Geri Koombe
627:During the
263: /
3544:Categories
3449:Sitti Zone
3394:Abaaqoorow
3338:Nogob Zone
3328:Kersa Dula
3323:Guradamole
3303:Deka Softi
3290:Liben Zone
3159:Jarar Zone
3149:Tuli Guled
3114:Haroorayso
3081:Fafan Zone
2980:Dollo Zone
2947:Dhawa Zone
2922:Iligdheere
2879:Afder Zone
2785:Shashamane
2575:Arba Minch
2479:0860362094
2468:. London:
2297:2009-03-23
1336:extirpated
948:and 4.37%
912:, and the
724:Ogaden War
530:Menelik II
517:Menelik II
441:Fafan Zone
349:Population
325:Government
3404:Beercaano
3298:Bokolmayo
3260:Kudunbuur
3245:Debeweyin
3192:Degehabur
3139:Shabeeley
3028:Erer Zone
3003:Gal-Hamur
2927:Mirab Imi
2745:Kombolcha
2680:Dire Dawa
2660:Dembidolo
2655:Degehabur
2600:Bahir Dar
1928:0251-0391
1597:240579618
1589:0272-3638
1540:0740-9133
1501:0305-6244
1470:143338197
1454:1369-6815
1414:Asiwaju,
940:, 23.25%
926:Sheekhaal
922:Gadabursi
918:Habr Awal
772:Ginbot 20
708:1960 coup
633:Dejazmach
597:Lij Iyasu
387:Time zone
381:estimated
341:Elevation
3439:Mustahil
3308:Dolo Odo
3250:Higloley
3235:Boodaley
3217:Yoocaale
3207:Gunagado
3061:Waangaay
3041:Lagahida
2998:Daratole
2965:Mubaarak
2917:Hargelle
2620:Bishoftu
2488:15018961
2447:64-13122
2394:Archived
2306:cite web
1548:43660350
1509:20406430
1462:41428140
1265:Average
1260:(30.35)
1191:Average
954:Tigrayan
944:, 7.32%
834:(82.79%)
766:and the
691:Handover
570:Mohameds
433:Ethiopia
288:Ethiopia
40:Jijjiga
31:Jigjiga
3517:42°48′E
3514:09°21′N
3497:Shinile
3487:Gablalu
3457:Adigala
3429:Imiberi
3356:Elweyne
3280:Shilavo
3275:Shekosh
3182:Bir-qod
3167:Araarso
3119:Harshin
3099:Goljano
3094:Babille
3056:Salahad
3008:Geladin
2907:Elekere
2902:Dolobay
2897:Chereti
2853:of the
2851:Woredas
2800:Weldiya
2770:Nekemte
2750:Mekelle
2725:Irgalem
2720:Hosaena
2685:Gambela
2610:Bedessa
2560:Adigrat
2372:24 June
1933:little.
1831:Longman
1321:Ecology
1255:(0.35)
1250:(0.75)
1245:(1.97)
1240:(4.37)
1235:(5.47)
1230:(3.07)
1225:(2.28)
1220:(4.06)
1215:(4.49)
1210:(1.97)
1205:(1.22)
1200:(0.35)
1186:(53.8)
1181:(45.7)
1176:(46.4)
1171:(51.8)
1166:(59.0)
1161:(59.7)
1156:(60.1)
1151:(60.1)
1146:(57.9)
1141:(56.3)
1136:(54.1)
1131:(50.2)
1126:(43.9)
1116:(80.4)
1111:(79.7)
1106:(80.8)
1101:(81.0)
1096:(79.3)
1091:(78.6)
1086:(78.3)
1081:(79.7)
1076:(81.5)
1071:(80.1)
1066:(83.8)
1061:(81.5)
1056:(79.9)
966:climate
960:Climate
898:Jidwaaq
864:(2.15%)
854:(4.31%)
844:(8.27%)
803:kebeles
655:British
601:mosques
586:Dervish
584:as the
578:Somalis
496:Berbera
468:mahalla
462:History
449:Jidwaaq
445:Somalia
417:Amharic
413:Jigjiga
365:483,000
357:203,588
276:Country
251:42°48′E
49:جيجيجا
3550:Jijiga
3477:Dambel
3467:Ayesha
3434:Kelafo
3419:Ferfer
3399:Adadle
3270:Marsin
3187:Daroor
3172:Awaare
3124:Jijiga
3109:Harawo
3104:Gursum
3089:Awbare
3071:Yaxoob
3066:Xamaro
3018:Warder
2960:Moyale
2937:Qooxle
2912:GodGod
2790:Tebela
2780:Shanto
2775:Sebeta
2755:Moyale
2730:Jijiga
2710:Gununo
2705:Gondar
2690:Gesuba
2665:Dessie
2630:Boditi
2625:Bitena
2585:Asella
2486:
2476:
2455:467147
2453:
2445:
2416:
2350:
2340:
2135:
2108:
2028:
1998:
1971:
1926:
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1708:
1681:
1595:
1587:
1546:
1538:
1507:
1499:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1400:31 May
1396:. 2007
1007:Month
950:Gurage
942:Amhara
938:Somali
934:Muslim
906:Ogaden
902:Akisho
894:Gurage
886:Amhara
882:Somali
868:
862:Gurage
860:
858:
850:
848:
842:Amhara
840:
838:
832:Somali
830:
828:
764:Amhara
756:Tigray
681:Jijiga
613:Shewan
525:Ogaden
492:Jidwaq
480:Ogaden
454:. The
452:Absame
425:Jijiga
409:Somali
405:Jijiga
378:
307:Somali
295:Region
285:
248:9°21′N
222:Jijiga
189:Jijiga
156:Jijiga
53:Arabic
35:Somali
28:Jijiga
3492:Mieso
3462:Afdem
3414:Elele
3409:Danan
3376:Segeg
3361:Gerbo
3351:Dihun
3313:Filtu
2993:Danot
2955:Hudet
2932:Raaso
2887:Afder
2849:and
2847:Zones
2805:Wukro
2735:Jimma
2715:Harar
2675:Dimtu
2635:Bombe
2590:Awasa
2580:Areka
2550:Adama
2348:JSTOR
2291:(PDF)
2266:(PDF)
2243:(PDF)
1855:(PDF)
1811:(PDF)
1593:S2CID
1544:JSTOR
1505:JSTOR
1466:S2CID
1458:JSTOR
1390:(PDF)
1358:Notes
1352:hyena
1238:111.0
1233:139.0
1218:103.0
1213:114.0
1046:Year
985:meher
946:Oromo
890:Oromo
852:Oromo
609:jihad
590:Harar
521:Harar
476:Harar
472:Zeila
392:UTC+3
332:Mayor
319:Fafan
59:Laaca
44:Oromo
3482:Erer
3472:Bike
3346:Ayun
3051:Qubi
2892:Bare
2795:Sodo
2700:Gode
2695:Goba
2670:Dila
2605:Batu
2595:Axum
2570:Ambo
2565:Adwa
2484:OCLC
2474:ISBN
2451:OCLC
2443:LCCN
2414:ISBN
2374:2024
2338:ISBN
2316:link
2312:link
2133:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2026:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1924:ISSN
1876:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1585:ISSN
1536:ISSN
1497:ISSN
1450:ISSN
1402:2022
1269:(%)
1248:19.0
1243:50.0
1228:78.0
1223:58.0
1208:50.0
1203:31.0
1184:12.1
1169:11.0
1164:15.0
1159:15.4
1154:15.6
1149:15.6
1144:14.4
1139:13.5
1134:12.3
1129:10.1
1114:26.9
1109:26.5
1104:27.1
1099:27.2
1094:26.3
1089:25.9
1084:25.7
1079:26.5
1074:27.5
1069:26.7
1064:28.8
1059:27.5
1054:26.6
1043:Dec
1040:Nov
1037:Oct
1034:Sep
1031:Aug
1028:Jul
1025:Jun
1022:May
1019:Apr
1016:Mar
1013:Feb
1010:Jan
993:bega
989:belg
964:The
924:and
776:Derg
758:and
580:and
474:and
437:Gode
314:Zone
3202:Dig
3036:Fiq
2988:Boh
1781:",
1575:doi
1442:doi
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1305:50
1302:50
1299:58
1296:63
1293:64
1290:64
1287:65
1284:63
1281:62
1278:52
1275:47
1272:49
1258:771
1253:9.0
1198:9.0
1179:7.6
1174:8.0
1124:6.6
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