History of the Jews in China

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among the Hui Muslims, such as during a hajj pilgrimage the Hui Muslim woman Jin Xiaojing (金效靜) found out about her Jewish ancestry and wrote about it in an article, "China's Jews" (中国的犹太人) published in "Points East" in 1981. Scholars have pointed out that Hui Muslims may have absorbed Kaifeng Jews instead of Han Confucians and Buddhists. Jewish converts to Islam who became Hui Muslims in 16th century China were called the blue hat Hui (藍帽回回) since they converted to Islam due to similarities in their traditions. One of the seven prominent Hui Muslim clans of Kaifeng, the Zhang Jewish clan, became Muslim. The Zhang family, among several Hui Muslims with Kaifeng Jewish ancestry call themselves "fake Muslims" since they are openly proud of their ancestry Instead of being absorbed into Han, a portion of the Jews of China of Kaifeng became Hui Muslims. In 1948 Samuel Stupa Shih (Shi Hong Mo) (施洪模) said he saw a Hebrew language "Religion of Israel" Jewish inscription on a tombstone in a Qing dynasty Muslim cemetery to a place west of Hangzhou. It is reported that they came to be more or less totally

3321:)". Hwuy-tsze (Hui zi) or Hwuy-hwuy (Hui Hui) is presently used almost exclusively for Muslims, but Jews were still called Lan Maou Hwuy tsze (Lan mao Hui zi) which means "Blue cap Hui zi". At Kaifeng, Jews were called "Teaou kin keaou "extract sinew religion". Jews and Muslims in China shared the same name for synagogue and mosque, which were both called "Tsing-chin sze" (Qingzhen si) "Temple of Purity and Truth", the name dated to the 13th century. The synagogue and mosques were also known as Le-pae sze (Libai si). A tablet indicated that Judaism was once known as "Yih-tsze-lo-nee-keaou" (israelitish religion) and synagogues known as Yih-tsze lo nee leen (Israelitish Temple), but it faded out of use. 3433: 8222: 8110: 4101: 3362: 3050: 5257:, p. 47: "Later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, it is likely, as suggested by many scholars, that several of the Kaifeng Jews did convert to Islam rather than simply being swallowed up in the Buddhist or Confucian multitude. Today, a number of Muslims (and possibly non-Muslims) have discovered that their ancestors were Kaifeng Jews.108... 108 Jin Xiaojing 金效靜, 1981, translated in Points East 1.1 (Jan 1986), 1, 4-5 . She discovered she was of Jewish descent when on the hajj to Mecca!" 6881: 6891: 4115: 3661: 3790:

year. He spent his final years in Shanghai until 1962, prior to the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. Although Sara Imas's non-Chinese appearance and family background brought her much trouble during the Cultural Revolution when she was accused of being a foreign capitalist and spy, today Sara Imas has returned to Shanghai, working as the Chinese representative of an Israeli diamond company.

5326:, p. 50: "It is clear from Shi's later descriptions that many of the tombstones he saw were Muslim rather than Jewish, though one, he claimed, read "Religion of Israel" in Hebrew. In Hangzhou, according to Ricci in 1608, there had been a synagogue. We can only wonder whether the Jews there had a separate cemetery of their own or were accepted by the Muslims in their special cemetery." 5278:, p. 196: "Islamic works translated into Chinese played a very important role in the popularization of Islam . At the same time, many Jews who did not like to abandon their tradition converted to Islam and were known as the “ Huihui with blue hats A 藍帽回回” . The missionary work of Christians from the beginning of the 17th century and the Chinese Bible did not affect them." 6226: 6207: 6179: 2744: 3236:

He issued a regulation to that effect ... all the Muslims say: “if someone else slaughters we do not eat”. Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman Huihui and Zhuhu Huihui, no matter who kills will eat and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.

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Among all the alien peoples only the Hui-hui say “we do not eat Mongol food”. “By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?” He thereupon made them eat. “If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime.”

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As of 2010, it is estimated that 2,000 to 3,000 Jews lived in Shanghai. In May 2010, the Ohel Rachel Synagogue in Shanghai was temporarily reopened to the local Jewish community for weekend services. Synagogues are found in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, serving both native Chinese Jews, Israelis

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Shanghai was an important safe-haven for Jewish refugees during the Holocaust, since it was one of the few places in the world where one didn't need a visa. However, it was not easy to get there. The Japanese, who controlled the city, preferred to look the other way. However, some corrupt officials

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and the domination of China by the Western powers. He stated, "Though their country was destroyed, the Jewish nation has existed to this day ... is one of the greatest movements of the present time. All lovers of democracy cannot help but support wholeheartedly and welcome with enthusiasm the

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Muslim religious strictures required anyone, whether man or woman, who married a Muslim to convert to Islam . ... An San, a Kaifeng Jew, was awarded a rank of Third Grade, because of services he had rendered to the court ... -followers were not assimilated into the Han population. Jews who married

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The Jewish Chinese community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions and it also encompasses the full spectrum of Jewish religious observance. Though a small minority, Chinese Jews have had an open presence in the country since the arrival of the first Jewish immigrants during the 8th

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movement came and settled in Beijing with the mission of building and leading the Chabad-Lubavitch Centre of Beijing. Kehillat Beijing continues its practice of conducting weekly lay-led Shabbat services, regular holiday observance, and community activities including retreats and celebrations. In

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Sara Imas, the Shanghai-born daughter of Shanghai's Jewish Club president, Leiwi Imas, became the first Chinese Jewish immigrant to Israel after the two countries established formal diplomatic relations in 1992. Leiwi Imas, who had to leave Germany for Poland in 1939, arrived in Shanghai the same

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The Chinese called Muslims, Jews, and Christians in ancient times by the same name, "Hui Hui" (Hwuy-hwuy). Crossworshipers (Christians) were called the "Huay who abstain from animals without the cloven foot", Muslims were called "Hwuy who abstain from pork", Jews were called "Hwuy who extract the

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populace. Some of them, as well as international Jewish communities are beginning to search for these descendants to help them revive their interest in their Jewish roots. This is especially important in modern China because belonging to any minority group includes a variety of benefits including

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in 1949, only a few Jews were known to have maintained the practice of their religion and culture. China's Jewish communities have been ethnically diverse, ranging from the Jews of Kaifeng and all other ports throughout China. Kaifeng Jewish ancestry has been found among their descendants living

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Since the 1990s, the Shanghai municipal government has taken the initiative to preserve historical Western architectures that were constructed during Shanghai's colonial past. Many formerly Jewish-owned hotels and private residence have been included in the preservation project. In 1997, the

2809:'s manuscripts indicate there were only approximately ten or twelve Jewish families in Kaifeng in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and that they had reportedly resided there for five or six hundred years. It was also stated in the manuscripts that there was a greater number of Jews in 3345:. The community was composed mainly of "Asian", (Sephardi) German, and Russian Jews, though there were a few of Austrian, French, and Italian origin among them. Jews took a considerable part in developing trade in China, and several served on the municipal councils, among them being 2594:

through Central Asia and India. He mentioned the presence of Jewish merchants in a number of Chinese cities, and the important economic role they played transporting merchandise as well as transmitting scientific and technological expertise by land and sea all the way from

3313:". Floods and fire repeatedly destroyed the books of the Kaifeng synagogue. They obtained some from Ningxia and Ningbo to replace them. Another Hebrew roll of law was bought from a Muslim in Ning-keang-chow in Shen-se (Shanxi), who acquired it from a dying Jew at Canton. 3244:(1368–1644), a Ming emperor conferred seven surnames upon the Jews, by which they are identifiable today: Ai (艾), Shi (石), Gao (高), Jin (金), Li (李), Zhang (張), and Zhao (趙). Two of these, Jin and Shi, are the equivalent of common Jewish names in the west: Gold and Stone. 4883: 5314:, p. 48: "This also involves a difficult study of the relations that existed between the Kaifeng Jews and Muslims there. A number of Jewish descendants converted to Islam rather than melting into the general populations. What is their attitude to Judaism now?" 3718:

representatives pressured the Japanese army to devise a plan to exterminate Shanghai's Jewish population, and this pressure eventually became known to the Jewish community's leadership. However, the Japanese had no intention of further provoking the anger of the

5302:, p. 18: "26 Some of those who converted to Islam, like the Zhang family, still seem to cherish this past as well and consider themselves as "fake Moslems". This has been confirmed by Zhang Qianhong and Li Jingwen in "Some Observations ...," 2000, p. 165." 3926:

is a mostly 21st century phenomenon and is complicated by the fact that there is little ground for antisemitism in China in historical sources. In the 2020s, antisemitic conspiracy theories in China began to spread and intensify. Some Chinese people believe in

3812:-residence-turned Shanghai Children's Palace, had their spacious front garden largely removed in order to make room for the city's overpass system under construction. A One Day Tour of the history of Jewish presence in Shanghai can be arranged through the 2539:(the term "Chinese Jews" is often used in a restricted sense in order to refer to these communities). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish merchants from around the world began to trade in Chinese ports, particularly in the commercial centres of 3298:, and stated that this was the site of a large Jewish population. Ricci sent an ethnic Chinese Jesuit Lay Brother to visit Kaifeng; later, other Jesuits (mostly European) also visited the city. It was later discovered that the Jewish community had a 3723:

after their already notorious invasion of China and their additional invasion of a number of other Asian nations, so they delayed the German request until the War ended. With the intercession of the Amshenower Rebbe and the translation skills of

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The presence of a community of Jewish immigrants in China arguably began sometime in the Song dynasty, though a number of scholars have argued for their presence there in earlier Tang dynasty times. In the 9th century, the Persian geographer

4338:... the Jewish presence in the city predates this year.242 According to the 1489 inscription, the founders of the Kaifeng ... while others state that the Jews of Beijing and Nanjing converted to Islam.249 The same Ricci was the first to ... 3883:'s Jewish community has reported increasing suppression by the authorities since 2015, reversing the modest revival it experienced in the 1990s. The observance of public religious services and the celebration of religious festivals like 4452:

Some ancestor rituals may still be carried out by Kaifeng Jewish descent groups today; it is hoped that ongoing ... a convert from outside Cochin] marries a woman from the daughters ... of the mshuchrarim, the sons who are born to them

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Most of the Zhang converted to Islam. Jews who managed the synagogues were called mullahs. A high number of Kaifeng Jews passed the difficult Chinese Civil Service examination during the Ming Dynasty. Four inscriptions from 1489, 1512,

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A 1757 regulation in the Paradesi record book stated : " If an Israelite or a ger (apparently, a convert from outside Cochin) marries a woman from the daughters ... of the mshuchrarim, the sons who are born to them go after the

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in New York City arrived in Shanghai to serve this community in August 1998. Rabbi Arthur Schneier, president of the Appeal of Conscience Foundation of New York, donated a Torah to the community that same year. On the first day of

3003:), in contrast to other populations of Hui people, who have identified with hats of other colors. The distinction between Muslim and Jewish Hui is not, and historically has not been, well recognised by the dominant Han population. 4598:

Even the first generation of a mixed marriage will often find the offspring only too happy to escape into the non ... Though the Jews converted to Islam, they apparently retained a Jewish coloration, much like Jews to convert to

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Characteristically, however, the Jewish people did not observe special memorial days for most of its ancient and ... No one seems to have seriously questioned the permissibility of the Kaifeng Jews marrying more than one

3341:, who, about the year 1850, opened a branch in connection with his father's Bombay house. Since that period Jews gradually migrated from India to Shanghai, most of them being engaged from Bombay as clerks by the firm of 6856: 4516:

In any case, the Kaifeng Jews did not stand out as an exotic community, for there were a large number of Muslims there, ... and they did not intermarry.93 According to most authorities, many Jews finally assimilated to

4370:

Out of the seven original clans of Kaifeng Jews, the Zhang clan was said to have converted to Islam in the beginning of the twentieth century with the decline of the community and the problems in that period of China's

3625:. In 1943, the occupying Japanese army required these 18,000 Jews, formally known as "stateless refugees," to relocate to an area of 0.75 square miles (1.9 km) in Shanghai's Hongkew district (today known as the 3891:

have been prohibited, and Jewish community groups have been shut down. Signs have been removed from the Kaifeng Synagogue, a historical site located on Teaching the Torah Lane that is now under strict surveillance.

3424:. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, however, some international Jewish groups, most notably Shavei Israel, have helped Chinese Jews rediscover their Jewish heritage and reconnect with their Jewish roots. 2978:, would have most likely caused Jewish communities to stand out from the surrounding mainstream Chinese population, as Chinese culture is typically very free in the range of items it deems suitable for food. 5134:, Book One, Chapter 11. Pages 107-111 in the English translation: Gallagher (1953). "China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matteo Ricci", Random House, New York, 1953. The Latin original text, 6122:. FASK, Publikationen des Fachbereichs Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz in Germersheim: Abhandlungen und Sammelbände. Vol. 47. Universität Mainz. 2652:

Over the centuries, the Kaifeng community came to be virtually indistinguishable from the Hui and Han Chinese population and is therefore no longer recognized by the Chinese government as a separate

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On June 27, 1985, an international group of scholars and activists gathered in Palo Alto, California to establish the Sino-Judaic Institute. Rabbi Anson Laytner serves as the incumbent president.

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and extensive intermarriage with the Hui population. Since their religious practices are considered to be functionally extinct, they are not eligible for expedited immigration to Israel under the

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As of 2019, Harbin could claim a single Jewish inhabitant, professor Dan Ben-Canaan, who helped advise the local government on restoring the city's synagogues and other Jewish-related buildings.

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movement to restore your wonderful and historic nation, which has contributed so much to the civilization of the world and which rightfully deserve an honorable place in the family of nations."

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Encyclopedia of Diasporas. Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Vol. I, Jewish Diaspora in China by Xu Xin, p.162, Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (Eds.), Springer 2004

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Encyclopedia of Diasporas. Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Vol. I, Jewish Diaspora in China by Xu Xin, p.155, Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (Eds.), Springer 2004

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Encyclopedia of Diasporas. Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Vol. I, Jewish Diaspora in China by Xu Xin, p.159, Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (Eds.), Springer 2004

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Encyclopedia of Diasporas. Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Vol. I, Jewish Diaspora in China by Xu Xin, p.153, Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (Eds.), Springer 2004

4422:

A 1757 regulation in the Paradesi record book stated : " If an Israelite or a ger marries a woman from the daughters ... of the mshuchrarim, the sons who are born to them go after the ...

6685: 3353:., who served on the French and English councils at the same time. During the early days of Jewish settlement in Shanghai, Jews were involved in the trade in opium and Bombay cotton yarn. 2610:

During the period of China's opening to the West and British quasi-colonialism, the first group to settle in China were Jews who arrived in China under British protection following the

5393:

Patrick Fuliang Shan, “‘A Proud and Creative Jewish Community:’ The Harbin Diaspora, Jewish Memory and Sino-Israeli Relations,” American Review of China Studies, Fall 2008, pp.15-29.

2607:, the supposed author of a book of travels, was a scholarly Jewish merchant who wrote in vernacular Italian, and reached China in 1271, although some authors question its veracity. 5975: 6575: 6570: 6866: 6949: 3786:

Structured Jewish life returned to Beijing in 1979 with the founding of Kehillat Beijing, an egalitarian lay-led community serving ex-patriate Jews from all over the world.

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with inscriptions found at Kaifeng bear some historical suggestions. The oldest, dating from 1489, commemorates the construction of a synagogue (1163) (bearing the name

1159: 5290:, p. 106: "Others said he may indeed be from the Zhang clan, but that the clan (one of the "Seven Surnames") had apparently converted to Islam over a century ago." 3459:

from the Middle East came as traders via India and Hong Kong and established some of the leading trading companies in the second half of the 19th century. Later, after

5683: 5006: 4623:

The community was also weakened by repeated natural, military and economic catastrophes that Kaifeng experienced over the centuries. Fire and flood took their toll,

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Katz, Yossi. "The Jews of China and their Contribution to the Establishment of the Jewish National Home in Palestine in the First Half of the Twentieth Century."

4658: 3350: 3629:) where many lived in group homes called "Heime". The total number of Jews who entered Shanghai during this period equaled the total number of Jews who fled to 1737: 6486:

Shulman, Frank Joseph. "The Chinese Jews and the Jewish Diasporas in China from the Tang Period (CE 618-906) through the Mid-1990s: A Selected Bibliography."

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Many Jewish communities were established in China in the Middle Ages. However, not all left evidence of their existence. The following are those known today:

1392: 1087: 3266:, received a visit from a young Jewish Chinese man in 1605. Ricci mentioned this man's name as Ngai, who has since been identified by the French sinologist 1279: 4466: 4435: 4405: 4497: 3379:

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish merchants from around the world began to trade in Chinese ports, particularly in the commercial centres of

2487: 251: 5646: 5632: 3521:. According to estimates, over 20,000 Jews lived in Harbin and played a key role in the shaping of local politics, economy and international trade. 6927: 3448: 1274: 3187:, in the late 13th century, described the prominence of Jewish traders in Beijing. Similar references can be found in the notes of the Franciscan 6770: 1522: 3164:

in 1329 and 1354. The text spoke of the reinforcement of a tax levied on "dissenters" and of a government decree that the Jews come en-masse to

3081:(618–907). The text is thirty-seven lines in length and was written on paper, a product then manufactured only in China. It was identified, by 6815: 2622:, due to significant British colonialism in these regions. The second community came in the first decades of the 20th century when many Jews 1776: 5902: 4612: 4591: 4561: 4530: 3965: 3337:'s first wave of Jews came in the second half of the 19th century, many being Mizrahi Jews from Iraq. The first Jew who arrived there was 8098: 3109: 761: 724: 3061:

The earliest evidence showing the presence of Jews in China is from the beginning of the 8th century: a business letter written in the

2759:(58–75 CE). Writing in 1900, Father Joseph Brucker hypothesized that Jews came to China from India by a sea route since ancient times. 5664: 5429:

Berton, Peter. The Evolution of Sino-Israeli Relations. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Vol. IV, No. 3. September 2010, pp. 69–80.

3105: 1700: 8076: 6605: 3764: 3696: 1723: 5599: 4289: 4270: 6795: 6008: 4931: 4715:

Alfred Edelsheim. History of the Jewish Nation after the destruction of Jerusalem under Titus. Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 71.

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needs. Since a significant amount of Chinese food products and food ingredients are exported to the American market, a number of

1073: 5570: 4384: 4351: 4321: 6810: 6715: 5202: 5037: 4714: 3328:

told Semedo that four families of Jews converted to Islam since they were the last Jews in Nanjing, their numbers diminishing.

2480: 1650: 1585: 1467: 4813: 3731:

In general, in the period from 1845 to 1945, more than 40,000 Jews came to China to do business or in search of a safe haven.

6388: 6093: 5543: 5414: 5355: 5044: 4980: 4893: 4831: 4277: 4227: 3797: 3192: 771: 5687: 5102: 5013: 3613:. Shanghai was an open city at the time and it did not have restrictions on immigration, and some Chinese diplomats such as 2634:. A surge of Jews and Jewish families was to arrive in the late 1930s and 1940s, for the purpose of seeking refuge from the 6920: 6820: 6522: 6471: 5179: 5130: 1209: 5926:"Chinese Philosemitism and Historical Statecraft: Incorporating Jews and Israel into Contemporary Chinese Civilizationism" 5532:

Messmer, Matthias (2008-06-26). "China's Realities from the Viewpoints of "Foreign Experts"". In Ehrlich, M. Avrum (ed.).

8055: 6765: 6730: 6266: 1477: 1294: 1284: 524: 2692:

It has been asserted by some that the Jews who have historically resided in various places in China originated with the

8426: 6655: 6650: 6545: 6127: 6050: 5451: 4509: 4445: 4363: 3331:

Various Jewish Chinese individuals worked in government service and owned big properties in China in the 17th century.

1873: 1823: 1788: 1482: 1347: 1214: 4864:

Voyage du marchand arabe Sulaymân en Inde et en Chine, rédigé en 851, suivi de remarques par Abû Zayd Hasan (vers 916)

8363: 8140: 6775: 6750: 6665: 6645: 6595: 6565: 6555: 5847: 5774: 5671: 5520: 5498: 5382: 5337: 4941: 4849: 4824: 4744: 4721: 4702: 4331: 4207: 3813: 3544: 3388: 3366: 2548: 2473: 1565: 1527: 1502: 1422: 1407: 1254: 1194: 1149: 5156: 8390: 8065: 6861: 6740: 6735: 6615: 6214:

Chinese and Japanese repository of facts and events in science, history and art, relating to Eastern Asia, Volume 1

5804: 5204:

Chinese and Japanese repository of facts and events in science, history and art, relating to Eastern Asia, Volume 1

5181:

Chinese and Japanese repository of facts and events in science, history and art, relating to Eastern Asia, Volume 1

5158:

Chinese and Japanese repository of facts and events in science, history and art, relating to Eastern Asia, Volume 1

4138: 2623: 1858: 1840: 1746: 1640: 1492: 1487: 1412: 1377: 1244: 3567:

in 1932 had a negative impact on the Harbin Jewish community (13,000 in 1929). Most of those Jews left Harbin for

8421: 8416: 8221: 8091: 6913: 6805: 6755: 6710: 6690: 6680: 6580: 6373: 6283: 4003: 3932: 2376: 2275: 1830: 1813: 1766: 1665: 1575: 1512: 1462: 1442: 1437: 1357: 1331: 1306: 1184: 1174: 1164: 1144: 1139: 8145: 6936: 6780: 6695: 6675: 6560: 6550: 4571: 4540: 4476: 4415: 1849: 1835: 1803: 1783: 1751: 1695: 1670: 1645: 1625: 1615: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1570: 1560: 1555: 1532: 1447: 1432: 1352: 1311: 1264: 1259: 1179: 1124: 3041:". Xu Xin translates this phrase as "Chosen people, endowed by God, and contented with their lives and work". 2751:

There is an oral tradition that the first Jews immigrated to China through Persia following the Roman Emperor

2642:, most of whom left after the war, the rest relocating prior to or immediately after the establishment of the 6825: 6760: 6725: 6660: 6640: 6630: 6590: 6301: 4143: 3923: 3752: 3404: 3014:(清真寺). lǐbàisì 禮拜寺 and qīngzhēnsì 清真寺 were used as names of both synagogues and mosques by Jews and Muslims. 2814: 2564: 2270: 1808: 1793: 1756: 1718: 1690: 1680: 1675: 1660: 1655: 1635: 1620: 1605: 1580: 1546: 1517: 1417: 1402: 1326: 1316: 1234: 1204: 1129: 1115: 17: 8236: 8358: 8135: 6785: 6745: 6720: 6700: 6635: 6610: 6600: 6430: 4168: 3010:

as "The Pure and Truth", which is essentially the same as the term used in modern China to refer to Muslim

2798:) details the Jews' religious practices. The third is dated 1663 and commemorates the re-rebuilding of the 1878: 1798: 1761: 1685: 1630: 1497: 1472: 1397: 1372: 1301: 1224: 1219: 1199: 1189: 1169: 1154: 1047: 751: 515: 510: 4641: 3101: 8332: 6705: 6670: 6625: 6620: 5749:"Dara Horn's 'Cities of Ice': A Dispatch From Frozen Harbin, Where Jews Once Flourished, and Melted Away" 5748: 5643: 5558: 4468:

A Social and Religious History of the Jews: Late Middle Ages and the era of European expansion, 1200-1650

3985: 3863: 2697: 1868: 1863: 1818: 1771: 1457: 1427: 1387: 1382: 1239: 545: 3097:) and killed a large number of foreign merchants, Arabs, Persians, Christians and Jews, resident there. 8337: 8194: 8084: 5488: 4240: 3499: 2631: 2342: 2187: 1895: 1289: 485: 475: 211: 4352:"Part V KAIFENG JEWISH DESCENDANTS 14 THE CONTEMPORARY CONDITION OF THE JEWISH DESCENDANTS OF KAIFENG" 4259: 8378: 8373: 8106: 5897: 3708: 3657:

also exploited the plight of the Jews. By 1941, nearly 20,000 European Jews had found shelter there.

2456: 2149: 2000: 1941: 832: 6192: 3751:, although a few remained. Three prominent non-Chinese lived in China from the establishment of the 8030: 7349: 6537: 6515: 4133: 3684: 3515: 3082: 2755:'s capture of Jerusalem in 70 CE. A large number of Jews emigrated from Persia during the reign of 2571:

in 1949, only a few Jews were known to have maintained the practice of their religion and culture.

2159: 2139: 1249: 729: 270: 5232: 5143: 5038:

M. Avrum Ehrlich (Ed.). The Jewish-Chinese Nexus: A Meeting of Civilizations. Routledge, UK, 2008.

2770:, a term often used for mosque in Chinese), states the Jews entered China from India in the Later 8384: 8291: 8199: 7893: 7248: 6197: 6045: 5469: 4916: 4868: 3529: 3514:, who played a leading role in the Harbin Jewish community after 1919, and the parents of future 3018: 2508: 2300: 2290: 2255: 2134: 2124: 1907: 1078: 1020: 854: 533: 490: 205: 145: 6072:

Xun, Zhou (2019-12-31), Ross, James R.; Lihong, Song (eds.), "Perceiving Jews in Modern China",

5892: 5707: 4972: 3432: 2630:

during those cities' periods of economic expansion. Many more Jews arrived as refugees from the

8189: 7881: 7609: 7319: 7027: 6957: 6077: 4158: 3720: 3400: 2560: 2419: 2154: 2068: 1134: 686: 305: 275: 5731: 4498:"INTEGRATION, ASSIMILATION, AND SURVIVAL OF MINORITIES IN CHINA: THE CASE OF THE KAIFENG JEWS" 4202:. Jerusalem: The Jewish People Planning Policy Institute / GefenPublishing House. p. 83. 3306:), which was constructed facing the west, and housed a number of written materials and books. 2813:. This could be taken to suggest that loyal Jews fled south along with the soon-to-be crowned 8411: 8322: 8184: 8130: 7621: 6998: 4734: 4128: 3913: 3850:, kosher kitchen, and educational classes for children and adults. The community has its own 3826: 3413: 3342: 3252: 3135:

by other Chinese. The first plausible recorded written Chinese mention of Jews uses the term

2732: 2310: 2305: 2250: 2038: 953: 681: 668: 563: 280: 4800: 4770: 8060: 8035: 7333: 4621:]. Tel Aviv, Israel: Bet Hatefutsoth, The Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora. 3491: 3188: 2381: 2333: 2073: 1931: 744: 609: 598: 556: 8: 8368: 8296: 8276: 8002: 6835: 6508: 5930: 5012:. The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology. p. 12. Archived from 4862: 3676: 3576: 3552: 3346: 3338: 2943:(挑筋教), loosely, "the religion which removes the sinew," probably referring to the Jewish 2756: 2661: 2653: 2434: 2129: 807: 674: 577: 570: 500: 388: 263: 5226: 4670: 8281: 8177: 7931: 7901: 7817: 7395: 7327: 6481: 6463:(Journal of Judaism, Zionism and Eretz-Israel), No. 3 (September 2006), pp. 60–85. 6413: 6326: 6157: 5957: 5874: 5823: 5607: 5073: 4965: 4910: 4296: 4271:

J.R.S. Philips. The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford University Press, 1998, p.289.

4245: 4069:, a Ming dynasty official from the 17th century, member of the Kaifeng Jewish community 3801: 3022: 2723:

and later migrated from the Muslim-inhabited regions of northwestern China (modern day

2681: 2285: 2235: 2182: 2177: 2091: 1961: 1229: 1058: 817: 737: 591: 157: 95: 6298:

The Last Kings of Shanghai: The Rival Jewish Dynasties That Helped Create Modern China

3692: 8342: 8327: 8306: 8261: 8162: 8122: 8114: 7963: 7924: 7906: 7131: 6966: 6890: 6384: 6133: 6123: 6089: 5980: 5961: 5949: 5878: 5866: 5827: 5667: 5627:"Religion Journal; A Professor in Nanjing Takes Up Jewish Studies" by Gustav Niebuhr 5578: 5539: 5516: 5494: 5410: 5404: 5378: 5056:

Chang, Hsiang Wen (1945). "An Early Chinese Source on the Kaifeng Jewish Community".

5040: 4976: 4937: 4889: 4845: 4827: 4820: 4740: 4717: 4698: 4567: 4536: 4505: 4472: 4441: 4411: 4359: 4327: 4273: 4223: 4203: 4163: 4039: 3928: 3776: 3525: 3503: 3403:). In the first half of the 20th century, thousands of Jewish refugees escaping from 3392: 3275: 3224: 3086: 2907: 2826: 2563:). In the first half of the 20th century, thousands of Jewish refugees escaping from 2552: 2429: 2371: 2351: 2168: 1728: 1367: 827: 698: 628: 505: 418: 285: 4671:"NOVA Online | Lost Tribes of Israel | Where are the Ten Lost Tribes? (3)" 3621:

issued transit visas with which refugees could go to Shanghai after a short stay in

3361: 8301: 8271: 8172: 8167: 7981: 7958: 7911: 7828: 7739: 7506: 7496: 7440: 7429: 7114: 7078: 6986: 6081: 5939: 5861: 5856: 5842: 5813: 5065: 4912:

Ancient Khotan: Detailed Report of Archaeological Explorations in Chinese Turkestan

4885:

The Early Jews and Muslims of England and Wales: A Genetic and Genealogical History

4695:

The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions: The Legacy of the Jewish Community in Ancient China

4560:

Benjamin Isadore Schwartz; Frank Joseph Shulman (1999). Goldstein, Jonathan (ed.).

4548:

Muslims had to embrace Islam. This is one of the reasons the Jews were assimilated.

4072: 3870:). As of 2009, over 50 mashgichim have been stationed in China, 7 of them from the 3842: 3626: 3372:

Contemporaneous sources estimated the Jewish population in China in 1940—including

3291: 3066: 2986: 2889: 2779: 2677: 2399: 2280: 2240: 2204: 1902: 1452: 963: 719: 623: 538: 428: 220: 91: 87: 6454: 5800:"Islamophobia and Antisemitism are Different in Their Potential for Globalization" 4794: 4764: 4358:. Routledge Jewish Studies Series (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 194. 3006:

A modern translation of the "Kaifeng Steles" has shown the Jews referred to their

2638:

in Europe and were predominantly of European origin. Shanghai was notable for its

8018: 7992: 7953: 7868: 7835: 7822: 7573: 7491: 7144: 7083: 6981: 5976:"The Chinese Thinker Who Claims That the Jews Are His Country's Number-One Enemy" 5650: 5533: 5513: 5375: 5135: 5106: 4842: 4173: 4153: 4085: 4054: 4015:'s daughter, who is of Dutch Jewish ancestry. Chairman and executive director of 3688: 3668: 3664: 3618: 3588: 3560: 3511: 3223:

preparation of their food, calling both of them "slaves" and forcing them to eat

3151: 3144: 2953: 2693: 2639: 2611: 2604: 2361: 2320: 2315: 2295: 2217: 2211: 2144: 2096: 1936: 1917: 1068: 797: 709: 692: 236: 83: 5490:

The Fugu Plan: The Untold Story of the Japanese and the Jews During World War II

3858:, in addition to Rabbi Ephraim Bezalel, who manages local community affairs and 3483:

At the early 20th century many Russian Jews fleeing pogroms in several towns in

3049: 8206: 8040: 8023: 7849: 7794: 7653: 7648: 7591: 7531: 7476: 7294: 7288: 7278: 7189: 7168: 7017: 7012: 6381:

Mandarins, Jews, and Missionaries: the Jewish experience in the Chinese Empire

6356: 6256: 6188: 5007:"The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims" 4120: 4066: 4044: 3871: 3783:

established herself as one of the few Jewish women writers in post-1949 China.

3760: 3756: 3484: 3464: 3132: 3113: 2581: 2512: 2461: 2260: 2115: 1995: 1974: 1951: 1946: 1924: 1912: 1507: 988: 922: 887: 865: 802: 640: 618: 480: 459: 435: 201: 183: 132: 7807: 7688: 6500: 6085: 5944: 5925: 4323:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 5, Jews in the Medieval Islamic World

3455:

Jewish life in Shanghai had really taken off with the arrival of the British.

2743: 8405: 8286: 7776: 7762: 7728: 7700: 7682: 7636: 7630: 7568: 7556: 7446: 7219: 7212: 7206: 7183: 7066: 7047: 7036: 6884: 6314: 6236: 6217: 6183: 6145: 6137: 5953: 5870: 5243:

muslim community added to its numbers accession chinese jews converted islam.

4559: 4047:, an American professor of constitutional law born to European Jewish parents 3951: 3900: 3822: 3768: 3748: 3649:

combined. Many of the Jews in China later moved to found the modern state of

3436: 3270:

as a Jew named Ai T'ien, who explained that the community he belonged to was

3251:

record of Jews residing in China is found in the records of the 17th-century

3248: 3200: 3121: 3062: 2948: 2665: 2619: 2504: 2409: 2404: 1610: 1537: 1063: 912: 907: 902: 892: 870: 822: 584: 423: 328: 290: 241: 136: 128: 99: 6039: 3274:, or believing in only one God. It is recorded that when he saw a Christian 8152: 7997: 7973: 7937: 7916: 7842: 7812: 7802: 7769: 7754: 7694: 7668: 7583: 7404: 7369: 7357: 7257: 7233: 7226: 7177: 7157: 7139: 7101: 5139: 4881: 4148: 4106: 4060: 4016: 3973: 3919: 3740: 3715: 3700: 3646: 3614: 3421: 3318: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3241: 3228: 3206: 3184: 3169: 3160: 3117: 3078: 3070: 2806: 2783: 2708: 2656:. This is as a result of having maintained already-Jewish and adopted many 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2439: 2265: 2106: 2101: 2059: 2012: 1106: 973: 958: 917: 882: 495: 337: 140: 3775:

and one Austrian emigre, were of Jewish descent. Another Jewish-American,

3743:

and the establishment of the PRC in 1949, most of these Jews emigrated to

2523:

century CE. Relatively isolated communities of Jews developed through the

7783: 7722: 7710: 7705: 7675: 7546: 7411: 7363: 7283: 7273: 7268: 7150: 7089: 7072: 7060: 7053: 7042: 6992: 6905: 6894: 5818: 5799: 5090: 4076: 4050: 3995: 3945: 3899:

and immigrating to Israel with the help of private organisations such as

3847: 3642: 3540: 3518: 3460: 3456: 3365:

A plaque commemorates the former Jewish Middle School in Harbin, now the

3125: 2771: 2720: 2701: 2657: 2615: 2424: 2366: 2031: 937: 932: 927: 897: 6330: 6233:

The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith

6182: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 6161: 5228:

The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith

2700:

who relocated to the areas of present-day China. Traces of some ancient

8211: 7985: 7716: 7661: 7642: 7597: 7516: 7501: 7418: 7384: 7377: 7301: 7006: 6975: 5438: 5077: 4035: 4025: 4012: 3999: 3961: 3955: 3780: 3672: 3417: 3211: 3196: 3180: 3090: 2982: 2821:. In fact, the 1489 stele mentions how the Jews "abandoned Bianliang" ( 2775: 2672: 2082: 1096: 1025: 983: 812: 792: 351: 258: 178: 124: 8256: 8241: 7308: 7120: 7108: 6420:

Chinese Perceptions of the Jews' and Judaism: A History of the Youtai

6308:

The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance

4566:. East Gate book. Vol. 1. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 119. 4080: 4028:'s daughter, who is of Dutch Jewish ancestry. Hong Kong-based actress 3948:, an actress who often appears in the Chinese New Year's Gala on CCTV 3867: 3725: 3630: 3610: 3564: 3533: 3507: 3380: 3373: 3299: 3094: 3074: 3054: 3007: 2971: 2911: 2853: 2635: 2591: 2586: 2540: 2245: 2230: 1320: 1268: 1030: 978: 968: 649: 645: 635: 550: 310: 6235:, by Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, a publication from 1896, now in the 5069: 3089:

traveler, reports that in 878 followers of the Chinese rebel leader

3085:, as dating from 718 CE. Ibn Zeyd al Hassan of Siraf, a 9th-century 998: 7511: 7451: 7424: 6280:

The Jews in China: Their Synagogue, Their Scriptures, Their History

5356:"Stopping the crackdown on China's Jews - Opinion - Jerusalem Post" 4260:

Mark Honigsbaum. Chinese fake away? The Spectator, October 25, 1997

4038:'s daughter, who is of Dutch Jewish ancestry. Managing director of 4031: 4021: 4008: 3884: 3809: 3704: 3606: 3572: 3444: 3384: 3334: 2975: 2967: 2939:

It has been recorded that the Chinese historically called the Jews

2869: 2861: 2845: 2837: 2818: 2810: 2786:

emperor, and finally lists the transmission of their religion from

2627: 2544: 2414: 2024: 1956: 787: 295: 246: 59: 5718: 4971:(illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 3660: 8246: 7861: 7563: 7551: 7541: 7521: 7481: 7471: 7466: 7461: 3939: 3880: 3859: 3598: 3594: 3568: 3548: 3420:

populace, due to widespread intermarriage; especially during the

3325: 3295: 3279: 3259: 3165: 2962: 2944: 2924: 2873: 2865: 2857: 2849: 2833: 2822: 2787: 2390: 2356: 2225: 2019: 1008: 1003: 875: 766: 661: 657: 653: 402: 397: 374: 356: 231: 226: 216: 194: 169: 112: 71: 63: 55: 6444:

The Jews of China: v. 1: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

4437:

The Jews of China: v. 1: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

4386:

Journey to the People's Republic of China; Review & Analysis

2802:

synagogue and recaps the information from the other two steles.

8157: 7855: 7748: 7526: 7486: 7456: 7434: 7339: 5136:

De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu

4908: 4882:

Elizabeth Caldwell Hirschman; Donald N. Yates (29 April 2014).

4290:"David L. Gold. A Fresh Essay on Duty and Responsibility. 2008" 3896: 3888: 3855: 3851: 3825:, in September 1999, a Jewish New Year service was held at the 3817: 3772: 3744: 3650: 3634: 3602: 3495: 3472: 3440: 3396: 3310: 3216: 3176: 3038: 3011: 2994: 2897: 2841: 2712: 2600: 2556: 2050: 2045: 2005: 1990: 1101: 993: 413: 379: 365: 300: 67: 3846:

2007, the Sephardic community of Shanghai opened a synagogue,

2649:

Many Jews in China converted to Islam and became Hui Muslims.

8109: 7875: 7603: 7578: 7536: 7263: 7095: 6120:

Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China

6030: 6009:"Jewish Conspiracy Theories are Finding an Audience in China" 4933:

China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects

4610: 4002:'s son, who is of Dutch Jewish ancestry. CEO and chairman of 3989: 3969: 3638: 3622: 3579:. Until 1939, the Russian Jews were about 5,000 in Shanghai. 3488: 3487:

decided to move to northeast China for permanent settlement (

3468: 3408: 3287: 3220: 3069:. The letter (now housed in the British Museum) was found in 2884:

The contemporary term for Jews in use among Chinese today is

2763: 2752: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2643: 2596: 2568: 2531:

dynasties (7th to 13th centuries CE) all the way through the

1013: 442: 346: 315: 3131:

Sources indicate that Jews in China were often mistaken for

2603:

via the Middle East to China. The medieval Italian explorer

6263:

Jews in China: Cultural Conversations, Changing Perceptions

4614:קהילת קאפינג: Chinese Jews on the Banks of the Yellow River 3283: 2791: 165: 6493:

Song, Lihong. "From 'Jews in China' to 'Jews and China'."

6410:

The Jews of Kaifeng, China: History, Culture, and Religion

4816:

The Jews of Kaifeng, China. History, Culture, and Religion

4563:

The Jews of China: Historical and comparative perspectives

3728:, the Japanese ultimately kept the Jews of Shanghai safe. 3407:

arrived in China. By the time of the establishment of the

3294:. Ngai (Ai Tian, Ai T'ien) declared that he had come from 2671:

Today, many descendants of the Jews have assimilated into

2567:

arrived in China. By the time of the establishment of the

8251: 6337:

Loewenthal, Rudolf. "The nomenclature of Jews in China."

5843:"China, the Holocaust, and the Birth of the Jewish State" 5338:"Jewish History in China Boosting Sino-Israeli Relations" 4222:

David Selbourne. The City of Light. Abacus, London 1998.

6451:

The Jews of China: v. 2: A Sourcebook and Research Guide

6065: 6000: 5917: 5684:"Shanghai's Jews celebrate historic synagogue reopening" 5224: 4471:. Vol. 18. Columbia University Press. p. 617. 3895:

A small number of Chinese Jews have succeeded in making

3617:

issued "protective" passports and the Japanese diplomat

2794:. The second tablet, dated 1512 (found in the synagogue 4063:, an American film producer of Ukrainian Jewish descent 2966:), which forbids the eating of, among other foods, non- 5775:"China's Crackdown on the Jewish Community of Kaifeng" 3779:

served as interpreter to many top Chinese officials.

3528:

played an important role in the establishment of the

6459:

Raiskin, Shlomy. "A Bibliography on Chinese Jewry",

5732:"Kosher Takeout: Supervising a food-production boom" 5535:

The Jewish-Chinese Nexus: A Meeting of Civilizations

5004: 4652: 4642:"Are Jewish Women More Likely to Marry Chinese Men?" 4356:

The Jewish-Chinese Nexus: A Meeting of Civilizations

4096: 3866:

send rabbis to China to serve as kosher inspectors (

2029: 2010: 433: 4434:Goldstein, Jonathan; Schwartz, Benjamin I. (2015). 4057:

writer, born in Shanghai to European Jewish parents

6038: 5660: 5658: 4964: 4875: 4792: 4762: 4758: 4756: 3838:and diaspora Jewish communities across the world. 6317:(1988). "The Jewish Presence in Imperial China". 6148:(1988). "The Jewish Presence in Imperial China". 4433: 3215:when he forbade Jews and Muslims from practicing 3037:is a transliteration and partial translation of " 8403: 3609:in the late 1930s and early 1940s to escape the 3309:The Jews who managed the synagogue were called " 2747:Jews of Kaifeng, late 19th or early 20th century 6530: 6442:Goldstein, Jonathan, and Benjamin I. Schwartz. 5655: 4962: 4860: 4786: 4753: 4079:businessman, and the chairman and 18% owner of 3475:) was the Chief Rabbi of Shanghai (1926–1949). 3195:in the early 14th century, and the writings of 3021:, Director of the Centre for Judaic Studies at 6478:Jews in Old China, Studies by Chinese Scholars 6040:"Is China Anti-Semitic? One Jew's Reflections" 4929: 4902: 4532:Jews in Old China: Studies by Chinese Scholars 3940:Notable Chinese-born people of Jewish ancestry 3498:from 1913 until his death in 1949). After the 2678:reduced restrictions on the number of children 8092: 6921: 6516: 5559:A Chinese Jew's tale of adversity and triumph 5486: 5470:"Former Jewish refugees revisit Shanghai Ark" 2584:noted the travels of Jewish merchants called 2481: 6436: 5644:One Day Private Shanghai Jewish Culture Tour 5487:Tokayer, Marvin; Swartz, Mary (2004-05-31). 4635: 4633: 4631: 4349: 3376:—at 36,000 (source: Catholic Encyclopedia). 2914:. The terms have a similar pronunciation to 6363:The Theology of the Kaifeng Jews, 1000–1850 6261:Eber, Irene, and Kathryn Hellerstein, eds. 6187: 5449: 4818:. p.153, Ktav Publishing House, Inc., 2003. 4159:People's Republic of China–Israel relations 3703:(photographer and wife of Communist leader 3017:According to an oral tradition dictated by 725:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 8099: 8085: 6935: 6928: 6914: 6523: 6509: 5091:A Visit to Kaifeng by Beverly Friend Ph.D. 4909:Mark Aurel Stein; Sir Aurel Stein (1907). 4596:. Sino-Judaic Institute. 1986. p. 8. 3841:In 2001, Rabbi Shimon Freundlich from the 2711:, who are purported to have traveled from 2488: 2474: 5943: 5860: 5817: 5348: 4639: 4628: 4403: 4350:Ehrlich, M. Avrum; Liang, Pingan (2008). 4319: 4053:, an Australian leading English-language 3383:, which was for a time a British colony; 2590:, whose trade took them to China via the 2543:, which was for a time a British colony; 5409:. Oxford University Press. p. 191. 5335: 5329: 5125: 5123: 4799:. Morgan & Scott, Limited. pp. 4689: 4687: 4640:Eikenburg, Jocelyn (February 28, 2011). 4611:Michael Pollak; Bet ha-tefutsot (1984). 3659: 3551:, and he also saw parallels between the 3431: 3360: 3048: 2981:Jews have also been called the Blue-Hat 2742: 2640:special area assigned to Jewish refugees 6468:The Image of Jews in Contemporary China 6346:From Kaifeng to Shanghai: Jews in China 6216:, a publication from 1863, now in the 6074:The Image of Jews in Contemporary China 5923: 5840: 5531: 4993:halal chinggis khan you are our slaves. 4769:. Morgan & Scott, Limited. p. 4528: 4502:From Kaifeng to Shanghai: Jews in China 14: 8404: 6117: 5797: 5772: 5423: 5402: 5323: 5311: 5299: 5287: 5275: 5254: 4936:. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 24. 4495: 4238: 3108:to sell to any local according to the 3033:(一賜樂業教), lit. the religion of Israel. 3027:Legends of the Chinese Jews of Kaifeng 8080: 6909: 6504: 6313: 6144: 6036: 6006: 5893:"China: A Land Without Anti-Semitism" 5120: 5055: 4684: 4659:"The Truth About Matrilineal Descent" 4464: 4239:Spence, Jonathan (October 19, 1997). 3510:). These included, among others, Dr. 3449:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme 3193:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beijing 6427:Jews in China: A History of Struggle 6231:This article incorporates text from 6212:This article incorporates text from 5905:from the original on 14 January 2023 5773:Miller, Dr Yvette Alt (2016-10-04). 5729: 5131:De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas 4197: 3734: 3183:, who visited China, then under the 2782:, their audience with an "un-named" 50:Regions with significant populations 8056:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China 6490:(Routledge, 2018) pp. 157–183. 6071: 6053:from the original on 9 January 2023 5336:Walgrove, Amanda (March 25, 2011). 4967:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road 4796:Islam in China: A Neglected Problem 4766:Islam in China: A Neglected Problem 4732: 4440:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. 4320:Lieberman, Phillip I., ed. (2021). 3203:in the middle of the 14th century. 3120:an 8th-century document written in 2704:have been observed in some places. 24: 6383:, (New York: Weatherhill, 1998), 6351:Neubauer, Adolf. "Jews in China." 6306:Laytner, Anson, and Jordan Paper, 6245: 5988:from the original on April 5, 2023 5525: 4867:. Paris Éditions Bossard. p. 3276:image of Mary with the child Jesus 3227:, and banned them from practicing 3029:, the Kaifeng Jews called Judaism 2680:and easier admission standards to 25: 8438: 8364:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law) 6251:Adler, Marcus N. "Chinese Jews." 6191:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 5848:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 5841:Medzini, Meron (1 January 2013). 5225:Sir Thomas Walker Arnold (1896). 4535:. Hippocrene Books. p. 233. 4404:Goldstein, Jonathan, ed. (1998). 4382: 3854:, who functions as a teacher and 3814:Center of Jewish Studies Shanghai 3593:Another wave of 18,000 Jews from 3563:in 1931 and the establishment of 2535:(19th century), most notably the 516:Historical population comparisons 8391:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism 8220: 8108: 8061:Immigrant ethnic groups in China 6889: 6880: 6879: 6495:Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 6370:The History of the Jews in China 6273:Jews and Judaism in modern China 6224: 6205: 6201:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 6177: 5805:Journal of Religion and Violence 5798:Brekke, Torkel (26 April 2021). 5450:Adam Minter (January 15, 2006). 5439:Shanghai Jews as seen by Chinese 5406:The Origins of Chinese Communism 4139:History of the Jews in Hong Kong 4113: 4099: 3912:This section is an excerpt from 3547:, admired the Jewish people and 3278:, he took it to be a picture of 2668:unless they explicitly convert. 2511:are also represented, including 1160:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1074:Historical population by country 6019:from the original on 2023-07-18 5968: 5924:Ainslie, Mary J. (March 2021). 5885: 5834: 5791: 5766: 5741: 5723: 5712: 5701: 5676: 5637: 5621: 5592: 5563: 5552: 5507: 5480: 5462: 5443: 5432: 5396: 5387: 5369: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5269: 5260: 5248: 5231:. A. Constable and co. p. 5218: 5195: 5172: 5149: 5142:. The corresponding text is on 5095: 5084: 5049: 5031: 4998: 4956: 4923: 4854: 4836: 4807: 4777: 4726: 4708: 4663: 4604: 4584: 4553: 4522: 4489: 4458: 4427: 4397: 4004:Melco International Development 3968:which owns nineteen casinos in 3906: 3832: 3829:for the first time since 1952. 3582: 3478: 3356: 3106:boys, female slaves from Europe 3044: 2805:Father Joseph Brucker believed 8146:Chinese salvationist religions 6847:British Indian Ocean Territory 5862:10.1080/23739770.2013.11446543 5493:. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. 5146:of Book One of the Latin text. 4496:Leslie, Donald Daniel (2017). 4465:Baron, Salo Wittmayer (1952). 4376: 4354:. In Ehrlich, M. Avrum (ed.). 4343: 4326:. Cambridge University Press. 4313: 4282: 4264: 4253: 4232: 4216: 4191: 3992:gambling industry for 75 years 3816:. Rabbi Shalom Greenberg from 3077:in northwest China during the 3073:, an important post along the 2999: 2902: 2503:are predominantly composed of 13: 1: 5730:Marx, Patricia (2009-01-05), 5005:Donald Daniel Leslie (1998). 4861:Gabriel Ferrand, ed. (1922). 4697:. New York: iUniverse, 2006 ( 4198:Wald, Shalom Salomon (2004). 4179: 4144:History of the Jews in Taiwan 3864:kosher certification agencies 3405:pogroms in the Russian Empire 3209:called both Jews and Muslims 2910:Chinese and "yau tai yan" in 2707:One well-known group was the 2614:. Many of these Jews were of 2565:pogroms in the Russian Empire 2507:and their descendants. Other 731:Christianity and Judaism 8359:Freedom of religion in China 6480:, (Hippocrene Books, 1984), 6007:Haime, Jordyn (2023-07-18). 5103:"Kaifeng Jewish Descendants" 4915:. Clarendon Press. pp. 4410:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 119. 4184: 4169:Freedom of religion in China 4088:, Australian property tycoon 3933:Jews secretly rule the world 3755:to the contemporary period: 3577:British Mandate of Palestine 3124:was found and translated by 3100:China was a destination for 7: 6531:History of the Jews in Asia 6466:Ross, James R. et al. eds. 6396:China and the Jewish People 6353:The Jewish Quarterly Review 6253:The Jewish Quarterly Review 6118:Kupfer, Peter, ed. (2008). 5600:"The Sino-Judaic Institute" 5571:"The Sino-Judaic Institute" 5266:金效静;;中国的犹太人;社会科学战线;1981年04期 4888:. McFarland. pp. 51–. 4793:Marshall Broomhall (1910). 4763:Marshall Broomhall (1910). 4200:China and the Jewish People 4092: 3986:government-granted monopoly 3798:Institute of Jewish Studies 3559:The Japanese occupation of 3427: 2574: 2030: 2011: 1738:Latin America and Caribbean 434: 10: 8443: 6405:, (2nd ed, Paragon, 1966). 6365:(Wilfrid Laurier UP, 2012) 6105: 6037:Davis, Bob (14 May 2014). 5452:"Return of a Shanghai Jew" 4073:Sir Michael David Kadoorie 3964:, founder and Chairman of 3924:People's Republic of China 3911: 3753:People's Republic of China 3586: 3532:(CCP) in 1921 through the 3500:Russian Revolution of 1917 3409:People's Republic of China 3367:No. 2 Korean Middle School 3199:, an Arabian envoy to the 3191:, first archbishop of the 3110:Book of Roads and Kingdoms 2738: 2731:province during the early 2687: 2644:People's Republic of China 2632:Russian Revolution of 1917 2569:People's Republic of China 2519:and a number of converts. 2343:Jewish political movements 2040:Conversion to Judaism 8427:Jews and Judaism in China 8379:Ghosts in Chinese culture 8374:Regional Religious System 8351: 8315: 8229: 8218: 8121: 8051: 8011: 7946: 7892: 7793: 7738: 7620: 7394: 7348: 7318: 7247: 7199: 7167: 7130: 7026: 6965: 6956: 6943: 6875: 6834: 6794: 6536: 6437:Historiography and Memory 6319:Jewish Historical Studies 6150:Jewish Historical Studies 6086:10.1515/9781618114211-003 5945:10.1017/S0305741020000302 5898:Museum of Jewish Heritage 5719:Jewish Community Shanghai 4504:. Routledge. p. 68. 4500:. In Malek, Roman (ed.). 3506:, fled to Harbin (former 3349:, partner in the firm of 2990: 2893: 2501:Jews and Judaism in China 746:Hinduism and Judaism 123: 118: 111: 106: 82: 77: 54: 49: 41: 37: 8123:Major religions in China 8031:Local ethnic nationalism 6950:recognized ethnic groups 6596:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6401:White, William Charles. 6310:(Lexington Books, 2017). 4963:Johan Elverskog (2010). 4593:Points East, Volumes 1-7 4529:Shapiro, Sidney (2001). 4134:Chinese people in Israel 3685:Second Sino-Japanese War 3683:Notable Jews during the 3389:International Settlement 3083:David Samuel Margoliouth 3065:language, discovered by 2879: 2549:International Settlement 572:Temple in Jerusalem 265:Bar and bat mitzvah 8385:Three Persian religions 8292:Mongolian folk religion 6857:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6198:The Jewish Encyclopedia 6046:The Wall Street Journal 5474:People's Daily / Xinhua 5358:. Jpost.com. 2016-09-08 5207:. s.n. 1863. p. 49 5184:. s.n. 1863. p. 18 5161:. s.n. 1863. p. 48 4930:Michael Dillon (1999). 3530:Chinese Communist Party 3262:. The prominent Jesuit 3157:, "Jews") found in the 3053:Bird's eye view of the 2509:Jewish ethnic divisions 534:Twelve Tribes of Israel 146:Jewish ethnic divisions 8422:Jewish Chinese history 8417:Ethnic groups in China 8141:Folk ritual ministries 8066:Historic ethnic groups 6937:Ethnic groups in China 6394:Wald, Shalom Salomon. 6291:Middle Eastern Studies 6282:(1843) very old guide 6078:Academic Studies Press 4783:Catholic Encyclopedia. 3976:, nicknamed variously 3680: 3516:Israeli Prime Minister 3452: 3401:Trans-Siberian Railway 3369: 3351:E. D. Sassoon & Co 3343:David Sassoon & Co 3238: 3058: 2748: 2696:of the exiled ancient 2561:Trans-Siberian Railway 8131:Chinese folk religion 6497:17.4 (2018): 487-495. 6449:Goldstein, Jonathan. 6355:8.1 (1895): 123-139. 6293:46.4 (2010): 543-554. 6239:in the United States. 6220:in the United States. 5403:Dirlik, Arif (1989). 4241:"Leaky Boat to China" 4129:Antisemitism in China 3914:Antisemitism in China 3827:Ohel Rachel Synagogue 3663: 3435: 3364: 3233: 3052: 2746: 2733:Northern Song dynasty 1280:São Tomé and Príncipe 1275:Republic of the Congo 669:Second Temple Judaism 540:Kingdom of Judah 511:Modern historiography 119:Related ethnic groups 6771:United Arab Emirates 6341:12.1 (1947): 97-126. 6255:13.1 (1900): 18-41. 5819:10.5840/jrv202142689 5476:. November 11, 2005. 5144:pages 131 and onward 5019:on November 24, 2010 3709:Morris Abraham Cohen 3492:Aharon Moshe Kiselev 3317:sinews (removes the 3189:John of Montecorvino 3143:(朱乎得) (perhaps from 2960:Jewish dietary law ( 2928:word for Jew—and to 2796:Xuanzhang Daojing Si 2790:down to the prophet 2624:arrived in Hong Kong 2382:World Agudath Israel 1523:United Arab Emirates 610:Second Temple period 600:Babylonian captivity 8369:Irreligion in China 8297:Qiang folk religion 8136:Ancestor veneration 6798:limited recognition 6296:Kaufman, Jonathan. 6271:Ehrlich, M. Avrum. 6013:China Media Project 5931:The China Quarterly 5708:Synagogues in China 5604:www.sino-judaic.org 5575:www.sino-judaic.org 4733:Pan, Guang (2005). 4619:The Jews of Kaifeng 3800:was established at 3667:, a doctor for the 3553:persecution of Jews 3524:Soviet Russian Jew 3347:Silas Aaron Hardoon 3339:Elias David Sassoon 2947:against eating the 2945:dietary prohibition 2936:), the Greek word. 2757:Emperor Ming of Han 2662:patrilineal descent 675:Hellenistic Judaism 253:Land of Israel 212:Principles of faith 34: 8282:Miao folk religion 8178:Theravada Buddhism 6476:Shapiro, Sidney. 6453:(Routledge, 2018) 6446:(Routledge, 2015). 6422:(Routledge, 2013). 6379:Pollack, Michael. 6348:(Routledge, 2017). 6275:(Routledge, 2009). 6171:General references 5984:. March 31, 2023. 5649:2019-01-19 at the 4246:The New York Times 3929:antisemitic tropes 3802:Nanjing University 3726:Leo (Ariyeh) Hanin 3681: 3467:came from Europe. 3453: 3443:from 19th-century 3439:in the shape of a 3370: 3059: 3023:Nanjing University 2749: 2682:tertiary education 2660:customs including 2236:Jewish Koine Greek 1778:Dominican Republic 1059:Judaism by country 738:Jews and Christmas 593:Assyrian captivity 139: • 135: • 131: • 32: 8399: 8398: 8307:Yao folk religion 8115:Religion in China 8074: 8073: 7243: 7242: 6903: 6902: 6840:other territories 6488:The Jews of China 6389:978-0-8348-0419-7 6372:(R. Mazin, 1913) 6095:978-1-61811-421-1 6080:, pp. 5–23, 5545:978-1-134-10553-3 5456:Los Angeles Times 5416:978-0-19-505454-5 5045:978-0-415-45715-6 4982:978-0-8122-4237-9 4895:978-0-7864-7684-8 4832:978-0-88125-791-5 4736:The Jews in China 4646:Speaking of China 4407:The Jews of China 4278:978-0-19-820740-5 4228:978-0-349-10895-7 4164:Religion in China 4040:Shun Tak Holdings 3984:, reflecting the 3777:Sidney Rittenberg 3735:Late 20th century 3714:Late in the war, 3545:Republic of China 3543:, founder of the 3526:Grigori Voitinsky 3393:French Concession 3247:The first modern 3093:besieged Canton ( 2827:Jingkang Incident 2698:Kingdom of Israel 2553:French Concession 2498: 2497: 2447: 2446: 2195: 2194: 1942:Reconstructionist 1886: 1885: 1038: 1037: 845: 844: 682:Jewish–Roman wars 630:Hasmonean dynasty 546:Kingdom of Israel 450: 449: 151: 150: 16:(Redirected from 8434: 8272:Manchu shamanism 8224: 8173:Tibetan Buddhism 8168:Chinese Buddhism 8113: 8112: 8101: 8094: 8087: 8078: 8077: 7932:Tajiks (Pamiris) 6963: 6962: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6907: 6906: 6893: 6883: 6882: 6852:Christmas Island 6538:Sovereign states 6525: 6518: 6511: 6502: 6501: 6425:Zane, Nicholas. 6368:Perlmann, S. M. 6339:Monumenta Serica 6334: 6228: 6227: 6209: 6208: 6202: 6181: 6180: 6165: 6141: 6099: 6098: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6042: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5947: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5864: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5821: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5727: 5721: 5716: 5710: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5686:. Archived from 5680: 5674: 5662: 5653: 5641: 5635: 5631:March 13, 2007. 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5606:. Archived from 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5577:. Archived from 5567: 5561: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5529: 5523: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5447: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5385: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5153: 5147: 5138:can be found on 5127: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5105:. Archived from 5099: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5058:Folklore Studies 5053: 5047: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5011: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4970: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4858: 4852: 4840: 4834: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4730: 4724: 4712: 4706: 4693:Weisz, Tiberiu. 4691: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4667: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4637: 4626: 4625: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4389:. Kalman Dubov. 4380: 4374: 4373: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4301: 4295:. Archived from 4294: 4286: 4280: 4268: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4236: 4230: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4195: 4123: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4102: 3982:King of Gambling 3843:Chabad-Lubavitch 3818:Chabad-Lubavitch 3627:Hongkou District 3473:Chabad-Lubavitch 3471:Meir Ashkenazi ( 3292:Hebrew Scripture 3067:Marc Aurel Stein 3001: 2992: 2904: 2895: 2780:Chinese surnames 2778:), the Jews' 70 2490: 2483: 2476: 2339: 2338: 2220: 2041: 2035: 2016: 1980: 1979: 1927: 1874:New Zealand 1826: 1789:El Salvador 1779: 1711:Northern America 1703: 1297: 1053: 1052: 964:Crimean Karaites 860: 859: 838: 836: 757: 755: 747: 741: 732: 720:Rabbinic Judaism 701: 695: 689: 677: 665: 631: 624:Maccabean Revolt 601: 594: 588: 580: 573: 567: 559: 541: 465: 464: 439: 334: 333: 266: 254: 153: 152: 43: 35: 31: 21: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8347: 8311: 8230:Other religions 8225: 8216: 8117: 8107: 8105: 8075: 8070: 8047: 8019:Han nationalism 8007: 7954:African Chinese 7942: 7888: 7789: 7734: 7616: 7574:Sichuan Mongols 7390: 7344: 7314: 7239: 7195: 7163: 7126: 7022: 6952: 6939: 6934: 6904: 6899: 6871: 6839: 6830: 6811:Northern Cyprus 6797: 6790: 6532: 6529: 6461:Moreshet Israel 6439: 6361:Paper, Jordan. 6248: 6246:Further reading 6243: 6225: 6206: 6189:Singer, Isidore 6178: 6168: 6130: 6108: 6103: 6102: 6096: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6054: 6035: 6031: 6022: 6020: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5839: 5835: 5796: 5792: 5783: 5781: 5771: 5767: 5758: 5756: 5753:Tablet Magazine 5747: 5746: 5742: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5702: 5693: 5691: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5663: 5656: 5651:Wayback Machine 5642: 5638: 5629:New York Times, 5626: 5622: 5613: 5611: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5584: 5582: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5530: 5526: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5485: 5481: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5374: 5370: 5361: 5359: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5334: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5306: 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8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8338:Inner Mongolia 8335: 8330: 8325: 8319: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8195:Roman Catholic 8192: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8127: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8104: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8081: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8041:Zhonghua minzu 8033: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7799: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7744: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7725: 7720: 7713: 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3905: 3872:Orthodox Union 3834: 3831: 3761:Israel Epstein 3757:Sidney Shapiro 3736: 3733: 3605:immigrated to 3587:Main article: 3584: 3581: 3504:White Russians 3485:Russian Empire 3480: 3477: 3465:Ashkenazi Jews 3429: 3426: 3358: 3355: 3159:Annals of the 3114:ibn Khordadbeh 3102:Radhanite Jews 3046: 3043: 3025:, in his book 2881: 2878: 2740: 2737: 2702:Jewish rituals 2689: 2686: 2582:Ibn Khordadbeh 2576: 2573: 2513:Ashkenazi Jews 2496: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2377:Territorialism 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2261:Judaeo-Spanish 2258: 2256:Judaeo-Iranian 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2172: 2171: 2165: 2164: 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1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1135:Bilad-el-Sudan 1132: 1127: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1091: 1090: 1088:Land of Israel 1084: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 948: 947: 946:Related groups 943: 942: 941: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 879: 878: 873: 858: 853: 852: 849: 848: 843: 842: 841: 840: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 803:Jewish atheism 800: 795: 790: 782: 781: 777: 776: 775: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754:Islamic–Jewish 749: 742: 727: 722: 714: 713: 706: 705: 704: 703: 679: 666: 638: 633: 626: 621: 619:Yehud Medinata 613: 612: 606: 605: 604: 603: 596: 589: 581: 568: 560: 548: 543: 536: 528: 527: 525:Ancient Israel 521: 520: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 481:Land of Israel 478: 470: 469: 463: 458: 457: 454: 453: 448: 447: 446: 445: 440: 436:Shulchan Aruch 431: 426: 421: 416: 408: 407: 406: 405: 400: 392: 391: 385: 384: 383: 382: 377: 369: 368: 362: 361: 360: 359: 354: 349: 341: 340: 332: 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 261: 256: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 214: 209: 202:God in Judaism 198: 193: 192: 189: 188: 187: 186: 181: 173: 172: 162: 161: 149: 148: 133:Ashkenazi Jews 121: 120: 116: 115: 109: 108: 104: 103: 86:(liturgical), 80: 79: 75: 74: 52: 51: 47: 46: 38: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8439: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8223: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8111: 8102: 8097: 8095: 8090: 8088: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7894:Indo-European 7891: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7673: 7671: 7670: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7557:Upper Mongols 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 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7074: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6931: 6926: 6924: 6919: 6917: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6886: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6821:South Ossetia 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 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6047: 6041: 6033: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5920: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5704: 5690:on 2010-09-08 5689: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5672:0-306-48321-1 5669: 5666: 5661: 5659: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5610:on 2020-06-29 5609: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5581:on 2020-06-29 5580: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5555: 5547: 5541: 5538:. Routledge. 5537: 5536: 5528: 5522: 5521:0-306-48321-1 5518: 5515: 5510: 5502: 5500:9789652293299 5496: 5492: 5491: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5435: 5426: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5399: 5390: 5384: 5383:0-306-48321-1 5380: 5377: 5372: 5357: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5324:Kupfer (2008) 5320: 5313: 5312:Kupfer (2008) 5308: 5301: 5300:Kupfer (2008) 5296: 5289: 5288:Kupfer (2008) 5284: 5277: 5276:Kupfer (2008) 5272: 5263: 5256: 5255:Kupfer (2008) 5251: 5244: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5221: 5206: 5205: 5198: 5183: 5182: 5175: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5109:on 2009-10-29 5108: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5034: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4968: 4959: 4945: 4943:0-7007-1026-4 4939: 4935: 4934: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4905: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4857: 4851: 4850:0-306-48321-1 4847: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4825:0-88125-791-5 4822: 4819: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4789: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4759: 4757: 4748: 4746:9787508507507 4742: 4738: 4737: 4729: 4723: 4722:1-4179-1234-0 4719: 4716: 4711: 4704: 4703:0-595-37340-2 4700: 4696: 4690: 4688: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4556: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4430: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4387: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4333:9781009038591 4329: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4302:on 2010-08-05 4298: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4261: 4256: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4211: 4209:965-229-347-4 4205: 4201: 4194: 4190: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4111: 4108: 4097: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3952:Robert Hotung 3950: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3904: 3902: 3901:Shavei Israel 3898: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3823:Rosh Hashanah 3819: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3319:sciatic nerve 3314: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3202: 3201:Mongol Empire 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3122:Judeo-Persian 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3063:Judeo-Persian 3056: 3051: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031:Yīcìlèyè jiào 3028: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2949:sciatic nerve 2946: 2942: 2941:Tiao jin jiao 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2727:province) to 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2666:Law of Return 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505:Sephardi Jews 2502: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 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1901: 1900: 1897: 1896:Denominations 1892: 1891: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1724:United States 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 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1086: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1064:Lists of Jews 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 951: 950: 949: 945: 944: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 877: 874: 872: 869: 868: 867: 864: 863: 862: 861: 856: 851: 850: 839: 831: 829: 826: 824: 823:The Holocaust 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 784: 783: 779: 778: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 750: 748: 743: 739: 733: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 716: 715: 711: 708: 707: 700: 694: 688: 683: 680: 676: 670: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 615: 614: 611: 608: 607: 602: 597: 595: 590: 586: 582: 579: 574: 569: 565: 561: 558: 552: 549: 547: 544: 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in China 8412:Chinese Jews 8383: 8266: 8237:Baháʼí Faith 8185:Christianity 8153:Confucianism 7980: 7974:Kaifeng Jews 7968: 7930: 7923: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7848: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7747: 7727: 7715: 7693: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7641: 7629: 7602: 7590: 7439: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7383: 7376: 7362: 7332: 7320:Austronesian 7307: 7300: 7293: 7256: 7232: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7188: 7176: 7156: 7149: 7119: 7107: 7100: 7088: 7071: 7059: 7052: 7035: 7028:Lolo-Burmese 7005: 6991: 6974: 6958:Sino-Tibetan 6945: 6836:Dependencies 6766:Turkmenistan 6731:Saudi Arabia 6585: 6494: 6487: 6477: 6467: 6460: 6450: 6443: 6426: 6419: 6409: 6403:Chinese Jews 6402: 6395: 6380: 6369: 6362: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6322: 6318: 6307: 6297: 6290: 6279: 6272: 6262: 6252: 6234: 6230: 6215: 6211: 6196: 6153: 6149: 6119: 6073: 6067: 6055:. 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Retrieved 4297:the original 4284: 4266: 4255: 4244: 4234: 4218: 4199: 4193: 4149:Kaifeng Jews 4107:China portal 4061:Mike Medavoy 4017:SJM Holdings 3981: 3977: 3974:Grand Lisboa 3966:SJM Holdings 3920:Antisemitism 3907:Antisemitism 3894: 3879: 3876: 3840: 3836: 3833:21st century 3806: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3741:World War II 3738: 3730: 3713: 3701:Eva Sandberg 3687:include Dr. 3682: 3655: 3647:South Africa 3615:Ho Feng Shan 3592: 3583:World War II 3558: 3538: 3523: 3482: 3479:Russian Jews 3457:Mizrahi Jews 3454: 3437:Torah finial 3422:Ming dynasty 3378: 3371: 3357:Modern times 3333: 3330: 3324:A Muslim in 3323: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3272:monotheistic 3268:Paul Pelliot 3264:Matteo Ricci 3256:missionaries 3246: 3242:Ming dynasty 3239: 3234: 3229:circumcision 3210: 3207:Genghis Khan 3205: 3185:Yuan dynasty 3174: 3161:Yuan Dynasty 3158: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3118:Dandan Oilik 3104:who brought 3099: 3079:Tang dynasty 3071:Dandan Uiliq 3060: 3045:Early record 3034: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3005: 2998: 2980: 2961: 2959: 2952: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2901: 2885: 2883: 2831: 2825:) after the 2807:Matteo Ricci 2804: 2799: 2795: 2784:Song dynasty 2767: 2761: 2750: 2735:(960–1127). 2709:Kaifeng Jews 2706: 2691: 2670: 2651: 2648: 2620:Iraqi origin 2609: 2585: 2578: 2537:Kaifeng Jews 2533:Qing dynasty 2521: 2517:Mizrahi Jews 2500: 2499: 2440:Post-Zionism 2311:Judeo-Berber 2306:Judeo-Arabic 2266:Judeo-Gascon 2013:Pidyon haben 1932:Conservative 1478:Saudi Arabia 1362: 1296:South Africa 1285:Sierra Leone 1107:Israeli Jews 1021:Mosaic Arabs 974:Kaifeng Jews 835:Arab–Israeli 808:Emancipation 687:Great Revolt 496:Anti-Judaism 491:Antisemitism 486:Name "Judea" 281:Baal teshuva 141:Mizrahi Jews 98:(formerly), 33:Chinese Jews 29:Ethnic group 26: 8277:Manichaeism 7818:Fuyu Kyrgyz 6895:Asia portal 6796:States with 6716:Philippines 6656:South Korea 6651:North Korea 6546:Afghanistan 6418:Xun, Zhou. 6111:Works cited 5938:: 208–226. 5064:: 327–331. 5023:30 November 4077:billionaire 4051:Ron Klinger 3996:Lawrence Ho 3946:Song Dandan 3675:(left) and 3643:New Zealand 3541:Sun Yat-sen 3519:Ehud Olmert 3461:World War I 3414:assimilated 3240:During the 3225:Mongol food 3126:Aurel Stein 3057:of Kaifeng. 2800:Qingzhen si 2772:Han dynasty 2768:Qīngzhēn Sì 2721:Han dynasty 2658:Han Chinese 2435:Revisionist 2425:Neo-Zionism 2032:Zeved habat 1825:Puerto Rico 1651:Netherlands 1483:South Korea 1468:Philippines 1348:Afghanistan 1215:Ivory Coast 989:Crypto-Jews 954:Bnei Anusim 933:Bene Israel 898:Beta Israel 855:Communities 762:Middle Ages 501:Persecution 276:Bereavement 8406:Categories 8212:Falun Gong 8190:Protestant 8024:chauvinism 8003:Pakistanis 7986:Chaoxianzu 7598:Sogwo Arig 7517:Muumyangan 7502:Khishigten 7350:Hmong-Mien 7302:Vietnamese 6946:Underlined 6776:Uzbekistan 6751:Tajikistan 6666:Kyrgyzstan 6646:Kazakhstan 6566:Bangladesh 6556:Azerbaijan 6023:2023-07-18 5812:: 80–100. 5784:2020-12-09 5759:2019-10-12 5694:2011-01-27 5614:2020-09-02 5585:2020-09-02 5362:2017-07-18 5238:2011-05-29 5211:2011-07-06 5188:2011-07-06 5165:2011-07-06 5113:2009-06-01 4988:2010-06-28 4949:2010-06-28 4677:2017-07-18 4573:0765601036 4542:0781808332 4478:0231088558 4417:076563631X 4306:2009-06-15 4180:References 4036:Stanley Ho 4026:Stanley Ho 4013:Stanley Ho 4000:Stanley Ho 3962:Stanley Ho 3956:Stanley Ho 3868:mashgichim 3848:study hall 3781:Klara Blum 3765:Ruth Weiss 3697:Ruth Weiss 3673:Liu Shaoqi 3671:, between 3575:, and the 3494:served in 3418:Hui Muslim 3197:Ibn Batuta 3181:Marco Polo 3091:Huang Chao 3000:Lánmào Húi 2903:Yóutài Rén 2673:Hui Muslim 2587:Radhanites 2420:Maximalism 2372:Secularism 2352:Autonomism 2169:Literature 1962:Humanistic 1566:Azerbaijan 1528:Uzbekistan 1503:Tajikistan 1423:Kyrgyzstan 1408:Kazakhstan 1255:Mozambique 1230:Madagascar 1150:Cape Verde 1102:New Yishuv 1097:Old Yishuv 1048:Population 1026:Subbotniks 984:Samaritans 923:Romanyotim 866:Ashkenazim 813:Old Yishuv 793:Sabbateans 780:Modern era 772:Golden Age 699:Bar Kokhba 419:Beit Yosef 286:Philosophy 125:Hui people 102:(historic) 8333:Northeast 8323:Hong Kong 8316:By region 8257:Dongbaism 8242:Benzhuism 7902:Armenians 7823:Ili Turks 7419:Dongxiang 7115:Qixingmin 6999:subgroups 6987:Chuanqing 6948:: the 56 6862:Hong Kong 6816:Palestine 6741:Sri Lanka 6736:Singapore 6616:Indonesia 6408:Xu, Xin. 6138:0941-9543 6057:9 January 5962:218827042 5954:0305-7410 5909:9 January 5879:141756296 5871:2373-9770 5828:236624482 5633:full text 4673:. Pbs.org 4185:Citations 4081:CLP Group 3978:Godfather 3804:in 1992. 3631:Australia 3611:Holocaust 3565:Manchukuo 3534:Comintern 3508:Manchuria 3416:into the 3381:Hong Kong 3374:Manchukuo 3300:synagogue 3179:traveler 3095:Guangzhou 3075:Silk Road 3055:synagogue 3008:synagogue 2972:shellfish 2970:mammals, 2912:Cantonese 2886:Youtairen 2854:Guangzhou 2636:Holocaust 2592:Silk Road 2541:Hong Kong 2430:Religious 2286:Zarphatic 2276:Bukharian 2246:Judeo-Tat 2231:Yeshivish 2205:Languages 2160:Sephardic 2150:Israelite 2140:Ethiopian 2130:Ashkenazi 2069:Religious 1859:Australia 1841:Venezuela 1747:Argentina 1729:Greenland 1641:Lithuania 1493:Sri Lanka 1488:Singapore 1413:Kurdistan 1378:Indonesia 1368:Hong Kong 1321:Abayudaya 1245:Mauritius 979:Igbo Jews 969:Krymchaks 888:Sephardim 756:relations 650:Sadducees 646:Pharisees 636:Sanhedrin 551:Jerusalem 311:Synagogue 179:Etymology 96:Cantonese 78:Languages 8262:Hinduism 8200:Orthodox 8163:Buddhism 7993:Macanese 7964:Japanese 7925:Russians 7907:Iranians 7803:Altaians 7740:Tungusic 7512:Khuuchid 7507:Khorchin 7497:Kharchin 7452:Abaganar 7425:Hamnigan 7396:Mongolic 7328:Filipino 7145:Gyalrong 6885:Category 6806:Abkhazia 6756:Thailand 6711:Pakistan 6691:Mongolia 6686:Maldives 6681:Malaysia 6581:Cambodia 6412:(2003). 6331:29779835 6325:: 1–20. 6162:29779835 6156:: 1–20. 6051:Archived 6017:Archived 5992:April 4, 5986:Archived 5903:Archived 5647:Archived 4814:Xu Xin, 4371:history. 4093:See also 4032:Pansy Ho 4022:Josie Ho 4009:Daisy Ho 3885:Passover 3810:Kadoorie 3769:American 3705:Xiao San 3679:(right). 3607:Shanghai 3573:Shanghai 3445:Shanghai 3428:Shanghai 3385:Shanghai 3335:Shanghai 3304:Libai si 3177:Venetian 3150:or from 3139:(竹忽) or 3035:Yīcìlèyè 2976:reptiles 2968:ruminant 2957:32:32). 2930:Ἰουδαῖος 2908:Mandarin 2862:Quanzhou 2846:Yangzhou 2838:Hangzhou 2819:Hangzhou 2811:Hangzhou 2774:(25–220 2628:Shanghai 2575:Overview 2545:Shanghai 2457:Category 2415:Kahanism 2362:Feminism 2334:Politics 2218:Biblical 2188:American 2135:Bukharan 2125:American 2025:Shidduch 2001:Clothing 1957:Haymanot 1903:Orthodox 1831:Suriname 1814:Paraguay 1767:Colombia 1666:Portugal 1576:Bulgaria 1513:Thailand 1463:Pakistan 1443:Mongolia 1438:Malaysia 1358:Cambodia 1332:Zimbabwe 1307:Tanzania 1185:Eswatini 1175:Ethiopia 1165:Djibouti 1145:Cameroon 1140:Botswana 1069:Diaspora 1031:Noahides 1004:Marranos 928:Cochinim 913:Bukharim 903:Gruzinim 893:Teimanim 883:Mizrahim 871:Galician 837:conflict 798:Hasidism 788:Haskalah 693:Diaspora 564:timeline 476:Timeline 389:Rabbinic 296:Kabbalah 271:Marriage 247:Tzedakah 237:Holidays 195:Religion 158:a series 156:Part of 107:Religion 92:Mandarin 60:Shanghai 8352:Related 8302:Sikhism 8267:Judaism 8247:Bimoism 8012:Related 7982:Koreans 7959:Indians 7912:Nepalis 7882:Western 7862:Uyghurs 7763:Manchus 7654:Tai Nua 7649:Tai Lue 7622:Kra–Dai 7610:Eastern 7592:Monguor 7564:Onnigud 7552:Torghut 7542:Khoshut 7532:Dzungar 7522:Naimans 7492:Khalkha 7482:Jalaids 7472:Chahars 7467:Buryats 7462:Baarins 7441:Mongols 7430:Kangjia 7334:Gaoshan 7190:Tibetan 7169:Tibetic 7132:Qiangic 7079:Laomian 7018:Waxiang 7013:Longjia 6967:Sinitic 6781:Vietnam 6696:Myanmar 6676:Lebanon 6606:Georgia 6561:Bahrain 6551:Armenia 6472:excerpt 6470:(2019) 6431:excerpt 6429:(2019) 6302:excerpt 6300:(2021) 6267:excerpt 6265:(2021) 6193:"China" 6186:: 6106:Sources 5779:aishcom 5078:3182906 3922:in the 3881:Kaifeng 3860:kashrut 3747:or the 3707:), and 3677:Chen Yi 3599:Austria 3595:Germany 3569:Tianjin 3549:Zionism 3502:, many 3463:, many 3395:); 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History of the Jews in China

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